THE CoMMONWEALTH oF MASSACHUSETTS
STATEEXECUTIVE HOUSE DEPARTMENTBOSTON 02133
(617) 725-4000
MITT ROMNEY GOVERNOR
KERRY HEALEY LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
March, 2003
To The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Attendees:
It is my distinct pleasure to extend greetings to all attendees of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.
I am delighted that you have chosen Massachusetts as the site for your annual· meeting, and trust that you will enjoy your visit to Boston, one of our nation's most vibrant cities - a city steeped in history, old world charm, arts and culture, terrific sports teams, and academic and medical excellence.
My best wishes to you for a successful annual meeting and a productive exchange of ideas on the latest developments in criminal justice education, research and policy. Enjoy your stay, and I hope you will return to the Bay State again: whether to enjoy the spectacular fall foliage, the beaches of Cape Cod in the summer, the Boston marathon in the spring, or fireside at a cozy inn in the winter.
Welcome to Massachusetts!
Sincerely, ;1!�::?7
(i)PRINTED ON REcYCLED PAPER •
CITY OI1 BOSlDN MASSACHUSETTS OFFICE OF THE MAYOR THOMAS M. MENINO
March
2003 Dear Friends:
On behalf of the people of Boston, I want to extend a warm welcome as you gather for the annual meeting of the Acaden1y of Crin1inal Justice Sciences.
40th As you explore this year's therne, "The Globalization of Crime and Justice," you will contribute to the body of knowledge in this important field. Your work will undoubtedly make a difference for not only academics and practitioners, but also for people who face the challenges of the criminal justice system. As Mayor of the City of Boston, public safety has been and will continue to be one of my top priorities, and I an1 excited by the potential benefits to our neighborhoods represented by your research.
During your stay in Boston, I e:ncourage you to take advantage of America's first city and all it has to offer. Stroll the cobblestone streets of Beacon Hill or the sidewalks of fashionable Newbury Street. Visit the Freedom Trail, vibrant Faneuil Hall Marketplace, and our world-class museums. The charm of Boston lies \Vithin its old-world atmosphere and its contemporary, international flavor. I invite you to discover our uniqueness and share the excitement, warmth and hospitality of the People of Boston.
I hope you enjoy your visit to Boston, and I wish you a challenging, productive and successful meeting.
Si�� r
Anomas M. Menino Mayor of Boston
• •
® 3: BOSTON CITY HALL ONE CITY HALL PLAZA BOSTON MASSACHUSETTS 02201 617/635-4000 0 Printed on recycled paper OHice of the Police Commissioner 7 Schroeder Plaza, Boston, MA 02 I20-20 7 4
Dear Friends and Colleagues:
Welcome to Boston!
We are happy to host the 40th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. ACJS is an influential and important source of policy thinking and innovation, not least from the many Boston-area scholars who are members.
ACJS has made many significant contributions to the theory and practice of criminal justice. I expect that the meeting in Boston will also yield new ideas and questions for important research.
We know the value of research because we work closely with the academic community in developing policy and practice in Boston. These partnerships have been extraordinarily helpful, especially over the past decade, as together we have blazed new trails of innovation. Our colleges and universities are home to some of the nation's leading criminal justice scholars. We salute their work as we welcome their colleagues from across the country.
Please sample the entire Boston experience while you are with us. Visit our historic sites, our myriad museums, libraries and theaters. Make sure you leave time to spend at our world-class restaurants.
With best wishes for a great annual meeting, I am,
Police Commissioner \I ACJS 2002-2003 EXECUTIVE BOARD I�
President Secretary Regional Trustees Richard Bennett Brandon Applegate Region 1-Northeast American University University of Central Florida Roslyn Muraskin Department of Justice, Law Department of Criminal Justice Long Island University-CW Post Society Post Office Box 161600 & Campus 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, Orlando, FL32816 Department of CriminalJustice Northwest Brookville, New York11548 Washington, DC 20016 Trustees-At-Large David L. Carter Region 2 -Southem 1st Vice President/ Michigan State University Ronald Hunter President Elect School of CriminalJustice State University of West Georgia Steven P. Lab East Lansing, Michigan48824-1118 Dept. Sociology, Anth Crim. Bowling Green State University Carrollton, GA30118-2110 Criminal Justice Program & Bowling Green, Ohio43403 Richard Holden Region -Midwest Central Missouri State University Lee Ross Vice President Department of Criminal Justice 3 University of Wisconsin at Jim Finckenauer Warrensburg, Missouri64093 2nd Parkside Rutgers University Department of Criminal Justice Newark, New Jersey 07012 900 Wood Road Joycelyn Pollock Post Office Box 2000 Immediate Past President Southwest Texas State University Kenosha, WI53141-2000 Mittie D. Southerland Department of Criminal Justice Murray State University HAC120 Region -Southwest 101S Applied Science Building San Marcos, TX 78666 Barbara L. Hart Murray, KY42071-3345 4 University of Texas at Tyler Social Science Department Treasurer Tyler, Texas75799 Mary K. Stohr Boise State University Region -Westem/Pacific Department of Criminal Justice Faith Lutze Admin. 5 WashingtonState University 1910 University Drive Criminal Justice Program Boise, ID83725 Post Office Box 466880 Pullman, W A 99164
\I ACJS PAST PRESIDENTS II
1963-1964 Donald F. McCall 1978-1979 Richter H. Moore, Jr. 1993-1994 Francis Cullen 1964-1965 Felix M. Fabian 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1994-1995 Harry Allen 1965-1966 Athur F. Brandstatter 1980-1981 Harry More, Jr. 1995-1996 Jay Albanese 1966-1967 Richard 0. Hankey 1981-1982 Robert G. Culbertson 1996-1997 Donna Hale 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1982-1983 Larry T. Hoover 1997-1998 Gennaro Vito 1968-1969 Robert F. Borkenstein 1983-1984 Gilbert Bums 1998-1999 Gary Cordner 1969-1970 B. Earl Lewis 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1999-2000 Alida Merlo 1970-1971 Donald H. Riddle 1985-1986 R. Paul McCauley 2000-2001 Todd Clear 1971-1972 Gordon E. Misner 1986-1987 Robert Regoli 2001-2002 Mittie D. Southerland 1972-1973 Richard A Myren 1987-1988 Thomas Barker 1973-1974 William J. Mathias 1988-1989 Larry Gaines 1974-1975 Felix M. Fabian 1989-1990 Edward Latessa 1975-1976 George T. Felkenes 1989-1991 Vincent Webb 1976-1977 Gordon E. Misner 1991-1992 Ben Menk 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1992-1993 Robert Bohm II PRESIDENrr' S MESSAGE I�
Welcome to Boston and the annuaJ meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Beth Grossi, Program Chair and her committ1�e have assembled a fantastic program and Boston has opened its 40th doors wide to welcome us. This meeting and its theme, The Globalization of Crime and Justice, are especially relevant now with the pend:ing armed conflict in the Middle East and its unknown ripple effects on terrorisnl and criminality. In the over sessions you have to choose from, many are on terrorism, transnational crime and con1parative crime and criminal justice. Other sessions focus on 300 traditional criminal justice and educational topics. Further, we have planned several professional development workshops such as those by TIAA/CREF on retirement planning and by NIJ on seeking research funding. I am confident that the various panel sessions, workshops and roundtables will interest, inform and excite you.
Our conference hotel is ideal for holding this meeting. All activities are located on two easily accessible floors that are connected by a spacious atrium which should facilitate your meeting of old friends and networking with new acquaintances. The hotel is also conveniently linked to a retail and restaurant area with a wide range of shopping and eating options. In addition, Wally Sherwood, our local arrangements person, has created a city-wide food and entertairument guide for your pleasure.
I would like to draw your attention l:o several events that you should not miss. The Academy's receptions on Wednesday and Thursday evenings are a relaxing time for everyone to socialize while nibbling scrumptious food and enjoying their favorite libation. Next, please plan to attend the Business Meeting of ACJS. It will be held on Friday at a.m. in the Wellesley Room. This is a excellent opportunity to meet your newly elected officers and to see the new administration take over directorship 10:00 of the Academy. I would also like to in\iite you to "Serving ACJS" which will take place directly after the business meeting and will be chaired by VP, Jim Finckenauer. This session is designed to introduce you to the committee structure of the Academy and to give you a chance to become involved in the 2nd Academy's activities. For many members, committee service is a good way to network in the profession. Finally, the Awards Luncheon on Friday is a wonderful opportunity to acknowledge the accomplishments of the leaders in our field, recognize those who have served our organization well, and enjoy a buffet meal with your colleagues. I hope to see you at each of these events.
As always, the meeting affords you an opportunity to peruse the latest books and scholarly materials as well as talk to journal editors and book publishers. Please visit the exhibit area on the third floor on the hotel. I invite those of you who are looking for ernployment to our annual Employment Exchange, also located in the exhibit area.
I would like to take this opportunity t:o thank the program and local arrangements committees, the numerous standing and ad hoc committees, the sponsors of the conference bag (American University, University of Louisville and Rutgers University), the executive board, and especially the general membership of the Academy for making this one of the best years in the year history of the organization. It has been a truly memorable year for me and I thank you all. 40
Enjoy yourself at the conference and in the wonderful and exciting fair city of Boston
Richard R. Bennett President, ACJS,
2002-2003 II MESSAGE FROM THE PROGRAM CHAIR I�
Welcome to Boston! As the Chair of the Program Committee for the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, I am pleased to offer you one of the finest programs in the history of the 40th Academy. We have worked diligently over the past year to put together a dynamic, diverse, and distinguished array of roundtables, workshops, and panels. fact, this year we have over panels for your consideration. The content of many of our panels truly reflects our theme of "The Globalization of In, 300 Crime and Justice" as we have over panels focusing exclusively on comparative and international issues of crime and criminal justice. 20
Our local arrangements chair, Wally Sherwood, and the folks at Northeastern University, have collected a wealth of information regarding local restaurants, nightclubs, museums, and shops. you can't find what you're looking for in Boston, just check with Wally. He will do his best to provide the information If you need or direct you to someone else who can! Also, The faculty, staff, and students of College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University are sponsoring two receptions during the conference. Please plan to attend these functions and let them know how much we appreciate their hospitality.
We are pleased to offer five professional development seminars this year. We hope that these seminars provide you with valuable information and assist in both your personal and professional endeavors. The seminars are offered at no charge, but space is limited. Check your program for seminar details and, you haven't already done so, stop by the registration desk to sign-up. Special thanks goes to John Ortiz if Smykla and John Sloan for their efforts in coordinating these seminars.
I would like to say that it was a pleasure to serve as program chair for the Annual Meeting of ACJS, but those of you who are familiar with the duties of a program chair surely would question the veracity 40th of that statement. However, I must say that it has indeed been an honor. The amount of work that goes into putting on a program of this size can be overwhelming, and would not be possible without the assistance of many people. I am most grateful to Dick Bennett for the opportunity to serve in this capacity. Dick is a true visionary and has worked unselfishly and tirelessly for the Academy.
The ACJS staff is to be credited for their dedication and diligence, and especially for their work at the annual meeting. I would also like to thank the faculty, staff, and students at the University of Louisville for their support during my time as program chair, especially my student assistants, Sherilyn, Stephanie, Travis, Jenny, and Amanda for the wonderful work they did on the program. Finally, I would like to thank the members of the Program Committee for their many contributions throughout the past year. 2003
Elizabeth L. Grossi ACJS Program Chair
2003 112003PROGRAM COMMITIEE MEMBERS��
ELIZABETH L. (;ROSSI, CHAIR UN SI Y LOUSIVILLE NER T OF LAWRENCE TRAVIS, III, DEPUTY CHAIR UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
Jay Albanese Chuck Fields Virginia Commonwealth University Eastern Kentucky University
Tammy Anderson Jeanne Flavin University of Delaware Fordham University
Brandon Applegate Edith E. Flynn University of Central Florida Northeastern University
Donna Bishop Brian Forst Northeastern University American University
Michael B. Blankenship James J. Fyfe East Tennessee State Univeristy John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Marji Britz Rosemary L. Gido The Citadel Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Delores Jones Brown Jack R. Greene John Jay College of Criminal Justice Northeastern University
Robert D'Ovidio Richard B. Groskin Temple University Barton College
Walter DeKeseredy Anthony Harriott Ohio University University of West Indies
Todd R. Clear Zelma Henriques John Jay College of Criminal Justice John Jay College of Criminal Justice
William Doerner Janice Joseph Florida State University Richard Stockton College of New Jersey
David F agelson Sally T. Hillsman American University National Institute of Justice Richard Holden Matt Robins on Central Missouri State University Appalachian State University
Darrell Irwin Joseph Sanborn, Jr. University of North Carolina-Wilmington University of Central Florida B.
