Vale of White Horse District Council

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June 2019

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Vale of White Horse District Council

Local Authority Tim Williams Officer Department Environmental Services

Address 135 Eastern Avenue Milton Park

Telephone 01235 442230

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference VWHDCASR2019 number Date June 2019

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Vale of White Horse District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

Air Quality in the Vale of White Horse

Air pollution is associated with several adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

As a largely rural district, with several market towns and villages bordering larger settlements such as Oxford; the air quality across the Vale is generally very good.

There are however air pollution hotspots where nitrogen dioxide (NO2) associated with traffic emissions is higher and where it has been necessary to declare Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs). These can be viewed at the following link: https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/

These areas are typically where houses are close to busy roads and pollution can be worsened by problems with traffic congestion and the street layout. There are three

AQMAs in the district all declared because annual average NO2 levels were either predicted to exceed or were exceeding national objectives (40µg/m3 per year or 200µg/m3 per hour).

In order to improve air pollution across the district, Vale of White Horse District Council (VWHDC) works in collaboration with partners like Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), Oxford Bus Company (OBC) and other local authorities within Oxfordshire, putting in place some measures to reduce NO2 and PM levels further, both in the AQMAs and also across the entire district.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i Vale of White Horse District Council Meetings of the Oxfordshire Air Quality Group are held quarterly, and now include representatives from Public Health and Public Health England (PHE), enabling joint working and a more comprehensive approach to our future projects.

Table A.3 provides information on annual mean NO2 levels within the Air Quality Management Areas. Values are from the diffusion tube monitoring undertaken by VWHDC Environmental Protection Officers and submitted to DEFRA as part of the Annual Air Quality Status Report (ASR). Monitoring results are also available on the Oxfordshire air quality (OAQ) website along with AQMA maps and monitoring results and AQMA maps of neighbouring authorities in Oxfordshire.

The monitoring is undertaken using diffusion tubes, changed and assessed for NO2 levels every month. An annual average is calculated from the monthly results, and corrected for bias by comparison with a more accurate continuous analyser located in Abingdon, which has three diffusion tube co-located alongside it. The reported results in Table A.3 are bias corrected but not corrected for distance to the nearest residential receptor.

Air Quality Action Plan

The principle pollutant of concern to the VWHDC is NO2 and for the most part problems are traffic related.

The Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), adopted in 2015 is the document that sets out the actions proposed or taken to combat and mitigate Air Quality issues within the AQMAs. The document also proposes how we will work with other authorities and organisations that have the power to make the necessary changes to tackle the air quality problems, specifically within the AQMAs but also across the district.

The AQAP is now four years old and needs to be reviewed to ensure that it is fit for purpose. As part of the review the AQAP district wide actions need to be broken down into three defined categories so that relevant actions are assigned to the council, the county council and other agencies.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii Vale of White Horse District Council The current AQAP Measures are detailed within Table 2.2 and provide an update and comments regarding the progress of the measures. Additional measures which seek to improve Air Quality across Oxfordshire and which are identified to sit with partner agencies or the responsibility lies with another organisation are also outlined within Table 2.3.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

To improve air quality within the district the council have undertaken a number of initiatives over the past year which include:

• Commencing our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off", whose promotional car sticker is shown in Figure 1.1 below.

Figure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers

• Updated our AQ Planning Guidance for Developers.

• We applied for funding to Defra to produce a low emission strategy for the district. Unfortunately, we were unsuccessful. A new application is being considered for the next round of funding later in 2019.

• We have submitted a grant bid to Highways England to fund modelling and extended monitoring in Botley, to demonstrate the efficacy or otherwise of pollution reducing barriers along sections of the A34.

• We have engaged with the councils forward planning team and the county council to raise awareness of the urgent need for a solution to the poor air quality in Marcham and the desire to develop land which is likely to increase traffic on the A415 through Marcham village where air quality is poorest.

• Updating and promoting the OAQ website which collates all the air quality monitoring in Oxfordshire.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii Vale of White Horse District Council It is not possible to realistically quantify the impacts of any of these actions or any of the measures included in the current AQAP.

Conclusions and Priorities

In 2018, monitoring data suggests that air pollution levels in Vale of White Horse district are higher than in 2017 with increases noted at most monitoring sites. Despite this, recorded annual mean NO2 levels at most sites remain below the national objective, exceedances were identified at monitoring sites in Abingdon, Botley and Marcham, but at facades of residential properties there was only a single exceedance in Marcham AQMA.

Although most of the recorded annual mean NO2 levels are below the national objective, three exceedances were identified in our monitoring sites located in Botley. The principle site being Stanley Close (S21), this is a long-established site which regularly exceeds the AQO. The other two sites (S25 and S30) are sites on nearby fences very close to the road and not representative of residential exposure. These sites are part of a study to assess the impacts of barriers over and above predicted fall off with distance. They are not part of the long-term monitoring programme and do not represent a worsening of air quality in the area, rather the levels are high because the monitoring is closer to the kerbside and the source of pollution.

The continuous monitor in Abingdon recorded no exceedance of the hourly NO2 200ug/m3 objective in Abingdon and this objective has been met at the monitoring site.

Given the higher levels of NO2 close to the A34 in Botley it is possible the hourly objective could be exceeded within that AQMA. However, as this kerbside area is not an area where there is likely to be relevant exposure, there will be no exceedance of the hourly objective at this location. Despite this, it would be useful to consider continuous monitoring in this area in order to be better informed. If the grant application to Highways England is successful, this will facilitate enhanced monitoring in this area.

Where the levels are high in Botley, there is also monitoring at the facades of nearby residences. Facade levels are close to but below the objective and are lower than the levels predicted by distance calculation of levels from sites closer to the A34. In 2018 levels were just below the objective at all facades.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv Vale of White Horse District Council In Marcham levels were higher in 2018 at all the monitoring sites and there is an increased exceedance of the objective at 10 Packhorse Lane (S10), which regularly exceeds the objective.

In Abingdon levels are higher in 2018 at most sites, but all remain below the objective at the facades of relevant property. At the Marcham Road site (S11), outside the AQMA, levels remain high and are slightly higher than last year. This site showed an exceedance a few years ago and so remains closely monitored. There was no predicted exceedance at the façade of the nearest property to this site in 2018.

Consideration is being given to revoking the AQMA in Abingdon, where despite exceedances at some monitoring sites, there has been no exceedance at receptors for several years. If the monitored levels remain consistently below the objective, then it will be possible to revoke the AQMA. We plan another years’ worth of monitoring before reviewing this proposal.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

There are many ways in which the public can get involved in helping to improve air quality in their area, from using your car less, driving more efficiently when you do have to drive or considering a cleaner vehicle when you choose to upgrade your car.

