Improving Livelihood and Doubling Income of Farmers of Kandhamal District of Odisha Research and Development Strategies

IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD AND DOUBLING INCOME OF FARMERS OF KANDHAMAL DISTRICT OF ODISHA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Department of Agricultural Research and Education Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India, New Delhi

Coordination Committee Chairman: Dr. H. Pathak, Director, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha Convener: Dr. S.S. Singh, Director, ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal

Citation Mishra D, Haldar A, Singh SS and Pathak H (2018) Improving livelihood and doubling income of farmers of Kandhamal district of Odisha: Research and development strategies. ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal and ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack, Odisha. P 42+vi.

Authors Dr. D. Mishra, Senior Scientist and Head, KVK, Kandhamal, Odisha Dr. A. Haldar, Principal Scientist, ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal Dr. S.S. Singh, Director, ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal Dr. H. Pathak, Director, ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha

Published by ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal and ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha

April, 2018

Disclaimer ICAR-ATARI, Zone-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal and ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha are not liable for any loss arising due to improper interpretation of the scientific information provided in the bulletin.

ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha

Acknowledgement

Kandhamal is a tribal district covering 5.15% of the geographical area of Odisha State. The district is bestowed with the beauty of nature. It has the lowest population density in the State. Out of 8,02,100 hectares geographical area of the district, 71% of land is under forest cover. The district has an agriculture-based economy. Food crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, forest produce and tourism are the mainstay of the economy in the district. However, farmers’ income remains low. Recently, the goal set to double farmers’ income by March 2022 is central to promote farmer’s livelihood security and farmers’ welfare in the country. The present plan document has been prepared to achieve the target of livelihood security and doubling the farmers’ income by March 2022 in Kandhamal district.

In the course of preparing the present plan document, the authors have received help and supports from different organizations and individuals. The authors are extremely grateful to eah one of them.

We take the opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. T. Mohapatra, Secretary (DARE) and Director General (ICAR) for his constant guidance and encouragement. We express heartfelt gratitude to Dr. A.K. Singh, Deputy Director General (Agriculture Extension), ICAR for his valuable advices and needful support.

Our sincere thanks and gratitude are due to the Vice-Chancellor, Deans and the faculties of OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha; the Directors and Scientists of different ICAR institutes situated in Odisha; the Directors and officers of various State and District line departments including Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries for their generous sharing of valuable thoughts and suggestions.

The authors highly appreciate the farmers of Kandhamal district for their vital information portrayed in this document. The contributions made by Dr. G.A.K. Kumar, Dr. B. Mandal, Mr. S.K. Sinha and all the staff of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal are duly acknowledged.

Authors

iii

iv Content

Sl. No. Title Page No. 1 Background Information of the District 1 2 Agro-Climatic Zone (ACZ) and Agro-Ecological Situation (AES) 6 2.1. Irrigation 6 2.2. Farming situations 7 2.3. Marketing 7 3 Overview of Agriculture and Allied Sector in the District 7 3.1. Agriculture production system 7 3.2. Horticulture production system 8 3.3. Livestock production system 9 3.4. Fishery production system 10 3.5. Natural Resource Management System 10 3.6. Agricultural Marketing System 10 4 Agriculture Support Services 10 4.1. Details of credit institutions in the District 10 4.2. District Income 11 5 SWOT analysis of the district 11 5.1. Strengh & weakness 11 5.2. Main thrust areas in Kandhamal district 14 6 AES specific issues and opportunities for development of different production 15 systems viz. Agriculture, Horticulture, Livestock, Fisheries and Natural Resources 6.1. Agriculture 15 6.2. Horticulture 17 6.3. Natural resources 21 6.4. Fisheries 23 7 Strategies for Development of Production Systems 24 7.1. Agriculture 24 7.2. Horticulture 25 7.3. Natural resource management system 26 7.4. Livestock 26 7.5. Fisheries 26 8 Strategies for development of Agri-Marketing System (AES specific) 27 8.1. Agriculture 27 8.2. Horticulture 28 8.3. Livestock 28 8.4. Fisheries 28 9 Action plan for doubling farmers’ income of KVK, Kandhamal (OUAT), Odisha 29 9.1. Basic information of the district 29 9.2. Major crops 29

v Sl. No. Title Page No. 10 Summary of modules for doubling farmers’ income 30 11 Doubling Farmers’ Income by Technological Interventions 37 12 Future Visions 41 .

List of tables

Sl. No. Title Page No. 1 Land utilisation of Kandhamal district. 3 2 Average rainfall, temperature and humidity of Kandhamal district on monthly basis 4 3 Demography of Kandhamal district. 5 4 Irrigation facility of Kandhamal district (Area in ha.). 6 5 Proposed marketing facilities (2015-16 & 2016-17). 7 6 Area, production and yield of major crops in irrigated/ rainfed conditions during kharif 8 season. 7 Area, production and yield of major crops in irrigated/rainfed conditions during rabi 8 season. 8 Livestock information of Kandhamal district (As per 2012 census). 9 9 Credit institutions in Kandhamal district. 10 Module 1. Name of the AES- Brown Forest, High rainfall (1300-1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 31 1000 m), Rainfed (AES-1). Module 2. Name of the AES- Brown Forest, High rainfall (1300-1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 32 1000 m), Rainfed (AES-1). Module 3. Name of the AES- Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Moderate 33 Irrigation (AES-2). Module 4. Name of the AES- Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Moderate 35 Irrigation (AES-2).

List of figures

Sl. No. Title Page No. 1 Kandhamal district map 1 2 Administrative setup of Kandhamal district 2 3 Land utilisation pattern of Kandhamal district 4 4 Male & female population in block wise manner in Kandhamal district 5 5 SC & ST population in block wise manner of Kandhamal district 6

vi IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD AND DOUBLING INCOME OF FARMERS OF KANDHAMAL DISTRICT OF ODISHA: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

1. Background Information of the District

“KANDHAMAL” district was created on 1st January‘ 1994 being separated from Boudh-Phulbani. It is recognized as a tribal district and bestowed with the beauty of nature. It has wild life, scenic beauty, healthy climate, and serpentine ghat roads for the tourists. It has attractions like panoramic coffee gardens, pine jungles, Ghats, hills and waterfalls, virgin forest and typical tribal village life. Most of the land area of the district is covered with dense forest and towering mountains which provides shelter to the inhabitants like Kondhas. The district is also famous for handicrafts such as Dokra, Terra Cotta, Cane and Bamboo works.

Fig 1. Kandhamal district map

Kandhamal District is located in the heart of Orissa stretching between 19°34’ & 20° 50' North latitude and 83° 30’ & 84° 48’ East longitude with an area of 8021 sq.km (8,02,100 ha). It is surrounded with Boudh district in the North, Rayagada district in the South, Ganjam & Nayagarh district in the East and Kalahandi district in the West. Kandhamal district comes under the North-Eastern Ghats Agro-Climatic Zone (Zone No. 5) of the state and the altitude ranges from 300 meters to 1100 meters from the Mean Sea level (MSL). Kandhamal District has Sub- tropical climate characterized by hot and dry summer, medium to high rainfall and prolonged cold and dry winter.

For better governance and development, Kandhamal District has two Sub-Divisions, 12 Tahasils, 12 Panchayat Samitis (CD Blocks), 153 Gram Panchayats, one Municipal Council, two Notified Area Councils. In addition to this Kandhamal has one Parliamentary Constituency, three Assembly Constituencies. As per Census- 2011 total population of the district is 7,31,952 (1.11% of Odisha's Population). The male population of the district is 3,59,401(49.1%), whereas female population is 3,72,551(50.9%). The population density of the district is 91 and sex ratio of the district is 1000:1037.

Fig 2. Administrative Setup of Kandhamal District

Out of 8,02,100 hectares geographical area of the district, 71% of land is under forest cover. Land under non- agricultural use constitutes 1.77%. Cultivable waste land, permanent pasture and land under miscellaneous tree crops and grooves each constituting 7.24%, where the land comes under current fallows during 2012-13 & 2013- 14 was 0.35%, which has decreased to 0.11% of the total land during 2014-15. Likewise, the net sown area during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 was 15.57%, which has increased to 15.81% of total land during the year 2014-15.

Table 1. Land utilisation of Kandhamal district.

(Area in hectares) Land Land under Net Gross Cropping Geographical Forest Under Cultivable Permanent miscellaneous Current Other Block sown cropped intensity area Non- waste pastures tree crops Area Fallows Fallows area area (%) agril. and groves Use Phulbani 54075 40548 790 1872 550 1309 40 275 7160 10524 147 Khajuripada 67679 49017 940 1165 1252 3065 63 582 10402 16239 156 Phiringia 106683 80525 760 2412 966 2678 114 560 15661 20859 133 G.Udayagiri 29143 19836 584 0 0 146 26 402 8149 12058 148 Tikabali 48663 34406 930 309 24 1100 173 459 11262 16130 143 Chakapad 49240 35781 525 1130 627 800 13 712 9652 14425 149 Raikia 60838 37834 320 1317 790 2580 122 547 13363 17519 131 K.Nuagaon 64989 49277 872 2010 350 1194 19 641 10626 15865 149 Daringbadi 94372 81770 522 0 175 610 117 430 10748 16310 152 Balliguda 68041 54007 338 1206 200 1560 33 430 9492 14796 156 Tumudibandha 67613 40131 1380 302 2450 2913 172 629 9903 15331 155 Kotagada 90764 47851 1142 2522 2695 15820 58 515 10422 15114 145 Total 802100 570983 9103 14245 10079 33775 950 6182 126840 185170 146 (District)

3 Forest area Land Utilisation Pattern of Kandhamal district Land under non‐agril use

Cultivable waste land

Permanent pastures

Land under miscellineous tree crops and grooves Current fallows

Other fallows

Net sown area

Fig 3. Land Utilisation Pattern of Kandhamal district

Table 2. Average rainfall, temperature and humidity of Kandhamal district on monthly basis.

