mThe . WAmerlcan HORTl~ULTURAL MagazIne

THE HANDBOOK OF HOLLIES-everything you always wanted to know about holly and didn't know whom to ask! Published jointly by The H@lIy Society of America and The American Horticultural Society. 192 pages-165 black and white photographs and drawings. Paperback $5.50.

TI'IE PEONIES-all about the herbaceous Peonies/the tree 'Peonies. John C. Wister, editor. Published by The American Horticultural Soci·ety. 213 pages. Cloth bound-$5.40, paperback~$3.90.

DAfFODIL HANDBOOK-as a special issue of The American Horticultural Magazine. George S. Lee, Jr., editor in eonjunction with the American Daffodil Society. 227 pages. Cloth pound---$4.9O, paperback-$3.40.

AI-L ARE AVAILABL6 FROM The American Horticultural Socjety NEW ROSES from ARMSTRONG

(t"1' SONOMA ~ ELDORADO KENTUCKY ~ SALMON- PINK Fl. .., !!I...I' COLDEN- DERBY ~ The strikingly beautiful ~ " YELLOW H.T salmon-pink color of ~ Symbolizin g all the ro- DARK RED H.T this rose is going to make SONOMA a mance and mystery of Wit h such illustrious must for every gard en. The neat, rather that legendary land of gold , this dazzling pare nts as JOHN S. low growing bush, well clothed with at­ new rose w ill fi ll your garden with rich ARMSTRONG and GRAND SLAM, this tractive fo liage, produces blooms abun­ color. Long-pointed buds of red, gold rich, dark red Hy brid Tea is destined to dantly and continuously. Well shaped, and pink open to large, golden-yell ow lead the fie ld for m an y years to come. deep pink buds become beautifully flowers w hich give off a delicious frag­ Long, urn-shaped buds and beau tifu ll y formed, high-centered blooms which ra nce. Sturdy stems a nd long-lasting formed, fully-double open blooms are hold their color to the last and make flowers allow you to fi ll your li ving borne proudly on lo ng s turdy stems. excell en t cu t flowers. Plant Patel1t Ap­ room with this perfumed gold . Plant Plant Patent Applied For. pli ed For. Patent· Applied For. Discover these exciting new introductions in the beautiful 1972·73 Armstrong Rose Catalog. This year's catalog features over 100 exquisite varieties of roses in gorgeous color, plus a variety of Dwarf Fruit Trees .

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• N Please rush me your Ij ,1 ~ iit!] 6' ~. Id~ ARMSTRONG NAME ______NURSERIES, INC. STREET ______1284 S. PALMETTO CITY ______ONTARIO, CALIF. 91761 STATE ______ZI P______ARMSTRONG NURSERIES, INC. 1284 S. PALMETTO ONTARIO, CALIF. 91761 p •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --•••••••••••••••••••• an editorial . ...

The A.H.S. Role in Urban Horticulture

When ex perts put th eir heads togeth er good things come land ri ght across the country. But we go further. W e must ta ke of it. The va rious Ameri ca n Horti cultural Soc iety Handbooks the lead in demanding more park land . Peopl e and pa rks go are exa mples of co-operati on; A. H . S. and the Holly Soc iety, togeth er. And all too ofte n, th e park s are not w here th e A. H. S. and the Iris Society, and so on. The bac kya rd ga r­ peopl e are. O r something that is ca ll ed a " park " is archi­ dener benefits directly from th ese productive get- togethers. tected into a concrete jun gle w ith fountains, statu ary, and Special grants to A. H. S. have made poss ible the Pl ant Rec­ constructio n ga lore, and hort iculture is relega ted to a few ord s Ce nter operation, th e producti on of a reti re ment manual, petuni as in a planter. and a ve ry producti ve membe rshi p dri ve. Urban Horti culture mea ns grass, trees, shrubberi es and A spec ial get-together involve d our Soc iety and va ri oJs fl owerbeds downtown, uptown, and in th e public housing horti cultural groups in the Pac ific North west recentl y. The areas. Urban Horti culture mea ns public gree nery th ro ughout res ulting event was th e Twenty-seventh Congress of The the urban sce ne. But it mea ns more. It mea ns fl ower boxes on America n Horti cultural Soc iety. Held in a setti ng w here tenement w indows. It means terrariums in sc hool rooms. 1t weather, so il and other growing conditions blend into a mea ns prese nting the older ci ty generati on, a generati on w ho nearly perfect environment for ga rdening, Congress parti ci­ grew up w ith vegetabl e ga rdens and bits of lawn, w ith a pants viewed private and pu blic ga rd ens, park s and arboreta, bench under a shade tree w ith grass under foot. It mea ns and a displ ay of pl ants unequall ed at any previous Congress. crea ting an awareness of green, growing things, in th e tiny A. H . S. is enjoying considerabl e success in reaching out to folks w ho w ill be the next ge nerati on. va ri ous horticulture-ori ented groups for joint endeavors. When a weed or a tree seed blows into a crac k in th e Th e Office rs and Boa rd mem be rs of A. H . S. are guid ing sidewa lk of the inner city and a tough plant comes o ut of it, the Soc iety into a position of lea dership in the area of Urban th at pl ant often gets its picture in th e paper. What a commen­ H orti culture. Why the ca ps? What is so important about tary on Ameri ca n Horti culture th at a voluntee r pl ant growing Urban Horti culture? No one w ill d ispu te th at a ga rd en se tting in a concrete setting would make the news! It is high time for contributes immeas urab ly to the quality of life. But, so me­ so mebody to take on Urba n Horti culture. A. H . S. w ill do the how, w hen inner cities are redes igned , w hen new housing job. developments are on the drawing boa rd , w hen an outl ying W e wi ll enjoy considerabl e help. Pl ant soc ieti es, enlight­ shopping center is created , horti culture comes in as an after ened pl anners and architects, and even corporations w ho th ought. W orse yet, w hen an esse ntial traffic freeway has to have d iscovered that a green setting is good bu siness w ill be brought into th e city, planne rs find it easiest (a nd cheapest) help out. Read Dr. Skinner's remarks on th e job of categor­ to direct it ri ght dow n an ex isting parkway or, worse, th ro ugh izing all the orn amentals avail abl e to Pacific Northwest ga r­ a park sys tem. Why tea r down buildings w hen open land is dens th at was done by a group of dedica ted amateurs. Urban ava il abl e? Peopl e are fond of say ing th at horti culture is li ke H orti culture has strong fri end s. th e fl ag and motherh ood. Who could poss ibly be aga in st Where w ill a strong pu sh for Urban Horti culture lead us? them ? But th at is not enough. So mebody has got to spea k out The ultimate goal is a c ity enviro nment made, not livea bl e, pos itively for horti culture. but enj oyabl e, due to an atmos ph ere of gree nery. Cities need Thi s is w here A. H . S. steps in . Horti culture is our th ing. botanic ga rd ens and arboreta. Cities need parks and fo rest W e would be the ones to protest from coast to coast if M il­ prese rves. Cities need pl aces w here people ca n ge t th eir waukee were to turn th ose hand so me expanses of well hands in the so il and ga rd en. Look at th at pi cture of the rare, planted, well maintained parkl ands into pl aygrounds, stadium albino sea -holly on our magaz ine cover. What would you sites or highway access routes. During our 197 1 Congress in give to have grown that spec imen? W ouldn't it be nice if Milwaukee everyone marve lled at the extensive horti culture, every person in th e country could look out of hi s w indow and but a change in politics coul d plow under the grass and trees see so mething th at bea utiful ? It could happen if Urban Horti­ 2 in short order. W e need to guard aga in st th e loss of any park culture becomes a rea lity.-J. P. B. American

HEDrticulturist Volume 51 Number 4 Winter 1972

JOHN PHILIP BAUMGARDT, Editor

The American Horticultural Society, Publisher For United Horticulture . . . the parti cul ar 901 North Washington Street/Alexand ria, Virginia 22314 obj ects and bu sin ess of Th e Ameri ca n O. KE ISTER EVANS, Executive Director Horticultural Society are to promote and encourage national interest in scie ntific resea rch and educa ti on in horticulture in all of its branches.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is the offi­ cial publication of The American Horti­ IN THIS ISSUE cultural Soc iety and is issued in March, Jun e, September, and December of eac h 2 Editorial yea r. This magazine is in cluded as a ben­ 44 Books efit of membersh ip in The Ameri ca n Horti­ c ultural Soc iety. In d iv idual dues are $15.00 a yea r.

Refer ed itorial matters to: Commercial Horticulture John Philip Baumgard t 32 Mushrooms Are Biological Wonders-Leo J. Wilhelm America n Horticulturist P. O. Box 7163 Kansas City, Missouri 64 11 3 Congress Reports Refer advertising matters to: Publisher Services, Inc. 4 Introductory Remarks-Horticultural Preview-1972 American Horti cultural 621 Duke Street Congress, Seattle, Washington-Henry T. Skinner Alexa ndria, Virginia 22314 12 Th e Impossible and Promising Pl ants for Urban Conditions-Russell J. Seibert 42 Twenty-seventh Congress of The American Horticultural Society Address reLi uests for rep rints of articles to Th e American Horti cultural Soc iety, Alexandria, Virgini a. Gardener's Notebook AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is de­ 10 Rose Hybridizers in New Zealand-The New Zealand Embassy, Wa shington, D.C. voted to the disse minat ion of knowledge in the science and art of growing orna­ mental plants, fru its, vegetables, and re­ lated subjects. Original papers which in­ Gardening Arts crease knowledge of plant materi als of economic and aesthetic importance are 38 Pruning for Artistic Effects-John M. Patek invited. For manu sc ript spec ifi catio ns please address the Executive Director, 901 North Washington Street. Alexa ndria, Vir­ Hort-Science gin ia22314. 6 Salt Bu shes and '" The Red Center" of Au stralia-Edwin A. Menninger Repl acement iss ues of AMERICAN HOR­ 14 Lotuses in a Japanese Garden-Yuji Sakamoto TICULTURIST are ava il able at a cost of $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twelve months prior to date of current iss ue. Plant Collecting The opinions expresse d in the articles w hich appear in AMERICAN HORTICUL­ 24 Orchid Hunting in South Ameri ca-Jan W. Boekhuizen TURIST are those of the authors and are not necessa ril y those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contem­ Plant Taxonomy porary thought. 22 x Pardancanda norrisii, an Intergeneric Hybrid-Lee W. Lenz

