150 Years of Plans, Geological Survey and Drilling for the Fréjus to Mont Blanc Tunnels Across the Alpine Chain: an Historical Review
Ital. J. Geosci., Vol. 140, No. 2 (2021), pp. 169-204, 13 figs. (https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2020.29) © Società Geologica Italiana, Roma 2021 150 years of plans, geological survey and drilling for the Fréjus to Mont Blanc tunnels across the Alpine chain: an historical review GIORGIO V. DAL PIAZ (1) & ALESSIO ARGENTIERI (2) ABSTRACT Geology and tunneling have close interactions and mutual benefits. Preventive geology allow to optimize the technical design, reduce Since Roman age, people living on both sides of the Alps had been costs and minimize bitter surprises. Conversely, systematic survey seeking different ‘north-west passages’, first overriding the mountains during excavation of deep tunnels has provided innovative data for and then moving under them. The first idea of a tunnel under the the advance of geosciences. Mont Blanc was envisaged by de Saussure in 1787. In the 19th century a growing railway network played a fundamental role for the Industrial Revolution, but was hampered for the southern countries KEY WORDS: history of geosciences, Fréjus and Mont Blanc, by the barrier of the Alps, so that modern transalpine railways became transalpine tunnels, Western and Central Alps. essential for the Reign of Sardinia. This paper presents an historical review of first suggestions, projects, field survey, failed attempts and successful drilling works across the Alps, from the Frejus (1871), San Gottardo (1882) and Simplon (1906) railway tunnels to the Grand INTRODUCTION St Bernard (1964) and Mont Blanc (1965) highway tunnels, relived within the advances of regional geology and mapping. The Fréjus tunnel was conceived by Medal, projected by Maus between Modane The ancient roads which ran from Rome to the and Bardonèche and approved by a ministerial commission, but it provinces of the Roman Empire formed a vast network was abandoned due to the insurrection of 1848.
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