Michael Israel Martin Schwartz Ohio University Robert J. Kane American University Louise Shelley American University Kate King Boise State University Wallace W. Sherwood Northeastern University David Klinger University of Missouri-St. Louis John J. Sloan, University of Alabama at Birmingham ill Julie Kunselman University of West Florida Brent L. Smith University of Alabama-Birmingham Paul Lindenmuth Kings College John Ortiz Smykla University of Alabam a Lydia Long University of Houston-Downtown Barbara Stolz United States General Accounting Office Jeffrey S. Magers State University of New York at Brockport Richard A. Tewksbury University of Louisville James Madden Lake Superior State University Margaret Vandiver University of Memphis G. Larry Mays New Mexico State University Angela West University of Louisville Candace McCoy Rutgers University L. Thomas Winfree New Mexico State University John McDevitt Northeastern University Marian Whitson East Tennessee State University Zina McGee Hampton University Robert Zastany Lake County Circuit Court A. Henry N. Pontell University of California-Irvine
Xin Ren California State University-Sacramento II ALPHA PHI SIGMA II 2003 Annual Conference
12:00pm -7:00pm ACJS Registration
8:30 am -9:30am Chapter Advisors' Meeting (A
9:45 am -11:15 am KE¥ls-mml••••sti?E.A.K.E.� Henry Lee, Ph. D., IntE�rnational known Forensic Scientist
1:00pm - 3:30pm A L General Assembly and Business Meeting Platforms of 2003-05 :l'Jational Candidates 4:15pm Alumni 'Boston Tea Party' (AL Suite) 6:00pm AL Welcome Mixer (A
8:30 am - 9:30 am Chapter Advisors' Meeting (A
...... - ...... D• . . 9:45 am- 11:15 am t'/'tt.Xil(fK�····. s···.:-:·_:t��:�P.��-_::·:):, fi'lj i v·E Kim Rosmo, Ph.D.-Police Foundation-"Geographic Profiling" ��P.\i/����i\it����p(
11:30 am- 12:45 pm Terrorism 1:30pm - 5:00 pm AL Annual Career Fair (coordinated by Sgt. John Petri)
9:00am -9:30am Coffee & Donuts (A
BRUCE SMITH, SR. AWARD
For outstanding contributions to criminal justice presented to David Bayley State University of New York
FOUNDER'S AWARD
For outstandingcontributions to criminaljustice education and ACJS presented to Larry Hoover Sam Houston State University
ACADEMY FELLOW AWARD
For distinguished teaching and scholarly achievement presented to Gregg Barak Eastern Michigan University
OUTSTANDING BOOK AWARD
"Policing the Poor" Neil Websdale Northern Arizona University
ANDERSON OUTSTANDING PAPER AWARD
"Fear of Gangs; Implications for victimization, disorder, community concern, and subcultural diversity models" Charles M. Katz Arizona State University West Todd A. Armstrong Arizona State University West Vincent J. Webb Arizona State University West
MACNAMARA AWARD
"A preliminary study of student attitudes on juvenile justice policy" Peter J. Benekos Mercyhurst College Alida V. Merlo Indiana University of Pennsylvania William J. Cook Westfield State College Kate Bagley THIRD FLOOR
UHIVEIISfTT 01' MASSACIIUSErn flHIIITIUilL
FOURTH FLOOR II EXHIBITORS II
The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences would like to thank the following companies for their participation and support of our 40th Annual Meeting:
Adios Press, Inc. Adler's Foreign Books Allyn Bacon AltaMira Press & American Correctional Association Anderson Publishing Company Association Book Exhibit Atomic Dog Publishing Carolina Academic Press Criminal Justice Press de Sitter Publications Eastern Kentucky University Educational Testing Services GlencoefMcGraw-Hill ICPSR Jones Bartlett Publishers LFB Scholarly Publishing & Looseleaf Law Publications, Inc. Massachusetts I International Associates of Crime Analysts McGraw-Hill Higher Education Northeastern University Press Oxford University Press Prentice Hall Roxbury Publishing Company Sage Collections Sage Publications, Inc. Sam Houston State University Wadsworth I Thomson Waveland Press Willan Publishing
II JOINT BOOK EXHIBITORS II
British American Publishing COMMlJNITY COLLEGE SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
Wednesday, March 5, 2003 Community College On-Line Teaching: The Student Program Roundtable 44: Student Panel l:00-2:15pm SalonE
Thursday, March 6, 2003 Role of Law Enforcement in Rural State Student Roundtable 167: 2:30-3:45pm SalonE Terrorism and Community College Response Workshop 180: 4:00-S:lSpm Nantucket
Friday, March 7, 2003 Criminal Justice Program Accreditation: What are the Issues? Roundtable 228: l:00-2:15pm Harvard The Relevance of the ACJS Standards for Community Colleges Roundtable 256: 2:30-3:45pm SalonE Paths to Learning Student Roundtable 272: 4:00-S:lSpm MIT
COMMUNITY COLLEGE SECTION MEETINGS
Executive Board Meeting: Wed., March 5th lO:OOam MIT General Meeting: Thurs., March 6th 8:30am Harvard Reception: Thurs., March 6th 7:30pm TBA CORRECTION SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
WEDNESDAY MARCH 5, 2003 Criminal Justice Policy: History, Development and Evaluation 8:30am Salon B The Capital Jury Project 8:30am Salon D The Criminal Justice System's Gatekeeper Role With Drug Offenders 8:30am Boston Univ. Women Prisoners 10:00am Salon D The Elderly, Crime, and Criminal Justice 10:00am Harvard Public Policy and Trends in Criminal Justice 1:00pm Harvard Prisoner Reentry 1:00pm Salon E Prisons 1:00pm Salon E Prisons 1:00 pm Salon E Prisons 1:00pm Salon E Juvenile Justice 2:30pm Salon A Capital Punishment 2:30pm Salon D Prisoners as Citizens 2:30 pm Boston College Criminal Justice Training 2:30pm Regis Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice 2:30pm Hyannis Historical Perspectives 4:00pm Vineyard
TIIURSDAY MARCH 6, 2003 Criminal Justice System: Opinions, Programs and Training 8:00am Salon B Prisons 8:30am Yarmouth Author Meets Critic 10:00am Salon D Contemporary Jail Issues 10:00am Hyannis Contemporary Research and Current Issues 10:00am Wellesley Inmate Behavior 10:00am Yarmouth Prisons 1:00pm Regis Public Policy Analyses: Tools For Social Change 1:00pm Harvard Reforming the Juvenile Detention System: Intervention Strategies 1:00pm Wellesley Challenges in Corrections 2:30pm Tufts Corrections Now and in The Future: The Impact of Various Reforms 2:30pm MIT Prisoner Reentry 2:30pm Salon E Jails 2:30pm Salon E Jails 2:30pm Salon E Capital Punishment 2:30pm Salon E Corrections 2:30pm Salon E Drugs and Alcohol Abuse and Control 4:00pm Salon A Capital Punishment: Current and Emerging Legal Issues 4:00pm Salon D Prisons: Policy Issues Mix 4:00pm Tufts
FRIDAY MARCH 7, 2003 Community Corrections Officers in the Field 8:30am Salon B An Overview of the Capital Punishment Initiative (CPRI) 8:30am Salon D Juvenile Justice Advocacy: Effective Treatment Programs II 10:00am Salon A Conditions, Decisions, and Outcomes in 10:00am Salon B Community Corrections: Whores and Thieves of the Worst Kind: 10:00am Salon D A Study of Women, Prisons, and Crime 1835-2000 Prisons: Prison Sex 1:00pm Tufts Capital Punishment: Pre-Trial Issues in Death Penalty Cases 1:00pm Vineyard Capital Punishment and Clemency Issues 2:30pm Tufts Capital Punishment: Issues of Administration and Public Opinion 4:00pm Salon B Impediments to Success in Prisoner Reentry 4:00pm Salon D Women and Prison Issues 4:00pm Tufts Corrections 4:00pm Regis
SATURDAY MARCH 8, 2003 Mental Retardation and Capital Punishment 8:30am Salon D Correctional Staff Job Stress and Satisfaction 10:00am Salon D What Works in Prisoner Reentry 10:00 Tufts JUVENILE SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
WEDNESDAY MARCH 5, 2003 Environmental Influences on Delinquency 10:00 am Salon A Controlling Juvenile Offenders: Issues in Corrections I 1:00 pm Salon A Controlling Juvenile Offenders: Issues in Corrections II 2:30pm SaJon A
1HURSDAY MARCH 6, 2003 Juvenile Justice Section Breakfast 8:30am Provincetown Guardians of Virtue: Psychosocial Factors and Juvenile Justice 8:30am Salon C Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles 8:30am Wellesley Fourth Annual Juvenile Justice Practitioners Meet the Academics: The Status of Juvenile Justice in Boston 10:00am Provincetown Contemporary Research and Current Issues 10:00am Wellesley Juvenile Justice Section General Meeting 1:00pm Salon D Reforming the Juvenile Detention System: Intervention Strategies 1:00pm Wellesley Schools, Delinquency, and Violence 2:30pm Wellesley Juvenile Justice Advocacy: Effective Treatment Programs I 4:00pm Wellesley
FRIDAY MARCH 7, 2003 Exploring Juvenile Criminal Behavior 8:30am Yarmouth Theoretical Approaches to Juvenile Justice and Delinque·ncy I 8:30am Salon A Juvenile Justice Advocacy: Effective Treatment Programs II 10:00am Salon A Delinquency and Youth Crime in the Changing Society 10:00am Salon C Theoretical Approaches to Juvenile Justice and Delinque·ncy II 1:00pm Salon A Understanding Gangs, Gang Violence, and Gang Victimization 2:30pm Simmons
SPECIAL INTEREST: THURSDAY MARCH 6, 2003 • Juvenile Justice Section Breakfast/Business Meeting 8:30-9:45am • Section Sponsored Fourth Annual MeE�ting With Juvenile Court Practitioners 10:00-ll:lSam MINORITIES AND WOMEN SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST
WEDNESDAY MARCH 5, 2003 Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice 8:30am Hyannis Women Prisoners 10:00am Salon D Race and Racism in Criminal Justice Policy and Research 10:00am Hyannis Theoretical Explanations of Crime Rates 10:00am Vineyard Police Ethics and Leadership 1:00Pam Wellesley Race, Education, and Incarceration 2:30pm Hyannis Racial Profiling: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly 2:30pm Salon E Bystander Intervention: Can Violence Against Women On Campus 2:30pm Salon E Be Reduced by the Education of Bystanders to Intervene Implantation of Human Rights Standards with the Police in Four 2:30pm Salon E Latin American/ Caribbean Countries lHURSDAY MARCH 6, 2003 Discriminating in Sentencing 10:00am Boston College Bad Kids: Race and Transformation of the Juvenile Court 1:00pm Salon D Sentencing Predictors and Women Offender 1:00pm Tuffs Ethnicity Crime and Law 2:30pm Hyannis Current Controversies in Gender and Violence 2:30pm Vineyard Women In Policing: Reflections and Realties 2:30pm Salon E
FRIDAY MARCH 7, 2003 Racial Profiling by Police, 8:30am Hyannis Whores and Thieves of the Worst Kind: A Study of Women 10:00am Salon D Prisons, and Crimes Gender and Criminal Justice: Etiology 10:00am Tuffs Immigration and Criminal Justice: A Review of Traditional Patterns 2:30pm Regis and Current Trends Women and Prison Issues 4:00pm Tuffs
\I WEDNESDAY- MARCH 5, 2003 II
8:30am - 9:30am New Member Breakfast Suffolk 8:30am-9:45am Security and Crime Prevention Section Executive Board Cape Cod 8:30am - 9:45am Police Section Executive Board Falmouth 8:30am - 5:00pm Exhibits University Hall 8: 30am - 5:OOpm Registration University Hall 8:30am - 5:OOpm Alpha Phi Sigma University Hall 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange University Hall 10:00am - 11:15am Caribbean Section Meeting Tufts 10:00am - 11:15am Community College Section Executive Board MIT 10:00am - 11:15am Information and Public Policy Section Executive Board Cape Cod 10:00am- 11:15am Critical Criminology Section Executive Board Falmouth 11:30am -12:45pm Information and Public Policy Lunch With Speaker John Chwat Tufts 1:00pm - 2:15pm Southwest Executive Board Boston University 1:00pm - 2:15pm Western/PacificExecutive Board Boston College 1:00pm - 2:15pm Midwest Executive Board MIT 1:00pm-2:15pm Northeast Executive Board Cape Cod 1:00pm - 2:15pm Southern Executive Board Falmouth 1:00pm - 3:00pm Professional Development Seminar: TIAACREF - Developing an investment strategy: Retirement issues for professionals beginning their careers Suffolk 2:30pm - 3:45pm International Section Executive Board MIT 2:30pm - 3:45pm Minorities and Women Section Executive Board Cape Cod 2:30pm - 3:45pm Juvenile Justice Section Executive Board Falmouth 4:00pm- 5:15pm Information and Public Policy General Business Meeting MIT 4:00pm - 5:15pm Journal of Ethnicity and Criminal Justice Executive Board Cape Cod 4:00pm - 5:15pm Critical Criminology General Business Meeting Falmouth 4:00pm - 5:15pm Police Section General Business Meeting Suffolk 5:30pm - 7:30pm Past Presidents Reception Salon E 7:00pm - 9:00pm Northeastern University Honor Society (Alpha Phi Sigma) Reception Salons B, C, D Panel 1: Police Organization and Manag ment Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon A
RECRUITING AND PROMOTING POLICE OFFICERS FOR THE FUTURE Chair: Th omas Whetstone, University of Louisville
CHALLENGES IN RECRU ITING WOMEN INTO LAW ENFORCEMENT Nigel Cohen, University of Texas-Pan American This discussion focuses on the McAllen, Texas (population 1 05,000) Police Department's difficulties in recruiting and hiring qualified women applicants. The McAllen Police Department has had 34 openings in the last year, but the initial class of 14 cadets graduated only one woman. Research will analyze characteristics of the local and regional labor market, with a survey of several hundred college and university students (both criminal justice- and non-majors), in order to improve the number and quality of women applicants for a diverse police force in a predominantly Hispanic and Mexican-American border county in the Rio Grande Valley. RECRUITING PRACTICIES IN STATE POLICE ORGANIZATIONS Th omas Wh etstone, University of Louisville; John G. Reed, Louisville Division of Police; Philip Turner, University of Louisville A survey was sent to all US state police agencies with 43 of 49 departments responding. The study explored recruiting problems and solutions implemented by respondents. The majority of respondents indicated that recruiting an adequate applicant pool was problematic, even post September 11, 2001. Traditional recruiting methods were still used, but are rapidly being replaced with information-age methods. Suggestions for improving recruiting efforts are provided. IMPACT OF RETIREMENT MODEL UPGRADES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT David H. Swim, California State University, Sacramento This paper examines the impact of the 3% @ 50 retirement enhancement on California law enforcement, where seventeen percent of the officers are over 50 years of age and forty-seven percent are over age forty. By 2010 at least thirty percent of the profession can be expected to retire. The impact on police management of generation Y as the emerging cadre of employees is fully examined. PROMOTIONS AND FEMALE COPS Jeffrey P. Rush, Th e University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Peter B. Symonds, FBI (Ret.); Samantha Prescott, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga A continuation of a study presented at the Southern Criminal Justice Association annual meeting, this paper will detail the results of a study of factors that encourage or discourage female cops from seeking promotion. The study groups are female police officers in the Southeast.
Panel 2: Student Panel Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon B
CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION Chair: Christine Harris, Penn State Harrisburg
DEATH PENALTY
Kelli Gary, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey For more than a century, views of capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, has been a topic of heated debate. The public's views, though sometimes misinterpreted, are important because in the future, people's opinion can be the catalyst to change or manipulate the law, and consequently save someone's life. This paper examines the issues regarding the death penalty and attitudes and opinions in regard to the topic. THE AMBER ALERT SYSTEM Laura G. Pettier, Youngstown State University The Amber Alert System is an emergency notification program that is activated in several states across America in the event of a non-family abduction of a child. The goal of the Amber Alert System is to recover missing children unharmed quickly and efficiently. This paper will examine the following: ttle history of the system; the circumstances under which it is activated; the goal of the system; the roles of the public and law �:mforcement on making the system work; and an analysis of whether or not the program is succeeding to date. THE HISTORY AND TREATMENT OF THE MENTALLY ILL OFFENDER AND PRESENT DAY CONSIDERATIONS Rita Leona Wa tson, Youngstown State University The history and treatment of the mentally ill individual throughout history has been scarce, if not harsh but when that person was also a criminal offender the treatment was brutal. The reasons believed for mental illness were usually due to being demonically possessed, because of the wrath of God, or as time progressed because of a natural causes occurring in the brain. The past has permitted of these outcasts to society with such treatments as the of drilling holes in the skull to release the demons to electric eel shock therapy and poppy drug treatment. As time progressed music therapy, sleep therapy and dream analysis began to flourish all before the timH of Freud. Mentally ill offenders were made to respect and fear intimidation through the use of discipline, threats and severe blows to the head. As with the past there are still very few criminal institutions specified for the mentally ill. After the 1970s the mental institutions began to be close due to financial funds, therefore increasing the number of insane being placed in the prison system. The physical treatment of these offenders has improved over the years but the cure presently seems to be pharmaceutical drugs. Other implementations that prisons need to consider would be programs such as money management, housing and occupational assistance being that approximately 90% of inmates will be released into society at some point i111 their life. STRANGER VS. NON-STRANGER SEXUAL ASSAULT: THE POLICY RATIONALE BEHIND MEGAN'S LAW Richard G. Wright, University of Massachusetts Boston The 1994 Crime Bill included several pieces of legislation designed "to protect" children and communities from sex offenders, the Jacob Wetterling Act, Megan's Law and the Pam Lyncher Act. Mandated and in operation in all 50 states this policy initiative receives significant positive publicity and very little political opposition. Inherent in this sex offender legislation are numerous assumptions about sexual violence and coercion. These assumptions contradict the scientific literature on sexual assault, specifically the disproportionate focus on stranger sexual assault vs. non-strangers. This presentation will present preliminary findings from an underwaydi ssertation. RESEARCH AND EVALUATION: VICTIMLESS PROSECUTION Christine Harris, Penn State Harrisburg Victimless prosecution in domestic abuse cases is the ability of the police to make an arrest and prosecutors to prosecute a case in criminal court. The current policy of victimless prosecution cannot be reviewed for effectiveness because the states do not keep records to account for money being spent in the program; rather the money is simply "dumped" into a general fund. Without this information there can be no statistical evaluation or review of the policy to determine effectiveness. This paper addresses the implications fore research and evaluation of effectiveness given that this data is not systematically collected or analyzed.
Student Panel 3: Capital Punishment Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon 0
THE CAPITAL JURY PROJECT Chair: William J. Bowers, Northeastern University
HOW NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IMPACTS JUROR DECISION-MAKING AND TRIAL OUTCOMES Michael E. Antonio, Northeastern University Social psychological and legal research has documented the impact of extralegal factors inside the courtroom. For example, defendant attractiveness and the physical distance separating trial participants have been shown to influence trial outcomes. This presentation will analyze data gathered by the Capital Jury Project to study the impact of nonverbal communication on sentencing outcomes, including defendant's demeanor in court, relationship with attorneys, and refusal to testify during the trial. DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH CAPITAL JURY DATA USING MICROSOFT ACCESS Terrence L. Monroe, Northeastern University; Michael E. Antonio, Northeastern University The Capital Jury Project employed both a structured and unstructured interviewing strategy to study jurors' decision-making behaviors in capital cases. This type of methodology yields data that are qualitative and quantitative in nature. Currently, responses from more than 900 jurors are stored within our qualitative database. The purpose of this presentation will be to , 1) describe the development of the qualitative textual database from juror interviews with Microsoft Access, and 2) to show how the Access database operates and facilitates data analysis. JURORS' CAPITAL CRIME DESCRIPTIONS: CODING COMAPRISONS AND ANALYSIS Ryan Levison, Northeastern University; Nicole Bynum, Northeastern University; Daniel Fitzpatrick, Northeastern University; Michael E. Antonio, Northeastern University Investigators have undertaken the task of coding police reports or individuals' descriptions of crime scenes. Researchers working with data gathered by the Capital JuryProject have also attempted to code responses to a question that asked them to describe the crime, "give me the details I need to understand what happened and why." The presentation will describe 1) the development and evaluation of a coding scheme based on the Capital Jury Project data, 2) comparison with alternative coding schemes used by other investigators, and 3) relate the categories to life and death sentencing outcomes. Preliminary findings will be discussed.
Panel 4: Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Control Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Boston Univ.
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM'S GATEKEEPER ROLE WITH DRUG OFFENDERS Chair: Matt DeLisi, Iowa State University
THE IMPRISONED NON-VIOLENT DRUG OFFENDER: SPECIALIZED MARTYR OR VERSATILE CAREER CRIMINAL? Matt DeLisi, Iowa State University Many academics and policy analysts have maligned the imprisonment of non-violent drug offenders because they are considered generally benign and their incarceration costly. Criminologists have also established that criminals are versatile in their offending. The current study merges these debates using a sample of 500 adult arrestees. Compared to criminal defendants whom had not been incarcerated for drug use or possession, drug offenders totaled more arrests for violent and property Index offenses, white-collar offenses, and nuisance offenses net the effects of age, race, sex, and age of arrest onset. This suggests that drug offenders are versatile in their offending and contradicts the policy-image of the drug offender as a specialized offender who is nominally criminal. IT'S THE SAME DIFFERENCE: COMPARISON OF ARRESTEE POPULATIONS IN BORDERING COUNTIES OF ADJACENT STATES William R. Cra wley, Grand Valley State University As a result of the high level of drug associated interactions between two Midwest states/counties a need exist for information to inform policies that are reactive to both the individuality of each county as well as those organizational missions that compliment one another. The current project compared samples from recent arrestee populations of both counties in order to generate a detailed comparison of the prevalence of 'drug use' and 'need for treatment.' A comparative analysis was conducted to understand the similarities and differences regarding drug related dynamics between these closely related geographic entities. HAIR ANALYSIS FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY PROBATIONERS AND PAROLEES: A SUMMARY OF FOUR YEARS OF APPLIED RESEARCH Michael Kaune, St. Francis College; Richard Callahan, Probation and Parole Radford, Virginia The monitoring of subjects under community supervision for the use of illegal drugs is a ongoing task for the modern probation and parole officer. The primary means of detecting drug use continues to be based on an analysis of body fluids. New technology in the field of hair analysis has provided the supervising officer with a more effective means of detecting drug use. The current research summarizes four years of fHderally-funded research on hair analysis in the state of Virginia. Research shows that hair analysis can produce detection rates that am ten to twelve times higher than that of analysis based on body fluids and are considered to be a superior means of detection by participating officers. THE IMPACT OF INCREASED METHAMPHETAMINE ENFORCEMENT ON THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ELEVEN INDIANA COUNTIES Robert G. Huckabee, Indiana State University; David T. Skelton, Indiana State University The researchers examined data and conducted site visits in eleven contiguous counties in southwestern Indiana, which had reported increased arrest rates for methamphetamine-related crimes. Results are analyzed to determine the impact of methamphetamine enforcement on demands for law enforcement resources, jail populations and jail overcrowding, prosecutor and public defender workloads, court caseloads, demands for correctional services (including probation, community corrections placements and state Department of Correction facilities), and demands on treatment resources. The study also examines recidivism rates and public agency budgets in relation to methamphetamine enforcement. RETHINKING DETERRENCE THEORY AMONG USERS OF METHAMPHETAMINE Scott R. Senjo, Weber State University Methamphetamine use continues to present significant challenges for law enforcement and criminal justice policymakers. Various measures that seek to control meth manufacturing and use, have met with limited success or none at all. As partof a Department of Justice grant, this study gathered primary data from 204 meth arrestees in a Western state. Among other things, the data indicate that a substantial number of respondents remain oblivious to social control efforts directed toward the meth problem. The data also indicate particular avenues, which show potential for policy initiatives to have a greater effect on meth users compared to traditional law enforcement efforts.