OUR COVER PHOTO-More than 100 species compose th e sea-holly genus Eryngium. Second class postage paid at Alexandria, Our cover photo displays the 'Alba' cu lti var of E. alpinum. Th ese herbaceous, usually Virginia and at additional mailing offices. perennial members of the Umbelliferae make fine garden ornamentals, thriving in light, Copyright @ 1972 by The American Hor­ sandy loam in a sunny bed or border. Propagate them by seed, division, or from root ticultural Society. c uttings. Photo by I.GA, Vaduz, Liechtenstein. 3 William Hooker, sponso red by th e Royal Horti cultural Soc iety and op­ Introductory Remarks erating out of the Hudso n Bay Com­ Horticultural Preview-1972 American Horticultural pany's trading post at Vancouve r, Congress-Seattle, Washington* W as hington, Douglas and hi s com­ panion, ship's doctor John Scoul er, found untold treas ures in vi cinity of H enry T. Skinner** the Co lumbia River, no rth and south. Th e shipments to En gland of You are about to enjoy some tures are moderate, pattern s of sun­ Douglas fir, noble fir, suga r pine, fasc inating displ ays- a banner ex­ light are relatively similar and the ye llow pine, Sitka spruce, Brodiaea, hibit of bonsa i at th e Seattle Art climates of th ese regions are moder­ Collinsia, M ahonia, Spiraea, Mimu­ Muse um Pavilion, and a most unu­ ated by m o ist air off westerl y Iu s, Fritill ari a, Er ythro nia, Pe n­ sual horticultural exhibit at the Pa­ ocean s. Combine c limates with stemon scouleri , and hundreds of c ific Sc ience Center. The unique­ good growin g soil s, stock with ga r­ other spec ies brou ght comment ness of th ese ex hibits ce nters deners, amateur and commerci al, from J. C. Loudon th at here, indeed, primarily upon th e fact th at they and the inevitable end res ult is a w ere " m o re new and bea utiful could be duplica ted nowhere else in max i-sized version of th e Jerm yns pl ants th an ever before had bee n thi s country. Th ey rel ate to the pl ant Gard ens to be described by Mr. Hil­ introduced by an individual from re sources of a uniquely pl ant-ric h lier on Saturday. any country." As a matter of interest, Coastal North western reg ion about The p"ia nt wealth of this reg ion is a preceding arti c le of Lo udon's which, and by w ay of a Previ ew of course onl y partly an acquired M agazine of Natural History , 1828, Introduction, I have bee n invited to w ea lth. Th e nati ve fl ora of itself is provides a critique of eleve n bird make a few comments. ri ch, as was jointly suspected by paintings by an unknown Ameri ca n From the Cascades to the Pacific Thomas Jefferso n and by Britain's Sir of hitherto unnoted ge nius-by th e and from Portl and to Vancouver, Joseph Banks in the later 18th cen­ name of Audubon. It was a great B.C., w e are within a reg ion where tury and as w as demonstrated by Mr. age! potentialities for the cultiva tion of Witt last night. Jefferso n was initiall y Th ere were other coll ectors, as temperate to nea r- subtropica l pl ants blocked by Frenc h politics in his Nuttall, To lmey, Charl es Wilkes, are most nea rl y approached else­ efforts to laun c h Andre Mi c haux and Jeffrey and other botan ists as where only within the British Isles or across the Rocki es, but Banks and Asa Gray, John Torrey, and En g­ in parts, perh aps, of Japan. Tempera- the Roya l Soc iety had better luck in land 's Hookers who stayed home sponsorship of the two expeditions identify in g and eva lu ating their of Dr. Arc hi ba ld M enzies, to Nootka imported wealth. But by the mid- *Dr. Skinner's remarks, presented So und w ith Captain Colnett in 1787, 19th ce ntury, the North west was no here, introduced Congress registrants and along the W as hington shore line longer iso lated. Portl and and Victo­ to the outstandin g display of orn a­ with Captain George Vancouver in ri a, B. C., alrea dy were thriving. Se­ m entals and Bonsa i specimens dis­ 1 79 2. V anco uver was m o re sea played at the Pacific Science Center. attle w as fo unded in 185 1. water than pl ant minded, to M en­ Th e first nurse ri es we re zies' dismay, but M enzies did return es tabli shed-the firm s of M almo with over 300 specimens, so me 25 and Tom Hopkins still ex ist-and of whic h still bea r hi s name. How­ importati on bega n in ea rn est. Pri­ ev er, Pr es id ent Jefferso n did not vate pl ant co llecti o ns grew and remain entirely disa ppointed, for hi s public parks and ga rd ens were being Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804- pl ann ed and d edica ted . Famed 06 yielded a reasonabl y good catc h Stanl ey Park, of British Columbia's for the Ameri ca n Philosophica l So­ new er Vancouver, w as established c iety with duplica tes, doubtless as a in 1887, and parks and ga rd ens of safety meas ure, for Jefferso n's own Portl and and Seattle soon followed. ga rd en. By around 19 lO, Jenny Butchart was These men, with th eir M enzie­ initiating a duplication of Vi ctoria's sias, Lewisias, Clarki as, and the like, color displ ays as repl acement for th e ** Director, U.S. Na tional Arboretum, provided a taste of thi s region's flora, unkempt appea rance of her hu s­ Agricultura l Research Service, U.S. but it remained to David Douglas­ band 's disused stone quarry. Within Department of Agriculture, Wa shing­ ton, D.C. Dr. Skinner was awarded Douglas of th e fir-to sa mple its another twenty yea rs, Ca rl En gl ish the A. H.S. Li berty Hyde Ba iley Meda l ri c hes in depth during 1825 and '26. started hi s w orld-unique embellish­ 4 d uring the Seattle Congress. Recommended by Banks' friend, Sir ment of Seattle's Chittenden Locks. A little later yet, alpine coll ector for its linkage with th e names of an th em se lves . Stati st ics have been Edward Lokbrunner began tapping array of respected plantsme n and shifting over recent weeks, days, and the mountain re so urces of New Zea­ sc ienti sts. To which, I might add that hours, but you may find that the land, Japa n, Scotland, th e Pyrenees, many of its plants have come to th e li st in g extend s to 150 families, over and Dolomites to th e enrichment of National Arboretum, with w hi ch I 1,000 genera, and so m e 5, 500 his V ictori a-based Lakeview Gar­ am assoc iated, and seve ral, in mag­ species-the prese nt I isti ng, th at is. dens. And so it w ent. Ea ch pass ing nolias, maples, · and so forth, have M any more wi ll be added in a sup­ yea r saw the nati ve plants of new fi gured prominently in our breeding plemental production already being ga rden s being surrou nded by new programs. work ed upon. If you wi ll now hold imports from other regions of th e W e m ay hea r of a certain tightl y to your sea ts, I wi ll let you in continent and th e world. amount of industry in th e Seattle on th e sec ret that the Pac ific Sc ience At a central position am idst thi s area-aeroplanes and the like-yet Center exhibit contains living speci­ expa nsion of horticultural and plant the economy of th e State of W as h­ mens of the majority of the plants of interest has been the Arboretum of ington is, and has always bee n, very th e 150 fam i li es, 1,000 genera , and Seattle and the University of W as h­ plant oriented. You may think of 5,500 spec ies of the li stin g! The ington. Dating officiall y from 1935, forests, fruit, farming, and th e rest ones miss ing, as might be expected, the time of its occupation of Sea ttl e's but specialty crop horticulture has are confined large ly to suc h ea rl y Washington Park, this Arboretum in become big bu si nes s, too. Among seaso n species as are scarcely suited actuality has much earlier origins­ W as hington' s 1886 lice nsed nurse ry for exhibit at thi s season . Th e mar­ in the form of a University Campus dea lers, 250 alone have reported shall ing of a d isp lay of th is magni­ Arboretum dating from 1895. Th ese annual sa les of stock worth in excess tud e represe nts a phenomenal ac­ ca mpus plantings, tied to lumbering of ten million doll ars w holesa le, of complishment of which Mrs. Brauss in terests and abetted by th e Seattle whic h nea rl y f ifty perce nt represe nts and her ass i stants ca n be justly Parks Board, we re spearhea ded , sa les to other states. And thi s is but a proud. improbably as it may seem , by Ed­ segment of the to tal picture. A second exhibit, at the Seattle mond S. Meany, ex-State Legislator, Through demonstration, ed uca ti on, A rt Muse um Pav i lion, represents Professor of History, and University and resea rc h, th e University of northwestern plant resources aga in Registrar. Recognition of the va lues W as hington Arboretum has th e po­ but with an oriental twist. It is the of these plantings led to develop­ tentials for ever increas ing se rvice to exhibit of bonsa i staged by Mrs. ment of the sepa rate Arboretum the c itizens, th e University, and to Horace Raphael w ith th e combined which, under Dean W in kenwerder, all phases of the horticu ltural inter­ ass istance of Seatt le's bonsa i groups Dr. John Han ley, and through th e ests of the State of W as hington. It is and the Friends of the Arboretum, twenty-five year directorship of Mr. to be hoped th at a w ide recognition in c lu d ing that u ltra d ist in gu ished Brian Mulligan, has re gistered im­ of these facts can be translatab le to group known as the Bonsai Bums. pressive progress in marshall ing the future budgetary support on a de­ M y statistics are lacking, and I am no plant wealth of thi s favored coastal servedly adeq uate sca le. sort of an authority on bonsa i, but as region. England's Kew Gardens has My comments have attempted a st ri ct amateur in this fi eld, I have a history of upward s of 200 years. to both stress and provide reaso ns been immense ly impressed by the The Arnold Arboretum ce lebrated its for the pl ant wealth of the Coastal size, diversity, and especia ll y by the centenary th is spring. Th e National Northwest as we find it today. But I quality of th is ex hibit. It is also fasci­ Arboretum is approaching its fiftieth have given you no inkl ing, as yet, of natin g to note the number of of year, but the University of Wash­ the concentration of plants to be native plants that so successfully ington Arboretum has become an found in thi s reg ion's private ga r­ adapt to bonsai culture. M any of educational, recreational, and cu l­ dens. The evid ence is being dramati­ them are naturally dwarfed speci­ tural resource of local, national, and ca ll y provided th is week, through mens, and so me are very old- as international impact in th e short the tours and by today's presenta­ old, perh aps, as 400 years. I am sure span of th i rty-seven years. The on Iy tion. Under the c hai rm ansh ip of that you, too, will be impressed, and in st itution of its kind between Britis h Mrs. Albert Brauss and w ith the as­ the more so if you all ow adequate Columbia and San Francisco, it has si sta nce of other accomp li shed time for viewing and study. ga ined natio nal and i nternationa l members of the Fri end s of th e Uni­ I know that you w i II enjoy these prominence by virtue of its plant versity of Washington Arboretum, exhibits and w ill fee l honored, as I coll ections, its publications, and its two major projects have been un­ do, that such effective demonstra­ exchange programs with the U .S. dertaken for your benefit. Th e first is tion of the horticultural wealth of the Department of Agriculture and w ith a published compi lation or list in g of Coasta l Northwest h as been numerous siste r institutions of this the current plant resources of the undertaken-for our benefit. cou ntry and abroad. It has become Coastal North west, and the second Thank you for your attention . noted for its research, no less than is a fabulous exhibit of the plants Bon voyage and rewarding viewin g! 5 Edwin A. Menninger*

Eucalyptus camaldu lens is Photo by H . T. Reeve s, Hawthorne, Vic.

Salt is detrimental to plants, Plants w hi ch grow in environments heavil y laden with sa lt do so in spite of it and not because they thrive on it. Those which *Edwin A. Menninger, D. Sc., is grow well by the seas ide are arm ed with three or more physiologica l modifica­ noted internationally for his re­ ti o ns which make them sa lt-tolerant. searches on tropical plants and for his books, partic ularl y on tropical woody Salt Spray Resistance species and tropical vines. Dr. Men­ ninger spends November thro ugh Some sa lt tolerant species have leaves put together I ike sca les on a fish April at his Stuart, Florida hom e and and sa lt cannot penetrate them, The Austral ian-pine (Ca suarina sp,J is a good resides in Cashiers, N. c., May example, Some of them have leaves heavil y coated w ith a vegetable wax which through O ctober, Books b y Dr. Men­ prevents the sa lt from bei ng absorbed in the tissues, Sa lt crysta l I izes on the leaf ninger include Fl owerin g Vines of the World, Flowering Trees of the World and washes off with the next rain, Seagrape (Cocc%ba uvifera) or the Yucca (y, for Tropics and Warm Climates, and a/oifo/ia) are good examples, A third kind of protective device is what is ca lled 6 Seaside Pl ants of the World. tomentum or indumentum, This is a thick fuzz, Sa lt sp ray hits it; salt crystallizes out on the dense hairs and drops to th e ground without damage to th e pl ant. The best exa mple of thi s on Fl orida beac hes is Tournefortia gnaphalodes, ordinaril y called se a-sage. Leaves are so dense ly fu zzy they are almost w hite. Plants in Saline Soils In sa lt marshes and sa lt dese rts the probl em is diffe rent beca use pl ant roots grow in so il s high in so luble sa lts. The onl y plants w hich survive are halophytes (s alt-tolerant pl ants) beca use of their pec uliar ability to absorb moisture from the so il without taking in any of the sa lt w hi ch is in so lution in that water. Pres um­ abl y this is a process of os mos is. This probl em has bee n extensive ly st ud ied by many sc holars.) Australian literature is repl ete w ith references to "salt bushes" . They see m to be important in the vast open spaces of th at continent but it is obvious th at no \ particul ar pl ant is referred to, th ough there is so me connecti on w ith sa linity, as "salt bu shes" grow on the beach and also in th e interi or. Li ght is thrown on this problem by Laing and Blackwell'. Th ese authors write; " Pl ants w hich have been evolved in so il s conta ining more th an a half per cent of sa lts in so lution, are term ed halophytes. Suc h plants are found chiefly nea r the seas hore, by ri ver estu ari es, or in sa lt ma rshes. Th ey so meti mes occur also in dese rt areas , parti cul arl y in the dried-up beds of sa lt lakes. Th ey often bear rese mblances to xe rophytes*. The w ate r of sa lt-meadows is apparentl y not readily abso rbed by pl ants, and consequently such situations may be physiologi­ ca ll y dry. Probably the prese nce of sa lts in so lution interferes w ith the passage of moisture by osmos is into the plant ce ll s." " Sand dunes, sea-marshes, dese rts, and old lake bottoms are more or less impregnated with sa lts of sodium, ca lc ium, magnes ium and potassi um. Pl ants growing in such situati ons are term ed haloph ytes, and it is in these localities th at most of the chenopods** are found. Wherever the ground, on drying, rap idly becomes en cru sted with sa lt, there only haloph ytes ca n grow. Pl ants usuall y halophyti c may, however, so metimes be found in so ils th at do not contai n any specially large amount of alkaline constituents, but th ey often lose many of their chief characteristics." Pursuing the question of " salt bu shes" the author asked Ernest E. Lord, 2 Melbourne botanist and author , to write for The Ameri ca n Horticultural Society an explanation of this subject, based on an expedition he made with fi ve other Leaves and fruit of th e sea -grape scientists to the interior of Australia where names on the map are not towns, just (C occoloba uvifera) w hich thrives on cattle stations. His job w as collecting for th e herbariums in both M elbourne and expos ure to the sea. Photo by Paul Root Adelaide, which still lack specimens of much of the native flora of Australia, presently estimated at 15,000 flowering plants. From the last rail point Codna­ datta, the expedition travelled by fully equipped truck to Everard and Musgrave mountain ranges. There these scienti sts spent a month. Th e following paragraphs are written by Mr. Lord to explain the Australian " salt bushes" and their environ­ ment. Australian "Salt Bushes" In Australia we have a lot of plants that are called "salt bushes". This name is applied to a good number of species of our c henopods, chiefly among the genera Atriplex and Rhagodia. They form a big family of more or less su cculent and often fiercely spiny shrubs scattered through our hot and arid inland. Some 'P/ants that grow naturally in desert conditions.

of this country' is subJ'ect to surprisingly low temperatures on winter nights. I am~ " Plants in the Chenopodiaceae such as Goose- not sure who origi nated the term sa lt bush, but it probably has reference to fool, Lamb's Q uarters and Spinach, 7 Atriplex cinerea, one of the Australian "salt bushes". Photo by T. R. N. lothian

Hakea intermed ia, " Corkwood" near Musgrave Ranges, Central Australia. Photo by E. E. l ord

Flowers of Yucca aloifoli a, common on Florida's east coast, growing almost within reach of the surf. Ph oto by Paul Root

Hakea lorea, " Cork wood" in Everard Range, Central Austra lia. Photo by E. E. lord

8 certa in plants consp icuous for their thriving in the sa lt-pans and sa lt- lake areas of our strange inland . I had the rare privi lege of a trip to our 'desert' interior-amazing country! H . H. Finlayson described it in hi s little c lass ic Th e Red Center. We ca ll it 'desert' and so it is as rega rd s surface water, for you wou ld quickly die of thirst in a day or two anywhere, unless by a m irac le you were w ithin re aching d istance of a well . Th ere is water everywhere at thirty to fifty feet underground. The rainfall is around three inches annuall y and is immed iate ly fo ll owed by an amazing, prolific growth of numerous sma ll flowers and grasses-composites, chenopods, succu lents as Parakeelia , numerous species of Hibiscus, amara nts and many more, a ga rd en of color. Yet in a few weeks all is finished . Th ey have attained maturity, flowered, seeded, died. The millions of seeds th en await the next rain which may be six months or six years. But many shrubs and trees persist; my opinion is that their roots are in that deep moisture. Their leaves and stems are succulent to carry them for long dry periods, or their leaves have been reduced in evolution to mere vestiges (as Casuarina) or phyll odes (with few stomata) or thorns. Perennials and bulbs are virtuall y absent. Th ere are spec ies of Cass ia, Eremophila , and Acacia almost without number-many are still unrecorded. In lesser range are Melaleuca, Atriplex, Rhagodia, Hakea, G revillea , Abutilon, Frankenia, Prosta nthera , So lanum, Pi­ melea and Eu ca lyptus. Th e so i I is red , th e rocks brown-red or black. Th e pre­ dominant tree is Mulga, Acacia aneura, usua ll y ten to fifteen feet high. Th e most st riking trees are corkwood s, H akea lorea, H . ivoryi and H . intermedia and red gums a pu re-white-trunk form of Euca lyptus camaldulensis, better known as E. rostrata , now renamed. The greatest in land ' lake' there is Lake Eyre, 150 miles long yet usuall y quite dry. Long rivers drain into it, at those rare times when th ey flow. W ith no outlet to sea it is sa lt. But much of that country is not sa lty at all . Soi l is a reddish combination of sand and fine c lay (loose stuff long since blown away) and it is stable. ' Roads' are merely w heel tracks, they do not get covered up although ca rryi ng perhaps one vehi c le a w eek or a month. As I have see n for myse lf, w hen that so il is watered it is amazingly ferti le. Great cattle ranches cover all the area w hi ch is not re se rved for rocket ranges and abori ginal rese rves . At the homesteads water is pumped from perhaps fifty feet down and w hen applied to the so il in the compound almost anything w ill Sea-sage or Sea- lavender (Tourne­ grow. fortia gnaphalodesl is native to Flori­ Bi g areas there are, too, w here the ground is just sa hara-like sand, but much da's coast line, often growing down almost to the surf. Its leaves are so of it in central and eastern-central Australia carries an extensive flora. I enclose a dense ly covered with tiny white hairs couple of snapshots I took of corkwoods arou nd twelve feet high. One I induced that they look like silver. The foliage a small aborigine boy to pose in ; this shows the large w hite trusses of blossom. is undamaged by sa lt spray. The terete foliage is richly glaucous and the trunk is heavil y corked. I have never Photo by T. R. N . l othian see n a corkwood in cultivation in the c ivi lized parts of Australia. Seed was exceedingly hard to find, but I got a scrap. ~

Literatu re Cited 1. Lai ng, Robert Malcolm and Blackwell, Ell en W.; Plants of New Zea land. Ed. 5, W hitcombe and Tombs, Ltd., Pressch urch, N.D. 2. Lord, Ernest E.: Shrubs and Trees for Austra lian Ga rdens. Lothian Pub. Co., Melbourne, 5th Ed, 1963. 3. Shakovhov, A. A.: The Salt Tolerance of Plants. Moscow, 1956. In Russian with Engli sh summary. 552 p. 9 Floribunda No. 601 (trial ground Floribunda No. 522 on trial at the mo­ Floribunda, ' Michelle Meilland' x ' Pink number). ('Ophelia' x 'Park Oirektor ment. ' Pink Parfait' x 'Golden Sonn