Many smart travel choices and other tips to reduce air pollution can be found in the links below:

• https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices

• http://www.traveline.info/

• https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality

In 2018 The Vale engaged with neighbouring local councils, Public Health England, Oxfordshire County Council and Highways England in respect of air quality issues, principally through the officers working group. We did set up a diffusion monitoring programme at two schools which was initially at the request of parents, whereby diffusion tubes were sent to schools, for them to expose and send to the laboratory. This was not successful as the points of contact and responsibilities were unclear and only sporadic results were received. We are re-engaging with the schools in 2019 and are providing tubes which will be monitored by the council.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v Vale of White Horse District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in the Vale of White Horse ...... i Air Quality Action Plan ...... ii Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iv Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... v 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Vale of White Horse District Council ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 14 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 18 3.1 Summary of monitoring undertaken ...... 18 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 18 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 18 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 18

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 19 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 21 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018 ...... 33 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 38 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 45 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 47 Glossary of Terms ...... 48

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 8 Table 2.3 – Additional measures not specified in the AQAP ...... 11 Table 2.4 – Measures in VOWH’s Action Plan targetting PM 2.5 ...... 17 Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 21

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 vi Vale of White Horse District Council

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 22 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 25 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 32

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018 ...... 33 Table C.1 – Distance correction results ...... 42 Table C.2 – Annualisation Calculation ...... 44

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 47

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers ...... iii Figure 2.1 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in Vale of White Horse in 2017...... 15 Figure 2.2 Male Fraction of mortality attributable to PM 2.5 ...... 15 Figure 2.3 Female Fraction of mortality attributable to PM 2.5 ...... 15 Figure A.1 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Marcham ...... 29 Figure A.2 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Abingdon ...... 30 Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Wantage and Faringdon ...... 31 Figure D.1 Botley AQMA with diffusion tube locations and 2018 levels ...... 45 Figure D.2 Marcham AQMA with diffusion tube locations and 2018 levels ...... 45 Figure D.3 Abingdon AQMA with diffusion tube locations and 2018 levels. The location of the continuous analyser is identified by the blue pin...... 46

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 vii Vale of White Horse District Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Vale of White Horse during 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine if the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Vale of White Horse District Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 1 Vale of White Horse District Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Vale of White Horse District Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Abingdon.jpg https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Botley.jpg https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/marcham-aqma-map.jpg

For reference, a map of Vale of White Horse District Council’s AQMAs and monitoring locations is also available in Appendix D.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 2 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Is air Level of Exceedance quality in (maximum the AQMA monitored/modelled Action Plan Pollutant Date influence concentration at a location s and Air AQMA of City / One Line d by of relevant exposure) Quality Name Declar Town Description roads Objectiv ation controlled es At Date of by Now Name Link Declaration Publication Highways England?

NO 23/08/ 2 Major town µg/ µg/ District wide http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/sites/default/fi Abingdon Annual Abingdon NO 63.2 36.3 2015

2006 centre roads m m AQAP les/Vales%20District%20AQAP.pdf Mean 3 3

Residential NO 29/04/ 2 properties µg/ µg/ District wide http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/sites/default/fi Botley Annual Botley YES 58.8 50.3 2015

2008 close to the m m3 AQAP les/Vales%20District%20AQAP.pdf Mean 3 A34

NO Residential 15/06/ 2 µg/ µg/ District wide http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/sites/default/fi Marcham Annual Marcham properties NO 53.9 50.9 2015

2015 m m AQAP les/Vales%20District%20AQAP.pdf Mean near A415 3 3

☒ Vale of White Horse District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 3 Vale of White Horse District Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Vale of White Horse District Council

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded: -

1. The monitoring results in the report highlight that there appear to be continuing exceedances of the annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide in the Botley and Marcham AQMA’s, with the Abingdon AQMA showing results below objective levels following distance corrections.

2. It is suggested that the Abingdon AQMA could be considered for revocation if concentrations within the AQMA remain consistently below 36 µg/m3 for three consecutive years. The Local Authority may wish to consider reviewing monitoring within the AQMA, with a view to collecting suitable evidence to support revocation in the future. -Traffic management measures in Abingdon have had a positive impact on local air quality, but we shall continue to keep these levels under review for another year before considering revocation. The Vale of White Horse District Council anticipates that the measures implemented will achieve compliance in the Abingdon AQMA.

3. The exceedance recorded at site S11 outside the Abingdon AQMA in 2016 is compliant in 2017 following distance correction. The Local Authority should

continue to keep the site under review to ensure that NO2 continues to decrease at this location. - Monitoring continued at S11 in 2018. The annual average at this site was above the AQO. When corrected for distance to the façade, the predicted level was again below the national objective.

4. On-going challenges that Council are facing with regard to the A-roads impact on Botley and Marcham are recognised. However, it is encouraging to see the Local Authority increasing monitoring in Botley AQMA and engagement with Highways England, following the recommendations made in last years’ ASR appraisal.- The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Vale of White Horse District Council is facing relate to the proximity of housing to busy A roads in Botley and Marcham AQMAs and in each case there are no current feasible alternative route options, traffic management by restricting HDV traffic

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 4 Vale of White Horse District Council

has been assessed as not feasible by Oxfordshire County Council. Limiting emissions will only be realised as vehicles are modernised to higher Euro Standard vehicles, new roads are built, or limiting the impacts of emissions where feasible (i.e. Highway barriers). The plan to begin reviewing and scoping potential new measures for our AQAP in 2019 is to address some of these issues to include pollution reduction targets (if possible).

In the meantime, we will continue to educate and promote issues of air quality. We will work with Highways England to seek a solution to reducing air quality impacts in Botley, and with OCC in respect of alternative routes around Marcham. We will continue to respond to planning applications and raise concerns where applications are unable to demonstrate a positive impact on the AQMAs in line with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework.

5. The status of many of the AQAP measures in Table 2.2 continues to be unclear. The Local Authority should develop planning, implementation and estimated/actual completion dates for all the measures, and clearly indicate whether measures are active and within current funded programmes. Pollution reduction targets should also be developed for the measures where possible. - Table (2.2) has been updated with available data to include estimated completion dates and clearly indicating measures that are active. The table layout itself reflects the need for review our AQAP which is one of our planned actions for 2019.

6. Annualisation is required for site S06, due to data capture being below 75%, however it is not clear whether this has taken place. Full details of annualisation should be provided in Appendix C in future reports. In 2018 monitoring all sites had a data capture rate of 75% or greater, with one exception. At Site S46 the data capture was 67% and so the result was ‘annualised’ by calculation in accordance with procedure outlined in LAQM TG16 and is provided in

Appendix C, Table C.2. This site is well below the annual objective for NO2.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 5 Vale of White Horse District Council

7. Distance correction calculations have been applied to the results as necessary, but no details of calculations have been provided. Full details including example calculations should be provided in Appendix C in future reports. – The calculations are included in Appendix C, Figure C.1.

8. Maps presented in Appendix D do not demonstrate the boundaries of the AQMAs. It would be useful if these were provided in future reports. – This recommendation has been completed and the maps now indicate AQMA boundaries.