Panel 5: Private and Special District Police Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Boston College
POLICING SPECIALIZED SETTINGS: ORGANIZATIONAL AND SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS Chair: RobertKane, American University
THE RISING: HOW THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY POLICE EVOLVED INTO A FULL SERVICE DEPARTMENT David Whelan, Western Carolina University The events of September 11th, 2001 provided both recognition and tragedy for a multi-jurisdictional police department that no one knew anything about. The Port Authority of NY and NJ Police are responsible for policing 15 major facilities within the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area. Their duties are varied to include police and firefighting tasks at major transportation facilities, including a subway system. This paper will examine and trace the evolution of this unique multi-jurisdictional police department into a full-service entity. A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CRIME CONTROL POLICIES IN KNOXVILLE PUBLIC HOUSING John W. Barbrey, University of Tennessee The Knoxville Police Department provides security, under a contractual agreement, for the public housing in Knoxville, Tennessee. Multiple policies have been used to control crime in public housing , including CPTED improvements, the privatization of City streets (which allowed the KPD to issue "No Trespass" notices), a 1999 team-based approach to policing, and the demolition of one housing site. Part I crime data was provided by the KPD for 1992-2001. By using Arcview mapping software, I will separate the crime rate for the public housing population from the remaining population of Knoxville to determine the effectiveness of the crime control measures. REPLACING PRIVATE SECURITY IN PUBLIC HOUSING: THREE CASES IN ST. LOUIS Adam M. Wa tkins, University of Missouri, St. Louis The paper evaluates a recent transition by the St. Louis Public Housing Authority to eliminate the services of private security in three of its urban housing developments. The Housing Authority is calling upon the St. Louis Police Department to assist in offsetting the loss of these services. The Housin�J Authority contends that private security in the housing developments has been ineffective in controlling crime and the St. Louis Police Department views the opportunity as an avenue by which to opens lines of communication with segments of the minority population. Changing patterns of crime at the three housing developments are compared with similar developments still Hmploying private services. Preliminary findings indicate fewer calls for service when controlling for pertinent mediating variables.
Workshop 6: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Regis
INCLUDING BIOTERRORISM, CLANDESTIN DRUG LABS AND OTHER CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL EVENTS IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
Moderator: James Madden, Lake Superior State University Presenters: Terry Heyns, Lake Superior State University; Roger Land, Lake Superior State University This workshop deals with integrating bioterrorisrn drug labs and other environmental insults into undergraduate Criminal Justice/Fire Science programs. Vertical and horizontal linkages are discussed as well as resources that may be utilized. Panel 7: The Elderly, Crim , and Criminal Justic W dnesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9 :45 Harvard
ELDER ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION: ISSUES FOR PROSECUTION AND VICTIM ADVOCACY Chair: James W. Marquart, Sam Houston State University
AFTER THE FLOOD: FRAUD AND SCAMS PERPETRATED AGAINST THE ELDERLY AFTER TROPICAL STORM ALLISON Mario A. Davilla, Sam Houston State University; James W. Marquart, Sam Houston State University; Janet L. Mullings, Sam Houston State University Research indicates that following natural disasters, such as hurricanes and tropical storms, several forms of victimization are found to escalate which include child abuse, calling card fraud, disproportionate price hikes, and contractor fraud. The extent to which this criminality affects the elderly population in the Houston area is steadily increasing and the area is also a prime location for Hurricanes and Tropical Storms. How and to what extent the elderly are victimized in the wake of these disasters is unknown. The current study examines this issue and provides relevant data on the nature and frequency of financial exploitation after natural disasters that would prove beneficial to crisis response teams, police, prosecutors, and courts, as well as the media in warning the elderly to take precautions against financial exploitation. FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION OF THE ELDERLY: RESPONSIBILITY OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS WHEN ACCEPTING POWERS OF ATTORNEY Peggi C. Pearson, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Agents acting under a power of attorney too often misuse the authority to exploit elderly principals. The responsibility of financial institutions when accepting a power of attorney is discussed. State statutes relating to financial institution culpability are examined. Social and legal implications are explored. LOCAL PROSECUTORS EXPERIENCES IN INVESTIGATING, PROSECUTING, AND PROVIDING VICTIM ADVOCACY SERVICES IN ELDER ABUSE CASES Mark L. Miller, American Prosecutors Research Institute A national survey of local prosecutors was undertaken to assess their experiences and policies in elder abuse. Results indicate that while prosecutors are willing to tackle elder crimes, a variety of obstacles must be dealt with to make successful prosecution of elder abuse more widespread. Site visits to three diverse local prosecutor offices with promising elder abuse programs were conducted subsequent to the survey, to obtain deeper understanding of such programs. This information can be the basis for improved alder abuse programs in other local prosecutor offices. Results of these in-depth interviews and observationswill also be reported. ELDER ABUSE: IS IT A RISING CONCERN IN OUR SOCIETY? Lisa D. Taylor, Benedict College The number of elderly persons living in the United States has increased dramatically. America's growing elderly population has affected every segment of the social, political, and economic landscape. During the 1980s, attention was given to elder abuse, which soared according to researchers, policymakers, and the media. The Department of Health and Human Services reports each year that hundreds of thousands of older persons are abused, neglected, and exploited by family members and caregivers. In the search for answers, one might ask: Is abuse of the elderly a problem in our society? Why does it occur, and what strategies can be taken to stop the abuse from occurring?
PanelS: Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Hyannis
POLICING, RACE, AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS Chair: Matthew B. Johnson, John Jay College
POLICING AND RACE: POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE U.K. AND THE U.S. John W. Critzer, Southern Connecticut State University The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which past race relations have shaped contemporary police interactions with native-born and immigrant Blacks in the United Kingdom and the United States. Political and socio-economic factors that may provide alternative associations with policing practices are also explored. Past race relations are associated with policing strategies, attitudes toward Blacks, and the rights of individuals in the U.K. and the U.S. However, politics play a role in institutionalizing racial attitudes and the health of the economy also shapes public responses to policing. Policy recommendations are considered. RACISM, THE LABOR MARKET AND POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Melissa H. Barlow, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; David Barlow, University of Wi sconsin-Milwaukee A previous analysis by the authors describes four major developments in the political economy of policing: pre-industrial police, industrial police, modern police, and postmodern police. While each development had unique characteristics, each also retained structural imperatives that tended to preservethe police as front line defenders of the status quo in relations of power. The present study examines the political economy of policing within a particular city and with respect to a specific segment of the labor market. Examining relations between police and African Americans in Milwaukee, Wisconsin over time, the authors explore the interactive influences of the labor market and racism on police-community relations. POLICE BRUTALITY AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE: THE EARL FAISON 'TRAGEDY' Matthew B. Johnson, John Jay College Although complaints of police brutality have come from peoplE� in various ethnic groups, in the United States, the sharpest and most bitter incidents have been associated with tensions between the police and the African American community. This issue has a lengthy, complicated, and recurring presence throughout U.S. history. Utilizing a case study approach, this presentation will explore the issue of police brutality and community response as it was revealed in the tragic case of Earl Faison, a 28- year-old African American man who died in police custody, in New Jersey, in 1999. Community groups responded to Mr. Faison's death with a series of organized protests and vigils. Five police officers were subsequently convicted of civil rights violations in connection with Mr. Faison's death. This presentation will also refer to the criminal justice literature on police brutality and community response. AND WE ARE NOT SAVED: THE WANING IMPACT OF TENN v. GARNER ON THE LOSS OF BLACK LIFE AT THE HANDS OF THE POLICE Delores Jones-Brown, John Jay College This paper explores the apparent 'presumption of dangerousness' that surrounds Black civilians in the minds of both lawmakers and Jaw enforcers resulting in multiple 'tragic' deaths during the period 1995 to 2000. In contrast to several empirical studies, this exploration confirms that the victims were not shielded by normally protective factors such as age, education, social status, or geography. And, in contrast to the 1985 Tenn v. Garner U.S. Supreme Court decision the victims were neither suspected felons, nor armed, nor factually dangerous. Reasons why the risk of such deaths are disproportionately absorbed by Black civilians (both foreign and native-born) are explored as well as mechanisms for prevention.
Panel 9: Theories of Crime and Victimization Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Vineyard
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND DEVIANCE Chair: George E. Higgins, We st Virginia State College
GENERAL STRAIN THEORY: TESTING THE ROLE OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE STRAIN AND EMOTIONAL REACTIONS IN COMMITING DEVIANCE George E. Higgins, West Virginia State College This paper assesses the roles of objective and subjective strains, and emotional reactions to these strains and their impact on deviance. Specifically, this paper tests the role of current parental rejection (e.g. objective strain), the assessment of such rejection as stressful (e.g. subjective strain), and the resulting anger/frustration (e.g. emotional reaction to strain) in committing common forms of deviance. The data for this paper comes ifrom the responses of college students (N=300). Path analysis displays the relative impact of objective and subjective strain on emotional reactions and the impact of emotional reactions to deviance. TESTING FOR DIFFERENCES AMONG ACUTE CONFORMIST, DETERRABLE, AND INCORRIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS George E. Higgins, West Virginia State College; Melissa L. Ricketts, We st Virginia State College This paper assesses the theoretical framework from Pogarsky (2002) that distinguishes between three types of legal sanction threats; acute conformist, deterrable, and incorrigible for two types of deviance; academic dishonesty and drunk driving. The data for this paper come from the responses of a perceptual deterrence survey of college students (N=311). Ordinary least squares regression will be used in the analysis. AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICERS Shane Sandridge, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Social learning theory has a respectable history in association with numerous types of crime and analogous behavior. A gap in present literature has revealed that criminal justice professionals have not been adequately utilized in testing social learning theory. This panel presentation is intended to e!xplore research and literature associated with social learning theory and probation and parole officers, ultimately becoming a preliminary fo undation for future research. CRIMINAL ENTITLEMENT AS A PERSONALITY STRUCTURE David R. Champion, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford This paper builds on past research in which high narcissists and Machiavellians reported significantly higher levels of past sexual aggression than those who scored low in those personality dimensions. The premise was that those dimensions constitute key, but insufficient, components of an overall Entitlement model of criminality. This paper seeks to further clarify, expand and define the Entitlement model, and to identify additional elements that are both theoretically sound and empirically testable. Further development of this model can lead to a gn:�ater understanding of how anti-social behavior might derive, in part, from a criminally entitled personality. POSSIBLE CATALYSTS OF SERIAL MURDER Ryan Cox, Indiana State University This paper presents possible catalysts and causes or serial murder. It focuses on different types of childhood trauma, including physical and psychological abuse. The author will also discuss sexual identity crisis and fears that many serial murderers display. Some examples include Ed Gein, John Wayne Gacy, Ed Kemper, Jeffrey Dahmer. Panel: 10 Polic and Community Issues W dnesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Simmons
NEW FRONTIERS OF COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING Chair: Michel Vallee, Carleton University
A VISION PAPER ON THE ROLE OF POLICE IN COMMUNITY-BASED CRIME PREVENTION INITIATIVES Michel Vallee, Carleton University; Tullio Caputo, Carleton University Over the past several decades, the appropriate role of the police has been the subject of ongoing debates. This became particularly visible as many police agencies across North America adopted a community policing approach. This paper presents the results of research on the "proper'' role for the police in an integrated, community-based, social development approach to community safety. It was conducted in the context of broader discussions regarding the future of policing in Canada. While it is clear that the police are key players in community safety, what is less clear is was their role in promoting broader social development activities in the context of crime prevention. The research involved in-depth interviewswith police officers at different levels of the rank structure including some front-line officers, as well as middle and senior management levels. It also included representatives of non-governmental agencies, and national police associations. WORKPLACE VIOLENCE: A FINAL FRONTIER FOR COMMUNITY POLICING? FINDINGS FROM THE WAKEFIELD, MA PILOT INITIATIVE Nancy Tierney, Northeastern University; Chief Stephen Doherty, Wa kefield MA Police Department This paper will present preliminary findings from a Wakefield MA pilot program that has employed a Community-Oriented Policing approach to understanding, addressing and preventing acts of violence in the workplace . Launched in December 2001 this pilot initiative is a unique collaboration between researchers from Northeastern University's College of Criminal Justice, the Wakefield Police Department, and the local business community, and has three primary goals: to increase knowledge about the character and extent of workplace violence incidence and reporting; to identify appropriate mechanisms for police and businesses to jointly address these concerns; and to pilot violence reduction and prevention strategies at companies in Wakefield. The program receives guidance from a 14-person volunteer advisory board, representing a cross section of the Wakefield business community. POLICE AND THE HOMELESS: EVALUATING AN INTERVENTION PROJECT - RESULTS OF THE FIRST YEAR William R. Blount, University of South Florida Assisted by federal funding, the Police in Clearwater, FL initiated a homeless outreach project as one means to deal with their sizable homeless population. Law enforcement is the link between the homeless and services available in the community, with the objective of reducing the magnitude of the problem both in fact and in the eyes of the public. Both residents and businesses in the target area were given the opportunity to express their opinions before the intervention began and a year later. Those results are presented. BROKEN WINDOWS IN SOUTH TEXAS Dean Brock, University of Texas at Brownsville; Susan Ritter, University of Texas at Brownsville This paper is an examination of a section of a south Texas border town that is experiencing a community "facelift" as a result of recently awarded grant monies. The research focus is on the presence of any of the various neighborhood conditions that have been projected as crime facilitating such as the famous " Broken Windows" of Kelling and Wilson (1982). A measure of criminal activity within the neighborhood will be done for the pre and post restoration periods in order to detect any potential decrease in activity. Close attention will also be given to the presence of ro utine activities predictors and criminal activity.
Panel 11: Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Control Wednesday March 5, 2003 8:30-9:45 Wellesl y
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL: ALCOHOL EFFECTS AND CONTROLS Chair: DarrellD. Irwin, University of North Carolina Wilmington
SIX-MONTH FOLLOW-UP ON A SELF-ADMINISTERED BREATHALYZER STUDY Susan Bullers, University of North Carolina, Wilmington; Jamie Cockman, University of North Carolina, Wilmington The original study used a web-response daily diary technique and personal digital hand-held breathalyzers to determine improvement in 20 students= ability to estimate their blood alcohol concentration (BAC), as well as any changes in their drinking patterns and risk-taking behaviors. One of the most interesting outcomes of the study was that the vast majority of subjects chose to keep the breathalyzers rather than receive cash compensation for their participation in the study. The current study consists of a six-month follow-up interview with some of the participants who kept the breathalyzers. Issues addressed include how and when they use the Breathalyzer, how accurate their BAC estimates are and whether they have changed their drinking or risk-taking behavior since participation in the study. COLLEGIATE DRINKING AND THE EFFECTS OF DETERRENCE BASED POLICIES John A. Lewis, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Most studies on collegiate alcohol abuse are conducted in a similar manner; statistics are compiled, people are shocked, and the immediate response is the recommendation and implementation of deterrence/punishment based policies, designed and intended to control crime. In haste, policy makers fail to consider the population the policy is intended to control. An analysis of the students' perspectives on the effectiveness of various forms of punishment, which are intended to deter their use of alcohol, offers an insight into the issue that is often ignored. The summary of the paper will include policy and legislative recommendations. COLLEGE DRINKING AS SEEN IN BLACK AND WHITE RobertL. Peralta, American University The epidemiology of alcohol consumption for college students has received extensive scholarly attention. Black students, and other students of color, consistently report lower levels of drinking. Few attempts, however, have been made to explore the social origins of these differences. This study utilizes data from seventy-eight semi-structured interviews to illuminate the social-structural circumstances and social procE�sses associated with college alcohol use. African American and White undergraduates were interviewed to better understand the social context in which college students' drink. Results from this study resembled national survey data where Black students self reported drinking less alcohol, less often compared to White students. The importance of three social structural mechanisms emerged that influenced these disparate drinking behaviors. Black students cited university social space, bias in use of institutional control, and privilege as reasons for not engaging in regular alcohol use. These data illuminate how :social structural aspects of the campus community can differentially affect drinking behaviors by race. ALCOHOL AND THE LAW ON THE NAVAJO NATION: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE Randall R. Butler, Southwestern Adventist University; Alejandro del Carmen, University of Texas at Arlington The main interest of this reported research focuses on the association between alcohol (liquor law violations) and arrests among Navajo juveniles, and within a broader context, between Navajo and non-Navajo youths in Arizona over a period of two years, 1998-1999. The findings of this study show that alcohol abuse is closely associated with delinquent behavior in Arizona, specifically on the Navajo Reservation. A correlation is fo und between alcohol, arrest rates, and being Navajo. Some of the suspected causal factors for this behavior am also discussed in this report.