ROSE HYBRIDIZERS IN NEW ZEALAND

Hybrid Tea see dling, unlisted parentage. Floribunda 'Vermillion', unlisted paren­ Hybridized by Mr. John Simpson of Pal­ CREDIT: The New Zealand Em­ tage. Hybridized by Mr. John Simpson. merston North, Vic

*This article was prepar

Russell }. Seibert *

Inner city environments have told that his job may be threatened if that you and I~ach of us can do. rapidly become intolerable for the pollution must stop. Ever since the All individual and organized ama­ average plant-and for the human industrial revolution, the town's teur gardeners, horticulturists and resident. Our urban resident in belching smoke stack has been the plant scientists are invited to partici­ many cases, has lost contact with prosperous c ommunity' s status pate in this national effort. What we nature, except for a congestion of symbol. This combined with in­ really need to know is which plants other humans, bedbugs, c ock­ creasing automobile congestion has do best and are satisfactory in each roaches, rats and stray pets. raised air pollutants to an intolerant geographical location and which How, under a host of increasing level. Now that the environmental ones are not suitable. environmental stresses, do we sen­ quality has been allowed to ad­ It is very important in the si bly approach the problem of versely affect both human and plant process of conducting the survey, choosing suitable plant materials for health, we have reached a point when observing a species showing these severely polluted conditions? where, even with effort, it will be normally poor environmental resis­ Former tried and proven street possible only to maintain levels of tance, to select out that occasional trees as Ginkgo, Norway Maple, Pin poll ution at thei r present rate with completely tolerant specimen . Oak and other long-time favorites I ittle or no hope to improve them in These resistant selections are to be are unsatisfactory under the pres­ the near future. vegetatively and seed propagated by ence of modern adverse factors To help meet our urgent needs the local park system, botanical gar­ which include dangerous levels of and to help revi se the nationwide den, arboretum or interested indi­ oxidants and fluorides. Individually thinking about the kinds of plants vidual. They should be utilized for and synergistically, combinations of which should or should not be used testing, selection and breeding for planting site, site preparation, in the polluted population centers of further pollution resistance. quality of plant and its maintenance, this country, the American Horticul­ The educational value of these vandalism, air and water pollution, tural Society' s Environmental Com­ surveys will, we hope, create an salt damage, competition, diseases, mittee has initiated a National awareness by the gardening and insects, animals, chemical damage, Survey of Plant Performance to be horticultural community of the mul­ soil compaction, erosion, drainage, Compared in Response to Man's Ef­ titude of factors necessary to con­ wind, heat, drought, artificial light, fects on His Environment . This sider as basic to planting plans and popu lation pressures, and so forth, survey records the plant perform­ to help assure a higher survival of all have contributed to increasing ance of trees, shrubs and ground plants in our many hostile, man af­ the problems of maintaining satis­ covers in relation to the existing fected environments within popula­ factory urban plantings. In many environmental pressures which vary tion and industrial centers. cases, just one or two of these fac­ with each site and with each plant The existing planting lists are no tors alone have made it impossible growth region. This much needed longer serviceable. They are not to retain the character of the information is not otherwise avail­ usually related to plant growth re­ planting desired. able. It can be gained only by local gions in combination with the spe­ Man, being an adaptable ani­ observation and is a project which cific site as freeway, medial strip, mal, is still reluctant to protect his can be accomplished only by volun­ park, mini-park, triangle, street side, environment because he has been teer effort. This survey, then, can residential, garden, or before gar­ fulfill a desire on the part of many den, nor do they consider whether concerned individuals who, as or not the site is subject to salt spray knowledgeable amateur plants men, or to the host of other modern hostil­ *Director, Longwood Gardens, Ken- desi re to serve a need for thei r envi­ ities perpetrated by man as a means 12 nett Square, Pennsylvania. ronmental cause. This is something of easing his labor. Many of these man-made environmental changes climati c conditions, popula­ freeway ought to avo id Azalea threaten the very basi s of I ife itself! I tion press ures and air pollution mol/is hybrids, Azalea quin­ need only to reiterate that air pollu­ in the ce nter city and industrial quifolia, Comus florida, small tion does adversely affect photosy n­ center of Chicago usuall y re­ leaved Japanese maples and thesis and frequently halts it entirely! stricts the use of any trees other even th e Canadian red maple! Prelimin ary te st surveys have than Honey Locusts, Cratae­ Believe it or not, convinc ing been conducted and alrea dy show g us, Crab Apples, W eepin g sy mptoms of ozone injury may some i nteresti ng res u Its along w ith Wi ll ow, Ailanthus altiss ima, be see n on a number of the various practi ca l observations. Co tto nw oo d a nd perhaps superb spec imens of Bonsai For instance- Elaeagnus angustifo lius. ex hibited at the Seattle Art 1) In Philadelphia 4) In St. Louis Muse um pavilion. Pyrus ca ller ya n a, Q u ercus Th ose trees li sted for Chi cago As indicated before, so me of our borea lis, Q u erc us phellos, also se rve well , but one can best known street trees which are Sophora japonica, A ilanthus add a number of others, such still listed and recommend ed, such altissima and H edera helix are as Liquidambar styraciflu a as Lond o n Plan e, Sycamore, probably among the best. Even Euonymous bungea nus and Ginkgo, Norway M aple, Pin Oak, they wil l go out, however, if Quercus phel/os. On the busy and European Linden are of very planted nea r the refi nery thoroughfares and intersec­ questionable va lue for inner city use center of so uth Philadelphia. tions, G in kgo shows oxidant unless res ista nt st rain s or cultivars Such hi storica ll y impo rtant injury to a ve ry se ri ous extent. have been se lected. These spec ies subjects as Lil ac, Fl ower ing Even at the M isso uri Botanical are ve ry res istant to coa l smoke and Dogwood a nd American Garden, it has shown Injury to S02 but, they do not resist the Linden are no longe r poss ible si nce at least 1965. combined effects of hyd roca rbons, to grow sat isfactorily In our 5) In Los Angeles photochem ica l oxidants and fl uor­ national shrine, Independ ence Los Angeles is unique in our ides w hi ch plag ue the ambient air Nation al Hi stori ca l Park . To cou ntry si nce it has experi­ today. Therefore, they are prime use them frequently mea ns to enced serious photochemical subjects to be observed very criti­ replant them in spring onl y to oxidant ai r pollution for ca lly in order to se lect out highly find them virtuall y kil led be­ twenty-five yea rs. It now prob­ res istant forms from among mature fore autumn. ably harbors the finest coll ec­ seed ling progen ies still ex istent in 2) In Miami tion of air pollution resistant center city pl antings. Th ey should be It is generally felt that there is sub-tropica l and so me tem­ observed along the streets, and in no air pollution problem. perate plants w hi ch man has the small parks and in home gardens However, if yo u look more ever brought together into one wherever they may sti II rema i n and closely, you will find th at so me geographi ca l location. Natural we ought to develop se lection nurs­ of the Heliconias wil l show th e se lection has had ad equate eri es in the inner cities--not out in effects of air pollution Injury time to start functioning th ere. th e country ! following those periods of in­ If one goes to Arcadia, Pasa­ I am very optimist ic about the version when car exhausts and dena, or San Marino, he will future for certain plants in the envi­ power plant em issions com­ find the basis for suitable ronmentally stressed inner c iti es. bine to produce some chronic planting material to be used in But, we must take a fresh look and injury on the more susceptible many of the rapidly growing act now to provide new, highly re­ tropicals and subtrapicals so sub-tropica l communities of sistant forms of ornamental plants widely used there. Ca lathea, other parts of the world now which will better survive the local Coccoloba, Dombeya ' Rose­ starting to suffer from this same conditions we impose upon our mound', Ficus re/igiosa, and malady. Plants bred and se­ plantings. To fail to do this now, will Ipomoea spp., [email protected] shown the lected in the Los Angeles spe ll disaster to the future of new effects of ozone flecking in Valley are showing remarkable plantings in urban centers. Bayfront Park. improvement in air pollution If we will locate and use the 3) In Chicago resistance, i. e., Poinsettia and most resistant plants which nature is The use of phenomenal Chrysanthemum . se lecting out, we can avoid the amounts of salt on main traffic 6) In Seattle complete discouragement of those arteries vi rtually el im inates the It would appear that location responsible for these plantings. Also, use of any spec ies of plants for has a great deal to do with we can then make it financially en­ medial strip plantings, other what plants mayor may not be couraging to utilize new resistant than for certai n resistant nox­ used at any specific site. Areas plants as a part of so lving the urban ious weeds. A combination of downtown and close to the crisis. ~ 13 LOTUSES IN A JAPANESE GARDEN

Yuji Sakamoto*

'Ohga-hasu', an ancient cultivar of N. nucifera

'American Lotus', N. lutea

*Or. Sakamoto, a biologist of Tok yo, Japan , directed the development of the lotus displa y pond at Expo '70. He is noted for his plant breeding work, including crosses between Ameri ca n 14 lotus and th e Indian lotus. Th e mercury soared and the sun shone hot on the beautiful pavilions and gardens of Expo '70 in the rolling forest land s of the Se nri Hills between Osaka and Kyoto. Over the surface of the extensive lotus pond state ly blue-green leaves moved gently in the breezes and fres h lotus blossoms, some 200 hundred of them, opened each morning. The su nlit water of the pond was dappled with yellow, white and red lotus flowers. This magnificent August, 1970, display of lotuses was th e culmination of more than two years' intens ive work. We had produced the stock rhi zomes for the pond, I ifted them, transported them to the display pond, and worried over them. We had juggled sc hedu les to cope with problems arisi ng from constru ction delays. Through two yea rs of sunny days, rain y days and even snowy days I had made the seven hour trip to Osaka to

'Maihiren' ['Dancing Princess'], Dr. supervise the lotus project. I know that nothing worthwhile comes easily, but in Sakamoto's hybrid of N. lutea x N. this case my efforts, and those of the many people who assisted with the lotus nucifera (a n ancient Chinese form). project, had paid off in a water ga rden of pure bea uty. A serene garden; a placid, mirror pond gracefully adorned with the marvelous water and standing leaves of lotuses and the lotus blosso ms. I should like to share with American readers the story of the development of our lotus pond at Expo '70. Though the handsome display pavilions of the exposition have been removed, the pond remains, and the Japanese gardens surrounding it continue to develop and enlarge. Visiting horticulturists will find much of interest at the garden today; not the least interesting among the many features will be the lotus pond. The pond, as originally designed, is an area of 6,250 square meters. Sched­ uled for completion by the spring of 1969, with stock rhizomes of lotus to be r 15 planted that spring so plants could develop through that summer to be in display condition for the summer of 1970, the pond construction was scarcely underway in the first part of 1969. Accordingly, the lotus stock was planted out in other nursery ponds for later removal to the Expo '70 lotus pond. Our original plan of growing the lotuses through 1969 in their display pond, making observations on growth and blooming habit, had to be discarded. Our alternate plan called for growing the stock plants in nearby nursery ponds, moving them toward the end of the season into the Expo ' 70 lotus pond. 7. Lotus rhizomes packed for trans­ Immediately, several difficulties arose; first, that of moving lotuses at the wrong port to the Lotus Pond. time of year (none of us were sure how they would respond); s@cond , the task of 2. A working view at the nursery; digging, without injury, and replanting a great number of lotus rhizomes; third, rhizomes being tran sported.

3 . Checking the rhizomes while they are pass ing the winter. where to get the experienced people to do the job of moving the plants, and, fourth, how to bring the plants through the winter after recent transplanting. 4. The Lotus Pond in early spring. The ideal time to move lotus plants is at cherry blossom time. As the weather warms, lotus roots and leaves begin to grow and the plants, even when disturbed, live and thrive. We made our plantings in nursery ponds at such a time. Our stock plants grew nicely through the summer, making good increase. In September we faced the problem of lifting plants not yet dormant. Were the rhizomes mature enough? No one knew the answer, but we began digging. lotus rhizomes are rather slender and brittle. The terminal bud must not be bruised and the rhizomes should not be injured in any way if decay is to be avoided. The digging was slow and tedious-I spent three full weeks lifting some seven hundred good stock rhizomes each consisting of three nodes with perfect 16 lateral and terminal buds. At this point we hit a snag that we had somewhat oN ' Rozanpa ku ' 'Ohga-hasu'

'Jyodalren'

'Chunic:hi-yugiren'

Garden Lotuses Planted, Area, and Number of Roots Needed. Area Square Number Cu ltivar Flower-color Type Meters of Roots Remarks

'Ohga-hasu' pink single-petaled, large-sized 271.6 85 Ancient Chinese lotus 'Sennen-hasu' red single-petaled, large-sized 269.1 74 'Maihiren' reddish single-petaled, large-sized 224.9 66 Hybrid of Ohga-hasu yel low with Ohji-hasu, (American lotus) , Rozanpaku' white double-peta led, large-sized 41 3.3 114 American Lotus yellow single-petaled, medium-sized 107.6 38 Nelumbo lurea 'Tokoren' pink single-petaled, large-sized 36 318.4 'Nehru-hasu' pink single-petaled, large-sized 52 Nelumbo nucifera ' Hekitairen' white double-petaled, medium-sized 76 324.1 'Taihakuren' white single-petaled, med iu m-sized 14 'J yodairen' red single-petaled, medium sized 31 'Maiyoren' red single-petaled, medium-sized 5 'Shokkoren' red single-petaled, medium-sized 544.8 5 'Chu nichi-yugiren' red singlefpetaled, medium-sized 80 Produced by Wuhan Botanical Garden in China 'Ohren' red single-petaled, medium-sized 30 'Chawan-hasu' white single-petaled, small-sized 5 Supplementary planting 'Makoto-hasu' white double-petaled, large-sized in a box 2 square meters Supplementary planting

TOTAL 2473.7 711 17 anticipated; stock of so me c ultiva rs was short. W e w ere lac king rhi zomes of 'Jyodairen', ' Tokoren', and ' Hekitairen'; to keep the ori gin al pl anting des ign in tact w e substituted four cultiva rs, ' Chunichi-yugiren', ' Shokkoren', ' M aiyoren', and ' Ohren' for 'Jyodairen'; ' Nehru-hasu' fo r ' Tokoren'; and 'Taihakuren' for ' Hekitairen'. Pl anting out of season had to be ca rri ed out ca refully to in sure max imum wi nter protection fo r the un establ ished rhi zomes. Taki ng ca re, aga i n, not to injure the rhizomes or their buds, rhi zomes w ere set dee p in the muck of the pond-a messy and difficult job. Th e tw o pl anting dates at O sa ka were Sep­ 7. Th e Lotus Pond in ea rly spring. tember 29th and O ctober 8th, 1969. The work w as in th e hands of th e O sa ka 2 . Letter of com mendatio n presented Gardening Cooperative Soc iety, and was finished on O ctober 10th. to D r. Yuji Saka m oto by th e Cape The displ ay pond is des igned to rese mble a natural pond. Th e bottom is Henry Wom en's Club.