Rainfall Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) Sl. No. Month No. of rainy Average rainfall Max Min Max Min days (mm) 1 January 0.9 10.6 27 12 94 64 2 February 2.0 29.7 32 12 89 47 3 March 2.1 28.0 36 14 78 33 4 April 2.8 35.7 38 20 73 43 5 May 4.5 67.8 38 24 71 42 6 June 10.0 207.9 29 21 91 87 7 July 15.8 325. 30 22 92 88 8 August 15.5 1 29 21 91 87 9 September 12.2 330.8 21 20 90 84 10 October 6.0 239.1 30 17 91 77 11 November 1.5 117.7 28 13 91 72 12 December 0.4 31.0 28 8 90 63 Total 73.7 1424.3 - - - -

Average rainfall in the district is 1424.3 mm in 73.7 rainy days. The temperature of the district varies from 8°C to 38°C and humidity ranges from 38 to 94%.

4 Table 3. Demography of Kandhamal district.

General Population (As per the 2011 Census) Villages No.Of No. Area Block Revenue of Male Female Total S.C. S.T. In- Un-in (ha.) habitated habitated Villages G.P.

Phulbani 216 9 225 54075 11 40698 39796 80494 18702 28918

Khajuripada 241 8 249 67679 13 21174 21386 42560 14214 20188

Phiringia 414 22 436 106683 20 43504 45659 89163 15637 51880 G.Udayagiri 77 6 83 29143 8 23509 25337 48846 8081 25741 Tikabali 129 15 144 48663 11 23744 24965 48709 8780 26059 Chakapad 156 15 171 49240 11 11320 11432 22752 5174 10253 Raikia 138 12 150 60838 10 25798 27032 52830 6444 29660 K.Nuagaon 177 36 213 64989 11 26710 27989 54699 7042 29942 Daringbadi 271 23 294 94372 24 48762 51267 100029 7605 61879 Balliguda 243 13 256 68041 14 47634 49450 97084 9207 50757

Tumudibandha 214 8 222 67613 9 23494 24550 48044 7869 29058

Kotagada 143 3 146 90764 11 23598 24302 47900 6789 28485

Total (District) 2419 170 2589 802100 153 359945 373165 733110 115544 392820

Fig 4. Male & Female population in block wise manner in Kandhamal district

Fig 5. SC & ST population in block wise manner of Kandhamal district

2. Agro-Climatic Zone (ACZ) and Agro-Ecological Situation (AES)

The Kandhamal district comes under ambit of North Eastern Ghat Zone. The climate of the district is sub tropical, characterized by hot & dry summer, sub-humid, medium to high rainfall, prolonged cold during winter. The average total rainfall of the district is 1424.3 mm distributed in 73.7 rainy days. Nearly 90% of rainfall is received by south-west monsoon. The temperature varies from 8°C to 38°C and humidity from 38% to 94%. There are two Agro-Ecological Situations, viz. (a) Brown Forest Soil, High rainfall (1300 to 1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 1000 m), Rainfed and (b) Red & Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100 to 1300 mm) and Moderate Irrigation.

2.1. Irrigation

Overall irrigation in Kandhamal district is 24.53% i.e. 31349 hectares which should be exploited for growing of the crops both in kharif and rabi.

Table 4. Irrigation facility of Kandhamal district (Area in ha.).

Tube/ Other Creek/ Tanks/ Open Lift Bore Medium Minor sources Major Total WHS Wells Irrigation Block Wells Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area Area Area Nos. Area Phulbani 77 571 444 178 91 182 41 820 0 106 8 740.07 873 0 661 3470 Khajuripada 70 440 648 259 89 178 34 668 1 1927 7 627.01 812 0 849 4911 Phiringia 49 443 622 249 64 128 75 1542 0 0 7 491.92 2212 0 817 5066 G.Udayagiri 49 554 310 124 0 0 12 252 0 0 5 706.78 128 0 376 1765 Tikabali 37 244 453 181 8 16 43 878 0 0 4 298.61 352 0 545 1970 Chakapad 89 526 402 161 35 70 32 644 0 0 6 924.63 127 0 564 2453 Raikia 97 538 297 119 12 24 18 368 0 0 7 378.18 334 0 431 1761 K.Nuagaon 48 339 245 98 17 34 34 684 0 0 8 1069.24 558 0 352 2782

6 Daringbadi 64 569 216 86 0 0 8 220 0 0 1 60.00 294 0 289 1229 Balliguda 69 570 610 244 22 44 52 1088 0 0 2 69.05 754 0 755 2769 Tumudibandha 49 259 395 158 0 0 52 1072 0 0 2 240.00 192 0 498 1921 Kotagada 34 229 286 114 0 0 23 480 0 0 1 280.00 150 0 344 1253 Total (District) 732 5282 4928 1971 338 676 424 8716 1 2033 58 5885.49 6786 0 6481 31349

2.2. Farming situations

Agro climatic Sl. No Agro ecological situation (AES) Block covered zone(ACZ) Brown Forest, High Rainfall (1300- Phulbani, Phiringia, 1 1500mm), High Elevation (500 to 1000 m), Baliguda,Tumudibandha, Kotagada, North Eastern Ghat Rain-fed (AES-1) Daringbadi and K.Nuagaon Zone Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate Rainfall Chakapad, Tikabali, G.Udayagiri, 2 (1100-1300 mm), Moderate Irrigation Khajuripada and Raikia (AES-2)

2.3. Marketing

One main market at Phulbani and submarket at Khajuripada should be constructed. At 12 block points, 12 nos of main market and at rest, 141 GP points sub markets should be established to provide platform to the rural farmers/ artisans to sell their goods / commodities/produces as to enhance production, increase agriculture/ allied sector growth.

Table 5. Proposed marketing facilities (2015-16 & 2016-17).

Number Item Investment Main Sub (in lakhs) Daily Market 12 141 7500

3. Overview of Agriculture and Allied Sector in the District

3.1. Agriculture production system

Kharif is the main cropping season in Kandhamal district and Paddy is the principal crop which occupies 39% of the total cultivated area of 127790 ha of land. Besides that, the other major crops like Maize, Arhar, Groundnut and Niger are grown in the 76% upland of the district. Agriculture production efficiency depends on seven basic inputs which lead to have a bumper harvest. These are seeds, fertiliser, pesticides, irrigation, farm implements, credit& technology.

7 Table 6. Area, production and yield of major crops in irrigated/ rainfed conditions during kharif Season.

(Dist . Area (ha) Production (q) Yield (q/ha) Crops Figure) Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated Rainfed Average Paddy 17972 35.94 32028 64.06 50000 548146 38.06 891980 61.94 1440126 30.50 27.85 28.80

Maize 3625 21.36 13345 79.64 16970 55100 24.68 168147 75.32 223247 15.20 12.60 13.15

Arhar - - 4645 100 4645 - - 44638 100 44638 - 9.61 9.61

G.Nut 72 4.36 1578 95.64 1650 1307 4.74 26274 95.26 275881 18.15 16.65 16.72

Source: DDA, Kandhamal

The crops like paddy covers 17972 ha, maize 3625 ha and groundnut 72 ha under irrigated condition, where as paddy covers 32028 ha, maize 13345 ha, arhar 4645 ha and groundnut 1578 ha under rainfed condition. The total production of paddy, maize, arhar and groundnut are 1440126 q, 223247 q, 44638 q and 275881 q, respectively during kharif season in the district. The average productivity of paddy, maize, arhar and groundnut are 28.8, 13.15, 9.61 and 16.72 q/ha, respectively. To overcome the situation like drought and disease pest attack etc. diversification from un-remunerative crops like upland Paddy to more remunerative crops like hybrid maize, pulse, vegetables, oilseeds and spices crops during kharif may be encouraged.

Table 7. Area, production and yield of major crops in irrigated/rainfed conditions during rabi season.

(Dist . Area (ha) Production (q) Yield (q/ha) Crops Figure) Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated Rainfed Average Paddy 620 100 0 0 620 20553 100 0 0 20553 33.15 0 33.15

Maize 130 100 0 0 130 1990 100 0 0 1990 15.31 0 15.31

17675 Mustard 495 2.72 (Residual 97.28 18170 1970 4.36 43127 95.63 45097 3.98 2.44 3.21 Moisture)

O.Vegetable 4250 92.75 332 7.25 4582 426700 92.79 33134 7.21 459834 100.40 99.80 100.36 Source: DDA, Kandhamal

Cropping programme during rabi season is mainly confined to irrigated areas and areas having residual soil moisture. The irrigation potential of the district during rabi is 9252 ha i.e. 24.24% of total cultivated area. The crops such as mustard and pulses are grown to maximum extent with available soil moisture. whereas, crops like paddy, sunflower, potato, vegetables, onion, chilli etc. are grown in irrigated area.

During rabi season the proportion of area producing vegetables is increased significantly. In Rabi season, most of the irrigated land is used for vegetable production. The total production of vegetables is around 459834 q in the district. However, the average productivity (q/ha) of paddy, maize, mustard and vegetables are 33.15, 15.31, 3.21 and 100.36, respectively.