Panel 12: Juvenile Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11 :15 Salon A
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON DELINQUENCY Chair: Th omas J. Gamble, Mercyhurst College
GENDER BIAS IN JUVENILE JUSTICE: THE CASE OF JUVENILE DETENTION Th omas J. Gamble, Mercyhurst College; Anne Laux, Mercyhurst College McDonald and Chesney-Lind (2001 ) report data suggesting that boys and girls are treated equally in early stages of juvenile justice processing (petition and adjudication) but girls are subject to bias at the dispositional stage. The present study examines whether gender bias exists at the detemtion stage of juvenile justice processing . Data from all juvenile detained (N=1638) over a fo ur year period in a medium-sized Midwestern City will be presented for evidence that once relevant legal factors are taken into consideration, females will be more likely to face pre-ad judicatory and pre-dispositional detention than males. Data on interactions with race and age will also be pmsented. Implications for juvenile justice practice and policy will be explored. FEMALE JUVENILE OFFENDERS AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE C. Aaron McNeece, Florida State University; Sherry Jackson, Bureau of Research and Data; Kristin P. Winokur, Florida State University A preliminary review of case records of juvenile offenders in Florida revealed a high rate of domestic violence charges against them, and that 94 percent of all juvenile females in Florida charged with domestic violence had been sexually or physically abused prior to the charge. This led to a study of a random sample (n=68) of female offenders using in-depth interviews. Girls who had been charged with domestic violence offenses wem likely to have been retaliating against or protecting themselves from adult caregivers who had been abusing them or had been abusing siblings. SOCIAL INTERACTION AND UNDERSTANDING IN THE COURTROOM: DO JUVENILES AND PARENTS UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS AND PLAYERS OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM? John K. Couch, Supreme Courtof Florida; Christopher M. Hill, Supreme Court of Florida Juveniles charged with criminal offenses often face a myriad of courtroom hearings, judges, and attorneys, as well as decision-making points that involve detainment, pleas, and disposition. How well do juveniles and parents understand what is happening? A group of children and parents involved in Florida's juvenile justice system participated in a study addressing this issue. Professionals from Florida's juvenile justice system also provided information on how well they perceive children and parents to understand the delinquency court system. In this paper we report the responses and discuss the sociological and legal significance of the degree of understanding among these groups. THE FORGOTTEN: WHAT AND WHY PRE-TEEN AND TEEN GIRLS COMMIT CRIME Lillian Annette Harris, Lamar University; Jennifer Frisbie, Lamar University; Michael L. Jordan, Lamar University This paper reports the preliminary results of a study that identifies variables that provide early prediction of at risk juvenile offenders most likely to engage in criminal behavior and what behaviors they commit and why. The data were collected via a self-report survey. Respondents range in age be1ween 10 and 16. Current estimated sample size is about 300. Based upon the results, program and policy recommendations are made. JUVENILE FEMALE SEX OFFENDERS: OFFENDER, VICTIM, AND OFFENSE CHARACTERISTICS Donna M. Vandiver, Illinois State University; Raymond Teske, Jr. , Sam Houston State University While a great deal of research has been geared towards male sex offenders and adolescent sex offenders, few empirical analyses have focused specifically on adolescent female offenders. This paper includes an overview of all adolescent female sex offenders (N = 61) who are registered as sex offenders in Texas. The characteristics of the offender, victim, and offense characteristics are discussed. Also, this population of offenders is compared to a sample of juvenile male sex offenders (N = 122) and adult female sex offenders (N = 122). The juvenile males were matched on race and year of birth; the adult female sex offenders were matched on race. For each adolescent female, two adolescent males and two adult females were selected. Stud nt Panel 13 Wedn sday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon B
INNOVATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH: A PANEL BY THE GRADUATE CENTER/CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Cathryn Lavery, Sacred HeartUniver sity
COMMUNITY COLLEGE ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES: AN EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL STATUS CHARACTERISTICS, RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS Cathryn Lavery, Sacred HeartUniver sity This research project looks at correlations between athletic membership, status, and attitudes on rape & sexual aggression. The decision to evaluate and study the athletic population at the community college level was based on the lack of information on athletes at this level; and the application of status theory and whether status traits of athletes differ significantly from those students with no athletic affiliation. The results of this project will hopefully further research in the area of athletes & sexual violence. Results could lead to: different types of programming for sexual assault programs on college campuses, help guide administrators in handling complaints & cases; and create better educational formats which focus on addressing pre-existing attitudinal belief systems that encourage violence against women. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC/ECOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE THEFTS IN PEORIA ILLINOIS JeffWa lsh, John Jay College This study will examine motor vehicle theft (MVT) from an environmental criminology perspective. Specific attention is on the ecological/sociodemographic factors that impact the spatial distribution of thefts in a medium size community in the Midwest. This study asserts that a theoretical explanation for where and why MVT occurs is available by looking at community characteristics, ecological factors, and sociodemographics as well as how they coexist and change over time making certain areas conducive, even prone, to MVT. The analysis utilizes automated crime mapping technologies to locate and determine areas with changing theft densities over a period of 13 years. In addition, multivariate analysis is used to assess the impact and explanatory power of the ecological predictor variables. The findings of this study will help generate policy implications, increase public awareness, and be beneficial in the development and implementation of situational crime prevention strategies. FOSTERING A CULTURE OF LAWLESSNESS: EXAMINING THE PATHWAY TO RESILIENCY BETWEEN SUPPORT FOR THE POLICE, LEGAL REASONING, AND BEHAVIOR AMONGST MEXICAN YOUTHS Heath Grant, John Jay College Although the construct of legal & moral reasoning as resiliency has been suggested for years, no empirical work of this nature has examined the pathway between social factors legal reasoning that is said to lead to conforming behavior. This current study seeks to develop a casual model that links perceptions of law enforcement validity, community risk factors, the proposed resiliency factor of legal reasoning, obligation to obey& the law, and non-conforming behavior. This study is unprecedented in the field of legal socialization in terms of its sample size of over 10,000 respondents and will allow for replications to examine cross-cultural applications HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIORS OF LOW-INCOME FORMERLY BATTERED WOMEN Ida Dupont, Pace University By interviewing formerly battered women low-income women about help-seeking behaviors, this study examines the nature scope of battered-women's help seeking behaviors, as well as battered women's perceptions of the effectiveness of institutional responses to battering. It also explores some of the negative consequences of ineffective responses from helpin&g agencies -- increased uses of defensive violence by battered women and the reliance on street justice to punish abusers.
Panel 14: Dimensions of Comparative and International Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon C
CRIME AND JUSTICE IN CHINA Chair: Jianhong Liu, Rhode Island College
JUDICIAL REFORM IN MODERN-DAY CHINA: WHAT DOES IT REALLY MEAN? Frank Mom, Illinois State University; Va n Zhao, Illinois State University Since the late 1970s China has moved slowly from a planned economy to a market one. Increasingly the "rule of law" has entered the vocabulary of Chinese leaders. But to what extent is this empty rhetoric? Has there been a substantial and significant step towards the rule of law? This paper gives an overviewof the Chinese judicial system and an analysis of the reforms of the criminal law and criminal procedure in 1996. Interviews were conducted with Chinese jurists and documents examined. The conclusion is that the Chinese still have a significant way to go in terms of the rule of law and the judicial process. THE PATTERNS OF ECONOMIC CRIME IN CHINA'S ECONOMIC REFORM Jianhong Liu, Rhode Island College A sizable literature on crime patterns during social change I modernization has been developed. Most empirical studies examine the relationship between levels of crime and social change use cross-national data. Using time series data from China, this paper examines whether or not economically motivated crime rates increase faster than violent street crime rates during the social change from state socialism to a market economy. The paper finds that fraud and currency counterfeiting rates increased faster than violent crime rates and that grand larceny crime rates increased faster than violent crime rates; less serious larceny did not increase faster than violent crimes. COMPUTER CRIME AND CONTROL IN CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF CYBERSPACE GOVERNANCE AND INTERNET REGULATIONS IN CHINA Kam C. Wong, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh This research project is a first attempt to study cyberspace governance and Internet regulations in China. The study of cyberspace governance and Internet regulations in China, both in law and social science, is just beginning. Very little scholarly work has been published. Not much !Jround, much less controversial issues have been covered. The research methodology employed distinguishes itself from others of the� same geme by calling for the adoption of indigenous theoretical perspectives and use of local empirical data in the understanding of computer crime and control in China. The report begins with an investigation into the origin and development of Internet in China. This is followed by an exploration of the nature, prevalence and distribution of computer crime. The article finishes with a comprehensive description and thorough analyzing of existing PRC cyberspace regulatory scheme and policing practices before coming to an assessment the relative effectiveness and impact of such a governance and regulatory scheme. Various recommendations in improving cyberspace governance and Internet regulations are proposed. PERCEPTIONS OF AMERICAN CRIMINALITY: BEIJING LAW STUDENTS RANK LIKELY CRIMINAL TYPES-AN EXPLORATORY STUDY Michael A. McMorris, Ferris State University This exploratory study surveyed a group of 23 Chinese Law Students at Capital University of Economics & Business, in Beijing, China, in an effort to ascertain their perceptions of American Criminality. Respondents were asked to select the male (racial) subjects whom they believed would be most and least likely to commit a selected array of crimes. Respondents were also asked who, or what most influenced the way they viewed people outside of their racial group. Finally, respondents were asked what crime problem would be the most serious faced by Americans, in the New Millennium. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A BIRTH COHORT STUDY IN CHINA Paul Friday, University of North Carolina, Charlott19; Xin Ren, California State University-Sacramento Research on delinquency has shown consistent n�sults across Western Industrialized countries. Few studies have been done in non-Western cultures. This study reports on the results of a birth cohort study in China. The cohort, born in 1973, was traced through official and community files. The amount of delinquency is significantly low. However, significant differences were fo und between delinquents and non-delinquents in terms of peer influences, family influences, and school. Regression results show that the most important school factors associated with offending are those relating to level of education completed and dropout status and interactions between studE!nts and teachers. Offenders were fo und to be approximately five times more likely than non-offender to associate with delinquent peers. This study reinforces previous findings - there are critical sociological variables related to social inte!Jration, family and school experiences that significantly differentiate between those who become offenders and those who do not.
Pan I 15: Gender and Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon D
WOMEN PRISONERS Chair: Leanne FiftalAlar id, University of Missouri, Kansas City
VOICES FROM WITHIN: OVERVIEW OF NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN IMPRISONMENT IN MONTANA, 1992-2002 Jerry McKinney, University of Great Falls Ten year longitudinal research explores how h�arning experiences impacted small number of Native American women incarcerated in Montana. Experiences were traced as they transitioned from small rural community corrections center, to larger municipal lock-down facility and how two returned to society. Original research (1992-1993) investigated through qualitative, case study method how learning experiences of 31 women had impacted incarceration with regard to attitudes and behavior. Abusive background and educational achievement were also considered. Subsequent contact and/or interviews were conducted between 1995-2002. WOMEN OFFENDERS: INCARCERATION AND SERVICE NEEDS Karen Fein, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Researchers agree that one of the most important services for incarcerated persons is discharge planning (Kaplan and Sasser, 1996; Veysey et al., 1998). This presentation will offer findings of a study conducted with female jail detainees in Schenectady, New York. It focuses upon the importance of discharge planning, specifically, referrals to community services upon release from custody. Given the astronomical increase in the number of women entering correctional facilities, assessing the current state of affairs, and developing programs and policies which address the needs of this growing population of incarcerated individuals is essential. AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT CENTERS FOR FEMALE INMATES IN PENNSYLVANIA Bernadette Muscat, York College of Pennsylvania The research is descriptive and exploratory in colleting baseline data on residential treatment centers (i.e., community corrections). Specifically, the research studies the types of programs that are currently operating for inmates with substance abuse addictions in Pennsylvania. The research findings provide researchers and practitioners with baseline data regarding organizational characteristics, community-organizational linkages, and a client profile for residential treatment centers. The study focuses on gender, in a comparative context, to determine if the needs of the female addicted inmate are addressed. Finally, the study examines the strengths, weaknesses, and areas for future need of residential treatment centers. A GENDER COMPARISON OF PRISONER SELECTION FOR JOB ASSIGNMENTS WHILE INCARCERATED Leanne Fiftal Alarid, University of Missouri, Kansas City This study examined prisoner rankings of what men and women thought to be the best jobs in prison. Using these rankings, data were analyzed by gender to see whether prisoners were officially selected for jobs based on demographics or merit. Findings indicate that over one-third of all male prisoners and nearly one-fourth of all female prisoners perceived that prison officials chose prisoners for jobs based on race rather than merit. The regression analysis found that male prisoners were selected by corrections officials most often according to custody level, while women who served more time earned the best jobs. In either case, prisoners were selected according to earned status or seniority, not extra-legal factors. 'DECENT WOMEN,' 'DRUNKEN PROSTITUTES' AND 'HORRENDOUS MURDERERS': WHO GOES TO THE STATE PENITENTIARY? NEW ORLEANS CRIMINAL WOMEN, 1835-1 862 Marianne Fisher-Giorlando, Grambling State University Although more than half of the women sentenced to the Louisiana State Penitentiary came from New Orleans, few women who came before New Orleans courts were convicted of anything, never mind sentenced to hard labor at the penitentiary. This paper will compare and contrast women who actually went to the penitentiary with those who did not, in an effort to understand why the penitentiary women were selected out from so many women who came before New Orleans criminal courts. Although race, class and gender are important factors in selection for the penitentiary, initial findings suggest that the status of the victim also had important implications for the possibility of bail and also a potential hard labor sentence to the penitentiary.
Panel 16: Organized Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Boston Univ.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME Chair: David Whelan, Western Carolina University
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE U.S.-UKRAINE PARTNERSHIP Jay Albanese, National Institute of Justice; Jennifer Schrock, National Institute of Justice A two-year project joined U.S. and Ukrainian researchers into teams to study problems of organized crime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking in Ukraine and to examine their impact there and in the U.S. Publications from this project are near completion. This presentation will describe the operation of this project and the lessons learned in undertaking international joint research efforts. FROM VALENKIS TO FLIP-FLOPS: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME SharonA. Melzer, Florida State University Russian organized criminal syndicates have preyed upon every aspect of Russian life, from traditional criminal activities to state run businesses and governmental agencies. When migrational movements occurred, these aspects of Russian life migrated with the emigres. In addition, some members of the nomenklatura established criminal networks long before the fall of the Iron Curtain. Russian "organized crime" has used fo undations that support global networks was established long before the fall of the Soviet Union. Due to these ancestral foundations and pre-existing criminal enterprises, transnational organized crimes committed by Russians are not new phenomenons. BRIDGING THE KNOWLEDGE GAP: BUILDING A CANADIAN REGIME TO COLLECT NATIONAL POLICE-BASED DATA ON ORGANIZED CRIME AND METHODOLOGIES TO MEASURE THE IMPACTS OF ORGANIZED CRIME Joan Fisher, Solicitor General Canada Organized crime is a major problem in Canada. As part of a National Agenda to Combat Organized Crime, Canadian government officials, led federally by Solicitor General Canada, have sponsored a number of activities to address Canada's deficiencies in this area. This paper will highlight the research and analysis actions sponsored to date, including the development of a systematic research framework for examining the scope and impact of organized crime in Canada; a study on the feasibility of collecting national police-based statistics on organized crime; special studies aimed at collating and integrating intelligence-based estimates of organized crime involvement in selected offence categories; and a case study on outlaw motorcycle gangs. In undertaking this work, Canadian officials have been faced with a number of challenges, most notably, the absence of a uniform operational definition of organized crime, and the fact that the majority of organized crime data in Canada is intelligence-based stored in a qualitative text format, not easily transferable to statistics. The paper will conclude with a description of the combined short- and long-term approach to national data collection that was endorsed by senior police and policy officials in May 2002, and work underway to assess the impacts of organized crime in two priority areas: illegal drugs and money laundering.
Panel 17: Prosecution and Defense Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Boston College
CURRENT RESEARCH ON PROSECUTION Chair: GaryKeveles, University of Wisconsin, Superior
COMMUNITY PROSECUTION: PROSECUTORS USING PROBLEM-SOLVING TO PREVENT CRIME Brian Bennett Huling, Lane College This study examines the extent and nature of non-traditional problem-solving strategies used in prosecutors' offices. Problem-solving is defined as non-case processing activities where attorneys are geographically assigned, tools other than criminal prosecution are used and new alliances are created with neighborhood groups to adjust priorities. A representative sample of 309 jurisdictions were surveyed and 44 were interviewed in-depth. The findings reveal that community prosecution is becoming an adjunct strategy complementing traditional prosecution. Prosecutors are placing a greater emphasis on quality of life criminality, targeting pre-delinquent behaviors and establishing new relationships with government agencies, businesses, communities and special populations. The implication is that prosecutors' offices are moving from a reactive model to a preventive one in an attempt to address the root causes of crime. NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY PROSECUTION: A CASE STUDY Janice R. Hill, University of Missouri - St. Louis Community prosecution (CP) initiatives gained momentum throughout the 1990s, but most of the research literature views community prosecution from the perspective of thH prosecutor's office. This study addresses community prosecution from the community's perspective through a needs assessment with stakeholders in a CP pilot site. Are the crime needs of this neighborhood amenable to the new mission of community prosecution? What needs to happen -- both at the community level and in the prosecutor's office -- in order for the program to show success? Qualitative interviews were used to gather data. Findings include concerns related to qualify-of-life offenses, property crime, perceptions of fear, and police-related issues. PROSECUTORS AND MAIL SURVEYS: INCREASING RESPONSE WITHOUT INCREASING ERROR Stephen J. Ziegler, Washington State University An increasing amount of attention is being focused on local prosecutors and their role in the administration of justice. Although self-administered mail surveys remain a valuable tool in research, no matter how well our questions or research are designed it is of little use if our population fails to respond.. Accordingly, this paper discusses some issues and recommendations for social scientists when surveying prosecutors. This paper stems from a recent study in four states concerning the prosecution of physicians and pharmaceutical diversion. Response rates ranged from 62% to 90%, with an overall response rate of 76%. RACE AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE FILTER: EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF RACE ON POLICE AND PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION Daniel C. Dahlgren, Kent State University; David Vanderwall, Kent State University; Christopher Halsey, Kent State University; Mark Haueter, Kent State University Discretionary power exists at every level of the criminal justice system. By design, this allows law enforcement, legal, judicial, and corrections personnel to utilize their best judgment when processing an individual. The daily use of discretion shapes the structural patterns of justice in this country on every level of this system. Given a pervasive pattern of minority over representation by arrest rate and placement in correctional institutions, this study proposes an analysis of the frequencies of police and prosecutorial discretion as predicted by race. To this end all of the felony cases from the years 1999-2001 in Stark County Ohio were analyzed to determine if such a relationship exists. Approximately 3500 cases were examined in terms of the number and severity of pre-indictment (police) and post-indictment (prosecutorial) charges. Available legal and extra-legal variables were included in this analysis. CONTEMPORARY LEGISLATION RE-INITIAL APPEARANCE: THE TEXAS FAIR DEFENSE ACT David B. Perkins, Southwest Texas State University Senate Bill 7, commonly known as the Texas Fair Defense Act, addresses longstanding issues regarding prompt presentment of arrestees before magistrates, as well as delays in the appointment of counsel for indigent defendants. This paper examines the connections between the Act and such prominent case law as Mclaughlin v. Riverside County, Gideon v. Wainwright, etc., and through analysis of the Act's specific language, discusses the statute as a model of well-intentioned legislation gone astray.