9. It would also be useful if sites on the maps could be labelled by site ID rather than site name, as this provides clearer links between the maps and the data tables. – This recommendation has been completed and the maps now include site ID’s.

Vale of White Horse District Council has taken forward several direct measures during the 2018 reporting year in pursuit of improving local air quality.

More detail on these measures can be found in their respective Action Plan: VWHDC Air Quality Action Plan 2015.

(http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Vales%20District%20AQAP.pdf)

With details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

Vale of White Horse District Council’s priorities for the coming year are;

• In June 2019 on Clean Air day launch our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off" by engaging with local schools, medical practices and businesses.

• To continue the monitoring in Abingdon with a view to seeking to revoke the Abingdon AQMA when levels are consistently below 36 µg/m3

• Publish the updated AQ Planning Guidance and looking into the possibility of formally adopting this as Supplementary Planning Guidance.

• Complete a feasibility study looking at the possibility of new charging points in car parks/council properties.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 6 Vale of White Horse District Council

• Commence the process of producing a new AQAP.

• To work with Highways England to investigate the options for barriers to reduce pollution impacts in Botley.

• To work with transport and local planners on the development of a solution to the air quality problems in Marcham.

• Providing eco-driver training for council employees.

• To keep the OAQ website updated with current monitoring results.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 may help to contribute towards compliance, they cannot be quantified. Vale of White Horse District Council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of Botley and Marcham AQMAs.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 7 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / Meas EU Key EU involved and Planning Implementation Pollutant / Actual Comments / Barriers ure Measure Classificatio Performance Progress to Date Category Funding Phase Phase Emission from Completion to implementation No. n Indicator Source Measure Date Creation of a

‘low We will consider emission Air Quality Grant Promoting another application strategy’ and Application was Low Low Emission Feasibility Subject to with consultant support 1 ‘low VWHDC 2017/18 - Unknown submitted in Emission Zone (LEZ) study funding in the next grant round, emission November but was Transport expected in November zone’ unsuccessful 2019. feasibility

study Procuring

alternative Have used the Feasibility study being Refuelling Planning process and Installation finalised by our Promoting infrastructure our air quality of electric No of LEV Technical Services Low to promote planning guidance to 2 vehicle VWHDC 2017/18 Ongoing charging Unknown ongoing Team to scope Emission Low Emission encourage recharging points possibility of EV points Transport Vehicles, EV developers to install points in council car parks recharging, charging points. and properties. Gas fuel

recharging Parking permit & Promoting Priority Priority Dependent on pricing Low Nothing in place at 3 parking for VWHDC 2018/19 2019/20 parking in Unknown 2020 changing internal incentives Emission present LEV's place policies for green Transport vehicles Feasibility study for Not considered a high freight Freight priority at this present transport and Freight this time. Best consolidatio Feasibility 4 Delivery Consolidation OCC 2018/19 - Unknown Not yet started Unknown developed as a county n centre study Managem Centre wide initiative by the (FCC) / ent Oxfordshire County freight Council. quality partnership Taxi Promoting Completed-LEV taxi licensing Low Taxi emission licensing scheme in Policy is being 5 incentives VWHDC 2016/17 2018 No. LEV taxis Unknown 2017/18 Emission incentives place. Licensing reviewed during for green Transport policy offers a 2019/20 where further vehicles

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 8 Vale of White Horse District Council

reduced fee for low incentives will be emission vehicles. considered .

Civil parking enforcement has been scoped by council’s Technical Services Manager. Improved

use and Traffic In partnership with enforcement Feasibility No additional 6 Managem Other OCC 2019 - Unknown OCC a joint 2020/21 of traffic study comments ent specification has regulation been prepared to orders commission a feasibility study, which is expected to be delivered in Autumn 2019. Our waste contractor (Biffa) updated its fleet to Euro 6 vehicles in October Further improvements Review of New Policies Fleet 2017. in emissions should be the council Vehicle in Place; efficiency and realised as and when 7 and Fleet VWHDC 2017 2019 Greener Unknown 2019 recognition Council vehicles vehicles are replaced contractors’ Efficiency Vehicles schemes being purchased with newer higher Euro fleet Procured include aan emission Standard vehicles. levels appraisal as part of the selection process Project scoped, in Vehicle Driver training discussion with our First tranche of staff to Eco driver Number of 8 Fleet and ECO VWHDC 2018/19 2020 Unknown HR team for staff to 2019 be trained by Dec training drivers trained Efficiency driving aids attend Eco driver 2019. training Policy New document has Guidance Air Quality Air quality Incorporation been written and is to and Planning and 9 planning VWHDC 2018 2019 of guidance in Unknown Completed Summer 2019 be published as part of Developm Policy guidance local plan a council website ent Guidance update Control Community Oxfordshire Website. involvement Public Further work proposed Via the Oxfordshire Implementation 10 projects: Informatio 2017 2018 Website usage Unknown Ongoing for 2019/20 includes Internet councils completed OAQG n raising public Website awareness by

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 9 Vale of White Horse District Council

producing promotional materials. Twitter feed on website for news updates to be utilised.

Strategic highway improvements , Re- prioritising road space The Lodge Hill project away from now has funding and Introduce Agreed and being cars, large-scale south facing Traffic progressed with including Completion of development in North 11 slip roads to Managem OCC 2015 Unknown Unknown Government, County 2024 Access slip road Abingdon is dependent Lodge Hill ent and developer management, on its implementation. interchange funding Selective Construction work has vehicle not yet started. priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Grant application has Assess Feasibility been prepared and Awaiting feedback from B1 Feasibility of Other Other VWHDC/HE 2018 2019 Unknown Unknown study submission to Highways England Barriers Highway England This formed part of district wide LES referenced in (1). Grant Low Air Quality Grant funding was not Promoting emission Application was successful. We are Low Low Emission M1 zone VWHDC 2017 Unknown Unknown submitted to Defra in Unknown considering making Emission Zone (LEZ) feasibility November but was another application Transport study unsuccessful with consultant support in the next grant round, expected November 2019. Strategic highway Marcham improvements Feasibility Traffic Weight OCC consider this not Weight , Re- assessment by OCC, M2 Managem OCC - 2019 restriction limit Unknown Unknown feasible, so it is not restriction prioritising not viable in their ent in place being progressed. limit road space view. away from cars,

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 10 Vale of White Horse District Council

including Access management, Selective vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Strategic highway improvements , Re- prioritising It is thought the road space possibility of a bypass away from is now accelerating cars, Traffic Feasibility and that it could be Marcham including Bypass in M3 Managem VOWH/OCC 2015 Unknown Unknown assessment to be Unknown considered alongside by-pass Access place ent carried out by OCC the improvements to management, the road network Selective already planned for the vehicle area.. priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane

Table 2.3 Additional Measures not specified in the AQAP

Promotion through Low Promoting planning conditions for Emission Low Uptake of 1 Other VWHDC/OCC - 2019 Unknown Ongoing Ongoing LEV charging Strategy Emission LEVs infrastructure on new (LES) Transport applications Low Promoting Personalised Emission Travel Promoted via OCC 2 Travel OCC - Unknown Unknown Completed This is ongoing. Strategy Alternative website Planning (LES) s

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11 Vale of White Horse District Council

Low Promoting Emission Travel Promotion of Promoted via OCC 3 OCC - Unknown Unknown Completed This is ongoing. Strategy Alternative cycling website (LES) s

Low Promoting Emission Travel Promotion of Promoted via OCC 4 OCC - Unknown Unknown Completed This is ongoing. Strategy Alternative walking website (LES) s

Low Promoting Emission Travel School Travel All plans in Promoted via OCC 5 OCC - Unknown Unknown Completed This is ongoing. Strategy Alternative Plans place website (LES) s

Low Promoting Workplace Emission Travel No. plans in Promoted via OCC 6 Travel OCC - Unknown Unknown Completed This is ongoing. Strategy Alternative place website Planning (LES) s Traffic management has improved congestion and emissions in the Abingdon town centre UTC, street canyons, by Low Traffic Congestion holding traffic up Emission Improvements Completed in 7 Managem management, OCC Unknown Completed beyond the worst Strategy to traffic flow Abingdon ent traffic affected areas. (LES) reduction Reductions in NO2 in centre of Abingdon now no exceedance of objectives and revocation of AQMA being considered. Transport Completed and has Low Planning Completed contributed to easing Emission Bus route Completion of 8 and OCC Unknown Real time bus Completed congestion issues in Strategy improvements project Infrastruct information at stops. central Abingdon street (LES) ure canyons. Transport Ongoing Low Planning Many cycle routes Emission Miles of cycle Sustrans route through 9 and Cycle network OCC - Unknown Unknown already established Unknown Strategy network Abingdon Infrastruct Cycling promoted via (LES) ure OCC website

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12 Vale of White Horse District Council

Oxford Bus Company are updating the Low Promoting emissions standard of Vehicle No. low Emission Low Emission their fleet 10 Fleet OCC - Unknown emission Unknown Unknown Strategy Public progressively. Most of Efficiency buses (LES) Transport the fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI. Alternative Promoted via OCC Low s to Car & lift website Emission Car share 11 private sharing OCC - ongoing Unknown Unknown Strategy usage vehicle schemes (LES) use Alternative Promoted via OCC Low s to website Emission Car club 12 private Car Clubs OCC - ongoing Unknown Unknown Strategy usage vehicle (LES) use

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13 Vale of White Horse District Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Regarding particulate matter levels in the district, examples from councils across the country who have traffic related AQMA’s highlight that where NO2 levels are typically 3 around 60-70 µg/m , measured particulate matter (PM10) levels at the same location remain below 25 µg/m3, which is well below the national objective level of 40 µg/m3.

Although there are both primary and secondary traffic related PM10 sources, the majority of the PM10 and PM2.5 fraction in our District is made up from background sources. No other significant PM sources have been identified in Vale of White Horse and therefore the DEFRA background mappings of PM are believed to be accurate 3 putting PM2.5 levels below 11 µg/m in 2018 (please see Figure 2.1 for an illustration of Defra’s PM2.5 modelled levels in the district), which is just half that of the national objective level.

It’s also worth considering that there is a direct relationship between PM and NO2 when the major source is that of road traffic, VWHDC do not currently monitor PM but we are confident it falls well below objective levels at all locations throughout the district.

However, although it is thought that the current particulate matter levels meet the national objective in the Vale, such particulate matter as is in the air has an impact on the health of the Vale’s residents as it is considered that there is no no-effect threshold for PM. The Public Health Outcomes Framework sets out a vision for public health, that is to improve and protect the nation's health, and improve the health of the poorest fastest.

With this in mind, they have developed a set of supporting indicators that help focus our understanding of how well we are doing, one of them being the fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution.

Figure 2.1 represents the fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to human-made particulate air pollution (PM2.5).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14 Vale of White Horse District Council The Public Health Outcomes Framework research, shown below in Figures 2.2 and 2.3, has determined that 5.3% of deaths from all causes in those aged 30+ are attributable to PM2.5 in Vale of White Horse. Table 2.4 List of measures in VOWH's

2015 Action Plan that target PM2.5 reduction according to LAQM.TG16’ PM2.5

Figure 2.1 Modelled background PM2.5 levels in Vale of White Horse in 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15 Vale of White Horse District Council Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality attributable to PM2.5 in Vale of White Horse

Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality attributable to PM2.5 in Vale of White Horse

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16 Vale of White Horse District Council

Table 2.4 List of measures in VOWH's 2015 Action Plan that target PM2.5 reduction according to LAQM.TG16 Action Toolbox.

Measure Reduces PM2.5 emissions

LES ✔ Installation of EV charging points ✔ Parking permit incentives for green vehicles ✔ Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / ✔ freight quality partnerships Taxi incentives for LEVs ✔ Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation orders Review of Council and contractors’ fleet ✔ Eco-driver training ✔ AQ planning guidance Community projects Awareness campaigns Behavioural change projects A low emission freight strategy: Delivery service ✔ plans Anti-idling Campaigns ✔ South-facing slip roads to Lodge Hill interchange Barriers in Botley Weight restriction limit (Marcham) ✔ Marcham bypass ✔

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17 Vale of White Horse District Council 3.0 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of monitoring undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

Vale of White Horse District Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at one site during 2018. This site is in Stert St Abingdon. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of this site.

National monitoring results are available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find- sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites in the Vale are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Vale of White Horse District Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of

NO2 at 40 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C; Figure C.1 shows the results obtained for distance correction using Defra’s NO2 fall off with distance Calculator. Table C.2 shows the annualisation calculation for S46 following the method outlined in Box 7.10 of TG16.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 18 Vale of White Horse District Council

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

In 2018 monitoring all sites had a data capture rate 75% or greater, with one exception. At site S46 the data capture was 67% and so the result was ‘annualised’ by calculation in accordance with the procedure outlined in the LAQM TG16. This site is well below the annual objective for NO2.

Regarding the annual mean registered at Botley AQMA (data shown in Figure A.1), the objective was exceeded at three sites, S21, S25 and S30. S21 ‘Stanley Close’ is a long-established monitoring point, which is set back relative to the façade of 63 Southern By-pass Rd, the closest residential site. Latterly diffusion tubes have been placed on both the fence and façade of this property, S30 and S27 respectively. The monitoring shows that the façade measurement S27 does not exceed the objective, whereas the results from the fence monitoring S30 and the monitoring at S21 indicate that with distance correction, there would be an exceedence at the façade. This is not supported by the monitoring at the façade. It is assumed that the influence of the garden fence around the property has caused this greater than expected reduction in the monitored NO2 level at the façade. This situation is also reflected in the monitoring on the façade of 61 Southern By-pass Rd S26 which is close by and a similar distance from the A34. Levels at this location are also below the objective.