3.2. Horticulture production system

The major horticultural crops in Kandhamal district are mango, banana, citrus, brinjal, cauliflower cabbage, tomato, turmeric and ginger in the district. the maximum area coverage is for turmeric and mango. For these crops maximum area are irrigated for brinjal, cauliflower, tomato and cabbage, whereas maximum rainfed area covered for mango, turmeric and ginger. The average productivity of major horticultural crops is 15 to 30 t/ha in the district.

8 3.3. Livestock production system

Table 8. Livestock information of Kandhamal district (As per 2012 census).

Area under Cattle (Nos.) Buffaloes (Nos) Sheep (No.) Goats (No.) Poultry (Nos) Fodders (ha) Sr. Block Cock Hen Chicken Total No. Grazing Cross Impro–Indige– Indig Fodder Indige- Improv Indigenous Impro land bred Total Total ved nous Total enous Total Deshi Imp Deshi Imp Deshi Imp crops nous ed ved 1 Phulbani 0 3676.40 543 22169 22712 0 3209 3209 15 379 394 0 20644 20644 4525 1578 8636 1551 9725 1404 27419

2 Phiringia 0 2906.09 74 48984 49058 0 6935 6935 3 2393 2396 0 44831 44831 12552 369 17644 517 33021 1409 65512

3 Khajuripada 0 1547.07 168 29007 29175 0 6376 6376 0 434 434 0 27886 27886 5376 78 9580 85 14947 185 30251

4 Balliguda 0 12360.82 335 27254 27589 0 7298 7298 0 278 278 0 27952 27952 8325 118 14012 216 22532 178 45381

5 Chakapad 0 3151.91 324 34748 35072 0 5399 5399 2 1969 1971 0 24528 24528 4234 928 8531 1570 17206 3367 35836

6 Daringbadi 0 5318.24 171 50166 50287 0 4774 4774 0 107 107 0 30045 30045 10229 210 13675 535 24571 123 49343

7 G.Udayagiri 0 1910.54 178 10850 11028 0 1521 1521 0 43 43 0 5770 5770 1530 39 2531 118 8834 1132 14184

8 Kotagarh 0 2740.92 37 26114 26151 0 5993 5993 26 1533 1559 0 15368 15368 6173 60 6175 64 12841 24 25357

9 K. Nuagaon 0 5991.25 127 21266 21393 0 5426 5426 0 93 93 0 13089 13089 4035 307 7512 696 10261 454 23265

10 Raikia 0 2820.01 55 21280 21335 0 2273 2273 0 23 23 0 9775 9775 3155 630 5835 1451 11393 516 22980

11 Tikabali 0 2663.42 274 17431 17705 0 3511 3511 0 38 38 0 11141 11141 2407 747 5724 928 8741 117 18664

12 Tumudibandha 0 5505.08 71 21439 21510 0 7277 7277 3 763 766 0 16986 16986 6648 1410 6725 834 10260 269 26146

TOTAL 0 50591.75 2307 330708 333015 0 59992 59992 49 8053 8102 0 248015 248015 69189 6474106580 8585 184332 9178384338

9 Out of the he total cattle population of Kandhamal district (333015), most of them are predominately indigenous (99%). All the available buffalo (59992) and goat (248015) population are indigenous but some improved sheep population (0.6%). The total poultry population is 384338, however, the improved poultry population is very marginal. The livestock and poultry keepers are landless and marginal farmers. So, more families should be encouraged for poultry farming. The SC/ST/women should be encouraged for poultry farming. Training, capacity building and exposure programmes should be encouraged among the farmers. 3.4. Fishery production system

In Kandhamal district, 772 inland pond units are available in which Indian major carps (IMC) are cultured yielding 20.34 q/ha. There is one reservoir in Khajuripada block where mostly Catla, Rohu and Mrigal are cultured. Proper management should be taken to reduce the gap in the yield. Special SHG, Primary Fisherman Co- operative Society (PFCS) and private entrepreneur should be encouraged commercially to go for fish production.

3.5. Natural Resource Management System

Land, water, forest and minerals and bio-diversity are natural resources of the Kandhamal district which has been gradually degraded.

3.6. Agricultural Marketing System

• Due to poor socio-economic condition of the tribal farmers, marketed surplus often exceeds marketable surplus. • Exploitation of village money lenders, middle men and exchange of commodities in the barter system are found in the district. • Basically agricultural products like vegetables, turmeric, ginger, forest products, livestock, fish etc. are sold in the local market. • Unregulated weight and measures, lack of grading and standardisation, lack of storage facility, lack of farm organisation are the key features of the existing market system in the district. • As agricultural marketing plays an important and crucial roll in agricultural development and market accessibility of farmers and market information are very sensitive issues. For appropriate marketing intervention, study of existing marketing is required. • So strategy may be initiated to go for local market, daily retail market, weakly market and sub market for better dispose of produces of farmers of Kandhamal district.

4. Agriculture Support Services

4.1. Details of Credit Institutions in the District

Table 9. Credit institutions in Kandhamal district.

No. of institutions Name of Sr. No. Commercial Total Block RRBs Cooperative PACS Others Banks 1 Baliguda 5 1 1 2 9 2 Chakapad 3 - - 2 - 5 3 Daringibadi 5 2 - 2 - 9

10 No. of institutions Name of Sr. No. Commercial Total Block RRBs Cooperative PACS Others Banks 4 G.uadayagiri 3 1 1 2 - 7 5 K.nuagaon 2 - - 3 - 5 6 Khajuripada 1 1 - 2 - 4 7 Kotgarh 1 1 - 1 - 3 8 Phiringia 3 1 - 3 - 7 9 Phulbani 19 1 2 1 - 23 10 Raikia 2 1 1 2 - 6 11 Tikabali 3 1 1 2 - 7 12 Tumudibandha 1 2 - 2 - 5 Total 48 12 6 24 90

The credit institutions of Kandhamal district are involved in multitasking activity i.e. input supply and supply of loans to farmers. The credit should be release in time before onset of cropping season so as to enable farmer for better production. In the district there are 48 commercial banks, 12 RRBs, six co-operative and 24 PACs are available.

4.2. District Income

Kandhamal has an agriculture based economy and agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, forest produce trading and tourism are the mainstay of the economy. Urban population is negligible and the district covers 5.15% of the geographical area of state. It has the lowest population density and is inhabited by tribes. The district is major producer of ginger, turmeric and has created a name for itself in India for spice cultivation. It contributes to states economy through production of cups and plates made by Sal leaves.

5. SWOT analysis of the district

5.1. Strengh & weakness

5.1.1. Agriculture

Strength

• The soil and climate is very suitable for agricultural crops in the district as 75% of land are coming under high land. The non-paddy crops like Maize, Pulses, Oilseeds, Tuber crops, Vegetables and Spices can be taken up successfully. • As this district is having forest land of 2,68,337 ha (35.08%) of total geographical area which adds more organic carbon and organic residues to the soil which provides large scope for organic farming in the district. • The large network of the streams and nallahs i.e. 6786 ha can be exploited to augment protective irrigation potential. • Soil and water conservation structures such as Nallah bund, Graded bund, Bench terracing, Farm pond can be constructed to utilise natural resources.

11 • Large scale minor forest produces with tremendous scope for adding organic matter to the soil which encourages to take more remunerative crops to the upland. • Large number of human resource i.e., BLTAs, BTMs, Krushak Sathis, VAWs, AOs and agricultural officers can be exploited for implementation of schemes and programmes. • More numbers of tractors, power tillers, diesel pumpsets, sprinklers and spayers etc. have been supplied to the farmers of the Kandhamal district under various schemes which can be utilised for better production of agriculture.

Weakness

• Low literacy and abject poverty. • Stray cattle menance. • Small, undulated and fragmented land holding. • More than 70% of the soil is acidic in nature. • Lack of railway network. • Lack of industrial infrastructure.

5.1.2. Horticulture

Strength

• The soil and climate is very suitable for every agro-horticultural activity. • The large network of streams and nallahs can be exploited to take up horticultural activity • Five to six large nurseries are available in the district for sufficient production of planting materials. • Horticulture Training Institute (HTI) is located in G. Udayagiri to impart training for skill development. • One KASAM institute in the district having 12000 members to go for organic farming in the district. • Under National Horticulture Mission, 4000 ha organic farming has been taken up which may be facilitated for organic produce. • During last 4 to 5 years more than 10000 ha of Mango plantation has been taken up under NREGS in the district, which is a base for future small scale industry. • 50000 sqm. of shednet house has been created in the district for year round cultivation of horticultural crops in the district.

Weakness

• Poor economic condition of the farmers. • Stray cattle menance. • In-adequate irrigation facilities. • Lack of manpower. • Small and fragmented land holdings. • Ignorance of possession of their own land holding. • Poor marketing facilities for the horticultural produce. • Lack of storage godown, cold storage and processing unit. • Poor financial assistance by the Nationalised Banks and other financial institutions.

12 Kandhamal is a hidden treasure of organic spices. KASAM has taken up systematic steps for certification of the area. In each SDS record, like land records, input record and production records for each individual member is maintained every year

Apart from export, KASAM has taken steps to provide organic turmeric powder to domestic customers in consumer packs in collaboration with OMFED, Odisha. Apart from turmeric, organic ginger slices, powder, mustard and tamarind are also sold by KASAM.