, ;;:,...,... _... ~ ...... , .h..d ~""'.:< .... -.L. \ . ~ ...... 4. , ' ~ ..4.:. '< _1', .l'..!>r •., . ). -~~ . ~ ,~ ~

3 . Th e Lotus Po nd d uring the rain y sea son. Water leaves appear over the based of hard ened red clay covered over with a mixture of compost and paddy p lanted rhizom es. fi eld soil. The pond was des igned to maintain an average depth of 34 centime­ ters of w ater, th e dee pest pl ace bein g 60 ce ntimeters. To help in sul ate th e newly 4. Lotus leaves standing above th e pl anted rhi zomes during the winter of '69-'70, th e rese rvo ir w as kept brim-full . surface are see n among water leaves. Beginning at the end of O ctober, mornings and evenings w ere extremely chilly; by winter, the rhi zom es w ere subjected to extreme chill, w ith ice on th e po nd and snow falling. W e made a w inter examination of the rhi zomes and were not encouraged; so me had had their buds broken away; oth ers were turning bl ack and w ithering. W e decided th at the loss would run as hi gh as fifty per cent. But so me species were, apparentl y, quite res istant, and we depended on these to make our summer displ ay. In any case, w e could do nothing during the w inter months to 18 prevent some loss of transpl anted rhi zomes . Snow continued to fall through th e middle of M arch and the cold linge red . Even in Apri l the pond showed no signs of life; sun shine and warmth were needed to stir the lotuses into growth, but in stead th e rainy season ca me on. On Jun e 19th, Mr. Katsuura, project enginee r, and I, exa mined the lotus plantings in a downpour of cold rain . Water (floatin g) leaves of lotu s were apparent over the planted bed s, but on ly a few leaves were standing above the water. Th e sight was far from the image of lofty lotuses, and we were not at all sure of a summer display. Where no water leaves appea red we presumed the plants to be dead and arranged for a supplementary tran splanting of extra lotus plants. Eighty such 5 . The Lotus Pond is see n by many people (Th e Pond in summer). plants, w ith leaves already standing, were dug out and brought to the Expo '70 pond early in th e morning. On that occasion, at the shore of th e ' Hek itairen' 6. A fine d isplay of lotuses deco­ section of th e pond 'Chawan-has u' (white, sin gle-peta led, and sma ll -sized) was rating the fina le of EXPO 70. The Soviet Pavilion is in the background.

7 . Lotuses near the pavilion in the added. 'Makoto-hasu', w hi ch had been box-grown by the Osaka Gardening center of the Lotus Pond. Cooperative Soc iety, also was transplanted into th e pond at thi s time. Ju st as if they had broken through the bl ack clouds of the rainy season, 8. The Lotus Pond w ith the Symbol Zone in the background. flowers of 'Maihiren' (, Danc ing Princess') opened in ea rl y Jul y desp ite th e bad conditions. By mid-July the rain y season ended and burning hot summer ca me arou nd. More lotuses fl aired into blosso m. Mr. Ic hiro Ogawa, a Japa nese-Amer­ ica n who had worked d iligentl y to introduce the American lotus, Nelumbo lutea, a ye ll ow-flowerin g spec ies indige nous to eastern North Ameri ca, to Japan visited th e lotus pond on Jul y 21st. Mr. Ogawa was present as an emi ssa ry of the Cape Henry Women's Club of Virginia Bea ch, Va. This organ ization is dedicated to the preservation, development and extended planting of the America n lotus. Fortunately, five blossoms of N . lutea greeted Mr. Ogawa and me w hen we walked to the displ ay. This spec ies would bloom more free ly later in the sum- r 19 mer, but Mr. Ogawa could tell the Women's Club that N. lutea was thriving at Osaka. At the garden, Mr. Ogawa presented me with a handsome plaque of citation, recognizing both my work of culturing N. lutea in Japan, and my hybridization program involving crosses between N. lutea x N. nucifera (the sacred, or Asiatic lotus) which has resiJlted in the new cultivar ' Dancing Prin­ cess' and other hybrids exhibited at Expo '70. I greatly appreciated this generous gesture from American gardeners whose hearts respond to the beauty of the lotus as mine does. And so the summer came on; bed after bed of lotuses in the Expo '70 lotus pond sent up their great tulip-shaped buds that opened into plate or bowl-

-+ 'Rozanpaku' a double-petaled, large white cu/tivar of N . nucifera.

+- ' Hekitairen " a double-petaled cui tivar of N. nucifera.

shaped blossoms of classic beauty. Lotus fragrance wafted over the water to please visitors walking along the margins of the pond. The bitter and laborious aspects of the previous months melted away when viewed across the serene beauty of that enameled pond bearing the reflections of exquisite foliage and flowers on its surface. Today the gorgeous pavilions have disappeared. But the extensive Japanese Garden will be enhanced by maturity through the coming years; it will see winds, snows, and summer sunshine for centuries to come. Today the Japanese Garden remaining from Expo ' 70 is sponsored by the Japanese Government and has become a famous park of the Prefecture of Osaka. It is a favorite resting place for the citizens of Osaka. Through summer' s hot months lotus flowers and lotus leaves dapple the Garden pond, presenting a unique illusion of beauty and 20 tranquility. LOTU5E6 N AMERGA*

The native American lotus is Nelumbo lutea . This spec ies occurs in ponds, quiet streams and estuaries from the New En gland States and Florida westward to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and western Missouri. The range extend s so uth­ ward to east Texas. Dormant in winter, buds break on the slend er, rope- li.ke rhizomes buried in bottom ooze w hen the water warm s, and soon c irc ul ar leaves to a foot or more across, usuall y cupped , sta nd high over the water. The pale ye llow flowers may be as muc h as twelve inches across though often they are smaller. Apparently, coastal Indians once cultivated lotus for its ed ible seeds and tubers. Aquatic wildlife st ill make good use of the seeds and fleshy creeping rootstocks.· M. L. Fern ald , editing the Ei ghth Edition of Gray's Manual of Botany cites common names of this plant as sac red bean, yell ow nelumbo, water­ chinquapin, pond-nuts, and wonkapin, but fails to in c lude either lotus, certa inly a common enough epithet today, or yonkapi n (jonkapin), a common inland name. After a history of ill-usage, American lotus is rega ining popularity. Earlier, boatsmen cursed the plant and dredged it out of their channels and stockmen destroyed it because it grew profusely in watering ponds. Few native sta nd s remain, and these are imperiled by polluted waters and by drainage systems that dry up the shallow pools in which lotus thrives. Hurrica nes, sweeping up the Atlantic coast and washing sa lt waters far into estuari es, have destroyed other habitats. This seems unfortunate, particularly as American lotus see ms to have considerable promise as an erosion-controlling plant. Th e network of rhizomes effectively ties bottom muck and the dense stand of leafstalks effectively stills water action, reducing bottom wash and bank erosion. Various lotuses are finding favor in American water gardens. The home owner with a small pool may choose to feature a tub-grown lotus with blosso ms of pink, white, yellow or red. Even without flowers, the leaves are hi ghly orna­ mental. 'Mikado', a recently introduced cultivar with large, pale green leaves and five-inch across fragrant pink bloss oms is said to grow well in a twenty-inch across jardiniere filled half with potting mixture and half with water. Lotus rhizomes may be planted directly in a clay-muck layer on the bott()m A native sta nd of American lotus, of a pool or ion containers to be set in a pool. Plastic or wooden tubs or half­ Nelumbo lutea, in Tabernacle Creek, barrels make sl:litable containers. Prepare a mixture of three parts garden loam Virginia . (free of sand and with a relatively high clay content) and one part composted cow manure. If manure is not available, enrich the soil with two cups of 5-10-5 fertilizer per bushel. Avoid sand, sawdust, peat or similar additives. Fill the container to within four inches of the top; make a depression in the soil and plant the rhizome, bud end in the center of the tub and above the soil, distal end *Notes on growing lot(.lses in toward the rim and buried to a depth of two inches or more. Place a flat stone America extracted from corres pon­ over the buried portion of the rhizome to hold it in place until it takes root. On dence with Mrs. Cecil H . Reed, Lotus no account permit any damage to the terminal bud. The surface of the soil Resea rch Chairman, Cape Henry Woman 's Club, Virginia Beach, Vir­ should be covered by four to eight inches of water. Container-grown lotus ginia. Mrs. Reed submitted Or. Saka­ cultivars have survived in American garden pools through Zone 5, even when moto's manuscri.pt to America n Hor- the pools froze almost solidly.<3€> ticulturist. 21 x Pardancanda norrisii An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Belamcanda chinensis and Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Iris dichotoma)

Parental Generation (Pl)

Pard anthopsis d ichotoma x Bellamcanda chinensis

First Filial Generation (Fl)

x Pardancanda norrisii ** Lee W. Lenz*

In 1936, Rex O. Pearce of the known as the Avalon Hybrids. Re­ been noted by numerous authors, Pearce Seed Co., Morristown, New cent authors, (Ohwi, 1965; Chitten­ nevertheless recent taxonom ists Jersey, imported a number of plants den, 1951) recognized Belamcanda have not suggested that it was not an from Japan, one of them being Be­ as monotypic and the spec ies chi­ Iris although they have all placAsia and in a separate category within the described as "a low, compact variable. On this basis, Pearce's genus where it stands by itself. Rodi­ species with flowers that were un­ Avalon Hybrids would be consid­ onenko (1962) considers the subg­ marked golden-yellow." According ered intraspecific rather than inter­ enus Pardanthopsis containing I. to Grey (1937) B. flabellata is native specific. In the early 1960's Samuel dichotoma to be the most primitive to Japan but the exact provenance is N. Norris of Owensboro, Kentucky saying that it " retains both in struc­ unknown. Through hybridization purchased seeds and plants of the ture and its biology, many ancestral between B. flabellata and B. chi­ Avalon Hybrids from the George W. traits, i.e., such as were character­ nensis (L.)Oc. (grown under the Park Seed Co., Greenwood, South istic of the ancestral species of Iris." name B. sinensis) Pearce produced Carolina. These he reports "showed A recent study (Lenz, 1972) has by selection from the re su lting hy­ considerable variation in height and shown that in a number of respects I. brids, a strain of blackberry-lily growth form." dichotoma is more closely related to A plant generally known as Iris Be/amcanda than it is to Iris and that this relationship is best expressed by *Director, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic dichotoma Pall . has long been in Carden, Claremont, California . cu Itivation but it has never been according the plant generic status very common in gardens. Its resem­ under the name Pardanthopsis. The ** Not pr~senlly available. American Horticul­ turist hopes to announce a commercial so urce blances to the common blackberry­ production of fertile hybrids be­ 22 01 x Pardancanda norrisii soon. lily Belam ca nda chinensis have tween the blackberry-lily and P. dichotoma (Pa ll. ) Lenz bear out this rea dily a nd the plants bega n as might be expected, more nea rly close relati o nship. No hybrid s be­ blooming in late Jul y and continued approached in morphologica l char­ tween P. dichotoma and any spec ies well into October. acters Pardanthopsis than Be/am­ of Iris have been recorded. Plants of th e F2 ge nerat ion ca nda. The flowers opened late in Norris (pers. com. ) purchased showed great variatio n in f lower the afternoon or ea rl y evening and from the Zi lke Brothers Nurse ry, form between those typica l of Be­ were closed by next morning, also a Baroda, Michigan, plants so ld under lamca nda and Pardanthops is al­ characteri stic of Pardanthopsis. The the name " H anse n New Ever­ though in this population th ere were f lowers of Be l amcanda normally blooming Orchi d Iris." According to no yel low-flowered plants but th ere open about mid-morning and close them, the plants were brought to the were some that were sa lmon-col­ by late afternoon as do those of the United States by "Carl A. H anse n ored and there were none th at were Fl generation of the hybrid. from o ne of hi s world-wide pl ant identica l to Be lamcanda in flower exploration expeditions." They de­ form. One of the most obvious and x Pardan ca nda norrisii Le nz, sc ribed the plants as coming from at th e sa me time interesting mor­ (A liso 7: 407. 1972) Leaves alter­ " the w ilds of Siberia near the town phologica l features of these hybrids nate, equitant, to 35 cm. long, 3 cm. of Shil ka." According to The Times was the styl e and the sty le branches w id e; flowering stems to 1m., Atlas of the World, Vol. 2, Shilka is which va ri ed from th ose typica l of P. much-branc hed, the peduncles located at 5 10 55' Nand 11 60 01' E, dichotoma to those nea rl y identical often iss uing in pairs of equal length placing it east of Lake Ba ikal and to those of Belamca nda. If Rodi­ at the sa me point; spathes many­ about 500 miles northeast of Ulan onenko is correct, and Be /amcanda, flowered, flowers fugacious, after Bator, Mongolia. These plants were or a Belamcanda-like plant is the anthes is perianth segments spirally later ide ntified as Iris d i c hotoma progenitor of Iris , then by arrangin g contorted; pedice ls to 3 cm . long; now properly known as Pardanth­ the sty le branches from pi ants of the perianth tube about 1 mm. long, 2.5 opsis dichotom a (Pall. ) Lenz, a segregating F2 population in a se ­ mm. wide; external segments obov­ species of wide distribution in quence from those most nearly ap­ ate, 2.9 cm. lo ng, 1.2 cm. w ide eastern Asia. proach in g Belamcanda to tho se w ithout a d istinct c law but outer Durin g th e sum m er of 1967, most like Pardanthopsis one might porti o n distinctly reflexed, purple, Norris (pers. com.) polli nated ga in an understanding of the evolu­ c law w ith w hite markings near keel ; flowers of P. dichotoma w ith pollen tion of the advanced petaloid sty le inner segments broadly el liptical, taken from a number of the plants of branch found in Iris from the simple emarginate at the apex, tapering into Belamcanda Avalon H ybri ds. H e st ru cture prese nt in Belamcanda. a claw about one-third lengt h of the obtained twelve well filled capsu les O ne of the most conspicuous fea ­ segment, 1 .9 c m. lon g, 1.2 c m. with nea rl y 500 seeds w hi c h were tures of the Iris sty le branch is the w ide; ovary elliptica l, about 7 mm. planted immediately upon harvest. two sty le crests, often very long and long, 2.5 mm. w ide; style 2.1 cm . Within three weeks approximately attenuate, below which is a st ig­ long, divided into three segments half of them had ge rminated. Seed ­ matic flap. In Belamcanda the ter­ about o ne- ha lf the le ngth of the lings were g rown thro u gho ut the minal seg ments are all alike and all . sty le, sty le arm s sl ig htl y wi nged , wi nter under fl uorescent I ights and three are st igmatic. In the F2 popula­ sty le cre sts about 2 cm. long, sta­ lined out in the ga rd en the following tions of the Belamcanda x Pardan­ mens six, anthers about 7 mm. long, April. According to Norris, thopsis hybri d a se ries could be ar­ fil aments about 1.2 cm. long; sta­ blooming comme nced about the ranged showin g various stages in the mens upright, not firmly held aga inst middle of July and continued until development of the sty le crests and style. Lee W. Lenz 24895, 2 1 Sept., frost. The Fl generation was very assoc iated st igm atic flap from the 19 71 (RSA). uniform in bloom and grow th . In the si mple u nd ifferenti ated sty le branch It gives me great pleasure to F2 generation the plants sh owed characterist ic of Be/amcanda to the name this hybrid in honor of the great variation in both flower form petaloid style branch found in Iris. man who cre ated it and who kindly and pi ant habit. Norris' experi ence Plants from the population, P. supplied me with plants and infor­ has been th at the hybrids wi II back­ dichotoma Iridaceae. Williams & Norgate, London, 403 pp. dichotoma. The seeds germinated Lenz, L. W. 1972. Th e statu s of Pardanthopsis (IridaceaeJ A li so 7: 401-3. 23 Brassovola martiana. Orchid Hunting in South America Jan W. Boekhuizen*