Likewise, the monitored levels on the fence at 4 Yarnells Road S25, corrected for distance on the façade of the property, do not accurately reflect the monitored level on the façade of this property at S24, which in 2018 was just below the objective, having been just above the objective in 2017. This result in 2018 is also reflected in the level monitored at S28, which is close by and a similar distance from the A34 and remained below the objective in both years. The other result from monitoring at facade close to the A34, at S29 remains below the objective. To summarise, in Botley although some of the monitoring suggests significant exceedence of the objective with distance

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19 Vale of White Horse District Council correction, the façade monitoring does not reflect this. In 2018, whilst levels remain very close to the objective, there are no measured exceedences of the annual average objective for NO2 at the facades. The Botley background level at S23 remained consistent with previous years.

In Marcham, S16 on the façade of 10 Packhorse Lane continues to record levels above the annual mean objective and in 2018 this was higher than the previous year (see Figure A.2). S16 represents the worst case in Marcham, where the A415 is very narrow and bends, and houses abut the road. In 2018 the Marcham background level at S15 remained consistent with previous years. At all other locations levels were higher than 2017 but did not exceed the objective. Near 4 Frilford Rd, S17, which had shown an exceedence in 2016 remained just below the objective in 2018.

In Abingdon AQMA there were no exceedences of the annual objective at facades in 2018, as shown on Figure A.3. The highest predicted façade level within the AQMA was for Stratton Way,S6, which was slightly above 36µg/m3. The recommendation is that where levels are recorded below 36µg/m3 for three consecutive years then the AQMA should be revoked. At all other sites, levels were slightly up on 2017 and the Spring Rd site, S14 and Marcham Rd, S11, both outside the AQMA were close to the levels recorded for S6 and below the objective. In view of the levels recorded, consideration is being given to revoking the AQMA and in view of the advice given we will closely monitor levels in coming years, and if sustained, this will allow the AQMA to be revoked. The Abingdon background site at S8 remains at a level consistent with previous years.

In Faringdon and Wantage levels remain well below the annual objective and the background monitoring remains consistent with previous years (see Figure A.4). The results for the monitoring in Sutton Courtenay and Watchfield are also well below the annual objective.

In terms of the hourly air quality objective for NO2, no exceedances of this objective were recorded in Vale of White Horse in 2018.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant kerb of Inlet Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure nearest road (m) (m) (1) (m) (2) Masons, Masons 39 Stert St, Roadside 449790 197180 NOx/NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 3.6 3 Abingdon

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

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Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance collocated X OS Grid Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type with a Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser? Masons Stert S01/02/03 Street, Roadside 449849 197169 NO2 YES 0 4 YES 3 colocation

S04 High Street Roadside 449632 197062 NO2 YES 4 1 NO 2.5 Ock Street S05 Baptist Roadside 449452 197047 NO2 YES 3.5 2 NO 2.5 Church

S06 Stratton Way Roadside 449697 197343 NO2 YES 6.5 2.5 NO 2.5

S07 Vineyard Roadside 449926 197439 NO2 YES 3 2 NO 2.5 Urban S08 Turner Road 448869 196180 NO2 NO N/A N/A NO 2.5 Background Drayton S09 Roadside 448791 196725 NO2 NO 6 2 NO 2.5 Road LP 7 Ock Street S10 Roadside 448828 196966 NO2 NO 3.5 1.5 NO 2.5 Drama Club Marcham S11 Roadside 448738 196967 NO2 NO 3 2 NO 2.5 Road LP 5 97 Ock S12 Roadside 449225 196992 NO2 NO 0 1.5 NO 2.5 Street LP 12 Drayton S13 Roadside 448842 196939 NO2 NO 4 1 NO 2.5 Road LP1 Spring Rd S14 Roadside 448846 196992 NO2 NO 0 1 NO 2.5 LP2 Urban S15 24 Mill Road 445522 196470 NO2 NO N/A N/A NO 2.5 Background 10 S16 Packhorse Roadside 445552 196639 NO2 YES 0 0.6 NO 2 Lane

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4 Frilford S17 Roadside 445456 196623 NO2 YES .5 .5 NO 2.5 Road 4 Packhorse S18 Roadside 445528 196628 NO2 YES 0.8 1.8 NO 2.5 Lane 13 S19 Packhorse Roadside 445571 196675 NO2 YES 7.5 2 NO 2.5 Lane Rafters B&B S20 Abingdon Roadside 445875 196657 NO2 YES 3 0.6 NO 2.5 Road Stanley S21 Roadside 448913 205813 NO2 YES -3 10 NO 2.5 Close Westminster S22 Roadside 448866 205807 NO2 YES 5 9 NO 2.5 Way Hutchcomb Urban S23 447711 205634 NO2 NO N/A N/A NO 2.5 Road Background 4 Yarnells Road The S24 Roadside 449008 205729 NO2 YES 0 13.5 NO 2 Willows Downpipe 4 Yarnells Road The S25 Roadside 449003 205724 NO2 YES 6.5 3.5 NO 2.5 Willows Fence 61 Southern S26 Roadside 448894 205826 NO2 YES 0 8.7 NO 2 Bypass 63 Southern S27 Roadside 448918 205806 NO2 YES 0 10.3 NO 2 Bypass 71 Southern S28 Bypass Roadside 448991 205745 NO2 YES 0 16 NO 0 (Flats) 65 Southern S29 Bypass Roadside 448947 205781 NO2 YES 0 10.2 NO 2 (Timbers) 63 Southern S30 Bypass Roadside 448913 205798 NO2 YES 7.8 2 NO 2 (fence)

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S31 Bath Street Roadside 449585 197273 NO2 YES 0 1.5 NO 2.5 Folly View Urban S32 428682 194571 NO2 NO N/A N/A NO 2.5 Road Background Town Hall / S33 Central Roadside 428823 195554 NO2 NO 7 2 NO 2.5 Faringdon Sutton S34 Courtenay Roadside 450888 194358 NO2 NO 11 2 NO 2.5 Jct Sutton S35 Courtenay Roadside 450587 194391 NO2 NO 0 2.5 NO 2.5 Mill House Watchfield S36 Roadside 424271 190641 NO2 NO 54 1.2 NO 2.5 crossing Copenhagen S37 Roadside 448364 197836 NO2 NO 32 1 NO 2.5 Drive Market Square / S38 Roadside 439807 187941 NO2 NO 0 1.5 NO 2.5 Central Wantage Hampden Urban S39 440409 188319 NO2 NO N/A N/A NO 2.5 Road Background Henry Liddon S45 Kerbside 448533 196984 NO2 NO 0 5.6 NO 2.5 Court CYPS S46 (Stratton Kerbside 449518 197160 NO2 YES 0 5.5 NO 2.5 Way)