Turmeric, Ginger are two most important spices crops grown in the state, specifically by the tribals. Turmeric is a cash crop grown by Kondha tribes of Kandhamal district and Langi Kondha of Gajapati district. The crop is grown with organic manures without any chemical fertilisers by the tribals by their indigenous methods of crop production. It has now attracted the attention of foreign markets. The production of these crops is being increased by integrating indigenous and modern technology. Improved varieties like roma, surama, lacdone, ranga, rasmi are being introduced and the produces are hygienically processed by adopting improved technology.

Demand for flowers is also growing rapidly in the state. Though floriculture in the state is in infant stage, an increasing trend in cultivation of flowers is marked. Marigold, tuberose, gladiolus, jasmine, chrysanthemum, lotus and chhampa are important flowers grown throughout the state, specifically around the townships. The state still depends largely on neighbouring states as far as its demand is concerned. Kewda flowers mostly collected from Ganjam district are very famous for extraction of essential oil.

The paddy and turmeric are the most common commodity processing units in the market area. However, no cold storage is available though daily dispatches to outside markets are 12 MT & 14 MT during the off-season and peak period, respectively. The unit quotation price is very less in each commodity which needs to be increased. The marketing time functioning is in between 9 AM to 5 PM on cash payment basis. This may lead to transactional disputes so it may be converted to cashless transaction.

5.1.3. Livestock

Goatery: The local goat breed of Kandhamal is Baiganfulia, which is similar to Black Bengal goat. The meat of the goat is recognized in Odisha as Kandhamal Khasi Meat which is palatable. The goat usually give twin and sometimes triplet births. About 20000 and more farmers maintain their livelihood through goat farming.

Poultry: The tribal people of the district are rearing indigenous poultry bird and the strength is about 4 lakhs birds in the district. The birds lay less number of eggs and ignorance of the farmer led to high mortality rate due to viral diseases like Ranikhet disease. So it needs capacity building, training and exposure and promotes the poultry production through colour bird rearing for improvement of socio-economic status of the tribal farmer.

5.1.4. Fisheries

The Kandhamal district is covered by 71% forest & hilly area, the rainwater goes downward that led to the huge scarcity of water. Pisciculture activity is not practiced intensively at village level. Some of the areas having inland water resources i.e. private tanks, gp tanks/community tanks, MIPs, LIPs, reservoirs which offer the scope of pisciculture and could be a viable source of income for individuals as well as for the community in the long run, if appropriate measures taken for storage of water throughout the year. The rural people of this district are interested in digging of ponds and fish culture.

Strength • General: Large forest cover (71%), forest produce, handicrafts, several tourist attraction, ecotourism spots, low density of population, free from pollution, willingness of community and PRI to accept development initiatives.

• Agriculture and allied Sector: Favourable Agro-climate with prolonged cool weather, suitable for horticulture and spices, vegetables, large network of streams and nallahs, rich indigenous agrarian tradition, organic farming culture. Weakness

• General: large-scale poverty (78% BPL), Low literacy (52%), Female literacy still lower (36%), sparse communication facility, low entrepreneurship skills. Inadequate health infrastructure, limited value addition to NTFP, no possibility of large industries.

• Agriculture and allied Sector: Small fragmented holding, traditional seeds, low fertilizer use (6 kg/ha), inadequate marketing facility, poor post-harvest and processing facility.

Opportunity

• General: Youth force and active SHGs in villages, NTFP trading and availability, tourism potential, promotion as cultural, adventure and eco tourism hotspot.

• Agriculture and allied sector: rain water management, high value crops, horticulture, medicinal plants, condiments & spices, vegetables, tree borne oilseeds, ARD and fishery.

Threat

• General: Abject poverty and deprivation, health hazards, poor road and rail network, inadequate health care facility, naxal and caste-community conflicts, law and order situation.

• Agriculture and allied sector: Sloppy uplands (71%), high uncontrolled runoff, hostile undulating terrain, exploitation of primary producer, turmeric and ginger being controlled by select middle men.

5.2. Main Thrust Areas in Kandhamal District

Sl. No. Major Thrust Areas 1 Soil health & fertility management 2 Non-land enterprises 3 Soil and water conservation 4 Crop substitution & cropping system 5 Low cost production techniques 6 Weed management 7 Pest & disease management 8 Marketing awareness 9 Dryland farming 10 Fruit & vegetable cultivation 11 Backyard poultry rearing 12 Processing and value addition of fruits, vegetables, spices and forest produces

14 6. AES specific issues and opportunities for development of different production systems viz. Agriculture, Horticulture, Livestock, Fisheries and Natural resources 6.1. Agriculture

6.1.1. Management of Technologies:

Issues • Lack of awareness due to low literacy and poor access to technology. • Predominance of small and marginal farmers creating hindrance for farm mechanisation. • Poor seed replacement rate (SRR). • Late adoption of modern technologies. • Lack of skill on value addition and processing of agricultural and allied sector produce

Opportunities • Seed replacement rate (SRR) may be enhanced through promotion of new technology. • Use of soil test based recommended fertilizer. • IPM, INM, IWM may be enhanced. • Skill development programme may be taken up for the SHG.

6.1.2. Management of Inputs

Issues • Timely supply of inputs as desired by the farmers. • Supply of variety as per the demand of the farmers. • Low fertilizer consumption. • Non availability of bio-fertilizer production unit.

Opportunities • Initiation of seed village programme. • Production of organic inputs at farmer’s level. • Promotion of soil testing through progressive farmers to create awareness. • Initiative may be taken for distribution of the certified seeds among all the farmers produced by them.

6.1.3. Management of Markets

Issues • Involvement of the middle men exploiting poor farmers. • Non availability of sub market at Block level.

15 • Distress sale of horticultural produce due to non-availability of daily retail market and weekly market at GP level. • Lack of processing unit for perishable agricultural produce. • Lack of cold storage and pack house. • Lack of marketing facility of sericultural produce at district level for open auction sale.

Opportunities • Establishment of daily retail market and weekly market at GP level. • Establishment of cold storage and processing unit at Block level. • Provision of mobile refrigerated van for transportation of perishable commodity. • Minimum support price to be fixed for each crop. • Infrastructure to be formed for communication of market intelligence among the farmers well in advance. • Formation of farmer’s federation for marketing of Sericultural produce. • Formation of farmer’s producer group with the assistance of NABARD

6.1.4. Management of Services

Issues • Lack of well equipped training centre at Block level for knowledge upgradation of the farming communities. • Non-availability of Agri-Clinics at GP level. • Non-availability of Mobile Diagnostic Unit. • Poor transportation and communication availability at village and GP level. • Non availability of soil testing laboratory at Block level. • Stray cattle menace.

Opportunities • Establishment of well equipped training centre and Agri-Clinics at GP and Block level. • Transportation and well communication may be enhanced. • Provision may be taken for establishment of Soil Testing Laboratory, Agro-Clinic and Mobile Diagnostic Unit at Block level. • Kisan Mobile Service (KMS) may be strengthened. • Internet Kiosks centres may be installed at GP level. • Establishment of Kisan Call Centre (KCC) with 24 hours of service to the farmers at district level. • Construction of community cow-shed at village level.

16 6.1.5. Management of Infrastructures

Issue • Non-availability of market yard and soil testing laboratories at Block level. • Non-availability of storage godown at GP level. • Lack of cold storage and processing unit for agricultural produce. • Lack of micro nutrient analysis laboratories at KVK and district headquarters. • Lack of seed processing unit and bio-fertilizer production unit. • Lack of well equipped training centre at GP level. • Lack of processing and value addition unit at KVK, Kandhamal

Opportunities • Provision may be made for construction of cold storage and processing unit such as dal processing unit, rubber roll sheller for scented rice, oil extraction mill, power operated maize sheller, mushroom processing unit etc. for agricultural produce. • Establishment of micro nutrient analysis laboratories at KVK level along with seed processing unit and bio-fertilizer production unit at district level. • Promotion of vermi-compost production unit with vermi hatchery. • Establishment of Agro-Service Centre at GP level. • Establishment of Agri-Museum at KVK, Kandhamal. • Establishment of well equipped processing and value addition unit at KVK, Kandhamal.

6.2. Horticulture

6.2.1. Management of Technologies

Issues • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to the accounts of the beneficiary yet not adopted. • Lack of awareness due to low literacy and poor access to technology. • Predominance of small and marginal farmers creating hindrance for farm mechanisation. • Late adoption of modern technologies. • Lack of skill on value addition and processing of agricultural and allied sector produce

Opportunities • Promotion of hybrid planting materials may be enhanced through dissemination of new technology. • Use of soil test based recommended fertilizer. • IPM, INM, IWM may be enhanced. • Skill development programme may be taken up for the SHG. • Promotion of community based nursery at GP level. • Promotion of off-season vegetables cultivation. • Promotion of organic spices and vegetables production.

17 6.2.2. Management of Inputs

Issues • Timely supply of inputs as desired by the farmers. • Supply of variety as per the demand of the farmers. • Low fertilizer consumption. • Non-availability of bio-fertilizer production unit.

Opportunities • Initiation of community nursery at GP level. • Production of organic inputs at farmer’s level. • Promotion of soil testing through progressive farmers to create awareness. • Initiative may be taken for distribution of sufficient quality planting materials to the farmers. • Emphasis should be given to LAMPCS/ PACS for providing horticultural inputs.

6.2.3. Management of Markets

Issues • Distress sale and fluctuation in market price of the spices. • Involvement of the middle man exploiting poor farmers. • Non-availability of sub market at Block level. • Distress sale of horticultural produce due to non availability of daily retail market and weekly market at GP level. • Lack of processing unit for perishable horticultural produce. • Lack of cold storage and pack house.