The jungles of northeastern preparations, to get to know the South America are probably the jungles as they really are. Each largest, essentially unexplored, land jungle inhabitant, man, animal, tree area in the world. The visiting tour­ or plant, is a king in its own right, a ist, traveling by plane, ship or car, king who has won his battle for life gets a false impression. Most air­ and who, as a result of total freedom fields, villages, houses and roads in under extreme conditions, has ac­ these parts of the world are primitive quired royal qualities. All animals and sub-standard as compared to and plants in these surroundings those of the' more developed coun­ show a high degree of perfection, a *Mr. Boekhuizen is a Metallurgical Engineer "somewhere in Northeast tries. Most tourists demand modern fact proved by the orchids. So uth America". An avid naturalist comforts and if they do not find Even if one I ives close to the w ho often is dismayed by poorly them they are not in the mood to jungle it takes time to find the right organized and perhaps rapa cious appreciate the majesty of tropical friends who think it worthwhile to expeditions into " his" jungles and nature. Tourists visiting these coun­ spend their free time " hunting" in­ savannahs, he rf=que sts that American Horticulturist refrains from giving an tries are like people entering a house sects or plants. There ar~ many men exact address or forwarding corre­ by the back door. One has to travel who like to hunt birds or other ani­ 24 spondence. by foot or by small boat, after carefu I mals but these are UPlfit for insect or Brass ia lawrencea na. plant hunting because th ey never "see" anything, they only " liste n" and are always in a hurty To go orchid hunting takes a small party of two or three ded icated men. Never go alone into the jungle. According to popular belief about jungle country there are snakes, tigers, sp iders and other dangerous animals lurking behind every tree and bu sh. In fact these creatures are only active during the night and they hide away during the day. If they happen to come in one's path they flee as fa st as they ca n. They are usuall y more afraid of us than we are of them and th ey ca n hear a man cutti ng through the bush miles ahead. One has to observe certain rules as to where a moving person should place his feet and hands. It pays always to be very observant, especially when crawling underneath bushe s, Epidendrum fragrans. passing over or near dark holes and climbing through dead trees spread on the ground. Real dangers are frequently in unexpected places and. of an unexpected nature. Once I was almost thrown over by a tigercat fleeing from its lair in a hollow tree stump because without knowing it I blocked his line of escape. Poi­ sonous plants hook their barbs into the skin at the slightest touch. Rot­ ting wood hid@s sl1akes, scorpions and other crawling insects. Not until the£e masses of wood an~ disturbed does one r€1al in;) the abundance of life und€1rneath . Ants, wasps and bees are everywhere as I shall dis ~ cuss later. One does not often get the chance to o~ganize or join a real expedition equipped for long jungle trips. To maintain a group of ex- ~5 plorers during two or more weeks soil substances, solemn forests of all underneath in our canoe, kept very takes quantities of provisions, kinds of trees, small and large quiet. camping materials and other neces­ swamps from shallow to deep. After much urging the youngest sities. The cost of these trips in­ Where opposing conditions meet jumped, slid down a branch or two cluding the guide, the cook and the vegetation is very special; for and finally held on swaying over the other labor, runs very high. instance where the savannah meets surface of the water. The entire fam­ On the other hand it costs very the high forest, and where the ily, watching from above, clapped little to organize a one day trip for swamps are either in the open, half­ thei r I ittle hands and uttered shouts two or three men, each man covered, or enti rely underneath the of joy to congratulate the little fellow carrying his own load and equipped trees. All these combinations offer after this daring but necessary feat. with a machete. The leader of the habitats for different species of While moving through the bush it group should have a compass and a plants, different insects, different happens regularly that unseen ani­ light firearm. Any point on any birds and different animals. Nature mals, from very near by, suddenly road, river or coastal strip can serve is full of wonders in these environ­ rush off with a loud rustling of leaves as a starting point. From the moment ments. Those who have learned to and cracking of twigs. Certain birds we start cutting a path for ourselves observe find exceptional beauty in on the savannah are so sure of their it takes only a couple of minutes these places. It is a rewarding expe­ protective colouring that they until we enter into the adventurous, rience to accept certain risks and usually wait till they are practically secret worlds of the jungle, indi­ explore unspoiled nature as it exists under your nose before taking off. vidual worlds that move with the in the tropical parts of the world. When an entire flock plays this explorer, wondrous worlds shared game it can give you a real jolt. Jungle Creatures by nobody else than those forming Another well known aspect of the party. The tremendous wealth of The jungle is never silent; mon­ jungle life are the insects. When tropical vegetation swallows the keys, birds, frogs, insects, dripping cutting a path through bush and explorer and surrounds him on all and running water, objects falling fallen wood a man must not only sides. from trees and so on make a contin­ watch out for snakes but at the same uous background of noise. Honey­ time he must be on his guard for Jungle Habitats birds (hummingbirds) satisfy their bees, wasps and ants. I nsect repel­ The jungle has many moods curiosity by approaching from be­ lent sprays are only of use against from grim, secretive, eternal, to gay, hind; suddenly you hear the sharp the smaller flying insects. The nests lovely and friendly where it hides fluttering noise of their tiny wings of the wild jungle bees are large and the most beautiful and amazing very close to your ears. Honeybirds easily detectable; jungle bees, how­ forms of miniature life. On rotting come in many colours and can be ever, are excellent scouts and once wood we find orange, purple and found everywhere. While hovering they become disturbed by a falling deep golden fungi with shapes of over the sunlit flowers of the savan­ branch or other commotion un­ trumpets, tulips or clusters of rocks. nahs they look like exquisite works known to the approaching traveller, Every wet spot is a natural terrarium of art of an infinite delicacy. One they attack anybody in their neigh­ filled with small plants of unbeliev­ bi rd in the South American forests bourhood in the most ferocious way. able perfection . The scenes and makes a sharp piercing cry like the Wasps come in many types and landscapes one comes to are of end­ crack and sweep of a long whip, sizes. The very large and beautiful less variety, low bushes of every other birds come in large groups solitary wasps live in holes in the kind, lovely brooks, cool to walk in twittering like monkeys. Even if you ground. Most kinds, from quite small and different every yard of their do not see them you hear monkeys to over two inches long, build their course, wonderful savannahs of var­ howl or signal to each other with a nests in the shrubs. Those building ious compositions, some on low, low pitched sound. I remember a small to middle size nests often at­ some on high ground, with plant life monkey family teaching its young to tach these to the undersides of large 26 adapted to the soil formations and jump from tree to tree while we, leaves where they are protected against drip and rain . Th ey have ders out of the w eb and pl ace m taught m any a m an swin ging a in sid e hi s killin g j ar. Fin all y, by machete to take a good look before holding the open jar under the lea f cutting. Looking is a necess ity under hiding the large green spider, he also all circumstances. In some parts of kn ocked it into hi s jar. He th en the woods the ants bu i Id enormous ex pl ained th at th e big sp ider was a subterranean nests. The person who female and the dozen little spiders makes th e mistake of venturing into were males, her mates. such a place is in no time cove red Jungle Plants by ants. Some are ve ry small but are called fire-ants becau se of th eir bite. O rc hids are usuall y hidden Some jungle ants are ove r an inch between masses of vegetati on; so me long. I once saw large ants entirely grow in th e dark es t parts of th e covered with sharp bristles. jungle. When we enter these parts It would be unjust to consider we wa lk on thi ck layers of com­ all jungle in sects as a nui sa nce or posted leaves, leaves shed ove r the danger. In the woods and on th e ages by countless trees ti ed together savannahs live some of the most by li anas, so me as heavy as the trees beautiful butterflies. One of the they conn ect. Li anas come in many larger species has deep blue wings spec ies, so me bea r strange fl owers of a metallic glittering quality; an­ sprouting straight from the wood, other has multicoloured wings with some have fruits of bi zarre shapes. transparent parts like windows in a From trees and lianas hang thou­ wall. Among the smaller butterflies sand s of rope-I ike adventitious roots, living in the swamps I once found some ending in midair, so me con­ one that was gold colored with nected to the ground, some fl es hy curled, black edged wingtips and with strange, lively tips like human covered with sparkling dots like fingers. In the m o i st areas gro w diamonds. Another family of beau­ palms and ferns with intricate leaves tiful insects are the tropical dragon­ sculptured to re se mble lace. M any flies. Varying from large to very frail jungle plants are covered with sharp and del icate, in daring fl uorescent needles that can penetrate a jungle colors, they can always be found in boot. Most trees carry parasites, the vicinity of water. One sort is very bromeliads or other epiphytes, ivies long and thin, and flies with two and other plants, many with leaves pairs of wings-its body drooping­ in extraordinary shapes and color while it hangs in the air like a heli­ patterns. Mosses are everywhere in copter. When I tried to scoop it into the rain forests. Orchids, from tiny a net it stopped in mid-air, when I miniatures to large bulbous plants, tried again it moved backwards. I are hidden in shrubs and in the once accompanied an entomologist crotches of the trees. Some species who collected bush spiders. We always are on the lower branches, came to a large web with a big others 0111 the upper branches. There gl itteri ng metal I ic green spider in the also are orchids on the rotting tree middle. The scientist ran it out of the trunks and broken branches spread web and it hid under a leaf. He then on the ground. The savannah has picked about a dozen very tiny spi- many kinds of terrestrial orchids, Stanhopea eburnea= Stanhopea grandiflora.

Aganisia pulchella.

Epidendrum ibaguense growing on an ant-nest, Cory­ anthes macrantha imbedded in the ant-nest, its flower spike protruding below.

Paphinia cristata.

28 Flowers of Corya nthes ma crantha.

lonopsis utricul ari o id es.

O ncidium pu sillum.

Gongora quinquenervis. 29 some looking so much like the sur­ turnum, E. oncidioides, E. vespa and rounding wild vegetation that they the colourful E. eanosmum, the can not be found unless they bloom. Brassavolas with trumpet shaped To describe all the orchids we have white and yellow flowers emerging found on our trips into the bush in all directions from the upper parts would take too much space. Be­ of their long pencil-like leaves. The sides, to be frank, I often am uncer­ small Rodriguezia secunda plants tain about their correct names. grow so close together that their Many species can be recognized flowers form a continuous patch of only after they have come into deep red . The rare Aganisia pul­ blossom. Even then, as happened to chella on the edge of the forest the famous Lindley who tried to climbs vine-fashion with bunches of distinguish between the species of star-like white flowers displaying the Catasetl)m and Cycnoches or­ their bright yellow and red hearts. chids, one may find male and fe­ There are Maxi Ilarias of many male flowers of entirely diff&rent shapes and colors, Bifrenarias with shapes on the same plants. purple speckled , salmon-colored flowers, Rodriguezia bracteata with Orchids of the Savannahs bunches of white bell-like flowers Among the low vegetation of the showing bright yellow spots on each open savannahs there are many lip. Other savannah epiphytes in­ clusters of heavy pseudobulbs be­ clude a great variety of miniature longing to at least six species of the orchids of delicate beauty such as genus Catasetum. The female Ornithocephalus bicornis, Pleuroth­ flowers of these plants resemble allis, Octomeria lansbergii, Quek­ rows of little bonnets complete with ettia microscopica, Platystele, and strings attached, their insides yellow many others. to orange. The showier male flowers Forest Orchids on the other hand look like flocks of speckled butterflies. The taller pseu­ The larger orchids grow in the dobulbs (of about two feet length) shaded parts of the forest. One of the belong to Cyrtopodium species. The most beautiful is the Oncidium lan­ numerous green-brown-yellow ceanum. Because it normally flowers of these plants blend into a flowers during the short wet season mass of beautiful shades and com­ at the end of the year it is popularly position. Most other terrestrial or­ known as the Christmas orchid. chids, such as Cleistos rosea are Christmas orchids have large fleshy rooted deeply into the soil (some are leaves (no pseudobulbs) and erect saprophytic or parasitic) and can not flower stems, up to eighteen inches be found unless they bloom. in length, bearing purple-brown Many orchid species perch on flowers with a lip varying from rose various woody plants of the sa­ to white. Another exquisite orchid vannah. Best known are the Epiden­ growing in the swamps and near 30 drums such as E. fragrans , E. noc- forest creeks is the Menadenium la- biosum w ith flowers two to three species. One dear to my heart is the loon" turn in side out so they form a in ches across of a del ica te combi na­ Paphinia cristata, an orc hid to be b ucket-shaped flower of creamy tion of light-brown, w hite and red­ found nea r brooks and in th e gree n color spotted with purple and purple. In the hea rt of the forest are swamps. Because of its delicacy I each fill s itse lf w ith a sticky fluid. As the 8rassia va ri eties w ith multicol­ lea rn ed to move it by sawing down soon as th e fl u id is prese nt, green ored triangul ar flowers arranged two the tree on which it grows. After bees appea r, which brings us to the by two on horizonta l flower sp ikes, ca rrying it home very carefu ll y I third pecu liarity of this plant, th e 8 . lawrenceana with short sepa ls, 8. placed the entire block of wood highly-ingenious const ruction of the caudata w ith long sepa l s. Other holding the plant over a pond in my flowers. It is well known that orchid forest epipytes include Epidendrum ga rd en . The flowers, sometimes flowers are equipped with intricate floribundum w ith compact bunches three on one stem, are like large devices to protect the plants aga inst of white flowers, Gongora quinque­ striped sta rs of a rust-red color w ith se lf-ferti I ization. Coryanthes beats nervis w ith lo ng trailing f lower an extended lower peta l (Iabe llum) all other orchids on this point in my sp ikes bearing flowers shaped like and with w hi te w hi ske rs protrud in g esti mation. After the green bees wasps in colors from sa lmon to red, from th e center giving a cat- li ke appea r so me are intoxicated by the Sta nhopea eburnea w ith large w hite appea rance. fl u id so th ey drop into the " bucket" . hanging double flowers, the base Th e most peculiar of all South They ca nn o t get o ut unl ess they petal s re sembling a pair of miniature American orchids is the Coryanthes follow a f ixed route w hi ch compels ladysli ppers (whence its popular macrantha. It has at least three pe­ them to deliver th e poliinia picked name), Bolleas, Chaubard ias, Bate­ culiariti es w hi c h set it as ide from the up from other plants before arriving manias, and Aspas ias. Pe ri steria other orch ids. First, th e way it at the spot w here they pi ck up new w ith hangin g clusters of cupshaped grows; its natural environment is pollinia. Every detail of the flowers multicolored flowers hides in the swamp-bush w here it likes to settle see ms to be designed to atta in this jungle foliage; Sobralias flower like in the heart of ant-nests situated in purpose. Th e top parts of the fl ower small Cattleyas. O ne sees Cutica rias the branches of trees . The pl ants contains gland s to drip the fluid into with beige-colored, brown spotted grow insid e th ese nests in such a the " bucket" and the flower brings flowers growin g from the base of way that half th ei r taperi ng pse udo­ down its sepa ls in such a way as to lo ng trailing leaves shaped like bulbs w ith their crowns of leaves sc ree n the exit of th e " bu cket". Thi s chopped off lengths of gree n w ire. stick out of the top of the nest w h i Ie screen not onl y guides the insect /onopsis blooms w ith great masses the long trailing flower sp ikes hang out, but also se rves to keep other of small purple flowers like so many out of the bottom. (Often one finds insects from entering the " bucket" small butterflies. Vanillas stretc hing another orchid , Epide ndrum iba­ on th e wrong side. their thick stems and fleshy leaves quenese, with crowns of red-purple The wonders of the jungle are like endl ess centipedes. Oncidium flowers sitting on top of these nests.) the wonders of life itself. The jungle altissimum winds its long st rings of Coryanthes' seco nd peculiarity is takes us away from the works of man golden flowers through the branches the way its flowers em erge. I and confronts us with the works of of the trees. Th ere are Epidendrum watched this from a plant I kept in God. Th e orchid plant, dwelling in ciliare, Schomburgkia, Trigonidium, my ga rd en. After the newly formed th e age-old tree, li ves on for Tric h ocentrum, too many to de­ flower sp ike has come down two to hundreds of yea rs by simply re­ sc ribe. three feet it forms a small balloon­ newing its pse udobulbs. To the like bud on th e end which sta rts human observer it demonstrates a In the Garden swelling until one ea rly morning it significa nt accomplishment of evo­ To c lose my li st I should like to bursts open with a distinct popping lution; the combination of bea uty mention two more very spec ial noise. Both halves of each " bal- and long I ife.0> 31

Leo}. Wilhelm *

Mushrooms sometimes are ca ll ed-correctly-great biological wonders! They are primitive plants, but w ith elaborate li fe-cyc les. Botani sts usually rank them as equal to the algae in complexity. But the fungi, of which the common field, woods and mark et mushrooms are a subgroup, have no ch loro­ phyll. They cannot photosy nthes ize and th erefore obtain nutrients as sa pro­ phytes or as parasites. Mushrooms, wh ich are the fungi's largest and lovliest members, come in a profusion of colors, shapes and varieties, and range from the fatally seductive Amanita to the savo ry Morel. Mushroom culture is not new but th e practi ce of cultivating mushrooms as a crop is surprisingly recent. And it has reached a ve ry hi gh sta nd ard in th e United States .