Workshop 18: Dimensions of White Collar Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Regis
HEALTHC ARE FRAUD IN THE 215T CENTURY
Moderator: Stephen A. Morreale, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services An overview and discussion of the state of healthcare fraud and Investigation in the next decade and beyond. Discussion on the issues of Quality of Care, Elder care, Pharmaceutical Fraud and Upcoding schemes, provider Fraud, Laboratory Fraud and Grant Fraud. This workshop focuses on fraud schemes against Medicare and Medicaid Programs and private health insurers. Discussion of fraud schemes in recent successful cases in thEl United States.
Panel 19: The Elderly, Crime, and Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Harvard
AGING AND DYING IN PRISON Chair: Edith E. Flynn, Northeastern University
GROWING OLD BEHIND BARS IN THE UK: THE FEMALE PRISON ESTATE Azrini Wa hidin, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK The research findings for this paper are based on a UK study that examined the needs and experiences of women who are in later life and in prison. The particular issues surrounding the imprisonment of elders is a growing concern reflected in the building of the Elderly Wing at HMP Kingston (which is for elderly men only). At present, there are no plans to build an equivalent unit for elderly women. Little has been written or said concerning the specific needs of older female offenders who are growing old behind bars. The aim of this research is to rectify this omission in the literature. THE TERMINALLY ILL INMATE: POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF HOSPICE CARE AND COMPASSIONATE RELEASE IN U.S. PRISONS Wa lter Doraz, California State University; Peter J. Nelligan, California State University and Stanislaus University The confluence in the U.S. of long prison sentences and the high incidence of debilitating and deadly diseases among prison inmates has resulted in an increasing number of inmates dying in prison. Correctional systems have developed two responses to the dying prisoner. One approach is to provide for "compassionate release" during the final stages of a terminal illness. The other is to establish in-house hospicE� care. Each approach raises important policy questions about the efficient use of medical resources in correctional institutions, the politics and purposes of imprisonment, and the morality of incarcerating the dying. This paper discusses current practices in the use of these alternative ways of handling the dying prisoner and weighs the policy implications of each. COPING WITH DEATH: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF AGING INMATES Ronald H. Aday, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro An emerging trend found in U.S. prisons is the increasing number of inmates who are dying in prison. With an increasing number of HIV and aging inmates, how to handle this problem has become a leading issue in corrections. Few studies have addressed death anxiety or other consequences of growing old and dying in prison. This study assessed a group of 1 07 older inmates fifty years of age or older housed in a southern maximum security prison. Using Templer's Death Anxiety Scale, age, outlook on life, health status, and place of death are introduced as variable contributing to death anxiety. Correctional policy strategies for end of life issues are addressed.
Panel 20: Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Hyannis
RACE AND RACISM IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY AND RESEARCH Chair: Delores Jones-Brown, John Jay College
THE MEASUREMENT OF RACE AND RACISM IN CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH Becky Tatum, University of Houston-Clear Lake The relationship between race and crime is one of the most controversial issues in criminology and criminal justice. Part of the controversy lies in the way the variable has been conceptualized and measured. This paper examines how crime and criminal justice research has defined and measured the variable of race, the adequacy of these measures, and how these measures can be improved. The paper further discusses the absence of racism as a theoretical variable, its importance and utility in our understanding of crime and criminal justice processing, and methodological strategies for incorporating the variable into crime and criminal justice research. RACE IDEOLOGY-BUCHAHAN v. WARLEY: THE RACE RESTRICTIVE ORDINANCE CASE OF 1917 Elaine B. Greaves, Yo ungstown State University; Philemon Rheins, U. S. Departmentof Labor In the early 20th century the NAACP was involved in arguing against residential segregation of the races. In 1917, the Organization argued before the United States Supreme Court the case of Buchanan v. Warley. Its victoryultimately Jed to the invalidation of race restrictive ordinances as a means to segregate residential areas. This paper will examine the effects of racist ideology on the legal arguments that were presented; the ideology about blacks at the turn of the twentieth century; the presence of this ideology in the pro-segregationists' legal arguments; NAACP's response to this ideology and the factors that decided the case in its favor. WAR ON DRUGS AND THE RESEGREGATION OF SOCIETY Daniel J. Schemmel, Yo ungstown State University This essay will focus primarily on the policies of the war on drugs during the Reagan era and how they led to the re segregation of society. America made great strides toward social justice during the civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s. However, through biased laws and by targeting members of minority groups for imprisonment, our society has regressed ethically and morally. This paper will use statistics to show the inequalities of our current correctional system and how gradual increases correlated with certain "bad" policies. INTERRACIAL CRIME AND COURT PROCESSING OUTCOMES IN OHIO FELONY COURTS Timothy Griffin, University of Nevada, Reno; John Woo/dredge, University of Cincinnati Previous studies have suggested that the racial identity of crime offenders and victims can interact to have independent effects on case processing outcomes. (For example, prior research has suggested that under certain conditions, African-American defendants convicted of committing crimes against Whites receive relatively harsher treatment in court.) In the present research, a sample of approximately 5,000 felony cases in Ohio is analyzed to test for differential outcomes based on the racial identities of victims and offenders at multiple case-processing points. Implications of the findings are discussed. AN AMERICAN DILEMMA REVISTED: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Kenny B. Davenport, Fra ckville, PA This paper surveys some of the recent criminal justice research since Myrdal's An American Dilemma and realistically examines the likelihood of today's policymakers effectively addressing the systemic imbalances and racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
Panel 21 : Comparative and International Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Orleans
CRIME, JUSTICE AND POLICE IN AFRICA Chair: Frederick P. Roth, Marshall University
THE NATIONAL RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (NRC): GHANA'S EXPERIMENT WITH TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS RoberlKw ame Ameh, University of New Brunswick The world has witnessed a steady rise of truth and reconciliation commissions, which are primarily aimed at addressing the injustices of the past. True to its electoral promise in the run-up to the 2000 elections, the ruling government in Ghana has, since assuming office in 2001, established a National Reconciliation Commission (NRC), which started work recently. What are the aims and structure of the NRC? How have Ghanaians responded to the work of the NRC? This paper addresses these questions based on document analysis of the Act that gives legal backing to the Commission and media coverage of the NRC. JOURNEY TO CRIME IN GHANA: THE CASE OF PICKPOCKETING IN ACCRA Joseph Appiahene-Gyamfi, University of Texas-Pan American This exploratory study utilized the basic assumptions underlying the concept of criminal commute to sketch out the crime mobility patterns of sixty-five convicted offenders serving time in a Ghanaian prison for pickpocketing in Accra's Central Business District (CBD). The education and employment histories of the offenders, and the times of offending, as well as the time differences between the first-time and repeat offenders were also examined. All the 65 offenders commuted from within the metro-Accra area and Tema, eighteen miles southeast of Accra. The high incidence and volume of pickpocketing and other property crimes that occur within Accra=s CBD could be attributed to the concentration of a large volume of socioeconomic activities within this part of the city. The excessive concentration of socioeconomic activities has fostered an unprecedented human traffic and intense routine activities, and created enormous opportunities and vulnerabilities for criminal activities within the CBD. Lines for further inquiryand crime prevention policies and strategies have been suggested. POLICE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF CAMEROO N David Chiabi, New Jersey City University This paper examines the role of police in developing countries, countries undergoing political, social and economic changes. Illustrating with the case Cameroon, the paper examines the role of police in the developing states of sub-Saharan Africa. The police role in these countries is often reduced to a political instrument of governmental suppression. This suppression manifests itself in several forms, such as auto barricades of control for identification and other inspections. Consequently, police in these countries, instead of performing the traditional functions of crime fighting and law and order maintenance, perform mostly non-traditional police functions. The cost to these societies is unchecked crime, corruption, and economic waste. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AND URBAN DEMOCRATIC POLICING IN BOTSWANA Frederick P. Roth, Marshall University Traditional African systems of social control typi:cally have revolved around deference to chieftaincy authorities. During the colonial period, developmental neglect and a subsistence/feudal mode of production in Botswana created a paradigm of customary social control. Since independence, however, Botswana has forged extraordinary rates of economic and urban growth placing strains on both its adherence to traditional norms and its attempt to construct a police institution based on the rule of law. Drawing on official data, newspaper accounts, and field interviews, this paper seeks to understand some of the constraints encountered in establishing Third World democratic police forces. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN AFRICA: A COMPARISON OF NIGERIA AND TANZANIA Dick T. Andzenge, St. Cloud State University; Flora Myamba,. St. Cloud State University The authors examine traditional and colonial experiences, and post-colonial political developments on crime and criminal justice in Nigeria and Tanzania. Tanzania has experienced relative political calm and slow, but steady development since independence, though the country has limited natural resources. Though expected at independence to be a political and economic giant, Nigeria has yet to achieve that status. A bloody civil war, persistent military coup de tats, and an earned reputation of corruption, have left Nigeria is in an unenviablE� position. The authors examine how different experiences of the two countries have impacted on the development of criminal justice.
Panel 22: Theories of Crime and Victimization Wednesday March 5, 2003 10: 00-1 1:15 Vi neyard
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME RATES Chair: Michael Victor, University of Texas at Tyler
HARDSHIP/HOMICIDE COVARIATION, WELFARE REFORM, AND RACE Michael Victor, University of Texas at Tyler I conduct an empirical assessment of competing views regarding how hardship/homicide covariation is influenced by TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) welfare reform arrangements. Conceptual and policy implications of how my findings about blacks compare with my findings about whites are discussed. DIFFERENT REMEDIES, SAME RESULTS : THE CANDIAN CRIME DROP OF THE 90s Marc Ouimet, Universite de Montreal After decades of continuously increasing crime rates, Canada and the United States have now experienced their first prolonged period of drop in crime. Criminologists are just starting to look at the reasons that may explain such a turnabout. In the U.S., many factors have been invoked, including increases in the number of police officers and more aggressive policing, and increased incarceration. Although Canada's crime trends are similar to those found in the U.S., there has been no or little change in policing or incarceration trends. This paper suggests that the causes of the drop in crime lie elsewhere, namely in demographic shifts, better employment opportunities and changes in collective values. THE EFFECTS OF DEINDUSTRIALIZATION ON RATES OF CRIME FOR THE 100 LARGEST U.S. CITIES Darren Wa rner, Michigan State University Scholars have argued that recent economic restructuring, known as deindustrialization, has resulted in increased rates of criminality as well as other indicators of social trauma. However, there remains an absence of studies investigating this purported relationship. The fo llowing study examines the effects of deindustrialization on violent and property crime rats for the 100 most populated central cities in 1980. It is proposed that high levels of deindustrialization will positively affect rates of crime. It is also proposed that deindustrialization will partly account for the often cited effects of poverty and percent minority on crime rates. A WORLD OF CRIME: TOWARD MACRO-LEVEL COMPARATIVE CRIME THEROY Jneke Haen Marshall, University of Nebraska, Omaha There are about 192 countries in the world. These 192 countries vary in most any geographical, cultural, economic, political and social dimension. In spite of this obvious international diversity, the development of a truly global comparative criminological perspective is both necessary and feasible. The paper develops the groundwork for a comparative substantive macro-level theory of crime, using as the main conceptual framework the interplay between (world) regional cultural domains, national political economy, and national political organization. The proposed conceptual framework links global, (world) regional, and national variables to (world) regional and national differences in (1) characteristics of 'typical' criminal events; (2) inter-organizational links betweenlegal and illegal worlds; and (3) trends in nature and levels of crime.
Panel 23: Dimensions of Comparative and International Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Simmons
TRANSNATIONAL AND GLOBAL CRIME Chair: Peter Johnstone, Carolyn Freeze Baynes School of Social Work and Criminal Justice Studies
ILLEGAL ALIENS George Weissinger, New York Institute of Technology This article supports a theory that explains the illegal alien problem a part of general environment in which it is found. It argues that the illegal alien problem is a diverse and not simply a Mexico-US problem and relies on qualitative data and official statistics to describe an otherwise hidden population. Data from a random sample of apprehended aliens in the New York District Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) office, including qualitative interviews with INS criminal investigators, were compared with other reliable data on apprehended aliens. The findings reflected that: Mexican nationals were detained more than other nationalities, INS utilized a Border enforcement strategy and placed a low priority on locating and apprehending other than Mexican nationals, males received higher bonds than females, single aliens received higher bonds than married ones and were more likely to be arrested and detained, and aliens who entered without inspection, or through the Mexico-US border were more likely to be detained by INS. It appears that the illegal alien population in the New York District Office (NYDO) is more diverse than official statistics suggest nationally. CHALLENGES OF ECSTASY TRADE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ASIA
John H. Song, SUNY-Buffalo; Roger Fung, SUNY-Buffalo MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is a well known drug at rave parties throughout the world. This paper fo cuses on the general pattern of use of Ecstasy and the international Ecstasy trafficking in Asia. In addition, based on the initial findings of interviews with law enforcement officers in a limited number of Asian countries, this paper will discuss the challenges the Ecstasy trade poses to crime control. ILLEGAL ALIENS AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Gayle 1/es, University of Nebraska-Omaha In the wake of 9/1 1, there has been much discussion about controlling the immigrant and non-citizen population in the United States. Of particular concern are foreigners who live in the United States without proper documentation (Illegal aliens). There is the widely held assumption that these "illegal aliens" are involved in all sort of criminal activities, and as such are responsible for clogging up the criminal justice system. The United States is not alone in its current focus on the criminal involvement of non-documented individuals. This paper will analyze data from six countries, including the United States, to (1) compare recent rends in pertinent legislation; and (2) compare involvement of non-documented individuals in the criminal justice system. The expectation is that - in spite of some differences - there are common trends in recent developments in the 6 countries with regard to so-called "illegal aliens". CRIME IN AND AROUND REFUGEE CENTERS Willem J. M. de Haan, University of Groningen, Netherlands The research for this paper was conducted in The Netherlands where the issue of crime committed by refugees dominates current debates around the future direction of European immigration policies. It is feared that refugees bring serious crime problems to communities where refugee centers are located and, taken together, to the country as a whole. This research was conducted in order to discover to what extent refugee centers generate serious crime problems. All these data are relevant to the import and deprivation model and allowed us to construct a more realistic picture of crimes committed by refugees. We could explain the notable one-sidedness of their crime profile. Violent crime could be explained as their coping with a stressful environment. While shoplifting was related to the anomie condition and the differential opportunity structure in which refugees find themselves. THE PREVENTION OF KIDNAPPING VICTIMS Changrong Zhang, Fujian Police College The prevention of kidnapped victims contains Potential victim's prevention and accomplished victim-prevention. Its effect depends on our knowledge towards the causes leading to the harm, and the control conditions. The research into the victim prevention of kidnapping is based on trailing and investigating about 60 kidnapping cases, and base on analyzing data. The relevant materials were got from the criminal information depository in the General Criminal Investigation Headquarters of Fujian Provincial Public Security Department. The researches discuss the injuries of the kidnapped victims, the mutual influences between the behaviors of the victim prevention main bodies and the psychological conditions of the criminals. They also put forward the relationship between the control conditions and the victim prevention of kidnapping and several problems that should be concerned when rescuing the hostages. Workshop 24: Anti-T rrorism Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-11:15 Suffolk
GLOBAL TERRORISM: THE U.S. ANTI-TERRORISM ASSISTAN CE PROGRAM AND ITS EFFECT ON TWO PARTICIPATING NATIONS
Mod rator: Th omas D. Evans, U. S. Departmentof State, Office ofAnt iterrorism Assistance Participants: George Frederick, US Department of State; Colonel Preecha Th imamontri, Royal Th ai Police During this workshop, George Frederick, a Senior Seminar and Consultation Branch Chief from the Bureau of Diplomatic Security, US Department of State will present an overview of the Department of State's Anti-Terrorism Program. Colonel Preecha Thimamontri, Superintendent of Investigation, will present a paper entitled "Terrorism in Thailand: A National Perspective". The topic of Terrorism in the Philippines will also be discussed, from the Philippine police perspective.