Opportunities • Minimum support price for spices may be fixed. • Establishment of daily retail market and weekly market at GP level. • Establishment of cold storage and processing unit at Block level. • Provision of mobile refrigerated van for transportation of perishable commodity. • Minimum support price to be fixed for each crop. • Infrastructure to be formed for communication of market intelligence among the farmers well in advance. • Formation of farmer’s producer group with the assistance of NABARD.

18 6.2.4. Management of Services

Issues • Lack of well equipped training centre at Block level for knowledge upgradation of the farming communities. • Poor transportation and communication availability at village and GP level. • Stray Cattle Menace.

Opportunities • Transportation and well communication may be enhanced. • Kisan Mobile Service (KMS) may be strengthened. • Internet Kiosks centres may be installed at GP level. • Establishment of Kisan Call Centre (KCC) with 24 hours of service to the farmers at district level. • Construction of community cow-shed at village level.

6.2.5. Management of Infrastructures

Issue • Non availability of storage go down at GP level. • Lack of cold storage and processing unit for horticultural produce. • Lack of seed processing unit and bio-fertilizer production unit. • Lack of well equipped training centre at GP level.

Opportunities • Promotion of vermi-compost production unit with vermi hatchery. • Establishment of Agro-Service Centre at GP level. • Promotion of micro-irrigation system • Promotion of excavation of farm ponds/dug well through MGNREGA scheme.

6.2.6. Management of Technologies

Issues • Emphasis should be given on more Veterinary Service Institutions at GP level • Emphasis should be given on more Training Centre at Block level • Emphasis should be given on more manpower in the district • Emphasis should be given on more technology dissemination in entire district • Emphasis should be given on more awareness among the people in entire district

19 Opportunities • Favourable agro-climatic conditions like huge vegetations for veterinary activities like diary, poultry and goatery production. • Two National Highways i.e. Ranchi-Vijayawada Corridor and Raipur-Gopalpur Corridorare running through the district provide good marketing facilities. • Availability of advanced technologies like artificial insemination, a goat breeding farm in 17 acres of land, infrastructure of OMFED, two poultry hatchery, one well equipped laboratory, two sub-divisional veterinary hospitals.

6.2.7. Management of Inputs

Issues • More than 90% of veterinary institutions are not provided with electrification, water facilities, boundary wall and office building & quarters for staff. So that, local public encroaches the land and the staffs are not interested to serve in the district. • There is no electricity, so it is difficult to maintain the cold chain for immunisation programme. • As there is no water facility, fodder demonstration is not possible for dairy and other livestock development. • No modern and hygienic meat processing plants are available along with value addition and marketing. • No cold storage and milk union in the district is available.

Opportunities • Tapping of unused land & water to promote livestock and fodder farming. • Activating women SHG and farmers group. • Favourable agro-climatic condition for dairy, poultry and goatery farming.

6.2.8. Management of Markets

Issues • The OMFED, OPOLOFED, JK Trust and BAIF Organisation are not available in the district. • No farmers’ co-operative societies for goatery, dairy and poultry is available in the district.

Opportunities • The OMFED, OPOLOFED, JK Trust and BAIF Organisation to be promoted in the district for dairy development. • Farmers co-operative societies for goatery, dairy and poultry to be established in the district.

20 6.2.9. Management of Services

Issues • Inadequate staffs. • Inadequate infrastructure.

Opportunity • Special emphasis has been given by Govt. of Odisha for improvement of Kandhamal district.

6.2.10. Management of Infrastructures

Issue • Inadequate infrastructure.

Opportunity • Special importance should be given.

6.3. Natural resources

6.3.1. Management of Technologies

Issues • Undulated topography. • Loss of runoff water. • Un-bounded and sloppy lands thereby causing soil erosion. • Lack of awareness due to low literacy and poor access to technology. • Sustainable issues on soil and water conservation.

Opportunities • Un-bounded lands may be bunded to restrict surface flow water. • Promotion of graded bounding, contour bounding, terracing, bench terracing, field bounding. • Harvesting of runoff water by constructing water harvesting structure/ check dams. • Capacity building and awareness programmes may be taken up for better access of technology. • Construction of farm pond.

6.3.2. Management of Inputs

Issue • Inadequate funds.

Opportunity • Provision of sufficient financial assistance.

6.3.3. Management of Markets

Issue • Lack of marketing facility for non-timber forest produce.

Opportunities • Scope for large scale coffee plantation by the farmers. • Scope for large scale plantation of hill broom. • Black pepper plantation may be encouraged. • Scope for intercropping of shade loving crop like turmeric, ginger, colocasia and pineapple.

6.3.4. Management of Services

Issues • Lack of manpower. • Lack of well equipped training centre at Block level for knowledge upgradation of the farming communities.

Opportunities • Skill up gradation to the farmers regarding non-timber forest products (NTFP). • Promotion of agro-forestry, agri-horti-silvi pasture, IFS model.

6.3.5. Management of Infrastructures

Issues • Inadequate infrastructure. • Non availability of storage godown at GP level. • Lack of processing unit for NTFP. Opportunities • Series of shrunken structure/ percolation tank/ farm pond/ WHS may be taken up from top to bottom approach for conservation of runoff water. • Drainage line treatments may be adopted.

22 6.4. Fisheries

6.4.1. Management of Technology

Issues • Inadequate water bodies in the district. • Inadequate field functionaries to monitor the schemes. • Lack of training centre at block & district level. • Lack of hatchery unit for supply of quality fish seed.

Opportunities • Tapping of huge unutilised ground water and surface flow water. • Activation of women SHG under Mission Shakti. • Impart training to Primary Fishermen Co-operative Societies (PFCS) members on modern technology for scientific pisciculture. • Potential for development of pisciculture due to favourable agro-climatic condition.

6.4.2. Management of Inputs

Issues • Locally fingerlings or yearlings are not available. • Departmental transportation facility is not available at district level. • Lack of manpower for distribution and management of inputs.

Opportunities • Renovation of old hatchery. • Opening of Aqua shop. • Provision of transportation facility may be made.

6.4.3. Management of Markets

Issue • No infrastructure for marketing.

Opportunity • Two nos of National Highways i.e. Ranchi-Vijayawada Corridor and Raipur-Gopalpur Corridor are running through the district which provides good marketing facilities.

23 6.4.4. Management of Services

Issues • Inadequate manpower. • Lack of training centres. • No conveyance facilities.

Opportunities • Skill upgradation. • Creation of perennial water bodies. • Training centres may be established at district level for capacity building. • Financial assistance may be arranged for conveyance facilities.

6.4.5. Management of Infrastructures

Issues • Inadequate financial assistant for existing infrastructure. • Inadequate manpower for the existing infrastructure. • Inadequate perennial water bodies. • Insufficient provision of leasing of the water bodies.

Opportunities • Expansion of water bodies. • Renovation of existing water bodies. • Provision to be made for leasing of the water bodies. • Provision should be made for supply of water testing kits, pump sets, transportation taxi, ice box, establishment of fish feed mill for improvement of fish production.

7. Strategies for Development of Production Systems

7.1. Agriculture

7.1.1. Agriculture Production System • Stray cattle menace should be avoided by constructing community cowshed at village level. • Increasing use of location specific high yielding & hybrid seeds and cultivation of short duration crops. • Creating awareness and confidence among the farmers for crop diversification from paddy to more remunerative non-paddy crops in uplands. • Encouraging cultivation of pulses and oilseeds as mixed cropping in the rainfed farming system to avoid crop failure during drought and flood like situation.

24 • Timely pre-positioning of the inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, tools-implements in adequate quantities. • Encouraging farm mechanisation to reduce human drudgery and cost of production by providing subsidy to the farmers. • To increase the fertilizer consumption from 6.86 to 16.61 kg/ha. • Creating awareness among the farmers for soil testing and application of soil test based fertilizer to maintain soil health for higher production. • Greater emphasis may be given for amelioration of acid soils for higher crop productivity. • IPM has been enshrined as a cardinal principle for plant protection over crop production. • Thrust on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approach should be emphasised for sustainable production. • Integrated Weed Management (IWM) should be emphasised for increasing production in agriculture and horticulture crops. • Expansion of irrigation potential by increasing captive irrigation resources. • To disseminate the latest crop production technology at the door steps of farmers through effective extension techniques and educating farmers through field demonstration and training. • Promotion of organic farming by use of vermi-compost, green manuring, bio-fertilizer and other organic inputs. • To encourage the farmers to avail agricultural credit for remunerative crops.

7.2. Horticulture

7.2.1. Horticulture Production System • Stray cattle menace should be avoided by constructing community cowshed at village level. • Increasing use of location specific high yielding & hybrid planting materials and cultivation of more remunerative fruit crops. • Timely pre-positioning of the inputs like planting material, fertilizer, pesticides, tools/implements in adequate quantities. • Encouraging farm mechanisation to reduce human drudgery and cost of production by providing subsidy to the farmers. • Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE) should be increased for horticultural crop productivity. • Emphasis should be given for IPM in horticultural crop production. • Thrust on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approach should be emphasised for sustainable production. • Protected cultivation should be encouraged. • To disseminate the latest crop production technology at the door steps of farmers through effective extension techniques and educating farmers through field demonstration and training. • Promotion of organic farming by use of vermi-compost, green manuring, bio-fertilizer and other organic inputs.

