The Protestant Clergy of Early Modern This page intentionally left blank The Protestant Clergy of

Edited by

C. Scott Dixon The Queen’s University of Belfast and Luise Schorn-Schütte Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Editorial Selection and Introduction © C. Scott Dixon and Luise Schorn-Schütte 2003; Other chapters © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-333-91776-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, , N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-42322-4 ISBN 978-0-230-51887-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230518872 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Protestant clergy of early modern Europe / edited by C. Scott Dixon, Luise Schorn-Schütte. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Protestant churches–Europe–Clergy–. 2. Clergy–Office–History. 3. –Europe. 4. Europe–Church history–16th century. 5. Europe–Church history–. I. Dixon, C. Scott. II. Schorn-Schütte, Luise. BR307.P75 2003 262’.14–dc21 2003051971

10987654321 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 Contents

List of Tables vii Notes on the Contributors viii Introduction: The Protestant Clergy of Early Modern Europe 1 C. Scott Dixon and Luise Schorn-Schütte 1. Before the Protestant Clergy: The Construction and 39 Deconstruction of Medieval Priesthood R.N. Swanson 2. The Making of the Protestant Pastor: The Theological 60 Foundations of a Clerical Estate R. Emmet McLaughlin 3. The Emergence of the Pastoral Family in the German 79 Reformation: The Parsonage as a Site of Socio-religious Change Susan C. Karant-Nunn 4. The Clergyman between the of State and Parish: 100 Contestation and Compromise in Reformation Saxony Jay Goodale 5. The Clergy and the Theological of the Age: The 120 Education of Lutheran Pastors in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Thomas Kaufmann 6. The Protestant Ministry and the Cultures of Rule: The 137 Reformed Zurich Clergy of the Sixteenth Century Bruce Gordon 7. Teaching the Reformation: The Clergy as Preachers, 156 Catechists, Authors and Teachers Ian 8. The French Pastorate: Confessional Identity and 176 Confessionalization in the Huguenot Minority, 1559–1685 Mark Greengrass Notes 196 Index 240

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1. Social origins of the clergy of Hildesheim, Danzig and Basel sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 7 2. Locations of study of the clergy of Hildesheim, Danzig and Basel sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 12 3. Career stages of the clergy of Hildesheim, Danzig and Basel sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 25 4. Age of clergy at commencement of first office of Hildesheim, Danzig and Basel sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 27

vii Notes on the Contributors

C. Scott Dixon is Senior Lecturer in European Studies at the Queen’s University of Belfast and lectures on British History at the University of Vienna. His publications include The Reformation and Rural . The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge, 1996), (editor) The German Reformation: The Essential Readings (Oxford, 1999), and The Reformation in (Oxford, 2002). He is presently completing a book on the of the European Reformation. Jay Goodale is Assistant Professor of History at Bucknell University. He has held visiting appointments at UCLA, the Max Planck Institute for History and the University of Erfurt. Professor Goodale has published several articles on the rural Reformation in journals and edited volumes, and is completing a book on how clerical–lay relations affected the reception and development of the Reformation in Saxony and Thuringia. Bruce Gordon is Reader in Modern History and Deputy Director of the Reformation Studies Institute at the University of St Andrews. His publications include The Swiss Reformation (Manchester, 2002); The Place of the Dead (with Peter Marshall) (Cambridge, 2000); and (editor) Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth-Century Europe (Aldershot, 1996). Ian Green is Professor of Early Modern History in the of History at the Queen’s University of Belfast. He is the author of many articles on the clergy and church, and of ‘The Christian’s ABC’: Catechisms and Catechizing in c. 1530–1730 (Oxford, 1996) and Print and in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2000). He is currently working on the last part of this trilogy, entitled Word, Image, and Ritual in Early Modern English Protestantism. Mark Greengrass works on the history of in the and Reformation. He has published on the French Reformation, the French of and the reign of Henri IV. He is currently com- pleting a monograph on ‘Governing Passions: the Reformation of the , 1576–1586’, which explores the yearning for fun- damental change generated by the religious wars of the later sixteenth

viii Notes on the Contributors ix century. He is the executive director of the ‘John Foxe Project’, which aims to produce a scholarly edition of his famous Elizabethan marty- rology and holds a personal chair in the Department of History at the University of Sheffield. Susan C. Karant-Nunn is Director of the Division for Late Medieval and Reformation Studies as well as Professor of History at the University of Arizona. Her monograph, The Reformation of Ritual: An Interpretation of Early Modern Germany (London, 1997), won the 1998 Roland H. Bainton Prize of the Sixteenth-Century Studies Conference. With Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks she has edited Luther on Women: A Sourcebook (Cambridge, 2003). She is writing a book on the and the emotions. Thomas Kaufmann is Professor of Church History in the Faculty of Theology at the Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany. Prior to this appointment he held a chair in the Faculty of Evangelical Theology at the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich (1996–2000). His publications include: Die Abendmahlstheologie der Straßburger Reformatoren bis 1529 (Tübingen, 1992); Universität und lutherische Konfessionalisierung (Gütersloh, 1997); Dreißigjähriger Krieg und Westfälischer Friede. Kirchengeschichtliche Studien zur lutherischer Konfessionskultur (Tübingen, 1998); Reformatoren (Göttingen, 1998); (editor) Evangelische Kirchenhistoriker im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Gütersloh, 2002); and Das Ende der Reformation. Magdeburgs ‘Herrgottskanzlei’ 1548–1551/2 (Tübingen, in press). His research interests lie in the area of church history and theology of the . R. Emmet McLaughlin is Associate Professor of History at Villanova University (USA). He is the author of Caspar Schwenckfeld, Reluctant Radical: His Life to 1540 (New Haven, 1986) and The Freedom of Spirit, Social Privilege, and Religious Dissent: Caspar Schwenckfeld and the Schwenckfelders (Baden-Baden, 1996). He has also published on the generally and the roots of the Reformation. Luise Schorn-Schütte is Professor of Modern History at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Her publi- cations include Evangelische Geistlichkeit in der Frühneuzeit. Deren Anteil an der Entfaltung frühmoderner Staatlichkeit und Gesellschaft (Gütersloh, 1996); Die Reformation: Vorgeschichte – Verlauf – Wirkung (München, 1996); and (editor with W. Sparn) Evangelische Pfarrer: zur sozialen und politischen Rolle einer bürgerlichen Gruppe in der deutschen Gesellschaft des x Notes on the Contributors

18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart, 1997). Her research interests lie in the area of political thought in the early modern period, Reformation history and theories of history. R.N. Swanson is Professor of Medieval Ecclesiastical History at the University of Birmingham, and has worked extensively on assorted aspects of European church history from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, with a concentration on England after the . His books include Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), Religion and Devotion in Europe, c.1215–c.1515 (Cambridge, 1995) and The Twelfth Century Renaissance (Manchester, 1999). He is currently completing a book on in pre-Reformation England.