History of Mushroom Culture Since very early times, it has been known th at mushrooms are ed ible. But Egypt's Pharaohs considered them too good for the common man and to the Rom ans they were " food for the gods" . Pliny the Elder mentioned them nineteen centuries ago in hi s recommendations to the Rom an farm ers. His writin gs were mostly warnings not to eat them beca use they were poiso nous. One of the first books in En glish devoted exclusively to mushrooms was written in 1779 by John Abercrombie, of London. It was published under the lengthy, but desc riptive, title The Ga rden Mushroom: It's Nature and Cultiva tion. A Treatise, Exhibiting Full and Plain Directions, for producing this desirable Plant in Perfection and Plenty, according to the true successful Practice of the London Gardeners. / Across the Channel in France, efforts at growing mushrooms commerciall y were first made during Loui s XIV's reign , when enjoyment of all of life's delights was very much in vogue. It was not until late in th e nineteenth century, however, that growing mush­ rooms commercially was introduced into the United States . The first growing center in this country was near New York City, and extended onto Long Island . .... Meanwhile, in about 1890, greenhouse operators near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, discovered that they could grow mushrooms in the unused spaces under greenhouse benches. Mushroom growing became popular and spread rapidly in this area. Soon, Kennett Square became known as the "Mushroom Capital of the United States", a title it st ill holds.

Modern Mushroom Production Today, much of the mushroom industry is centered in Pennsylvania, Dela­ ware, and New York; Pennsylvania supplies about two-thirds of all mushrooms commercially produced in this country. Although all States except those in the Deep South have climate and soil conditions that permit the commercial culture of mushrooms, the climate in this country is not really suitable for their produc­ tion out-of-doors, since mushrooms thrive in a damp, dark and cool environ­ *Mr. Wilhelm, who resides at 4440 ment. To assure satisfactory yields, commercial producers grow them in en­ SW Third Street, Miami, Fla ., 33734, enjoys the natural sciences as an closed rooms . where temperature, humidity, and ventilation can be carefully amateur horticulturist. His articles controlled. have appeared in several publica­ According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, only one species of r tions. 33 mushroom is cultivated commercially in this country-a common field species which has been horticulturally adapted. This is the more surprising when we learn that there are more than fifty edible wild species common here and that over 3,000 different mushroom fungi have been identified in this hemisphere alone. According to Lucy Kavaler, in her book -Mushrooms, Molds, and Miracles, the mushrooms produced here are descendants of the umbrella-shaped species, Agaricus bisporus (A. campestris), from Europe. On a cool fall day in 1926, a farmer found a clump of pure white mushrooms of this species .in a bed of cream-colored caps. And it is from that very clump that our present mushroom industry has grown, except for a brownish variety of the same species which is cultivated in the Middle West and on the West Coast, where brown-colored mushrooms are popular. Today mushroom growing in 'the United States is big business. Industry representatives estimate that approximately 165 million pounds are grown each year on over ninety million square feet of bed space. The yield is usually from one and one-half to two and one-half pounds per square foot per crop, though sometimes it is considerably higher. And under today's modern methods of handling and processing, mushrooms are prepared for slicing into salads, made into soups, canned, broiled, pickled, stuffed, sauced, sauteed and creamed, for mushroom connoisseurs everywhere. Nearly 20,000 workers engage in growing and processing mushrooms. Sev­ eral million dollars a year are spent for compost and equipment used by com­ mercial growers, and amateur growers spend many thousands more. According to the latest U. S. Department of Agriculture figures, there is a capital investment of nearly $60 million in all businesses depending on mushroom growing. Edible Wild Mushrooms Mushroom culture intrigues many people-growers and gourmets, profes­ sionals and amateurs. But very few Americans have had any experience with more than a couple of species of mushrooms, most with only the commercially grown species. Even only a handful of gourmets have ever tasted the highly prized Morel . Although there are over fifty wild speci es of edible mushrooms, experts caution amateurs to limit themselves to the ' Foolproof Four', as they are referred to by the authority on mushrooms, Professor Clyde M . Christensen of the Univer­ sity of Minnesota. Besid es the prized Morel, these are the Giant Puffball, the Sulphur Polypore, and the Shaggy Mane. The delicately delicious Morel (Morchella es culentus) is not rare but it is elusive because it seldom appears consecutively in the same place, its fruiting season is short, and it has not been grown under cultivation so far. It grows from two to six inches tall , ranges from tan to a rich brown, and retains its flavor best when sauteed in butter. The Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea) which gets its name from its size, up to twelve inches in diameter, grows in open fields and under rotten logs. It can be prepared into puffball steaks, breaded into cutlets, sliced into salads, or made into a creamed puree. The Sulphur Polypore (Polyporus sulphureus = Lateiporus sulphureus) grows in fan-shaped tiers for several feet along the trunk of a tree or on a dead log. It varies in color from orange to yellow, and a single colony yields up to six pounds of very tasty, meaty mushrooms the flavor of which resembles that of breast of chicken. It can be made into soup or croquettes, fried, stewed or fricasseed . The Shaggy Mane (Coprinus comatus), which grows from four to six inches tall, and occasionally reaches eighteen inches, must be eaten almost immedi­ ately upon picking because its shako-like white cap dissolves within hours into 34 an inky black fluid. For this reason, it is very seldom on the men.u at even the finest gourmet restaurants. It is enj oyed best when baked with a mild cheese sau ce, or when stea med for about fi ve minutes and dressed with melted butter or crea m. Because of the hi gh ri sk of being poiso ned, all oth er mushrooms should be avoided. Although some are exoti ca ll y bea utiful, such as th e graceful Amanita ph alloides , th e dea th ange l, and A. musca ri a, th e fly aga ri c, th eir color, flavor, shape, or sce nt give no clue to th eir poiso n potency. Cookin g, freez ing, or drying will not destroy their death-dea ling poiso n.

Growing Mushrooms for Market In growing mushrooms, there is much more than meets th e eye. What you see above ground is the edible porti on, th e fruiting stru cture, the sex ual, repro­ ducti ve part of the mushroom fun gus-only one per cent of th e entire fungus " plant" . Th e ninety-nine per cent you do not see is the mycelium, w hi ch is bas ica ll y thread-like and grows root-fas hi on underground. So metimes miles of these microscopi ca ll y-small mycelial threa ds, w hi ch may be onl y 3/25 ,OOOth s of an inch in diameter, perm ea te th e so il absorbing moisture and nutrients from partl y decomposed organi c matter for the spore bea ring, ed ible stru cture before it forms fully and matures. It takes onl y a spring- like breath of fres h ai r and a few drops of water to awaken mushroom vita lity into a mag ic burst of acti vity. A ll parts of the fruiting (a bove-ground) structure are edible. And all pa rts are as nea rl y soft and delectabl e as the others. Th e subterranea n-fruiting truffles of Europe do not grow in Ameri ca.