25 7.3. Natural Resource Management System

• Developing wastelands/ degraded lands, drought prone areas on watershed basis keeping in view the capability of land, site condition and local needs. • Promotion of overall economic development and improving the socio-economic condition of the rural poor such as women SHG and user groups of the projects. • Mitigating the adverse effects of erratic climatic condition such as drought and diversification of crops, human and livestock population of their overall improvement. • Restoring ecological balance by harnessing conserving and developing natural resource i.e. land, water, vegetative cover etc. • Encourage village community for; o Sustained community action for the operation and maintenance of assets created. o Simple easy and affordable solutions and institutional arrangements that make use of and build upon local technical knowledge and available materials. • Employment generation, poverty alleviation community empowerment and development of human and other economic resources of human and other economic resource of the village. • Convergence of the different govt. schemes such as MGNREGS, NHM etc. for livelihood support and land based programme for the rural farmers.

7.4. Livestock

7.4.1. Livestock Production System • Promotion of cross breeding through artificial insemination and selective breeding in natural service. • Proper treatment and diagnosis system • Promotion of better feeding and housing • Awareness programme for farmers for vaccination

7.5. Fisheries

7.5.1. Fisheries Production System • To boost fish production of the district by increasing feasible water bodies as well as by implementation of scientific method of pisciculture in private and G.P. tanks, MIPs and reservoirs. • To produce disease free pure quality fish seed and to provide them to fish farmers at reasonable rate. • To develop unutilized water logging, derelict water bodies or low productive, low lying land into a cultivable status by excavation/renovation providing technical assistance through bankable scheme with subsidy under FFDA/ NFDB for promotion of pisciculture in the district. • To motivate/train the unemployed youth/ fish farmers/entrepreneurs/ PFCS members towards scientific method of pisciculture that provides self employment to the unemployed, through suitable awareness camp, training and exposure visit and also by providing subsidy. • To strengthen the rural women organizations such as SHGs providing gainful employment through pisciculture in GP tanks. • To strengthen traditional fish farmers through adoption of intensive/ composite/ integrated fish farming.

26 • To strengthen the traditional fishermen with advanced method of fish catching from rivers, canals, MIPs, reservoirs etc. by providing fishing equipments i.e. boat and net through bank linkage with subsidy under different schemes. • To stimulate entrepreneurship in fisheries sector for establishment of hatchery and production of quality seed, establishment of fish feed unit, one stop aqua shop to provide critical inputs for scientific pisciculture. • To provide insurance coverage among fishermen community by implementing Janashree Bima Yojana, Group Accident Insurance Scheme for their future social security.

8. Strategies for development of Agri-Marketing System (AES specific)

8.1. Agriculture

8.1.1. Agriculture Marketing • Due to poor socio-economic condition of the tribal farmers, marketed surplus often exceeds marketable surplus. • Exploitation of village money lenders, middle men and exchange of commodities in the barter system are found in the district. • Basically agricultural products like vegetables, turmeric, ginger, forest products, livestock, fish etc. are sold in the local market. • Unregulated weight and measures, lack of grading and standardisation, lack of storage facility, lack of farm organisation are the key features of the existing market system in the district. • As agricultural marketing plays an important and crucial role in agricultural development and market accessibility of farmers and market information are very sensitive issues. For appropriate marketing intervention, study of existing marketing is required.

8.1.2. Scope for value addition • There is limited example of processing and value addition currently in the district and it needs a thrust in the current plan, example- The agriculture product like turmeric, ginger, mustard and potato are processed in the processing unit at Bandhaguda of Phiringia Block and Samanwita at G. Udayagiri Block with a capacity in use of 50 kg per hour. • The district has huge potential for agro-processing and value addition due to presence of horticulture crops. • There is possibility of processing unit for fruits, ketchup and jam, ginger and turmeric paste besides medicinal plants and forest products like Sal leaf plates and cups. There is proposal to develop export processing zone in the district which should come up during current plan. • The district administration should invite private players to participate in such initiatives.

8.1.3. Scope for Public Private Partnership (Contract Farming) • The district has immense potential for private investment in agriculture and allied sector where community is also involve. The leading NGO KASAM has shown exemplary work in this regard. However, models on public private community partnership must be drawn and private players should be invited to participate in an organised manner to make this initiative successful. The areas of possibility include medicinal plant garden, export processing zone for spices and condiments including ginger and

27 turmeric, processing units for jack-fruits, citrus, lemon and papaya, organic vegetable farming and farming on floriculture, forest produce and oil extraction unit etc.

8.1.4. Strengthening of SHG/ Voluntary Institution Participation • SHG movement is very active in Kandhamal and there is strong presence of organisations working with the community in the voluntary sector. The PPP initiatives should be linked with the SHGs to take the best advantage of local knowledge, skills and manpower. Further, these groups can be organised to make micro-enterprises based on agriculture and allied sectors with a private agency or civil society facilitating the market linkage and business activity. Crop diversifications like the maize experiment by agriculture department can be replicated. Credit institutions can be involved in this activity and NABARD as the leading agency can finance the SHGs to undertake such initiatives.

8.2. Horticulture

• Contract farming on potato, mariegold can be taken up in PPP mode. • Promotion of FPO (Farmers Producer Organisation) may be increased. • Processing and value adding of turmeric at farmer’s level. • Arrangement of one processing unit through KASAM may be established.

8.3. Livestock

8.3.1. Goat meat processing plant

• The profile envisages the establishment of a plant for processing of goat meat and its value added products with marketing in a capacity of 1 ton/day i.e. on an average 100 goats per day initially. This may be increased on the basis of demand upto 2 ton/day. The raw material will be available from Kandhamal district through goat farmers’ development society.

8.4. Fisheries • Production of dry fish. • Supply of ice box. • Cleaning, sorting, grading and packing for value addition. • Leasing of water bodies in PPP mode. • Supply of transportation taxi for fish farmers. • Establishment of one-stop Aqua shop to provide critical inputs. • Promotion of Mobile Advisory Services.

28 9. Action plan for doubling farmers’ income of KVK, Kandhamal (OUAT), Odisha 9.1. Basic information of the district

• Total cultivated area : 1,28,000 ha Upland : 96,000 ha (75 %) Medium land : 21,000 ha (16.4%) Low land : 11,000 ha (8.6%) • Area sown during kharif : 1,25,360 ha • Area sown during rabi : 41,500 ha • Cropping intensity : 176 % • Soil type :Red lateritic & yellowish brown forest soil • Irrigation potential (ha) Kharif : 35671 ha Rabi : 17211 ha

9.2. Major crops Name of Crop Kharif Rabi Summer Area Yield (t/ha) Area Yield Area Yield (ha) (ha) (t/ha) (ha) t/ha) Paddy 45720 2.348 - - 340 3.9 Maize 16970 2.127 180 1.889 - - Arhar 4500 0.898 - - - - Groundnut 1650 1.334 30 1.496 - - Turmeric 13760 9.557 - - - - Niger 10910 0.328 - - - - Kulthi - - 13910 0.382 - - Ginger 2990 8.67 - - - - Black gram 472 0.308 270 0.432 - - Mustard - - 18170 0.318 - - Name of AES AES features Blocks covered AES-1 Brown forest, high rainfall (1300-1500mm), High Elevation Phulbani, Phiringia, Baliguda,Tumudibandha,Kotagada,Daringbadi and K.Nuagaon (500to 1000 m), rainfed AES-2 Red and yellow soil, moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Chakapad, Tikabali, G.Udayagiri, Khajuripada and Raikia Moderate irrigation.

29 10. Summary of modules for doubling farmers’ income

Modules Farming Existing farming Proposed farming system Village/block Present Proposed Remarks situation/AES system income income 2015-16 2018-19 Module-1 Rainfed upland Turmeric- fallow Turmeric – 1-Village-Gunji Rs.63220/- Rs.111570/- • Stray cattle menace during land (AES-I) +poultry+mushroom+ fallow+poultry+mushroom Gaon rabi goatery Block- • Low irrigation potential Daringibadi • unavailability of sufficient chicks • lack of market facility Module-2 Rainfed Medium Rice-fallow Rice-chickpea+poultry+mushroom Village- Rs.12030/- Rs.86670/- • Stray cattle menace during land (AES-I) +poultry+mushroom Bandaguda, rabi Block-K. • Low irrigation potential Nuagaon • unavailability of sufficient chicks • lack of market facility Module-3 Medium land – Fallow-mustard Blackgram-mustard- Village-Penala Rs. 7130/- Rs.49670/- • Stray cattle menace during irrigated (AES-II) +poultry+mushroom+ greengram+poultry+mushroom Block-Tikabali rabi goatery Village- • Low irrigation potential Katadaganda • unavailability of sufficient Block- chicks G.Udayagiri • lack of market facility Module-4 Medium land - Vegetable-vegetable Vegetable-vegetable- Village- Rs.103730/- Rs.192370/- • Less price in local market irrigated(AES-II) +poultry+mushroom vegetable+poultry+mushroom Sugalabadi during the harvesting period Block- Raikia • lack of market facility

30 Module 1. Name of the AES- Brown Forest, High rainfall (1300-1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 1000 m), rainfed (AES-1).