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

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Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture Type Monitoring 2018 (%) (2) Period (%) (1) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masons Stert Facade Automatic 95.4 29 28 30.4 25 28.0 St Diffusion 30.1 28.0 30.0 24.4 28.7 S1/2/3 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 40.3 38.8 43.3 37.1 41.5 S4 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 35.2 31.6 35.0 29.8 27.7 S5 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 46.8 45.1 45.8 38.2 46.3 S6 Kerbside 92 Tube Diffusion 39.6 37.0 39.0 31.2 36.8 S7 Kerbside 75 Tube Urban Diffusion 14.9 13.6 16.6 13.8 14.8 S8 92 Background Tube Diffusion 28.2 29.4 34.7 28.6 36.7 S9 Kerbside 75 Tube Diffusion 34.0 33.4 36.8 32.6 33.1 S10 Kerbside 92 Tube Diffusion 46.3 44.2 46.8 40.1 40.9 S11 Kerbside 75 Tube Diffusion 31.6 29.3 31.2 25.7 29.6 S12 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 37.7 37.4 27.5 38.0 S13 Kerbside 83 Tube Diffusion 32.4 37.0 31.6 36.4 S14 Kerbside 100 Tube Urban Diffusion 10.8 10.5 13.5 10.8 11.6 S15 92 Background Tube

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Diffusion 49.9 47.7 53.1 42.7 50.9 S16 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 39.2 38.7 44.8 37.8 40.4 S17 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 30.1 29.6 33.2 25.9 29.4 S18 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 38.4 38.0 40.4 34.8 40.1 S19 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 39.3 36.5 36.9 30.6 31.4 S20 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 53 48 53 46 46.2 S21 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 40 32 39 32 38.5 S22 Kerbside 100 Tube Urban Diffusion 14 13 16 12 15.5 S23 100 Background Tube Diffusion 40 41 38.2 S24 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 104 90 87.5 S25 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 39 37.9 S26 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 36 34.7 S27 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 35 35.5 S28 Kerbside 92 Tube Diffusion 33 34.2 S29 Kerbside 83 Tube Diffusion 72 76.5 S30 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 33.7 27.8 28.9 24.0 26.0 S31 Kerbside 92 Tube Urban Diffusion 10.6 9.8 15.2 11.6 12.3 S32 100 Background Tube Diffusion 24.3 24.7 27.7 23.7 25.2 S33 Kerbside 100 Tube

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Diffusion 22.5 26.6 S34 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 24.0 27.4 S35 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 25.3 26.9 S36 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 37.6 34.2 36.4 31.0 33.7 S37 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 26.8 23.6 27.8 24.2 26.3 S38 Kerbside 100 Tube Diffusion 9.3 10.3 12.3 10.0 10.3 S39 Kerbside 92 Tube Diffusion S45 Kerbside 75 34.7 Tube Diffusion S46 Kerbside 67 67 *29.1 Tube

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%. (*Annualised figure) Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

In 2018 monitoring all sites had a data capture rate of 75% or greater, with one exception. At Site S46 the data capture was 67% and so the result was ‘annualised’ by calculation in accordance with procedure outlined in LAQM TG16. This site is well below the annual objective for NO2. The details of this calculation are in Appendix C.

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Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Botley Botley NO2 annual average at receptor 80 S21 Stanley Close (AQMA)

70 S22 Westminster Way (AQMA)

S23 Hutchcomb Road 60 (Background) S24 4 Yarnells Road The Willows 50 (Downpipe) S25 4 Yarnells Road The Willows (Fence) 40 S26 61 Southern Bypass

S27 63 Southern Bypass 30 S28 71 Southern Bypass (Flats) 20 S29 65 Southern Bypass (Timbers)

10 S30 63 Southern Bypass (Fence)

Annual Limit 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

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Figure A.2 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Marcham

Marcham NO2 annual average at receptor 60.0

50.0 S15 24 Mill Road

S16 10 Packhorse Lane (AQMA) 40.0

S17 4 Frilford Road (AQMA)

30.0 S18 4 Packhorse Lane (AQMA)

S19 13 Packhorse Lane (AQMA)

20.0 S20 Rafters B&B Abingdon Road (AQMA) Annual Limit 10.0

0.0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

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Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Abingdon

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Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Wantage and Faringdon

Wantage & Faringdon NO2 annual averages at receptor 45

40

35

30

25 S33 Town Hall / Central Faringdon S32 Folly View Road

20 S38 Market Square / Central Wantage NO2ug/m3 S39 Hampden Road

15 Annual Limit

10

5

0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

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Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3) NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Valid Data Capture Valid Data Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type for Monitoring Capture 2018 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Masons Stert Roadside Chemiluminescence 94.5 0 0 0 0 0 Street

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

There was an appropriate level of data capture in 2018 at the continuous monitoring site and there were no recorded exceedances of the hourly limit in 2018 or the previous four years. The ratified annual average for the site was 28µg/m3.

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Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.89) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) S01-03 Co-location, 34.0 35.6 41.2 31.6 34.5 29.0 28.0 24.3 24.6 34.6 34.4 34.6 32.2 28.7 N/A Masons Stert Street S04 48.6 49.0 51.2 46.3 42.7 44.8 46.9 38.4 44.9 42.5 50.0 53.5 46.6 41.5 32.8 High Street S05 Ock Street 41.6 39.1 45.2 36.9 34.1 31.6 36 29.9 32 38.7 33.9 43 36.8 27.7 24.6 Baptist Church S06 Stratton 55.7 57.7 48.4 49.2 47.3 39.7 56.5 missing 46.7 51.8 58.2 61.3 52.0 46.3 36.3 Way S07 The 38.7 48.4 46.3 40.2 42.8 39.9 40.1 32 missing 41.4 missing missing 41.1 36.8 32.1 Vineyard S08 25.6 19.9 19.1 15.5 12.2 9.3 12.1 10.7 13.8 19.2 18.9 23.2 16.6 14.8 N/A Turner Road S09 Drayton 42.1 47.5 40.3 40.5 44.2 missing missing 30.3 missing 41.2 44.2 40.2 41.2 36.7 29.6 Road LP 7 S10 44.1 36.1 37.4 36.1 32.2 26.7 30.5 33.5 34.7 44.9 40.3 49.5 37.2 33.1 28.3