Mushrooms as Food Cultivated mushrooms are definitely nutritious and have a distinct pl ace in today's diet. While they are deli c ious, they are not fattening. A pound contains only ninety cal ori es. Although mushrooms are not as ri c h in protein as meat and fish , th ey compare favorabl y w ith most" fres h vegetabl es . They are also ri ch in vitamins and minerals, such as iron and copper; and they contain substantial amounts of riboflavin, nicotinic acid , pantothenic ac id , thi amin, and b iotin. One of the bi g differences between mushrooms and gree n pl ants is that mushrooms ca nnot manufacture their own ca rbohydrates as gree n pl ants ca n. Therefore, mushrooms must be grown in an organic compost medium, which contains ca rbohydrates as well as the minerals th at gree n pl ants need. Yet, mushrooms cannot be sati sfactorily grown hydroponica ll y (in a liquid medium) because the carbohydrates in th e liquid stimulate the growth of other molds which contaminate the mushroom mold and overwhelm it. Mushrooms are propagated by spores and spawn. Spores are microscopic asexual reproductive bodies that function similarly to fern spores. The edible portion of a single, mature mushroom, such as Agaricus from whic h the bulk of our cultivated mushrooms come, produces as many as 1.8 billion spores. Spawn is a preparation of the mycelium, the root-like, white cottony mold, which grows from the spores and threads its way underground reaching toward moisture and nutrients. Spawn is both the boon and the bane of the mushroom industry. While it is the key to quality, color, and nutritional value, it is also the stimulus to quantity production. This has led to the " standardizing" of cultivation of only one var"iety in the United States, with the consequent loss of imaginative mush­ room farming and the denial of the general enjoyment of numerous other tempting species. When the present century started, mushroom growing in thi s country was a precarious undertaking. Mushroom growers failed or succeeded without knowing why. However, a turning point came in 191 8 with the introduction of pure-culture spawn, grown from carefully chosen spores, and the pasteurizing of the pl anting beds prior to innoculation with spawn. Progress has quickened during the past twenty-five years. Mushroom culture is now an advanced sci­ ence. 35 Site selection, preparation of compost, pasteurizing, spawning, cas in g and growing, are all very esse ntial steps in mushroom production. Air conditioning helps immense ly. Both temperature and humidity must be carefully reg ulated during planting and growing, and air conditioning makes th ese practi ca l. It also makes mushroom growing a yea r round bu siness, so that anytime is prime time. Thi s is a boon to the commerc ial producer and ass ures a pl entiful so urce of supply at all times. Air conditioning has made obsolete much of the older unwieldy equipment and some of the more cumberso me practices. Site se l.ection has come a long way since the greenhouse operators at Ken­ nett Squ are, Pennsy lvania, discovered that they could grow mushrooms in the unused sp aces under their gree nhouse benches . M any types of structures have been tried, but the most satisfactory res ults and yields are obtained with those w hich the industry ca ll s the "single house" and the " double hou se". The single house is usuall y a long, narrow building sixty-five feet long, (\' 1\ twenty feet w ide, and fifteen feet hi gh. O rdinaril y, it houses from ten to twelve "\- ) '\ growing bed s, each five feet w ide, arranged in two ti ers, five to six beds to a tier. There are about 3,600 square feet of bed space in a single house. i ! Frequently, two units are joined under one roof to make a " double house". A grow er w ho has at least three double houses- 21 ,600 sq uare feet of growing I r space-is considered to have a medium-sized operation. So me of the very largest operations use aba ndoned limestone quarri es or gypsum mines. It then becomes eas ier to use the " two zone" system, w hi ch requires an abundance of space. Th e two largest growers in the nati on, one nea r A lbany, New York, and the other nea r Butler, Penn sy lva ni a, operate this way, and produce seve ral tons of mushrooms daily. Under this system, one room is used for pasteurizing the compost and propagating the spawn and another room is used for growing the mushroom s. In stead of fi xed beds, movab le trays are used as spawn beds so the spawn ca n be transfe rred eas il y to the area w here th e mushrooms are grown. M ost amateur, and many commerc ial, growers now use sy nthetic compost, prepared by mixing corn cobs and hay w ith fe rtilizer containing nitrogen, phos­ phoru s, and potas h. Thi s is a ve ry sati sfactory repl acement for composted horse manu re w hich growers used trad itionall y until recent yea rs. According to the U. S. Depa rtment of Agri culture, one of the most successful formulas for sy nthetic compost so fa r evolved, was developed cooperati ve ly by J. W . Sinden of th e Penn sy lvani a State U nive rsity, the Boy-Ar-Dee M ushroom Company at Milton, Penn sy lvania, and the Butler Mushroom Compa ny at W est Winfield , Penn sy lva nia. En ough mate ri al is prepa red for a " double house". It consists of fifteen tons of corn cobs, seve n tons of meadow hay, four tons of clover or alfa lfa hay, one and one-h alf tons of dried brewers' grain (o r the sa me amount of dried poultry manure), and half ton of gypsum, a quarte r ton of aluminum nitrate, a quarter ton of muriate of potas h, and about 10,500 ga llons of w ater to supply the ri ght amount of moisture. However, the chemica ls are not added until after the first two ae rati ons and wettings of the materi al. The corn cobs and hay are arranged in altern ate laye rs fo ur in ches thick and sa turated with water. After two days, the mixture is turned and sa turated aga in, and three or four days later thi s process is repeated. At thi s point, the c hemica ls are added to the top of the pil e. After another four days, the chemica ls are mixed into the materi al, turned, and given another wetting. After a lapse of four or fi ve more days, the hea p is turned aga in and then arranged into long, well-ae rated pil es about eight feet w ide for filling the spawning beds. W ater conte nt of the beds should be between se venty and seventy-five perce nt. Th e beds should be filled six to te n inches deep. A ton of moist compost is usuall y enough for about 100 square feet. Pasteurizati on is next, to eliminate harmful fun gi, nematod es, and insect pests, and thus to ass ure good yields. While composting takes about fourtee n to 36 fiftee n days, pasteurizing usuall y takes only about four to six days. All doors and ventilators to the pasteurizing room are closed. With th e help of live stea m, the temperature of the compost-filled beds is all owed to ri se to 135° to 140° F. Beds are kept at thi s point until all ammonia odor disa ppea rs and th e pH va lu e of th e compost is 8.2 or lower. Th e beds are wetted during pasteurizing to maintain a moisture content of about sixty-five percent. Th e area th en is ventil ated and the room temperature is lowered to between 75° and 80° F. w hi ch is consid ered su itable for spawn i ng. The spawn-the propaga ting materi al- is broadcast over the beds of pas­ teurized compost and all owed to grow for about three weeks. During the first week, th e bed temperature is kept at 70° F. after which it is lowered to between 65° and 70° F. for the remainder of th e spawn growin g period . When spawning ends, th e beds are "cased" (covered) with an in ch of neutral loamy so il at approximately pH 7.0 because mushrooms ca nnot tolerate an acid or so ur so il or one that is sweet or alka line. Th e so il is kept moist with a li ght waterin g until the first mushrooms begin to appea r about three weeks later. When the mushrooms beg in to form, th e temperature is lowered to between 50° and 65° F. depending on wheth er th e grower wants a short or long seaso n. At 50° F. th e crop develops more slowly with a longe r harvest season th an at 65° F. Th e choice is up to the grower. For maximum yields, th e moisture level of the so il must be kept high, th e relative humidity must be kept over seventy per cent, and there must be plenty of venti lation. Under these cond itions, "fl ushes" or " breaks" of mushrooms w i II appear sudden ly, usually at weekly interva ls, and las t for two to three month s, with the temperature determining th e duration of th e harvest season. Th e best time to harvest mushrooms is just before th e cap expands to ex pose the gill s. Thi s is w hen th e mushrooms are from one to three inches in diameter. When the gro wer picks his mushrooms for th e fres h market, he usuall y c uts off the stu mps, so rts the mushrooms for size and other requirements, checks them for freedom from blemishes, and packages th em in a seve n-ounce or one-pou nd carton or in a three-pound basket for sa le by fruit and vegetable produce dea lers. Depending on w here he lives, th e grower has a choice w heth er to send hi s crop to the fresh market, to the canneries, or to the so up makers. Eac h type of market now claims approximately one-third of al l th e mushrooms commerc iall y pro­ duced in the United States. Drying and freezing are other ways of preparing mushrooms for market. Growers have found that if quick-frozen, mushrooms w ill retain th eir flavor and attractiveness in the raw state for a long time. However, growers in this country have been only nominally successfu l trying to dry mushrooms. Growing mushrooms at home ha s become an exciting pa sttime and a fasci­ nating hobby for many Americans. More amateur growers than ever before all across the country are rai sin g mushrooms in home ba se ments, or wherever they ca n find space that is damp, dark and cool and w here humidity, li ght and temperature can be regulated sat isfactoril y. Until recently, growin g mushrooms at home was limited because preparing the compost and pasteurizing the growing beds were difficult and disagreeable. However, an incre as ing number of large commercial growers and nurse ries are mastering the intricate technique of making pure-culture spawn (rom mushroom spo re s and are providing small trays of synthetic compost tailored espec ially for the home grower. Th ese trays are properly pasteurized, implanted with pure-culture spawn, cased and packaged for easy delivery, along with full growing instructions. With patience, the home grower can expect to be rewarded with up to one pound of freshly picked mushrooms per square foot of bed space. Whether one raises mushrooms or hunts them, an aura of magic and mys­ tery still surrounds these biological wonders-both awaken one's curiosity and to attract one's interest in the wealth of mushrooms which masquerade as toad­ stools under a backyard tree, a lump of yellow jelly on a log in the woods, or as a flower-like object snuggling in the wet grass on the lawn. «> 37 Pruning for Artistic Effects Some of the world's most famous gardens have acquired their fame through the artistic effects created with woody plants. Many once famous gar­ John M . Patek* dens have lost their original concept · and appeal through the failure of suc­ ceeding generations to maintain by skilled pruning what had been en­ trusted to them by thei r predecessors. Although a japanese garden may be embellished with artifices, a truly good japanese garden is a composition created by suitable plant material pruned for its attainable artistic effects. This is also true of the formal garden and wall gardens of Europe which are products of skillful and constant pruning. In selecting, placing, or training a ' plant one should first study the natural artistic characteristics of the plant and determine how they may be developed and applied. The same elements of beauty which apply to a flower ar­ rangement or to a bonsai also apply to the woody material in a garden. A garden in this discussion of pruning is not one which employs the exciting . effects of masses of color, but rather the subtle effects of line, mass, texture, light and shade and induces feelings of movement and stability. Thus, in the very selection of a plant, one should consider its manner of growth, and the qualities of its woody parts and foliage. Having determined the natural ar­ tistic characteristics of a plant, one should proceed to accentuate and de­ velop those characteristics by pruning. Cut out every branch or growth that fails to contribute to the effect being sought. Some woody plants naturally grow in horizontal planes, some grow with vertical lines, some are weeping, others are vase shaped, some look rugged, Japanese Maple, Acer palmatum, a small, multiple-trunk tree . others are delicate, some are massive, others are lace-like. Each characteristic feature may be developed and accen­ tuated by pruning . . ' Mr. Patek, active for many years in Viburnum plicatum , japanese the American Horticultural Society, snowball, has a horizontal ness which Men's Garden Clubs of America, and can be accentuated by pruning the other horticultural organiza tions is a skillful amateur gardener res iding at vertical growth. 434 Mt. Airy Drive, Rochester, N. Y., Many trees have a distinctly ver­ 38 146 17 tical structure which can . be improved by pruning out all multiple vertical trunks or branches and shortening hori­ zontal branches. This applies to fasti­ gi ate types of Cham aecypari s and Taxus. When suc h trees tend to open at the top, they can be braced together by w ire loops. When for space or arti st ic reasons, it is desi red to make a tree narrow and upright, the. st rong side branches ca n be removed, leaving the shorter or weaker branches. Th is has the added advantage of exposing the structure and any attractive bark. Weeping trees have a drooping or fountain effect, and this same effect ca n be induced in other trees. Fruit trees as c rabapples w ill have the branches weighed down so as to droop. By re­ taining all drooping branches and Japanese Snowball, Viburnum plicatum, with plate-like heads of w hite pruning all verti ca l growth , a drooping florets. effect ca n be attai ned . In the process of opening of trees, such as pine, to ex­ pose the st ru cture, many side branches w ill normally be removed. So meti mes Weeping, Purple-leafed Beech, Fag us sy lvatica ' Purpurea this w ill force the remai ning branc hes Pendula', a yo ung specimen. into an exte nd ed drooping growth. (Figure 1 shows Pinus banksiana , Jack pine, w hi c h was pruned to show trunk st ru cture, bark coloration, and the play of light. Thi s unexpectedly re sulted in decidedly drooping branches.) Of the naturall y drooping trees, Acer Palma­ tum, particularly the ' Dissectum ' cul­ tivars, are especially beautiful and lend themselves to pruning. Th e mound-like shapes of small­ leaved hollies, azalea, rhododendrons, boxwoods, and so me conifers are common to gardens of the formal , Japa­ nese, and rock garden types. Usually grown naturally, in these special gar­ dens they may be pruned by shearing. Common practice is to shape them with electric pruning shears followed by hand pruning of stubby growth at the sheared surface. Plants such as the cotoneasters and junipers which are se lected for their prostrate habits of growth may be greatly improved by pruning. These plants should have overlapping and upright growth removed or shortened so that only a single layer of growth hugs the ground. Trees and shrubs which do not ~ have decided growth characteristics ( 39 may be kept in a desirable compact form by constantly pruning back new growth by the usual methods of pruning. However, it is another problem to make a pleasing shrub out of one which has not been kept under control. Such shrubs can often be pruned advantageously by striving for a Figure 7. Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana. tiered effect. Observations of any shrub from the side will show a series of natural levels of growth from the bottom to the top which may be accen­ tuated by thinning and pruning to pro­ duce tiers or steps. The result is a pleasing natural appearance. Pruning to develop all of the artistic elements of a plant as opposed to total mass effect requires artistic feeling as well as pruning skill. It is accomplished most skillfully by the Japanese. Thin­ ning out vegetative growth, removing unnecessary branches, retaining and developing old wood , exposing the structure in an intriguing manner are all elements of this art. Figure 2 shows Pinus mugo maintained as a dense mound by shearing the new shoots or candles in the spring. Pinus mugo in Figure 3 is treated in the same way, but the supporting structure has been ex­ posed . The location of the pine in Figure 3 at the crest of a slope allows Figure 2. Mugho Pin e, Pinus mugo, Figure 3 . Mugho Pin e, Pinus mugo, one to look through the structure while as dense mound. open·- pruned. that in Figure 2 does not. Wall gardening with espalier­ trained trees and shrubs as developed in Europe is an artistic method of por­ traying the structure and texture of a plant against a wall or solid back­ ground. When the background is oblit­ erated, the artistic beauty is largely lost. Figure 4 shows Pyracantha coccinea, ' Lalandii' against a wall before pruning and Figure 5 shows the same plant after pruning. Pruning for a natural appearance while retaining balance and proportion is a sophisticated type of artistic pruning. The retention of age or its simulation produces a sense of stability and remoteness that add interest and charm to a garden, or its elements. Old Figure 4. Firethorn, Pyracantha coccinea Figure 5. Firethorn, Pyracantha coccinea distorted branches and shredding or ' Lalandii', as a dense wall shrub. ' Lalandii', wall shrub pruned as an espalier­ rough bark interestingly exposed have trained specimen. more appeal than new growth, and so 40 new growth may be removed as long as the plant stays hea lthy. In exposing the structure of a tree certain rules of good ta ste should be followed. Ladder ef­ fects, or one branch above another should be avoided. If pract ica l, branches shou ld alternate, th at is, one branch shou Id not be opposite another. To simulate the effects of age, branches Figure 6. Ru ss ian-olive, Elaeagnus an­ may be stripped to where growth flour­ gust ifol ia, trimmed to a single trunk. ishes , and thi s flourishing growth may be headed back. Thi s is the procedure for Japanese cloud pruning. Pruning for artisti c effects ca n do fa r more than merely develop or accen­ t uate the natural c h aracteri st ics of plants. It ca n completely alter a woody plant to produce any form desired. A tree ca n be converted to a shrub by cuttin g it off near the base and all owing the multiple new shoots to develop. A shrub ca n be made in to a tree by pruning to a single stem. Viburnum sieboldii ,' Siebold Viburnum , and Elaeagnus angustifolia, Russian- oli ve, (see Figure 6) are often grown as trees, altho ugh if left to t hemse l ves they would be shrubs. The wisteria vine is avai lab le in tree fo rm from many nurs­ eri es. As already mentioned, the art of wall ga rd ening or espa lier-training is based on growing trees and shrubs as vines. Fi gure 5 shows a shrub trained as Fi gure 7. Moerheim Spruce, Pi cea pungens a vine. A shrub which hugs the ground ' Moerheim', with leader removed (fore­ ground plant). wil l also hug a wall if planted next to the wall, particularly if any portions growing away from th e wal l are pruned off. Cotoneaster horizontalis may be grown in this manner. Interesting and unusua l forms may be obtained by removing the lea ders of coni ferous trees. Th e' Moerheim' cu l­ tivar of the Colorado blue spruce has a tendency toward drooping branches and ve ry artist ic forms may be devel­ oped by pruning away the leader, (see Fi gure 7. Fi gu re 8 shows a white fir, Abies concalor, w hich has been grown from a seed ling in this way and is only four feet in height. It has the same trunk diameter as other seedlings from the sa me lot which are now approaching th i rty feet. Pruning for arti stic effect is w hat makes a garden something more than a mere collection of plants. ~ 41 : ! , It!

, I , J ~ I

I ' ,. , , /, ' ~ " " ~. '\

1 , \ ! I ~ i Twenty-seventh Congress of The American Horticultural Society

t't I~ \-" hu 'tll'ti)l..<.;1~ -- .... ~ Photograph s of th e Ornamental ti es in hi s state so nature would Plants Displ ay and of th e Bonsa i at survive and human amenities could the Pa cific Sc ience Center, fea tured be prese rved-so natural reso urces during the recent A. H. S. Congress. would not be ex pl oited. The theme The catalog of Orn amenta l Plants of the Congress was ca rried out by Hard y In Th e Coas tal Northwest, capable speakers; Dr. Rene Dubos prepared by Th e Fri end s of the Uni­ spoke on th e th es is that horticu lture versity of W as hingto n A rbo retum is biologica l surviva l; D r. Ke nneth and given to Congress reg istrants, V. Thimann spoke on horticulture as lists so me 5680 spec ies and varieties sc ientific resea rch, M r. Dael. Wolfle di stributed thro ugh nea rl y 1000 spoke on the urban development genera in 165 pi ant fam i I ies. A I most aspects of horti culture, and Mr. H. all of th ese pl ants were represe nted G. Hillier prese nted a dynamic illus­ in the mag nificent disp lay at the trated program on the th eme of hor­ Sc ience Center. Th is wo rl d of ti culture as human aesthetics. In va ri­ horticulture-pro perly class ified­ ably, the Congress return ed to sets the pace for the rest of the pl ants . Pl ants on d isp lay in the Sc i­ Country. At the opening of th e Con­ ence Ce nter, pl ants in ga rdens, pa rk s gress Governor Daniel J. Eva ns drew and public pl antings, pl ants as th e applause seve ral times as he spoke subject of a talk. Peopl e and pl ants of plans for further financ in g th e go together; the Twenty-seventh A. Arboretum, of pl anning communi- H . S. Congre ss proved the point.«> Botanicus--The Botanic Garden a nd Th e A HISTORY OF GARDENS AND Book. Compiled by Ian Mac Phail , introduc­ GARDENING tory by Jose ph Ewan. The Morton Arboretum, by Edward H yams 1972. Paperback. Cata log of fifty books from Praeger Publishers, New York Frequently publishers send copies of Sterling Morton Library exhibited at New­ 1971 recently publ ished books to the Amer­ berry Library for the 50th anniversary of Th e 345 pages, $25.00 ican Horticultural Society office. Mem­ Morton Arboretum. As the author states in hi s opening state­ bers of A. H. S. may borrow books from ment, " This book is a hi story of th e art of mak in g ga rdens." Garden des ign, not pl ant the co llection, as from a lending l i­ The Strange and Beautiful World of Orchids. Fri edrich Ebel and Otfried Birnbaum, trans­ material is the bas ic theme. Covering as it brary. The following publications have lated by C. S. V. Sa lt, Van Nostrand Reinhold does, a time span from pre-hi sto ry to the been received in the past few months. Co., 1972. Part 1: 150 pp. , description and present in all parts of th e world th e author color photos. Part 2: 207 pp., systematic must of necess ity treat on ly briefly with eac h sy nopsis of the orchid family; illustrated mor­ era and place. The treatment is historica l and LIGHTING FOR PLANT GROWTH the details of ga rd en des ign are treated only in by phology; hi storica l illu stration s; data on passing. It is a book largely about ga rden Elwood D. Bickford and Stuart Dunn flower sizes; bibliography. H ardback. $20.00 Kent Sta te University Press designers rather th an the ga rd ens they de­ 1972 signed. The extensive illust rations in bl ack­ Th e Native Orchids of Florida. Carlyle A. 222 pages, $ 16.00 and-white and color have undoubtedly con­ Lu er. The New York Botani ca l Garden, Written by a physicist and a pl ant phy­ tributed to the se lling price but unfortunately Bronx, N. Y., 1972.293 pp., Hardbook, siol ogist, this book w ill be of little help to the have little bearing on the text. Interesting $25.00. average ga rd ener. Written primarily as a text read in g for hi storica l background but of little book it reviews the phys ica l as pects of light use for th e garden designer or pl antsma n. Ca reer Opportunities-Ecology, Conserva­ energy, the so urce of such energy, and plant Gilbert s. Daniels tion and En vironmental Control. Compiled by response to it. Of the 222 pages, on ly sixteen 79 Jul y 7972 J. G. Ferguson staff. J. G. Ferguso n Publi shing (C hapter thi rtee n, A ppl ied H orti c u Itu ra I Co., Chi cago, III , 19 72. 2 11 pp., Paperbac k, Lighting) give informatiol'l in any organized WILD WEALTH $6 .95 . by way on spec ific p lants, and on ly the pl ants Paul Bigelow Sears, listed in thi s chapter are included in the_ Marion Rombauer Becker, Career Opportunities-Agriculture, Forestry, ilildex. Information in tabul ar form scattered Frances jones Poetker, aPld Oceanographic Technicians. Edited by through th e remainder of the book dea ls w ith and janice Rebert Forberg Howard Sidney, G. Ferguso n Co., Chicago, Bobbs-Merrill Co., In c. , th e res pon se of many other spec ies and va ri­ J. 111. , 1972.344 pp. H ardback, $11.95. Indianapolis and New York ti es of plants, but no organized method of 1971 finding this information is presented to the 322 pages, $20.00 Island Year. Haze l Heckm an (d rawings by read e r. If th e tec hni ca lly-minded reader The joint product of an ecologist, a Laurie O lin). Unive rsity of Washington Press, wants a review volume explaining all facets of ga rd ener, a fl ori st, and a botan ica l arti st, this Seattle, Wash., 1972. 255 pp. H ardb ack, Lighting For Plant Growth, this book ca n be book is rea ll y three works in one. The first $7.95. recommend ed. If the advanced ga rd ener is section is an ecological essay w hi ch provid es lookin g for helpfu l hints and spec ific in struc­ not onl y pleasa nt reading but basic facts Th e Flower Lover's Book of Natural A rrange­ tions for growing pl ants under lights, thi s is about the ecologica l ba lance in nature. There ments. Georgiana Reynolds Smith. Dou­ not the book. is much to be lea rned from thi s section by Dr. bl eda y and Co., In c., 277 Park Ave., N. Y. , Gi Ib ert S. Daniels Sea rs, and the story is well prese nted w ithout 79 luly 7972 1972.143 pp. H ardback, $7.95. the excessive emoti on w hi ch permeates so Collegiate Dictionary of Botany. D el bert muc h of the eco logi ca l literature of the HANGING GARDENS prese nt day cru saders. The second section is by Swartz. The Ronald Press Co., 79 Madison jack Kramer Ave., N. Y., 1972.520 pp. the story of Mrs. Becker'S garden, and w hile it Charles Scribner's Sons, New York is the account of the development of a spe­ 1971 cific ga rd en, it is filled w ith helpful informa­ H erbs an d Things (Jeanne Rose's Herbal) 107 pages plus appendix, $5.95 tion on many different types of plants. The Jea nne Rose. Grosset and Dunlap, 51 Mad­ This is both a how-to-do-it book and an third section by Mrs. Poetker (who is a bota­ iso n Ave., N. Y., 1972. 323 pp. H ardback, idea book. Approximately th e first half of the nist as well as a fl ori st) , is ful l of ori ginal ideas $7.95. Illustrated by Michael S. Moore. book is devoted to the variety of hanging on fl ower and plant arr angement. Illustrated planters and where to use them. The second throughout by Mrs. Forberg, the individual half describes a wide se lection of the many Tree Condition and Mortality Following De­ drawings and their extensive capti ons se rve as pl ants (with cultural hints) w hi ch are suitable foliation by th e Gypsy Moth . Robert W . continuing footn otes to the three sections of for·use in such co ntainers. Sepa rate chapters Campbe ll and Harry T. Va lentine. U SDA the text. This is a book w hi ch can be read are devoted to the use of orchids, begonias, Forest Service (government Printing Office), w ith pl eas ure and enjoyed visually, but w hi ch ge raniums, and fuchsias. Th e range of plant 1972. 33 1 pp. Paperback. USDA Forest also ca n be refe rred to in the future for materi al recommended, includes so mething Service Re sea rch Paper NE-236. individual bits of inform ati on, because, va ried for nea rl y any set of growin g conditions. Well as the co ntent is, all of th e many subjects produced and well illust rated, this book is Sturtevant's Edible Plants Of Th e World. Ed­ covered are listed in detail in th e excellent sure to provide new ideas for even the more ited by U. P. Hedrick, Dover Publications, index. Definitel y a worth w hile book for the experi enced ga rd ener. In c., 180 Varick St., N. Y., 19 72. 686 pp. se riou s ga rd ener. Gilbert S. Daniels Paperback, $5.00. Unabridged republica tion Gilbert S. Daniels 79 Jul y 79 72 of 1919 edition. 20 Jul y 7972 44 "My orchids are doing things that people said would be impossible!' That' s what a customer in In diana said about hi s $429 Gothic Arch Greenhouse . Beautifully designed of Ca liforn ia Heart Redwood and translucent fiberg lass panels, a Gothic Arch Greenhouse wi ll stand up to the severest extremes of wind and weath er. Best of all , it's incredibly economical, be­ cause you buy direct from th e manufacturer. And you put it togeth er yourself, foll owin g our clear, every-step-of-the-way directi ons. No fo undation is necessary. Send for our Free Catalogue today. Ciothic~ Arch ffB~ Cireenhouses DEPT. AH-1 0 P. O. BOX 1564 0 MOB IL E, ALA. 36601