Existing practice 2015-16 1st year 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) 3rd year (2018-19) Farming Expected yield & Expected yield & situation Component Problem/practice intervention Net income Intervention Intervention income/ha income/ha st nd Rainfed Turmeric-fallow • Low yielding variety 1. Raised bed method of 90.5q/ha 1 Year practices 114q/ha 2 Year practices 121q/ha upland 79.8 q/ha • Improper method of planting (13.4%) + (42.8%) + (51.6%) Rs. Rs.59790/- planting 2. Application of FYM @ 10 t Rs. 69600/- 6. Introduction of Rs.94000/- Application of Rs.101900/- • Imbalanced nutrient /ha HYV –Roma vermicompost @ 2.5 application 3. Mulching with dry leaves t/ha @ 12.5 t/ha 4. Neem cake 5 q/ha 1. Bio-fertilizers Azopirillum and PSB @ 10 Kg each

Home stead Poultry • Low return due to 1. Ten poultry chicks 3.2 Kg/bird Same as 3.2 Kg/bird Same as previous 3.2 Kg/bird 1.4 Kg/bird rearing local poultry Pallishree 160 Egg/bird previous year 160 Egg/bird year 160 Egg/ 45 Egg/bird breed 2. Timely vaccination (121%) (121%) bird (Rs.2980/10 • High mortality Rs.8750/- Rs.8750/- per10 (121%) birds) per 10 birds birds Rs.8750/- per 10 birds

Home stead Oyster • Cultivation of 1. Ten mushroom spawn 1.5 Kg/bed Same as 1.5 Kg/bed Same as previous 1.5 Kg/bed mushroom mushroom with Rs.920/- per previous year Rs.920/- per 10 year Rs.920/- per 10 beds cultivation improper management 10 beds beds 0.9 Kg/bed Rs. 450 per 10 beds Home stead Goat (5 nos.) • Poor management Deworming with Four • Deworming Six Kids • Deworming 12 No. Kids (Goatery) (Live wt.13.5 • Disease occurrence albendazole@10mg/kg body Kids • PPR Live • PPR Vaccination Live wt.14.5 kg/goat kg/goat) • Less income wt Live wt.14.2 Vaccination wt.14.5kg/goat • Feeding @250gm/ Net Profit Net Profit kg/goat Net Profit pregnant doe 1 Rs.30100 Rs.7000/ year Net Profit Rs.12800 month before & 1 Rs.7700 month after kidding Total Rs.70220/- (Base line income) Rs. 86970/-(23.8%) Rs.116470/-(65.86%) Rs. 141670/-(101.7%) (Increase in net income over baseline year 2015-16)

31 Module 2. Name of the AES- Brown Forest, High rainfall (1300-1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 1000 m), rainfed (AES-1).

Existing practice 2015-16 1st year 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) 3rd year (2018-19) Farming situation Component Problem/practice intervention Net income Intervention Expected yield Intervention Expected yield & & income/ha income/ha Rainfed Medium Rice-fallow • Rabi fallow 1. Soil test based Rice 3.Introduction of 51q/ha 4. Weed control 55q/ha land Rice • Improper nutrient fertilizer application 33.8 q/ha hybrid paddy (85.4%) (100%) 27.5 q/ha management practices 2. Application of FYM (22.9%) variety- 33500 Rs.37800 Rs. 8600 (20.5:11.5:18 kg @ 2 t /ha Rs. 12700 Ajaya/Rajalaxmi

N:P2O5K2O per ha) • Non application of micronutrients • Existing var. Lalat Fallow 1. Introduction of Chickpea 2.Chickpea (Kabuli) Chickpea Same as Chickpea (Kabuli) chickpea Var. (JAKI- 10.5 q/ha (Kabuli) previous year 13.2 q/ha 9218) with line Rs.28400/- 13.2 q/ha Rs.39200/- sowing and STBFR Rs.39200/- Home stead Poultry • Low return due to rearing 1. Supply of 10 poultry 3.2 Kg/bird Same as previous 3.2 Kg/bird Same as 3.2 Kg/bird 1.4 local poultry breed chicks Pallishree 160 Egg/bird year 160Egg/ previous year 160 Egg/bird Kg/bird • High mortality 2. Timely vaccination (121%) bird (121%) 45 Egg/ Rs.8750/- per10 (121%) Rs.8750 per10 bird birds Rs.8750 per10 birds (Rs.2980/10 birds birds) Home stead Oyster • Cultivation of mushroom 1. Ten mushroom 1.5 Kg/bed Same as previous 1.5 Kg/bed Same as 1.5 Kg/bed mushroom with improper spawn Rs.920/- per 10 year Rs.920 per 10 previous year Rs.920 per 10 cultivation management beds beds beds 0.9 Kg/bed Rs. 450 per 10 beds

Total Rs. 12030/-(Base line income) • Rs.50770/- (322% ) Rs.82370/- (584.7%) Rs.86670/- (620.4%) (Increase in net income over baseline year 2015-16)

32 Module 3. Name of the AES- Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Moderate Irrigation (AES-2).

Existing practice 2015-16 1st year 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) 3rd year (2018-19) Farming situation Component Problem/practice intervention Net Intervention Expected yield Intervention Expected yield & income & income/ha income/ha

Medium land - Fallow- • Kharif fallow irrigated Mustard • Broadcasting 3.9 q/ha • Low yielding Rs. 3700/- variety • Summer fallow due to cattle menace • improper nutrient management practices Mustard 1. Line sowing 5.1 q/ha 5. Introduction of HYV 6.5 q/ha Same as previous 6.5 q/ha 2. Soil test based (30.7%) mustard Anuradha/ (66.6%) year (66.6%) fertilizer Rs. 5230/- Parbati Rs.6700/- Rs.6700/- recommendation 3. FYM @ 2 t /ha 4. Biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB @ 4 Kg each per ha) Black gram 1. Introduction of Black 6 q/ha Same as previous 6 q/ha gram var PU 35 Rs.15800/- year Rs.15800 during kharif 2. Line sowing 3. STBFR 4. seed inoculation Rhizobium

33 Existing practice 2015-16 1st year 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) 3rd year (2018-19) Farming situation Component Problem/practice intervention Net Intervention Expected yield Intervention Expected yield & income & income/ha income/ha Green gram 1. Introduction of Green gram green gram var 5.0 q/ha IPM 2-14 Rs.10200 2. Line sowing and 3 STBFR & (in the area where fencing is assured) Home stead Poultry • Low return due to 1. Ten poultry chicks 3.2 Kg/bird Same as previous 3.2 Kg/bird Same as previous 3.2 Kg/bird 1.4Kg/bird rearing local Pallishree 169 year 169Egg/ year 169 Egg 45 Egg/ poultry breed 2. Timely vaccination Egg/bird bird /bird bird • High mortality (121%) (121%) (121%) (Rs.2980/10 Rs.8750 Rs.8750 per10 Rs.8750 per10 birds birds) per10 birds birds Home stead Oyster • Cultivation of 1. Ten mushroom spawn 1.5 Kg/bed Same as previous year 1.5 Kg/bed Same as previous 1.5 Kg/bed mushroom mushroom with Rs.920 Rs.920 per 10 year Rs.920 per 10 beds cultivation improper per 10 beds 0.9 Kg/bed management beds Rs. 450 per 10 beds Home stead Goat (5) • Poor management Deworming 4 No. • Deworming Six Kids • Deworming Twelve Kids (Goatery) (Live wt.13.5 • Disease with Kids • PPR Vaccination Live • PPR Vaccination Live wt.14.5 kg/goat kg/goat) occurrence albendazole@10mg/kg Live wt.14.5kg/goat • Feeding @250gm/ Net Profit Net Profit • Less income body wt wt.14.2 Net Profit pregnant doe 1 Rs.30100 Rs.7000/ year kg/goat Rs.12800 month before & 1 Net Profit month after Rs.7700 kidding Total Rs14130 (Base line income) Rs.22600 (59.9%) Rs.44970 (218.2%) Rs 72420 (412.5%) (Increase in net income over baseline year 2015-16)

34 Module 4. Name of the AES- Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Moderate Irrigation (AES-2).

Existing practice 2015-16 1st year 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) 3rd year (2018-19) Farming situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Intervention Expected yield Intervention Expected yield & & income/ha income/ha Medium land - Vegetable- • Improper nutrient management irrigated vegetable practices (Tomato-Raikia • Non application of micronutrient bean) boron • Low yielding variety • Yield loss due to fruits contacts with soil • Close spacing of planting Tomato-192.8 • Improper nutrient management 1. Soil test based 222.6 q/ha 3. Introduction of 300 q/ha 4. 75% 310 q/ha q/ha practices fertilizer (15.4%) tomato variety-Utkal (55.6) STBFR (60.7) Rs.46200/- • Non application of micronutrient recommendation Rs.56000/- Kumari/Utkal Raja Rs.77900/- 5. Biofertilizer Rs.84900 boron 2. Staking Azotobacter, • Low yielding variety Azospirillum • Yield loss due to fruits contacts and PSB 4 kg with soil each/ha • Close spacing of planting Medium land - Raikia bean • Soil acidity 1. Soil test based 92.6 q/ha 2. Biofertilizers like 105q/ha 3. 75% 120q/ha irrigated 75.2q/ha • Improper nutrient management fertilizer application (23.1%) Azotobacter, (39.6%) STBFR (59.6%) (Rs.54100/-) practices with lime Rs.69280 Azospirillum and PSB Rs.84000/- 4. Rs.97800/- • Non application of micronutrient @ 4 kg each/ ha Vermicompost 2 t/ha Home stead Poultry • Low return due to rearing local 1. Ten poultry chicks 3.2 Kg/bird Same as previous year 3.2 Kg/bird Same as 3.2 Kg/bird 1.4 Kg/bird poultry breed Pallishree 160 Egg/bird 160 Egg/ previous year 160 Egg 45Egg/ • High mortality 2. Timely vaccination (121%) bird /bird bird Rs.8750 per (121%) (121%) (Rs.2980/ 10 birds Rs.8750 per10 Rs.8750 per10 10 birds) birds birds