Panel 25: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Wellesley
LEGAL ISSUES FOR POLICE LEADERS Chair: R. Alan Thompson, University of Southern Mississippi
SO YOU WANT A FITNESS PROGRAM: CHOOSING BETWEEN THE JOB TAS KS MODEL OR PHYSICAL FITNESS MODEL Jeff Lee, University of Southern Mississippi; Stephen Mallory,. University of Southern Mississippi This paper will review the need for physical fitness programs in a police department. There will be an overview of the various fitness models that have been used by policing agencies. It will discuss some of the federal legislation that has led to legal challenges to the liability and legal requirements associated with fitness programs. The advantages and disadvantages of the job tasks model and the physical fitness model will be discussed. It will conclude by offering a recommendation to utilize both models to minimize legal risk and while achieving high officer fitness levels. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND POLICE DRUG TESTING: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL SURVEY James R. Brunet, North Carolina State University The purpose of this investigation is to uncover the effects of police unionization and collective bargaining on employee drug testing policies. Courts have ruled that employee drug testing policies fall within the scope of bargaining between labor and management. While there is a widespread perception that police unions oppose drug testing at every turn, there has been little empirical work to discover the true impact of unions on testing policies. An analysis of law enforcement agencies in the United States finds evidence that collective bargaining plays an important role in shaping a department's drug testing policy. PROTECTED EXPRESSION: REGULATION OF POLICE EMPLOYEE RIGHTS UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT William P. Bloss, The Citadel This paper examines the authority of employers to regulate expressions, relationships, and activities of police employees protected under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Using federal and state case law, the paper discusses current legal principles and constitutional rights of police temployees to engage in speech, religion, association, and appearance forms of expression. The findings show that to regulate employee expression employers must demonstrate that it involves matters of public interest and is necessary to operate an effective police agency. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT AND POLICE ADMINISTRATION: SUCCESS OR FAILURE? Usa S. Nored, University of Southern Mississippi; R. Alan Th ompson, University of Southern Mississippi In 1990, Congress enacted The Americans with Disabilities Act, hereinafter "ADA." The primary objective of the ADA is relatively simple and straightforward: the elimination of discrimination against persons with disabilities in a variety of contexts, including employment, transportation, communications, education, recreation, institutionalization, health services, voting, and access to public services. Despite the passage of more than a decade, administrators remain frustrated and confused about the obligations imposed by the ADA. Moreover,. implementation of the ADA is more challenging in some professions than others. This paper will focus on the implementation of the ADA within the law enforcement profession as well as contemporary legal issues regarding the ADA and law enforcement.
Panel 26: Juvenile Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2: 15 Salon A
CONTROLLING JUVENILE OFFENDERS : ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS I Chair: Va nessa Garcia, Kean University
THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF JUVENILE COURTS : A MEASUREMENT OF LOOSELY AND TIGHTLY COUPLED SYSTEMS Va nessa Garcia, Kean University In a national study, 133 juvenile courts with total resident populations over 100,000 were randomly selected. The courts were studied in order to examine loose or tight coupling1 of their organizational operations and inter-organizational work relations. A judge, prosecutor, and public defense attorney were surveyed within each juvenile court. Each juvenile justice official was asked about agency goals and work relations that may influence their daily work activities. Understanding these work conditions can allow us to better understand how well the system can safeguard itself from internal and external environmental pressures. In our analysis, we will explore the buffering abilities of the justice officials surveyed and determine the consistency between their objectives and their decision-makin�J practices. BARRETT JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL CENTER: IS IT AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO REDUCE RECIDIVISM AND SUBSTANCE USE? Jill A. Gordon, Virginia Commonwealth University Barrett Juvenile Correctional Center is a state operated juvenile detention center that provides substance use treatment to all admitted youth. The program has been found to operate in the "very satisfactory" range when the Correctional Program Assessment inventory was conducted. Thus, it is anticipated that the program should have a positive impact on the outcome of the clients. Specifically, this study examines the re-arrest, reconvictions, and substance use of youth released from Barrett Juvenile Correctional Center and similar youth who were released from the more traditional institutions in the Commonwealth of Virginia. In addition, the study presents recommendations for the Center to enhance the current state of treatment offered. VIOLENT JUVENILES IN ADULT COURT: TRANSFER AND DECERTIFICATION Kareem L. Jordan, Indiana University of Pennsylvania There has been a great deal of research that focuses on the process of transferring juvenile offenders to adult criminal court. In recent times, many violent juvenile offenders have been initially transferred to criminal court, but many are transferred back to juvenile court through desertification hearings. There is a lack of literature surrounding this desertification process. The focus of this paper will be to review the existing literature on transferring juveniles to adult courtand to highlight the need for researchers to begin examining the desertification process.
Student Panel 27: Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2: 15 Salon B
THEORY TO APPLICATION: POLICE DEVIANCE, ROAD RAGE, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND HATE Chair: Va nessa Correia, University of West Florida
MAKING SENSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL POLICE DEVIANCE USING MERTON'S THEORY OF ANOMIE Matthew Holt, Eastern Kentucky University Although Kappeler and Sherman have implied its usefulness, analyses of police deviance rarely employ the means-goals disjunction described by Merton. Organizational deviance persists today despite increased attempts to control it. This conceptual paper outlines the relevance of Merton's adaptations with respect to agency-scale deviant behavior as it relates to contemporary endeavors undertaken by law enforcement entities. These endeavors include the campaign against drug cultivation and the pursuit of ever-lower crime rates. ROAD RAGE AND GENERAL STRAIN THEORY: IS THERE A CONNECTION? Maria L. Garase, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Road rage is a salient public safety issue as evidenced by the prevalence of aggressive driving incidents as well as the introduction of aggressive driving legislation. All too often elected officials react to social problems by enacting legislation and exacting punishments on offenders who have already violated societal norms and laws (Merlo & Benekos, 2000). However, this approach does not provide an effective mechanism for preventing or understanding the behavior. This study aims to adopt a proactive approach in searching for a criminological explanation as well as gain a greater understanding of road rage behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the association between Angew's General Strain Theory and road rage behaviors. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: VICTIM-OFFENDER RECONCILIATION PROGRAMS Amanda M. DeChamplain, Grand Valley State University The goal of restorative justice is to foster conflict resolution, through voluntary, face-to-face encounters with victims and attackers. Restorative justice programs suggest that crimes should be viewed as interpersonal conflicts to be settled in the community through non-coercive means. This concept rejects punitive correctional measures that have been the norm in the criminal justice system. This research will explore and analyze the current theories of the restorative justice movement. It will focus on crimes where reconciliation programs have been implemented. The research will also form the conclusion that effective reconciliation programs are a positive movement in the criminal justice system. HATE AND THE BLANK SLATE Parul Luthra, Penn State, Harrisburg Social competency, familial standards, cultural mores, and community values often form the basis of hate. Using Black's theoryof social control this paper will question why there is not more hate in American society given immigration. What makes communities and individuals embrace a social norm that is inclusive rather than exclusive? How does immigration add to the complexities of the process of inclusion and what milestones might be a basis for success?
Panel 28: Dimensions of Terrorism Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon C
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM, RELIGION, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT Chair: Harvey Kushner, Long Island University
AL QAEDA: WHAT'S NEXT HarveyKushner , Long Island University The war in Afghanistan has scattered ai-Qaeda operatives throughout the globe. How will they re-invent themselves to attack the United States? How will they operate inside the United States? What support can they expect inside the United States? Using his own experiences in dealing with ai-Qaeda operatives, the presenter will offer a theoretical model to answers these other questions concerning ai-Qaeda. TERRORISM IN THE NAME OF RELIGION: PERSPECTIVE ON ISLAMIC JIHAD Hamid R. Kusha, Texas A&M International University; Nasser Momayezi, Texas A&M International University The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of Jihad that has its epistemological and historical justification in Islam's sacred text, the Koran. It then explores the question of whether Jihad in this day and age can be equated with the Holy War that any Islamic state and/or group can wage against non-Muslim states and/or groups of people. the paper also examines whether any lslamically valid conception of Jihad allows for unbridled violence to be employed by Muslims against non Muslims. In other words, does Jihad allow terrorism to be employed in its propagation? The paper concludes that there are many trends of thought in relation to this important question. Except for fundamentalist Islamic groups, the thrust of the reputable scholarship of Islam is that the Koran rejects aggression and unbridled violence in the name of Jihad. TERRORISM OR MARTYRS: CULTURAL CONFLICT AND THE ATTRI BUTION BIAS Laurence Armand French, Western New Mexico University The 9-1 1 attacks on the United States sent a shock wave throughout Western cultures. Group suicides introduced a new element to terrorism. This tactic provided additional focus on the Islamic suicide bombers in the current conflict in the Middle East. Differences in-group cohesion between cooperative versus competitive societies tend to forge contravening enculturation orientations. These cultural orientations, in turn, determine the degree of group/clan cohesion as well as the degree of collectivity versus individualization. Add to this the element of re ligiosity and its view of the hereafter and we see diametrically opposing worldviews and attribution biases regarding personal risk. THREE MONTHS POST 9/1 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN A COLLEGE STUDENT SAMPLE Nancy C. Duncan, Hampton University The psychological reactions of 286 African American college students (133 males and 153 females) were obtained in early December 2001. The survey included measures of the extent of direct (none), indirect (73% had fa mily in D. C. or New York) and media exposure, and various outcomes including the stress response. A survey of students conducted at another university in September 2001 was also replicated. Results showed that those with immediate fa mily members in New York City, but not D. C., had greater stress responses and perceived loss of psychosocial support. Other differences due to exposure will also be discussed. TERRORISM, TERRORISTS, AND MOTIVATIONS Arthur Garrison, Delaware Criminal Justice Council This paper will try to review what motivates modern terrorism. The presentation will focus on Middle East Islamic oriented terrorism. The presentation will focus on why thH U.S. is a target and attempt to answer how a person can be convinced to commit suicide killings countless of people at the same time.
Panel 29: Author Meets Critic Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon D
PRISON SEX: POLICY AND PRACTICE Chair: Christopher Hensley, Morehead State University
Critics: Leanne Alarid, University of Missouri, Kansas City; R. Hugh Potter, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Angela West, University of Louisville
WORKSHOP 30: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Regis
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS ENHANCMENT PROJ ECTS: A MODEL FOR CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ROCHESTER POLICE DEPARTMENT
Moderator: Frank Colaprete, Rochester (NY) Police Department This workshop will address a research project that examined the current method of criminal investigations within the Maple Patrol Section of the Rochester (NY) Police Department. The problem statement encompassed the resolution of real and perceived inadequacies in the investigative procHss as obtained through feedback from the CrimeStat criminal investigation review process. The research project examined the entire criminal investigation process and led to the development of a model for change management that met the contemporary and intrinsic needs of the organization. The research culminated in the implementation of a model for change that facilitated quality management in a real time strategic manner.
Panel 31 : Public Policy and Trends in Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Harvard
PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Chair: Christopher A. Innes, National Institute of Justice FACTORS AND CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Christopher A. Innes, National Institute of Justice; Ronald S. Everett, National Institute of Justice The diffusion of scientific knowledge from the research community to the field of criminal justice practitioners and policy makers has often been perceived as a problematic. Researchers often lament that practitioners fail to integrate evidence based practices into their work while practitioners and policy makers are frequently frustrated by research results that are difficult to translate into practice or fail to provide unambiguous, concrete policy guidance. This paper will explore the structural and cultural issues in the criminal justice system that influence the diffusion and utilization of research results. Comparisons to other critical public policy areas, such as education and public health, are made to explore possible differences and similarities in how such diffusion takes place. Issues of organizational readiness and integration across domains are discussed as suggestions for how the exchange can be improved. Finally, the critical role of boundary spanning organizations, such as the National Institute of Justice, and other federal agencies are discussed. THE REWARDS AND PERILS OF RESEARCH IN A CORRECTIONAL AGENCY Scott D. Camp, Federal Bureau of Prisons Research produced within the setting of an operating agency runs the risk of being subverted by the operational priorities and political practicalities facing the agency. The Federal Bureau of Prisons has successfully balanced the tension between the objectivity required of scientific research and daily operations for over two decades, and some of the lessons learned from those experiences are discussed in this paper. The discussion is framed by the challenges of conducting evaluation research, such as the TRIAD evaluation of residential drug treatment in the BOP, and developing performance measures to compare pubic and private prisons. By examining a success story, the BOP, efforts are made to identify potential pitfalls and how to avoid them. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Redonna E. Chandler, National Institute on Drug Abuse This presentation will focus on the efforts of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in the arena of utilizing state of the art scientific knowledge to inform, change, and improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, and service delivery within the criminal justice system. An historical account of the agencies policies related to technology transfer will be examined. Included will be NIDA's current and future plans for both increasing scientific knowledge and transferring this information into the organization and delivery of substance abuse services to offenders within the criminal justice system. EXPLORING GEOGRAPHIC VARITIONS OF UNDERREOPRTINGS OF ILLICIT DRUF USES TO IMPROVE NATIONAL PREVALENCE ESTIMATES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Zhang Zhiwei, NORC This paper will examine the extent and pattern of drug use underreporting among arrestees across more than 30 large metropolitan cities in the United States, describe evaluations on three major drugs- marijuana, cocaine, and opiates, and discuss how the results can be used for improving national prevalence estimates.
Panel 32: Theories of Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Hyannis
THEORIES AND RESEARCH IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Matt DeLisi, Iowa State University
A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE Matt DeLisi, Iowa State University Using Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control construct, this study develops a systemic theoretical explanation of criminal offenders' criminal justice system behavior. Because of the negative characteristics inherent in having low self-control, some criminal defendants are more likely to be contacted by police; have more rancorous interaction with police; less likely to receive recognizance bonds; more likely to receive a public defender; more likely to accept plea bargains; more likely to accept trials when plea bargaining would be more prudent; and are less likely to comply with conditions of various sanctions. As a global construct, self-control should be incorporated into criminal justice models as a potentially robust indicator of recidivism, noncompliance, and criminal justice system failure. WHAT EXACTLY IS CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY? Peter B. Kraska, EasternKentucky University Our field of study generally associates theory-work with theories about crime. The criminological/criminal justice literature hardly acknowledges that criminal justice has a theoretical infrastructure. It assumes erroneously that the study of criminal justice is a "practical" pursuit, concentrating centrally on the "how to" and "what works" end of crime theory. This paper re conceptualizes the role of criminal justice theory and begins the process of describing and clarifying its nature and parameters. The criminal justice-as-growth complex metaphor is used as an example of contemporary efforts to make theoretical sense of recent trends in criminal justice practice. POLICE DISCRETION AND DRUGS IN THE 'HOOD Peter Moskos, Harvard University This research examines police behavior towards African-Americans. While young African-American males are arrested disproportionaly, it is not a suspect's race, gender, or age that determines police behavior. The presence of violent open-air drug markets in a community profoundly affect demeanor, discretion, and police decisions to arrest. High levels of youth gun violence in drug areas threaten the balance of police discretion. Drugs and the "war on drugs" must be seen as effective prism that controls police behavior and arrest decisions towards African-Americans. Data are based on interviews, survey data, and 20 months of participant-observation research while the author served as a uniformed police officer in Baltimore City, Maryland. THEORY INTEGRATION AND JUVENILE GANGS Eddie Hom, East Tennessee State University This paper seeks to address whether juvenile gangs can bE� explained by a theoretical integration of differential association (Sutherland, 1939) and general strain theory (Agnew, 1992). This paper argues, due to prior research finding strengths and weaknesses of each theory, that the integration of the strengths forms a more valid theory in the explanation of juvenile gangs. USING NIBRS TO ANALYZE SEX OFFENSES REPORTED TO THE POLICE Leonore M.J. Simon, East Tennessee State UnivE�rsity The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) offers a new source of data for measuring sex offenses reported to police. This study analyzed NIBRS data for the year 2000. A surprising 12% of sex offenses reported to police involve children ages 5 and younger. As many as 14% of sex offE!nses involve male victims. Only 28% of sex offenses involve victims age 18 and older. The younger the victim, the less likely she was to be victimized by strangers. Victims ages 18 and older were only slightly more likely to be victimized by strangers (16%) than by intimates (14%). 34% of males and 21% of females were victimized by parents and other family members. Only 4% of males and 8% of females were victimized by strangers. Only 25% of sex offenders were arrested. Logistic renression results indicate that there is a decreased likelihood of arrest if the offender is a parent or the State is Tennessee. There is an increased likelihood of arrest when the state is Idaho, South Carolina, or Virginia; the charge is forcible fo ndling, sodomy, or statutory rape; when the victim is younger, female, and white; when there is one offender who is armed and the victim is injured; and when the offenders is older, white, and male. NIBRS data provide information on sex offenses not available in any other national data set collected by the government. Though far from national coverage, the finding that almost three-quarters of sex offenses reported to the police involve children who are victimized by family members and acquaintances has important research and policy implications.