E. 1. du Pont, Botaniste T he Beginning of a Tradition

By NORM AN B. VV I L K I NSON. Director of Resea rch althe Ha.gley ,H 7Iseum. xi, 139 pp. , iilus ., apt). (E leulh el-i.an MilLs-Hagley Foundalio n) CIOlh, , 7 ..- 0; /)a/) er, 3.95

In 1799 Ele m he re !re nee du Po nt, powderma n, printe r, a nd publi he r, le ft France for Ame rica ide ntified o n his passport as a botanist. Du Pont had been raised in a rural se tting a nd he had e nthsiasti ca ll y studied and a tte nded lectures o n botany. In Ame rica, hi s inte rest in nature e nco uraged hilll to e tablish a rura l fa rm-a nd­ garde n way of li fe that set a trad itio n fo r late r gene ratio ns of hi s fa m il y. T his ill us­ trated study d escribes du Po nt fallli ly life as it cente red a ro und the ir ho rticultural and garde ning pursui ts. It traces the histol-y of the first fa mi l)' gal-de n at Ele uth­ e rian Mill s, the pla nts it contained, bo th ind igeno us a nd imported, a nd the ex­ cha nges of seed s a nd pla nt mate ri als with French a nd Ame rica n garden enthusiasts. It foll ows the fa m il y love of gardening t h ro ug h severa l gene rations to the e tabli sh­ me nt of the garde ns at Winte rth ur and Lo ngwood . T he three garde ns co ntinue to fl o urish today as Ame ri ca n showp laces and a re a t1-ib ute to E. 1. du Po nt who began the fa m il y' s significa nt contributio n to Ame rica n botany.

University Press of Virginia Charlottesville

Send for your NEW, FREE COLOR CATALOG It pays to patronize of Guaranteed to Bloom Star Roses. STAR ROSES, Box 272, West Grove, Pa. 19390 American Horticulturist Please send me your FREE Rose Catalog. advertisers! NAM,E

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CITY ST ATE ZIP 45 SEND FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG TO DAY l Peonies

Herbacious hybrid peonies, including the Azaleas Bonsai unique yellows, Japanese tree peonies, species peonies and herbacious cultivars. Free Catalog-Hardy deciduous azaleas. Bonsai from Japan. Zelkova, 6-7", 6 years We ship strongly rooted plants with several Ch oose from our collection of species and old, $5 .00 each. Pinus Pent., 10-12", 8 years eyes, tree peony plants are 3 years or older. named Exbury, Ghent Mollis and Ilam hy­ old, $25.00 each. These are well shaped, Write for information, also our select list of brids. CARLSONs GARDENS, Box 305-AH, shipped without pots, live guaranteed, post­ IRIS and HERMEROCALLIS. Louis Smirnow: South Salem, New York 10509. paid. Send for our catalogue which includes 85 Linden Lane: Glen Head P.O. Brookline, other live plants, pots, fertilizer and garden Long Island, New York 11545. decor. L.J. RENCH & COMPANY, PO. Box Southern azal ea cultivars and native species, 211 , Dover, Delaware 19901 . Telephone in cluding rare sorts. Also magnolias in va­ Primroses 302/736-6781. ri ety. Bill Dodd Nurseries: Box 235: Semmes, Alabama 36575 Barnhaven Silver Dollar Primroses bring Books Spring's enclilantment to shadier gardens everywhere. New catalog includes plants For Growers in Warm Regions Bird Feeders HORTICULTURAL BOOKS, Inc. and seed of this famous hardy strain, plus 219 Martin Ave., Stuart, Fla. 33494 rare primula species seed . Far North Gar­ Specially designed to invite and nourish Descriptive list free. dens, 15621 Auburndale Way, Livonia, Mich­ small birds ... frustrate squirrels ... enhance igan 48154. your garden-the popular SATELLITE BIRD Dwarf Conifers FEEDER. Silvery top and transparent below Prints to make seed supply checking easy. This Hund ~ eds of dwarf and unusual forms. Mai I spill-proof twirling globe attracts such agile order lists also for sempervivums, hostas, Flower prints from the garden 1893-97- visitors as the titmouse, chickadee and nut­ and irises. Over 3500 different plants offered $2 .00 each. Also other subjects different hatch while defying pests from pigeons to at the nursery. Palette GardenS, 26 West Zion prices. Bowles, 1122/408 Don Mills Road , squirrels. Made of durable DuPont Lucite. 6" Hill Road , Quakertown, Pennsylvania 18951 . Don Mills, Ontario, Canada. in diameter but light enough to dangle from small limbs, small enough to hang under Epiphyllum Professional Gardener Wanted eaves, or wherever you can see the birds best. Approved by National Audobon So­ Send 25c 1972 Epiphyllum catalog. Begin­ Profes sional gardener with special skills in ciety $8.95 postpaid. JAMES R. WAITE, Box ners collection 6 different varieties $5.75 cultivation of ornamental fruit trees-espal­ 78-DSHA, Manhasset, New York 11030. postpaid. COX'S EPIPHYLLUM NURSERY, 90 iered, dwarfed, and trained en quenouille McNeill, Encinitas, California 92024. (cone shaped)-to assist in restoration of early nineteenth-century American garden Hardy Plant Finder reflecting strong Fren ch influence. Reply to : American Horticulturist, Dept. 1, P O. Box HUNTING??? For a particular plant? 40 298, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. pages-400 sources $2. postpaid. HHH Hor­ * ticultural, 680 Brooktree Road, Hightstown, * * .... Rhododendrons New Jersey 08520 * Keeping ic Hand pollinated seeds of 110 different rho­ Heather and Heath dodend ron species, many extremel y rare ; also, se eds of controlled crosses for prom­ * America * Heather and heath species and cultivars, ising hy brids, including R. yakusimanum bearberry, and dwarf woody alpine plants. hybrids. H. L. Larson : 3656 Bridgeport Way : ¥ Beautiful: Plants carefully packed for shipping . Catalog Tacoma, Washington 98466 25c Mayfair Nurseries: RFD 2, Box 68: Ni­ chols, New York 13812 Rh ododendron cultivars; finest quality plants produced under ideal conditions. We feature * Hemerocallis a selection of th e most useful rhododendrons for landscape gardening. Write for informa­ Hemerocallis cultivars, including tetraploids tion. Comerford 's: Box 100: Marion, Oregon and many recently introduced varieties. Pri ce 97359 list on request. Parry Nurseries: Signal Moun­ tain, Tennessee 37377 Wildflowers

Magnolias Vi sit our w ildflower garden this spring. We feature rare and unusual native species, par­ Rare magnolia spec ies for the specialist and ti cularly eastern woodland sorts, including collector. Rare and unusual magnolia culti­ fern s, flowering herbacious plants and vars also available. Write for information. woody species. Vi ck's Wildgardens, In c. Bo x lufer Landscape Company: 3995 12th Street 115 Gladwyn, Pennsylvania 19035 The Pioneer Plant Food S.E.: Salem, Oregon Good for everything you grow. Roses, Wildflowers for your garden; trilliums, nati ve trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns, fruits, Pachysandra orchids, Jack-in-the-pulpit, ferns and many vegetables. Spark vigorous growth. other eastern North Ameri can species. Send Ideal permanent evergreen ground cover Just dissolve in water, then sprinkle 25c for our catalog. Lounsberry Gardens: Bo x or spray. Fast acting, speeds results, plants. Thrives in most soils, sun or shade. 135: Oakford, Illinois. no burning. High analysis 23-19-17%. Grows to even height of 8 inches. Plant 6 inches apart. Sturdy, well-rooted plants, Appalachian wildflowers grown in their na­ The favorite of experts for years! postpaid; 25 - $3.95; 50 - $6.75; 100 - $12.95 ; !lve habitat for your garden. Our collection 1,000 - $85.00. Guaranteed to live or we will includes woodland and mountain species, replace up to 3 years without charge. Folder both familiar and rare sorts. Write for informa­ on request. Peekskill Nurseries: Shrub Oak, tion. Gardens of the Blue Ridge: Ashford , 46 17 New York 10588 McDowell County: North Carolina 28603 NOW... Carry ten times the load of a common wheelbarrow or cart with I INCREDIBLE I EASEl This Big NEW Jumbo sized cart is the culmination of • Special stand straddles rows in the garden, without 20 years of cart research! It has the largest load carry­ damage to plants. ing ability of any cart or wheelbarrow available for • Rust resistant steel parts and durable weatherproof home and business use! plywood for years and years of service. • Carries 10 times the load of a common wheelbarrow! • No need to keep indoors-turn over and this cart • Saves time and steps-make one trip instead of ten! becomes its own garage. • So easy to handle, so perfectly balanced you can • Just so useful, you'll wonder how you ever did with­ guide it with JUST ONE HAND! out it. • Actually feels lighter when it's fully loaded! • Not sold in stores. • Loads won't fall out forward. • At last-the perfect cart for lawn, garden and count­ less other uses. • Carries 5 bales of hay, 5 trash cans! • Tips down to take on heavy loads without lifting! • Order for and charge to your business. Borrow to use at home. Soon you will be ordering another to • Rolls up steps and down with ease. keep home all the time! • Open end lets you load long handled tools, even • Several smaller models of same unique design also extension ladders and lumber. long available. • Two wheels instead of one keeps loads from tipping • Please send for FREE CATALOG with all the specifi­ sideways. cations, sizes and prices. • Big 26/1 diameter easy roll pneumatic wheels with ball bearings. Special wide hubs to handle heavy loads. • Stores easily on end, saves space. Gatden Way Research, Charlotte, Vt. 05445 1.------GARDEN WAY RESEARCH I Dept. 4407-T I I Charlotte, Vermont 05445 I I Please send FREE CART CATALOG in­ I I eluding prices and OFF-SEASON Savings I now in effect. I I I I Name ...... I Here is how this Big NEW Cart compares with I Address ...... a very widely sold Cart (with tiny wheels and I almost no load space). Our "Jumbo" Cart will I 47 carry 15 times the load of this little cart. City ...... State ...... Zip ...... I • ------______.1- • ______.._Ii .," TILLER USERS! Just ONE .HAND! The wonderfully different and better idea in Tillers!

The TROY-BILT®is so easy to handle, you guide it with Just ONE HAND!

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c-~- ~~ Special Offer _ forluckl Get your "Tree of Life" Pin and Tie Bar with HUDSON® ~ ld3~~oL_ Lucky Ladybug accents. Designed by Coro. Pin is yo urs for only $1.50; Tie Bar, for only 51.25. Send to: Hudson Offer, Box 8401, Roseville, Minn. SPRAYERS AND DUSTERS PII'".''' oft't:.~~t\ 01 * I D"(,,~J.; 55113. Dept. 710. ~Good Housekeeping; Allow 2 to 4 weeks delivery. Offer expires December 31. 1972. Void where "'~l'I'" (lUlRAlilm ~~ prohibited, taxed or otherwise restricted . Good only in U.S.A. and Canada. @1972 H. D. Hudson Manufacturing Company. 154 East Erie Street, Chicago,lflinois 60611 '.fOUUU1G10