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Ock Street Drama Club S11 Marcham 55.1 59.9 51.7 45.6 45.4 36.6 41.6 38.6 38 46.4 45.4 46.2 45.9 40.9 35.3 Road LP 5 S12 97 Ock missing 43.7 missing 29.4 35.2 33.4 28.4 27.6 27.3 38.1 31.7 38 33.3 29.6 N/A Street LP 12 S13 Drayton 36.2 missing 64.3 41.4 42.5 35.6 37.2 25.6 missing 64.2 41.3 39.1 42.7 38.0 30.5 Road LP1 S14 Spring Rd 44.9 37.1 49.8 46.4 41.7 34.9 35.5 29.3 32.9 44.9 48.1 44.9 40.9 36.4 N/A LP2 S15 8.4 17.9 16.8 12.4 12.5 8.3 9.1 9 9.4 14.9 18.6 18.3 13.0 11.6 N/A 24 Mill Road S16 10 61.4 66.9 66.3 55.2 54.5 52.7 missing 72.6 38.7 55.1 52.8 52.7 57.2 50.9 N/A Packhorse Lane S17 4 Frilford 52.7 53.2 50.9 43 48 44.2 46.1 33.4 39.3 46.1 43.9 43.9 45.4 40.4 36.9 Road S18 4 Packhorse 37.8 27.3 42.1 34.9 34.1 33.9 29.5 22.2 28.6 36.7 32.5 36.6 33.0 29.4 31.8 Lane S19 13 55.8 49.8 57.8 46.8 47 38.6 39.4 28.8 36.3 47.5 48.2 45 45.1 40.1 29.7 Packhorse Lane S20 Rafters B&B Abingdon 29.9 38.7 41.9 35.3 35.3 36.2 37.4 28.3 27.9 37.6 34.1 40.6 35.3 31.4 24.9 Road

S21 58.1 58.3 52.4 52.1 35.9 26.9 52.5 57.9 54.9 71.7 45.9 57 52.0 46.2 50.3

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Stanley Close S22 Westminster 41.2 51 49.9 50.1 50.3 38.9 35.9 30.8 31 52.5 40.7 47.7 43.3 38.5 34.8 Way S23 Hutchcomb 19.8 21.6 20.4 19.4 15.1 10.2 11.8 11.1 11.5 29 17.8 20.9 17.4 15.5 N/A Road S24 4 Yarnells Road The 51 46 47.5 47 16.8 22.8 48.2 46.9 46.8 53.5 38.9 49.9 42.9 38.2 N/A Willows Downpipe S25 4 Yarnells Road, The 100.1 72.4 89.7 109.7 104.5 88.5 116.3 105 97 118.7 80.9 96.3 98.3 87.5 67.1 Willows Fence S26 61 Southern 40.6 44.5 45.5 45.8 36.7 27.2 48.2 44 43.5 53.1 36.4 46.2 42.6 37.9 N/A Bypass S27 63 Southern 45.6 32 41.1 40.7 31.4 21.3 44.3 39.2 42.9 46.6 37.2 45.6 39.0 34.7 N/A Bypass S28 71 Southern 45 40 44 42.9 29.1 21.6 38.4 43 42.6 50.9 34.1 47.4 39.9 35.5 N/A Bypass (Flats) S29 65 Southern 43.8 37.5 46 42.3 32.1 23.2 40.1 37.2 36.4 50 36.4 35.8 38.4 34.2 N/A Bypass (Timbers) S30 63 Southern 92.3 85.8 91.4 95.2 80.9 55.9 92.2 85.3 85.7 101.6 76.5 87.8 85.9 76.5 53.8 Bypass (fence) S31 33 38.4 missing 24.2 33.4 30.9 20.9 23.2 22.1 33.1 29.9 31.9 29.2 26.0 N/A

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Bath Street S32 Folly View 19.6 14.9 18.7 12.8 10 9.4 9.6 9.1 10 15.1 19.5 16.4 13.8 12.3 N/A Road S33 Town Hall / 35.8 28.9 33.2 28.8 27.9 27.9 26.6 23.4 22 25.2 30.1 29.2 28.3 25.2 20.7 Central Faringdon S34 Sutton 30.4 34.7 missing 29.5 32.8 27 28.9 23.6 23.8 34.8 34.9 28.5 29.9 26.6 N/A Courtenay Junction S35 Sutton Courtenay 32 34.9 35.5 32.5 34.8 30.1 31.1 22.7 25.4 34.4 29.2 26.7 30.8 27.4 N/A Mill House downpipe S36 Watchfield 28.5 37.2 33.8 26.5 31.2 29.4 31 25.1 26.9 32.4 28.7 31.8 30.2 26.9 20.4 Crossing S37 Copenhagen 41.7 45.2 30.1 missing missing 37.7 35.4 35.3 36.8 39.4 38.4 39.2 37.9 33.7 20.4 Drive S38 Market Square / 27.6 32.2 35.2 25.1 28.6 24.7 31.2 26.1 27 34.6 27.3 35.1 29.6 26.3 N/A Central Wantage S39 Hampden 16 13.5 14.6 10.4 5.9 7.2 8.1 0.6 18.1 13.7 14.1 17.3 11.6 10.3 N/A Road S45 Henry Liddon Court 45.5 44.3 37.8 47 19.4 37.4 46.5 30.9 43.1 39.1 34.7 N/A

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*S46 CYPS 28.5 missing 18.8 20.8 16.4 18.8 25.6 51.2 33.5 26.7 29.1 N/A Stratton Way

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% (*Annualised result) ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure. (3) Monitoring sites where “Distance corrected” column is N/A are located adjacent to the façade of a dwelling and need no correction

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

QA/QC of Automatic Air Quality Instruments

Air quality measurements from the automatic instruments are validated and ratified by Air Quality Data Management (AQDM) http://www.aqdm.co.uk to the standards described in the Local Air Quality Management – Technical Guidance LAQM (TG16) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/technical-guidance.

Validation This process operates on data during the data collection stage. All data are continually screened algorithmically and manually for anomalies. There are several techniques designed to discover spurious and unusual measurements within a very large dataset.

These anomalies may be due to equipment failure, human error, power failures, interference or other disturbances. Automatic screening can only safely identify spurious results that need further manual investigation.

Raw data from the gaseous instruments (e.g. NOx, O3, SO2 and CO) are scaled into concentrations using the latest values derived from the manual and automatic calibrations. These instruments are not absolute and suffer drifts. Both the zero baseline (background) and the sensitivity may change over time. Regular calibrations with certified gas standards are used to measure the zero and sensitivity. However, these are only valid for the moment of the calibration since the instrument will continue to drift. Raw measurements from particulate instruments (e.g. PM10 and PM2.5) generally do not require scaling into concentrations. The original raw data are always preserved intact while the processed data are dynamically scaled and edited.

Ratification This is the process that finalises the data to produce the measurements suitable for reporting. All available information is critically assessed so that the best data scaling is applied and all anomalies are appropriately edited. Generally, this operates at three, six- or twelve-month intervals. However, unexpected faults can be identified during the

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 38 Vale of White Horse District Council instrument routine services or independent audits which are often at 6-monthly intervals. In practice, therefore, the data can only be fully ratified in 12-month or annual periods. The data processing performed during the three and six monthly cycles helps build a reliable dataset that is finalised at the end of the year.