Panel 33: Patterns of Violence in the Caribbean Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Orleans
SOCIO-LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY CONCERNS WITHIN THE CARIBBEAN Chair: M.J. Jones, California State University, Sacramento
THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED NATIONAL ECONOMY STRAIN ON CRIMINAL AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR ON A CARIBBEAN ISLAND: THE CASE OF DOMINICA Peter K.B. St. Jean, State University of New York, Buffalo Several Studies have examined the relationship between socioeconomic index and criminal and deviant behavior. Most have focused on family and neighborhood measures, and have placed little emphasis on the national economy itself. This study is motivated by recent media coverage indicating that over the last few years, the Caribbean island of Dominica has been experiencing severe financial difficulties responsible for a perceived increase in youthful involvement in criminal and deviant behaviors. The research design utilizes multi-methods to gather data on the association between perceived national economic conditions, and youthful academic aspirations, career aspirations, and deviant behavior. The data include archival review, a survey, focus groups, and participant observation with a sample of Dominica students. Several theoretical and methodological issues are addressed in the process. CHANGING THE GUARDS: (UN)INTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION REFORM? Marlyn J. Jones, California State University-Sacramento While state convict populations have leveled off, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of non-violent drug offenders and immigrant detainees in federal prisons. This paper draws on statistics of incarcerated non-citizens, INS removal statistics, and content analysis of randomly selected immigration court cases. It examines the stated intent versus the outcome of the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. However, a consequence of the plenary powers doctrine is that immigration constitutional jurisprudence is underdeveloped co mpared to other areas of law. Thus, the paper also assesses the longstanding debate about the applicability of the U.S. constitution to immigrants and raises the question: even if immigration reforms are achieving their stated intent, are the consequences just? DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE CARIBBEAN : AN UPDATE ON CURRENT LEGISLATION AND POLICIES Kaylene Richards-Ekeh, California State University-Sacramento Domestic violence is a very prevalent problem and has become diffused throughout every part of the world. It has reached epidemic proportions and it tends to affect many individuals within the population at the same time. Few countries have written policies and legislation directed at domestic violence. This paper will evaluate the efficacy of current laws, policies and mechanisms in dealing with domestic violence in the Caribbean. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME IN NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: THE CASE OF THE FINANCE HOUSES fan Kevin Ramdhanie, University of the West Indies One category of non-banking financial institutions in Trinidad and Tobago, that is, finance houses, with reference to white collar crimes will be this paper's focus. Amongst other issues, a discussion will be presented on the factors that lead to the institutions' rise and fall, typologies of white-collar crimes that occurred, the role of the legislative and judicial agencies, as well as, the crimes' triple impact on depositors, economy and society. Inclusive in this presentation is a debate on the culture of deviance amongst individuals, institutions and various sectors in society. Other areas such as institutional weaknesses, checks and balances and compliance will be analyzed together with regional and international dimensions to this issue of white-collar crimes and finance houses. Panel 34: Theori s of Crim and Victimization Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Vineyard
A REVIEW OF BOSTON-BASED RESEARCH ON SELECT CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEROY AND POLICY-RELATED ISSUES Chair: Luis Garcia, Suffolk University
THE FEAR OF CRIME IN BOSTON: COMPARING SINGLE- AND MULTI-ITEM MEASUREMENT OUTCOMES Luis Garcia, Suffolk University Fear of crime (FOC) is a widely studied phenomenon. However, the operational aspects of measuring and interpreting FOC have been subject to debate. In this presentation, the effectiveness and implications of single- and multi-item measures are discussed based on research that employs both approaches. JUVENILE VIOLENCE TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN BOSTON: A LOOK AT THE REALITIES OF CRIME AND POPULATION CHANGES Joann Gu, Boston Police Department Population "boom" theories are prevalent in the discourse on crime causation. This presentation discusses the results of research on fluctuations in juvenile violence, recidivism, victimization, and re-victimization in Boston in the context of factors such as geographic reference, population density, family structure, and local economy. SOCIAL CLASS, DRUGS, GENDER AND THE LIMITATIONS OF THE LAW: CONTRASTING THE ELITE PROSTITUTE WITH THE STREET PROSTITUTE Maureen Norton-Hawk, Suffolk University The relationship between social class, prostitution and drug use is complex. The role of illegal drugs in elite prostitution is dramatically different from that fo und among streetwalkers. The backgrounds of the escort service girls; their relatively comfortable and safe working conditions; and the desires of their customers produce and maintain a pattern of drug use that is in sharp contrast to that fo und on the street. A MULTI-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT IN COMMUNITY POLICING April Pattavina, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Luis Garcia, Suffolk University; Heather Madruga, University of Massachusetts, Lowell Results are presented from extensive survey and archival data analysis on the predictive capacity of community and individual factors on citizen involvement in community policing in Boston. The fi ndings indicate that select individual and community factors are significant predictors of involvement as well as residents' interest and knowledge of community policing.
Panel 35: Dimensions of Comparative International Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Simmons & VIOLENCE, SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEMOCRACY Chair: David K. Chiabi, New Jersey City University
SOCIAL CONTROL IN THE OASIS OF SIWA: A JUSTICE MODEL TO EMULATE Sam S. Souryal, Sam Houston State University This paper examines field research conducted by the author in 2000 in the oasis of Siwa, in the North African Desert. The subject of research was Natural Justice and Social Control. The community of Siwa, comprising of 11 tribes and totaling 17,000 inhabitants, has lived in the oasis for approximately 2400 years. They are descendents of ancient Greeks who lived in the oasis since the early Greek empire. The oasis still has a Greek temple that also doubles as a learning center. Over Siwan history, crime in the oasis has been minimal and justice maximal. Research findings showed that: 1) the last violent crime in the oasis occurred almost 50 years ago and was an act of involuntary manslaughter; 2) the community has no jails, prisons, or even positive laws; 3) conflicts are resolved by a tribal council (the Awaqqels) that are selected by the tribe; 4) Siwans (who are now mostly Moslems) believe in natural justice, whereas crime is considered an act of injustice that is prohibited by old tradition; 5) informal social control dominates the life and development of each individual since birth and continues until death; 6) the punishment for law infractions is social ostracization; 7) tribal leadership is based on acclamation by male tribe members and is based on the demonstration of wisdom, knowledge, and moral fortitude; 8) Siwa is not a democracy, and Siwans do not welcome democratic ideas; 9) while Islam is the religion of most Siwans, the inhabitants use a brand of Islam that is extremely moderate--it fo rbids Shariah punishment, and firmly believes in Urrf law (the law of tradition). Historical research also indicates that Plato had studied in Siwa after he left Athens in 339 B.C., at the age of 28, and that his main work, The Republic, reflected the form of government he saw practiced by the Siwans. JUSTICE LONG OVERDUE: GENOCIDAL TRIALS IN EAST AFRICA Pietro Toggia, Kutztown University This paper examines the ongoing genocidal trials of the 6,180 fo rmer military government functionaries in Ethiopia since December 1994. The paper identifies some of the major shortcomings of the genocidal trails, particularly problems discernible in the denial of substantive and procedural due process rights to the defendants. It argues that slow-moving trails circumvent the principle of justice, neither being appealing to the public nor reassuring the rule of law to prevent future political genocides. The study uses sources of legal and political documents published in the official Amharic (Ethiopian) language. The paper also reviews the political and historical contexts of these crimes against humanity. It analyzes the origin and development of this unique political genocide. The paper argues that representational state crisis in the context of power struggle, compounded with radical ideological justification of the violence, brought about the political genocide of the late 1970s. It also analyzes the mass killings, focusing on how the "body" is located at the political sites of power struggle and state violence. Perpetrators and victims alike saw the violence as an imperative political strategy that is guided by a "revolutionary reason," a reason that inspired all contending political group to advance the people's revolution. TORTU RE CRIMES IN ARAB STATES LAWS Mohamed Hanafi Mahmound, Police Science Academy, Egypt This research revolves about the crime committed by officers and non-commissioned officers on citizens and individuals that are concerned with their official work and aims to gain confession from those individuals that they were participated or committed a certain crime. The research is divided into three parts: 1) the personal aspects of those crimes, e.g. both the defendant and the victim-this part also indicates all the conditions of the crime; 2) the aspects and elements for those crimes especially both the material and moral aspects; 3) the sanction determined by law for the crime such as punishment for the defendant and procedure sanctions before the court mollifyin�� of the victims' confession and neglecting all evidence derived from torture. Finally, we have to sign that this research is confined to study torture crimes in the most important Arab states like Egypt, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait because 1) the laws in these countries are much developed compared to other states; 2) these three countries are more advanced in criminal justice arena and 3) the highest supreme courts in those states decreed important principals that become the guide for another courts. EXPORTING U. S. ORGANIZED CRIME: OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS Tom Barker, Eastern Kentucky University The comparative and international literature on organized crime generally recognizes the influence and extent of groups outside the United States. However, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are treated as domestic (inside the U.S.) organized crime groups. The international extent of OMG's is largely ignored. Nevertheless, these groups, although an American invention, have exported their chapters and crimes outside the United States. Several OMG's, particularly the Hells Angels, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos, are a serious problem outside the U.S.
Panel 36: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Wellesley
POLICE ETHICS AND LEADERSHIP Chair: Jeffrey S. Magers, Stephen F. Austin State University
THE PATTERNS, PRACTICES, AND MANAGERIAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN A SOUTHERN SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT AND POLICE DEPARTMENT John G. Peters, Jr. , Regent University These seminal case studies addressed the complex, multidimensional problem of sexual harassment in law enforcement agencies, specifically, the degree it adversely affects managerial operations. A nonexperimental survey instrument was given to the 577 employees of the sheriff's department, and to the 283 employees of the police department. The response rate was 100% and 97%, respectively. The survey linked unwelcome behaviors to legal definitions. Respondents reporting sexual harassment were 25-+% and 22%, respectively. Several respondents reported actual, attempted rape and/or assault in the workplace by co-workers. Confidentiality issues, formal reporting problems, and training will be discussed. THE ILLINOIS SECRETARY OF STATE POLICE, 1945-80: THE CYCLE OF SCANDAL AN D REFORM Beverly A. Smith, Illinois State University; David N. Falcone, Illinois State University; Jason Fuller, Illinois State University The Illinois Secretary of State Police (ISSP), separate from the Illinois State Police (ISP) controlled by the governor, went through a cycle of reform and scandal. Founded as one aspE�ct of progressive reform, the ISSP found itself embroiled in two major scandals afterWo rld War II. While both concerned the siphoning of fees collected from motorists, particularly truckers, and under-the-table political patronage, the Secretaries of States were able to hold onto their separate police force through a series of political compromises. Even as the ISSP professionalized and expanded, its reputation was only partially rebuilt by reformist heads recruited from the ISP. THE PREDICTIVE ACCURACY OF 'TIME-AND-NUMBERS' EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS Robert E. Worden, SUNY-Albany; Mary Pratte, SUNY-Albany; Shelagh Catlin, SUNY-Albany; Christopher Harris, SUNY Albany; Shelly Schlief, SUNY-Albany Police early warning systems implicitly rest on the prediction that an officer who meets the selection criteria would, in the absence of an intervention, continue to engage in problematic conduct. Predictions of this kind are notoriously difficult to make. Most early warning systems are "time and numbers" systems that select officers who exceed a specified threshold on any criterion during a specified time frame. Using the most commonly-used time frames and numerical thresholds for police early warning systems, we will empirically estimate the accuracy of the predictions made by such time-and-numbers systems for a large police agency in the northeast. POLICE ETHICS: AN EXAMINATION OF INITIATIVES BY THE IACP TO ASSIST LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES WITH ISSUES OF PROFESSIONALISM AND ETHICS Jeffrey S. Magers, Stephen F. Austin State University The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), an organization representing police chiefs and police leaders throughout the world, has a tradition of seeking to enhance the professionalism and ethical behavior of police officers and leaders. In 1999, the IACP initiated an analysis of ethics training needs of police agencies in the U.S. The results of that effort were produced and distributed in the form of what has been designated as the "Ethics Toolkit." This paper will examine the components of the "Ethics Toolkit" and the efforts of the IACP to encourage police leaders to use this program to enhance ethical standards and conduct in law enforcement.
Roundtable 37: Policing Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
REAL COPS VS. MOVIE AND TELEVISION COPS: AN EXPLORATION OF THE DEPICTION OF THE POLICE CULTURE AND THE POLICE PERSONALITY IN MOVIES AND TELEVISION SHOWS
Moderator: John S. Dempsey, Suffolk Community College Discussants: Patrick Ryan, Long Island University; Linda Forst, Shoreline Community College; Dave Owens, Onondaga Community College; Robert Fernandez, Olympic College; Lizabeth Ann Wiinamaki, Juanita College This roundtable of former law enforcement professionals will explore the concept of the police culture and the police personality as seen by its depiction in movies and television shows. Are real cops like those depicted in movies and television shows?
Roundtable 38: Prisoner Reentry Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
COERCIVE MOBILITY: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF CONCENTERED INCARCERATION ON NEIGHBORHOODS
Moderator: Dina Rose, Women's Prison Association Discussants: Todd R. Clear, John Jay College; Kristen Scully, Florida State University; Elin Wa ring, Lehman College; Judith Ryder, Rutgers University A series of studies have been carried out in Tallahassee, Florida, regarding the impact of incarceration on Tallahassee neighborhoods. These studies incorporate interviews, telephone surveys, and statistical analysis of geo-coded crime and justice crime data. In this roundtable, the methods and results of these studies are discussed and their policy implications developed.
Roundtable 39: Prisons Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS
Moderator: Paul J. Goldstein, University of Illinois at Chicago Prisoners and detainees are often drawn from the poorest segments of the American population. They tend to have a wide variety of physical and mental health problems. They are often unlikely to seek medical attention for their problems. Correctional institutions are mandated by law to address necessary medical needs of incarcerated populations. In doing so, they may positively affect the general health of their locality. A progressive program in Chicago, which includes collaboration between a university and local Departments of Public Health and Corrections, is discussed. Input will be sought from representatives from other localities.
Roundtabl 40: Prisons Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
PRACTITIONER PERSPECTIVES: NEEDED CORRECTION AND JAIL RESEARCH ON MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP (AND MANAGERS AND LEADERS)
Moderator: Leonard I. Morganbesser, Empire State College Discussants: Kathleen Denehy, Massachusetts Department of Corrections; Peter Perroncello, Bristol County Jail; Arthur A. Leonardo, North American Association of Wardens; Stan Stojkovic, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee For at least the past quarter-century, various studies have been conducted on prison and jail management and leadership (and prison and jail managers and leaders). Supervisory management and supervisors have been studied to a lesser extent, but such studies are far exceeded by research on line correction officers. This roundtable, through interaction between academics and experienced prison and jail executives, and representatives of leading professional associations, should hopefully facilitate emergent practitioner perspectives as to what further studies of prison and jail management and leadership (and managers and leaders) may be needed in view of research, which has previously been completed.
Ro undtabl 41 : Qualitative Methods Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
U.S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE-- APPLICATION OF QUALITATIVE METHODS TO POLICY RESEARCH
Moderator: Laurie Ekstrand, U. S. General Accounting Office This roundtable will discuss various qualitative methods used in GAO's policy research, such as: computerized content search programs to more informal means such as looking for convergence of analysts' opinions of content, use of multiple reviewers or observers to ensure interrater reliability and validity of conclusions, potential for using focus groups and Delphi methods, among others.
Roundtable 42: Dimensions of Terrorism Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
LAST PERSONAL IMPACTS OF 9-1 1: DIFFERENCES BASED ON GEOGRAPHY
Moderators: Paula Brillinger, Elmira College; Yenli Yeh, University of Virginia College at Wise September 11, 2001 changed our lives forever. The question we might ask ourselves as teachers, is how has this event changed/impacted our students and if this change is the same for all students? Does the age, religious beliefs, sex, majors or geographic areas of the students impact the changes they have experienced? This study seeks to explore these issues by comparing students of colleges that are similar in size and orientation, but different in the locations and student body composition. Surveys containing both closed and opened questions are used to gain insight into these issues. Finding are interesting and enlightening . Roundtable 43: Organiz d Cri me Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
ORGANIZED CRIME RESEARCH: WHERE IT IS, WHERE IT NEEDS TO GO
Moderator: Jay Albanese, National Institute of Justice Discussants: Jim Finckenauer, Rutgers University; Marvene O'Rourke, National Institute of Justice; Lois Mock, National Institute of Justice; Kip Schlegel, Indiana University A roundtable to assess and discuss new research in the area of organized crime, government-funded research efforts that are underway, and directions that organized crime research should take in the future. This discussion will incorporate the perspectives of both the discussants and the audience.
Roundtable 44: Student Panel Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
COMMUNITY COLLEGE ON-LINE TEACHING: THE STU DENT REACTION
Moderator: Brian Verkay, Bergen Community College Discussants: Kiran Hanna, Bergen Community College; Kelly Policastro, Bergen Community College; Laura Tessilore, Bergen Community College; Carmen Pascale, Bergen Community College Internet teaching, known as on-line teaching, is growing. In fact the use of the Internet for teaching, research and supplemental materials is the trend of the day. The traditional classroom grew into the on-line classroom using WebCT and other technology. The next step, once called a hybrid, now referred to as a web-enhanced class, combines the traditional and cyber classroom. How do students work with technology? Are they learning? What are the qualitative issues from the point of view of the student? How does it affect their learning? What makes a good instructor? Five criminal justice majors will discuss the issues and answer questions from their audience of academicians and students of all levels of higher education.
Roundtable 45: Prisons Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTU RE IN CORRECTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Mod rators: Peter Rockholz, Criminal Justice Institute, Inc.; Leo Carroll, University of Rhode Island Correctional facilities regularly face many challenging issues such as sexual harassment, excessive use of force, and high staff turnover-j ust to name a few. The causes and sustainability of these presenting problems are typically embedded within the broader social and organizational cultures of the institution. They do not occur in isolation but exist systemically within social relationships among organizational members. This session will engage participants in an active discussion of organizational culture as it relates to the correctional environment, using the article entitled, "Organizational Culture: An Overview of Perspectives, Methods, and Findings" as a foundation.
Roundtable 46: Student Panel Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
WEB BASED TRAINING RESOURCES
Moderator: Lori Kepford, Pikeville College This is a unique presentation of web based training resources developed by students participating in an undergraduate Correctional Operations class. Topics and web-based materials will address such issues as inmate rights, elderly offenders, controlling contraband, special populations, and others. Student presentations have been designed to conform to the Federal Bureau of Prisons standards. The goal of the roundtable is to explore the wealth of information, the variety of perspectives and analytic strategies that inform our professional correctional community in its day-to-day management of inmates in our correctional institutions.