35 st nd rd Existing practice 2015-16 1 year 2016-17 2 year (2017-18) 3 year (2018-19) Farming situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Intervention Expected yield Intervention Expected yield & & income/ha income/ha Home stead Oyster mushroom • Cultivation of mushroom with 1. Ten mushroom 1.5 Kg/bed Same as previous year 1.5 Kg/bed Same as 1.5 Kg/bed cultivation improper management spawn Rs.920 per 10 Rs.920 per 10 previous year Rs.920 per 10 beds 0.9 Kg/bed beds beds Rs. 450 per 10 beds Total Rs103730 (Base line income) Rs.134950 (30.1%) Rs.171570 (65.4%) Rs192370 (85.4%) (Increase in net income over baseline year 2015-16)

36 11. Doubling Farmers’ Income by Technological Interventions

A. AES-1: Brown Forest, High rainfall (1300-1500 mm), High Elevation (500 to 1000 m), Rainfed

Module 1

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation (A) Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Rainfed Maize-fallow • Local variety • Lime application @ 0.2 LR 26.8 q/ha upland 21.2 q/ha • Soil acidity • FYM @ 2 t /ha (26.4%) Rs. 10,140/- • Inadequate nutrient • STBFR (80.0:38.57:37.14 kg Rs. 13,000/- management practices N:P2O5: K2O/ha) (20:20:15 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha)

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Introduction of maize hybrids identified for Odisha condition by 45.0 q/ha (113.2%) Varietal Identification Committee, GOI Rs.34,100/- • Integrated Weed Management

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation (B) Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Rainfed Groundnut- • Low yielding variety • Application of Lime 500 kg/ha 10.5 q/ha upland fallow • Soil acidity • Application of FYM @ 2 t /ha (25%) 9.2 q/ha • Inadequate nutrient • Soil test based fertilizer Rs. 9,985/- Rs. 7,800/- per management practices application (23:42:38- N, P2O5 ha (10:20:0 kg N:P2O5:K2O and K2O/ha) per ha) • Application of boron @10 kg/ha • Deficiency of micro and secondary nutrient • Weed infestation

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Introduction of HYV : TAG-24 14 q/ha (73.9%) • Nutrient management and Rs.20,400 • Post emergence weedicide Imazethapyr @ 750 ml/ha

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation (C) Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Rainfed Turmeric-fallow • Low yielding variety • Ridge bed method of planting 95.3 q/ha upland 79.3 q/ha • Improper method of planting • Application of FYM @ 10 t /ha (20.2%) Rs. 52,400/- • Improper nutrient • Mulching with dry leaves @ Rs. 68,900 management practices 12.5t/ha • Neem cake 5 q/ha • Bio-fertilizers Azopirillum and PSB @ 10 Kg each/ha

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha Introduction of HYV – Roma 124.4 q/ha (56.8% more) • Application of FYM @ 10 t /ha Rs.96,100 • Mulching with dry leaves @ 12.5 t/ha • Neem cake 5 q/ha • Bio-fertilizers Azopirillum and PSB @ 10 Kg each

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation (D) Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Home- Poultry • Low return due to rearing • Ten poultry chicks of 3.2 Kg/bird stead 1.4 Kg/bird local poultry breed Pallishree breed (121%) 45 Egg/bird • High mortality • Timely vaccination 140 Eggs/bird Rs.2,980/10 birds (Expected) Rs.8,750 per 10 birds

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation (E) Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Home- Oyster mushroom • Cultivation of mushroom • Ten of mushroom spawn 1.5 Kg/bed stead cultivation with improper management • Disinfestation method of the (66.7 %) 0.9 Kg/bed substrate Rs.920 per 10 beds Rs. 450 per 10 • Proper nutrition beds

38 Other Home-stead enterprises proposed in this module

• Apiary: Two bee boxes with Apis cerena indica colony per household. • Lac: supply of brood lac sticks for inoculation of at least 50 Arhar plants per household. • Vermicompost: At least 4-6 community vermicompost pits per hamlet village.

Module 2

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Rain-fed Rice-fallow • Rabi fallow • Soil test based fertilizer 33.8 q/ha Medium 27.5 q/ha • Improper nutrient management application (22.9%) land Rs. 8,600 practices (20.5:11.5:18 kg • Application of FYM @ 2 t/ha Rs. 12,700 N:P2O5:K2O per ha) • Application of Zinc Sulphate • Non application of micronutrients @ 25 kg /ha • Existing var. Lalat

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Introduction of hybrid paddy varieties Rice • Soil test based fertilizer application 51q/ha (85.4%) • Application of Zinc Sulphate @ 25 kg/ha Rs. 33,500

• Taking Chickpea as 2nd crop in rabi Chickpea (Kabuli) • Line sowing and with STBFR 14 q/ha Rs.46,200

B. AES-2 : Red and Yellow Soil, Moderate rainfall (1100-1300 mm), Moderate Irrigation

Module 3

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income Medium Fallow- • Kharif fallow • Line sowing of mustard 5.1 q/ha land - mustard- • Broadcasting • Soil test based fertilizer (34.2%) irrigated Fallow • Low yielding variety recommendation Rs. 6,600/- 3.8 q/ha • Summer fallow due to • FYM @ 2 t /ha Rs. 4,100/- cattle menace • Biofertilizers (Azotobacter, • Improper INM practices Azospirillum and PSB @ 4 Kg each • No use of Bio-fertilizers per ha) and Sulphur • Application of Sulphur @ 30 kg/ha

39 Action Plan for 2018-19 2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Black gram vat PU 35 during kharif Black gram • Line sowing 6 q/ha • STBFR Rs.13,800

• Introduction of HYV Mustrad Var. Anuradha Mustard • Line sowing and STBFR & Biofertilizers 7.5 q/ha (97.3%) • Application of Sulphur @ 30 kg/ha Rs.14,000

Module 4

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 1st year 2017-18 situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Net income (A) Medium Tomato-288.2 • Improper nutrient management • STBFR 351.3q/ha land - q/ha practices • Boron application @ 0.25 % (29.9%) irrigated Rs.93,900 • Non application of micronutrient • Line transplanting Rs.1,20,300 boron • Staking • Low yielding variety • Yield loss due to contact of fruits with soil • Close spacing of planting

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Introduction of tomato Hybrids - Swarna Sampad / 550q/ha Arka Rakshyak (90.8 %) • STBFR Rs.1,94,900/- • Boron application @ 0.25 % • Line transplanting • Staking

Farming Existing practice 2016-17 2nd year (2017-18) situation Component Problem/practice Intervention Yield & Net (B) income/ha Medium Garden pea • Improper nutrient • Variety substitution- GS-10 104.3 q/ha land - 81.2 q/ha management practices • Lime application @ 0.2 LR (28.5%) irrigated Rs.79,800 • Non application of • STBFR Rs.1,16,000/- micronutrient • Line sowing • Low yielding variety • Close spacing of planting

40 Cabbage • Improper INM practices • Hybrid variety “Disha” 328.7q/ha 189.2 q/ha • Non application of • Soil test based fertilizer(75% RDF) (73.7%) Rs.66,100 micronutrient • Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB @ 4 Rs.1,08,200/- • Low yielding variety kg each/ ha

Action Plan for 2018-19

2nd year (2018-19) Intervention Expected yield & income/ha • Planting of off-season Cauliflower in late kharif 300 q/ha Rs. 4,00,000 • Application of Sulphur@20 kg/ha and Boron @ 1kg/ha in Garden pea and Cabbage 120 q/ha (Garden pea); 350 q/ha (Cabbage) (48 % - Garden pea) ; (85.2 % - Cabbage) Rs.1,39,900 (Garden pea); Rs. 1,50,000 (Cabbage)

12. Future Visions

Sl. Activities Scope Implications No.

1 Developing Agri- The district has lot of scope • To make agriculture a profitable and sustainable entrepreneurs and opportunity for business. developing agri- entreprenuership for various • To create models for easy dissemination of the crops and commodities. technology. • To enhance the marketing system in a particular place and for particular product so that, others will be interested to develop entrepreneurship.

2 Developing The district has around 80 % • To take the agriculture to a new height by gathering Farmers’ Uplands and under irrigated thousands of farmers under a roof. Producer condition, there is a lot of Organizations scope for producing high • To make own brand names for these products. (FPO) for at least value crops in huge quantity. • To develop products having export potential for 2 – 3 products like higher income and profit. turmeric, raikia bean and • The Supply chain will be strengthened for these marigold products.

3 Making Raikia bean is produced • Will be a great benefit for the farmers of the district. Geographic exclusively in this district Indicator (GI) tag because of the conducive • Formation of FPOs for Raikia bean will be very easy for raikia bean environment. Also the district as fund from Government will be easily mobilized. is the sole supplier of this • Government will definitely focus on facilitating crop throughout the state. various stages of farming starting from supply of However, the quality seed inputs, cultivation, harvesting, storage, grading and good market linkage are sorting, packaging, transportation and marketing. very much required.

41 Sl. Activities Scope Implications No.

4 Encouraging non- Due to small and fragmented • Sericulture, mushroom spawn production, poultry farm activities in land holdings, farmers are rearing, value addition of forest produces etc. in group approach more interested in non-farm group approach will give sustainability to many farm activities families.

5 Converting the By default, the district has a • Produces from agriculture, horticulture, animal district into an very low consumption of resources and other allied sectors will fetch very high Organic one fertilizers (only 9 kg/ha) and price and will have a good export potential. also it has very good bio- resources (both plant and animal) for producing organic fertilizer concentrates and bio-pesticides.

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