There is a diverse range of additional information that can be essential to the correct understanding and editing of data anomalies. These may include: • the correct scaling of data • ignoring calibrations that were poor e.g. a spent zero scrubber • closely tracking rapid drifts or eliminating the data • comparing the measurements with other pollutants and nearby sites • corrections due to span cylinder drift • corrections due to flow drifts for the particulate instruments • corrections for ozone instrument sensitivity drifts • eliminating measurements for NO2 conversion inefficiencies • eliminating periods where calibration gas is in the ambient dataset • identifying periods were instruments are warming-up after a power cut • identification of anomalies due to mains power spikes • correcting problems with the date and time stamp • observations made during the sites visits and services

The identification of data anomalies, the proper understanding of the effects and the application of appropriate corrections requires expertise gained over many years of operational experience. Instruments and infrastructure can fail in numerous ways that significantly and visually affect the quality of the measurements. There are rarely simple faults that can be discovered by computer algorithms or can be understood without previous experience.

Further information about air quality data management, expert data ratification and examples of bad practices are given on the Air Quality Data Management (AQDM) website http://www.aqdm.co.uk.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 39 Vale of White Horse District Council Annual Ratified Data Report

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 40 Vale of White Horse District Council

Bias Adjustment

A locally derived bias adjustment factor has been used. For 2018 this was 0.89. This was calculated from the ratio between triplicate co-located diffusion tube annual averages; and annual averages from continuous monitoring. This is to compensate for the tendency for diffusion tubes to over-read. Diffusion tubes were prepared as 50% TEA in Acetone and supplied and analysed by SOCOTEC Didcot. The equivalent national bias factor for this lab and method was 0.76. The locally derived bias adjustment factor is the more conservative of the two values. Raw monitoring data is multiplied by the bias adjustment factor to achieve the bias corrected result.

Distance Correction

Distance correction corrects for the fall-off of NO2 levels with distance, to predict levels at the nearest facade. Distance correction was undertaken using the distance correction formula supplied by Bureau Veritas, in accordance with TG(16). The outputs are reproduced below. The concentration of NO2 decreases with distance from an emission source, this is due to dispersion, deposition and chemical transformation. This suggest where

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 41 Vale of White Horse District Council monitoring sites are not located adjacent to a dwelling, but between the receptor and the road, the results obtained need to be distance corrected to be representative of the NO2 levels at the receptor. The data provided in the distance corrected column (first column on the right in Table B.1 and Table C.1) is therefore the figure that should be considered to understand NO2 levels in an area. The background figures are from diffusion tubes at background locations across the district.

Table C.1 Distance correction results

NO Annual Mean Concentration Distance (m) 2 (µg/m3) Site Name/ID Monitorin Recepto Predicted Monitored g Site to r to Background at at Site Kerb Kerb Receptor S1-3 3.6 3.6 14.8 28.7 28.7 Masons Stert St S4 1.0 5.0 14.8 41.5 32.8 High St S5 2.0 5.5 14.8 27.7 24.6 Ock St Baptist S6 2.5 9.0 14.8 46.3 36.3 Stratton Way S7 2.0 5.0 14.8 36.8 32.1 Vineyard S9 2.0 8.0 14.8 36.7 29.6 Drayton Rd LP7 S10 1.5 5.0 14.8 33.1 28.3 Ock St Drama Club S11 2.0 5.0 14.8 40.9 35.3 Marcham Rd LP5 S12 1.5 1.5 14.8 29.6 29.6 97 Ock St LP12 S13 1.0 5.0 14.8 38.0 30.5 Drayton Rd LP1 S14 1.0 1.0 14.8 36.4 36.4 Spring Rd LP2 S16 0.6 0.6 11.6 50.9 50.9 10 Packhorse Lane S17 0.5 1.0 11.6 40.4 36.9 4 Frilford Rd S18 1.8 1.0 11.6 29.4 31.8 4 Packhorse Lane S19 2.0 9.5 11.6 40.1 29.7 13 Packhorse Lane S20 0.6 3.6 11.6 31.4 24.9 Rafters B&B

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 42 Vale of White Horse District Council

S21 10.0 7.0 15.5 46.2 50.3 Stanley Close S22 9.0 14.0 11.6 38.5 34.2 Westminster Way S24 13.5 13.5 15.5 38.2 38.2 4 Yarnells Rd faç S25 3.5 13.5 15.5 87.5 61.3 4 Yarnells Rd fence S26 8.7 8.7 15.5 37.9 37.9 61 S. Bypass S27 10.3 10.3 15.5 34.7 34.7 63 S.Bypass faç S30 2.0 9.8 15.5 76.5 53.8 63 S.Bypass fence S29 10.2 10.2 15.5 34.2 34.2 65 S.Bypass S28 16.0 16.0 15.5 35.5 35.5 71 S.Bypass S31 1.5 1.5 14.8 26.0 26.0 Bath St S33 2.0 9.0 12.3 25.2 20.7 Faringdon Centre S37 1.0 33.0 14.8 33.7 20.4 Copenhagen Drive S38 1.5 1.5 12.3 26.3 26.3 Wantage Centre S45 5.0 5.0 14.8 34.7 34.7 Henry Liddon Ct S46 9.0 9.0 14.8 26.7 *29.1 CPYS Stratton Way S36 2.0 12.0 12.3 26.9 20.8 Watchfield Crossing S34 2.0 13.0 14.8 26.6 21.4 S.Courtenay Jct S35 S.Courtenay Mill 2.5 2.5 14.8 27.4 27.4 House

*Annualised level

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 43 Vale of White Horse District Council Table C.2 Annualisation Calculation

Calculation of ‘annualisation’ for S46. Following method outlined in Box7.10 of TG16

Background Diff tube B1 when D1 Month tube S08 S46 (M) available (Pm) (Am) Jan-19 25.6 Feb-19 19.9 Mar-19 19.1 Apr-19 15.5 28.5 15.5 May-19 12.2 Jun-19 9.3 18.8 9.3 Jul-19 12.1 20.8 12.1 Aug-19 10.7 16.4 10.7 Sep-19 13.8 18.8 13.8 Oct-19 19.2 25.6 19.2 Nov-19 18.9 51.2 18.9 Dec-19 23.2 33.5 23.2 sum 199.5 213.6 122.7 averaging periods 12 8 8 Average 16.6 26.7 15.3 Am M Pm Am=16.6 Pm=15.3

Ra=Am/Pm=16.6/15.3=1.09

M=26.7 (period average)

D1(annualised average) = M x a=26.7 x 1.09=29.1

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 44 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

Figure D.1 Botley AQMA with diffusion tube locations and 2018 NO2 averages (in µg/m3)

Figure D.2 Marcham AQMA with diffusion tube locations and 2018 registered 3 annual NO2 averages (in µg/m )

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 45 Vale of White Horse District Council

Figure D.3 Abingdon AQMA with diffusion tube and continuous analyser 3 locations and 2018 registered annual NO2 averages (in µg/m )

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 46 Vale of White Horse District Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in micrograms of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 47 Vale of White Horse District Council

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

AQO Air Quality Obective

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

HE Highways England

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

LES Low Emission Strategy

LEZ Low Emission Zone

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

OCC Oxfordshire County Council

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

VWHDC Vale of White Horse District Council

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