Roundtable 47: Student Panel Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon E
JUVENILE JUSTICE ISSUES
Moderator: A von L. Burns, Molt Community Colfege Discussants: Rebecca Duby-Aker, Matt Community College; Dana Williamson, Matt Community College; Sue Wagner, Matt Community College; Larry Woodberry, Matt Community College; Lambert West, Matt Community College; Ed lrgang, Matt Community College; Charolette Taylor, Pikeville College; Bobbi Sturgill, Pikeville College; Michael Sturgill, Pikeville College; Krystal Hunt, Pikeville College_; Charity Sowards, Pikeville College; Tim Baldwin, Pikeville College; Michael Thacker, Pikeville College; Derrick Silas, Pikeville College; E/enor Smith, Pikeville College; This roundtable is designed to address several current trends impacting the historical, ideological and philosophical mission of juvenile justice in America. Issues to be examined include but are not limited to the history of juvenile courts, punishment v rehabilitation, the waiver system, the death penalty, boot camps and model juvenile prevention programs.
Roundtable 48: Judicial and Court Processes Wednesday March 5, 2003 1:00-2:1512 :30-3:45 Salon E
SUPREME COURT DECISIONS YEAR 2001 IN REVIEW
Moderator: Craig Hemmens, Boise State University Di cussants: John Worral, California State University, San Bernadino; Katherine Bennett, Armstrong Atlantic State University; Barbara Be/bot, University of Houston, Downtown; Jeffrey Walker, University of Arkansas at Little Rock The United States Supreme Court issues a number of important criminal justice-related opinions every year. This panel reviews and analyzes the leading cases from the most recent term of the court. Each presenter will each discuss a topic, including search and seizure, corrections, sentencing, and the death penalty.
Pan I 49 : Juvenile Justice W _ dnesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon A
CONTROLLI NG JUVENILE OFFENDERS: ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS II Chair: Warren Dukes, St. Augustine's College
FINANCIAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS REGARDING JUVENILE INCARCERATIONS Warren Dukes, St. Augustine's College Juvenile arrests for violent offenders, such as aggravated assault, forcible rape, and arson represent arrests for increasingly severe offenses from the mid 1980's to the end of the twentieth century. In particular, the juvenile arrest rate increased by 93% from the mid1 980's to 1999 for aggravated assault, as well as the more alarming increased rate of arrests for simple assaults at 150%. The actual number of murders committed by juveniles is considered greatly underestimated as the Federal Bureau of had no information regarding the offender(s) for approximately 36% (N=5,630) of reported murders. In addition, the age of offending has decreased. Specifically, more than half of all persons arrested for arson in 1999 were under the age of eighteen while one in five of arrestees for arson were under the age of thirteen. Most disturbing are the financial, political and social implications associated with juvenile arrests and subsequent incarceration. The incarceration of young offenders in American correctional institutions has long-term consequences to corrections, as well as the larger community. Many states are exploring legislation aimed at controlling a population of young "super-predators". For example, in March 2000, the state of California passed an initiative targeting underage offenders that is estimated to incarcerate approximately 5,600 juveniles in adult prisons over the next five years. Financially, a violent youthful offender could potentially cost taxpayers $1.8 million based on calculation of conservative estimates of $25,000 per year for incarceration and a conservative life span of 72 years for long-term sentencing. Politically, youthful offenders represent an increasing population of individuals who will be ineligible to vote, therefore affecting the long-term disparities based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, as well as political party affiliation. Lastly, social implications are reflected in an increasing unemployable population of low-skilled ex-felons who will require a plethora of social services. THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE DEFENSE COUNSEL TO COMBAT THE EFFECTS OF THE SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED NOTION OF THE JUVENILE DELINQUENT James J. Ross, SUNY-Buffalo Perhaps the most nefarious aspect of the punitive trend in the treatment of juvenile offenders is the failure to realize that juveniles have become involved in a criminally delinquent matters originating within the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system often face obstacles in obtaining quality representation. It cannot be overstated what a critical role an attorney plays when representing a juvenile involved in a criminally delinquent matter. The attorney in this role, as a juvenile defense attorney, is a buttress against unfair and discriminatory attitudes. Indeed such an attorney has the most difficult position of articulating the legal voice of a juvenile that may not be fully able to grasp the gravity of the situation in which they find themselves. The attorney must clearly communicate the needs and interests of the juvenile to the court, while simultaneously always representing their client in the best possible light. The defense attorney for juveniles involved in a criminally delinquent matter in a juvenile court can make a critical difference. Yet how does the Juvenile Justice System and society move from the antiquated, yet theoretically superior Parens Patriae philosophy to a more blended adversarial one? This is an issue which needs to explored and further debated and it is to this end that this paper will attempt to shed light on this unique issues particular toJu venile Justice. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AS THEORY AND PRACTICE: HOW JUDGES AND THE JUVENILE DELINQUENCY COURT COMMUNITY DEFINE AND DEVELOP RESTORATIVE JUSTICE Christopher M. Hill, Supreme Courtof Florida; John K. Couch, Supreme Courtof Florida Do judges and others in the court community understand the goals of restorative justice and how can they be achieved? Professionals from Florida's juvenile delinquency court community were recently asked about sanctions and servicesthey felt were valuable for delinquent children. In this paper we present the response of judges, public defenders, state attorneys and others, and we discuss these responses within a theoretical framework of restorative justice. We examine how these varying understandings and uses of restorative justice measures influence the micro level interactions of the courtroom and the macro level consequences for juveniles, victims, and society. IRELAND'S JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORM LEGISLATION (1999): A CRITIQUE AND ANALYSIS Roger B. McNally, SUNY-Brockport; Diane C. Dwyer, SUNY-Brockport The basic statutory Act for Juvenile Justice in the Republic of Ireland is the Children's Act of 1908. There has been subsequent legislation throughout the 20th century reflecting modest changes. For example, the creation of the Juvenile Liaison Officer, the reform of the Probation and Welfare Service, then ending of the Industrial School system, etc. However, the promulgation of Ireland's Juvenile Justice system has been expressed in their 1999 Children's Bill which ahs become the centerpiece of juvenile justice legislation. This Bill is comprehensive and reflects the contemporary changes of modern Ireland. The thrust of it is to integrate significant elements of the Balanced/Restorative model. Hence, the purpose of this paper will be to offera critique and analysis of the legislation. This will be done in the context of the goals of the Balanced Model as well as integrating the culture and cultural changes in modern Ireland. Pan I 50: Judicial and CourtProcesses Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon B
EXPLORING THE COURT'S RESPONSES TO DRUG CRIMES: TRENDS AND ATTITUDES Chair: Marilyn M. Roberts, U. S. Departmentof Justice
HAMMER TIME: DO INCREASED PENALTIES YIELD INCREASED SENTENCE? Jacqueline Davis, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; James W. Golden, University of Arkansas at Little Rock During the 1990s, Arkansas followed a trend established in other states and increased penalties for certain crimes, particularly drug crimes. The authors examine the impact of increasing penalties and a 'get tough on crime' attitude on sentence lengths for violent, property, DUI and drug crimes between 1990 and 2001 . WAIT YOUR TURN: EXPLORING FELONY COURT PROCESSING IN A SOUTHERN STATE James W. Golden, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Kristi M. McKinnon, University of Arkansas at Little Rock During the 90s, the Arkansas Legislature stiffened the penalties for certain drug crimes, including the sales and manufacture of met amphetamine. The authors examine the impact of stiffer penalties for drug crimes on the processing time of felony cases within the Arkansas criminal court system between 1990 and 2001 . THE EVOLUTION AND INTEGRATION OF DRUG COURTS Marilyn M. Roberts, U. S. Departmentof Justice Drug courts began in 1989 in Miami, Florida. From that single drug co urt in 1989, the idea that courts can address the drug problem in a more effective way has given rise to the establishment of more than 800 drug courts across the country today, with approximately 450 more in the planning stages. The author discusses the evolution of drug courts and the challenges of integrating the approach into the mainstream court system. THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE David Neubauer, University of New Orleans Over the last two decades the U.S. judiciary has been transformed by a series of ongoing experiments. Drug courts, domestic violence courts, teen courts and the like have become a regular part of courthouses in the United States. Increasing caseloads only partiality explains the popularity of these judicial bodies ..This paper will consider the social and political forces affecting the development of therapeutic jurisprudence in the U.S. Some of the major factors to be discussed included a decentralized judiciary, a fragmented justice system, conflicting public sentiments, limited availability of treatment programs, the importance of interest groups stressing moral issues, and net widening. ARE YOU A TRULY A RECOVERING DOPE FIEND? EVALUATING ADULT OFFENDERS' AUTHE NTICITY IN A RESIDENTIAL DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAM Leslie Paik, University of California, Los Angeles As shown by the passage of Proposition 36 in California, public opinion seems to increasingly support diverting drug-abusing offenders into treatment instead of incarceration. In response, this paper reports on findings from an ethnographic study of adult offenders participating in one of the nation's largest drug treatment programs. In this program, offenders are expected to engage in a resocialization process, transforming their selves from "bad" addicts to "good" recovering addicts. Yet it is almost impossible to tell if someone has shed her "bad" self. In response, this paper shows how the program assesses offenders' "authenticity" in this self-transformation process.
Panel 51 : Police and Community Issues Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon C
ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES AND COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING Chair: Phil He, University of Texas, San Antonio
THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATIVE MECHANISM OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS Ni (Phil) He, University of Texas, San Antonio, Nicholas Lovrich; Wa shington State University; Jihong (Solomon) Zhao, University of Nebraska, Omaha The local foundations of law enforcement and other types of special purpose governments are intended to ensure a close relationship between prevailing community values and policy preferences. Community Oriented Policing (COP) is one such attempts to promote police and community partnership in reducing social disorder and crimes. This paper focuses on assessing the impact of the participative mechanism of municipal government on the implementation of COP. Three waves of national surveys (1993, 1996, & 2000) based on a random sample of municipalities (and their corresponding police departments) were used for our analysis. This panel data set affords us a rare opportunity to examine the changing inter relationship between local government infrastructure (e.g., co-production strategies, neighborhood empowerment strategies, information gathering strategies, and open government policies) and COP initiatives (e.g., adaptation of COP activities, COP related training and education! Police perceptions of obstacles from the co mmunity) in the 1990s. Implications for policy are discussed. THE GAP BETWEEN THE IMPORTANCE AND INCORPORATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING CHARACTERISTICS IN POLICE POLICIES AND PRACTICES: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL STUDY Sutham Cheurprakobkit, Kennesaw State University; Shihlung Huang, Fayetteville State University This study surveyed 225 city police chiefs from America's mid-size and large cities nationwide regarding their attitudes about the current practice of community-oriented policing (COP). Using 13 COP characteristics derived from Cordner's four definitive dimensions of COP (i.e., philosophical, strategic, tactical, and organizational) as a model, this study examined the disparities between the importance of COP characteristics viewed by these police chiefs and the extent to which their departments incorporated such characteristics into their department policies and practices. Preliminary analyses showed that comparisons of four COP characteristics (problem solving strategies, the use of information, leadership and management styles, and proactive and preventive orientation, in that order) produced the largest gaps. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between these four characteristics and support for the COP implementation (both internal and external), as well as demographic variables. THE GENERAL COMMUNITY MODEL OF POLICING: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT L. Edward Wells, Illinois State University; David N. Falcone, Illinois State University Using a unique data set that combines LEMAS, UCR, and U.S. Census Bureau data into a single file, this study addresses the question of whether a single general organizational model describes policing in the U.S. Noting a reliance in prior policing research on mainly larger, more urban municipal police departments, this data set provides broader coverage of all sizes of police agencies, in all types of community locations, and in both county- and municipal-level jurisdictions. Using multiple regression the analysis examines how organizational features and policing practices vary across differenttypes of community contexts and different police structures. AN ANALYSIS OF DECENTRALIZATION IN 197 MUNICIPAL POLICE AGENCIES: EXPLORING THE COMMUNITY CONNECTIVITY COMPONENT OF COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING Ricky S. Gutierrez, California State University, Sacramento; Ronald Helms, We stern Wa shington University When thinking about the evolution of policing, it is important to consider the degrees of organizational change that have occurred during the Community Oriented Policing (COP) era. One major change espoused by proponents of COP deals with decentralization in relation to community connectivity. Using data from the most recent Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) conducted in 1999, this study will explore levels of decentralization in 197 municipal police agencies staffed with 1 00 or more full-time sworn officers by examining the number of specific mechanisms employed in their attempt to improve contact with their respective communities.
Panel 52: Capital Punishment Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon D
EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Chair: L. Kay Gillespie, Weber State University
RU NNING WITH THE BULLS: A DISCUSSION OF DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SPANISH BULL FIGHTS AND U.S. EXECUTIONS L. Kay Gillespie, We ber State University The U.S. and Spain both have an interesting cultural ethos dealing with death. The U.S. is under pressure, as a civilized nation, to eliminate the death penalty and Spain, as a member of the European Union, is under pressure to do away with bullfights. Yet, each practice continues in each country. There are other similarities as well--particularly in the ritual, pageantry and symbolism involved in both practices. In an ethnographic format the author has studied both events and discusses them based on similarities and differences. WELCOME TO THE REAL, REAL WORLD Patricia A. Milhoff, University of Akron This discussion concerns the use of representation of a death row inmate by the instructor as a discussion topic in Criminal Law for Police. The class utilized the actual activities of the case, from appeal to execution to discuss the death penalty with the project ending with the professor actually witnessing the execution. It is a way to bring the death penalty to life, removing it from political and personal opinions and requiring the students to deal with the realization that even the defendant is a human being. STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE POST-ATKINS ERA Timothy K. Nave, Jr. , Mercyhurst College With the recent Atkins v. Virginia decision (122 S. Ct. 2242) banning the execution of mentally retarded offenders, the Court has once again shifted the standard of decency. This paper will review previous findings on public opinion and the death penalty, and present findings on the beliefs of college students on the topic. This is a preliminary study of student opinions on whether age and mental capacity should play a role in the death sentence, or the alternative, life without parole.
Panel 53: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Tufts
FROM GRADUATE STUDENT TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONAL Chair: Ramona Brockett, Northern Kentucky University
THE SCHOLARSHIP OF TEACHING AND LEARNING: A RE-INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE Lee E. Ross, University of Wisconsin, Parkside Assuming that most-if of all students-have a conceptual grasp of what comprises criminal justice, one objective in redesigning the introductory course was to assess the accuracy of student prior knowledge and perceptions concerning the practical realities of criminal justice. Moreover, conscious efforts were made to enable students to distinguish between media portrayals of criminal justice and practical realities of criminal justice. Using the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) model, preliminary results are discussed along with its pedagogical implications. WHAT ARE LOCAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE EMPLOYESS LOOKING FOR WHEN PURSUING FURTHER POST SECONDARY EDUCATION? Daniel Hall, University of Toledo; Lois Ventura, University of Toledo; Eric Lambert, Ferris State University; Yung Lee, University of Tole do Local criminal justice employees are a potential source of new students for many urban criminal justice programs. Many universities and colleges now offer, or are considering offering, a Masters degree in Criminal Justice aimed more for the practitioner than for those seeking to earn a Ph.D. What are criminal justice workers who desire to further their education looking for when they select a particular program? Over 1000 criminal justice employees (e.g., municipal police officers, sheriff deputies, jail staff, and prison staff) were surveyed in Northwestern Ohio to find out their views on the subject. The results will be presented. MODERN MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AS A PARADIGM FOR TEACHING Angelo L. Pisani, Jr., St. John's University This paper is a case study, which discusses the author's 12 -year search for a teaching modality that offers a sense of accomplishment. AN EXAMINATION OF JUNIOR AND SENIOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS ' PERCEPTIONS OF POLICING AS A PROFESSION Suman Kakar, Florida International University This study examines the students' views and attitudes towards policing as a profession as well as their reasons for choosing law enforcement related (police, courts, corrections etc.) job as their profession. The data are collected from 359 students who are in their junior and senior years with Criminal Justice, Public Administration, or Health Services Administration as their major. The specific purpose of this study is to examine the students' views towards choosing law enforcement related job as a profession. The results indicate that students in senior year and close to graduation had different views from the students who were in their junior years. Senior year students were little less excited about police work as compared to students in their junior year. Students nearing completion of their degree reported policing as a profession that does not provide much job satisfaction as compared to junior year students.
Panel 54: Organized Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston University
ORGANIZED CRIME TASK FORCES AND POLITICS Chair: Howard Abadinsky, Saint Xavier University
STRIKE FORCE AS CONCEPT IN ORGANIZED CRIME HISTORY: FROM TEAMS TO POSSES IN AMERICAN POLICE HISTORY James D. Calder, University of Texas at San Antonio Organized crime Strike Forces were created in the late 1960s in response to a perceived need for interagency cooperation. The concept evolved from a belief that federal agents could compete against organized crime through use of vastly more interagency communications and workgroup cooperation. This paper considers historical precedents to strike force organizations by reaching back to earlier examples of team or group approaches: posses, early detective teams, federal and local investigative squads, and various undercover teams against organized crime. Philosophical underpinnings of Strike Forces are considered, and modern applications of federal investigative teams are summarized. EVALUATION OF ORGANIZED CRIME TASK FORCES IN THE NETHERLANDS Peter Klerks, Dutch National Police Academy In The Netherlands, 600 detectives in seven 'core teams' investigate organized crime. They target Latino, Turkish, Eastern European and native Dutch networks, synthetic drugs manufacturers, traffickers of humans, financial facilitators and groups operating at airports and harbors. Our evaluation found that bureaucratic tasking procedures through the attorney general's office and inadequate strategic intelligence hamper effective operations. Teams vary in structure and mission, ranging from innovative intelligence-oriented to traditional/reactive. While applying quality management principles, most teams lack unambiguous quantitative performance indicators. Some regional authorities divert earmarked resources to local priorities. The report fuels the topical debate on police centralization toward a 'Dutch FBI'. THE POLITICS OF ORGANIZED CRIME James Timothy Linehan, University of Houston Organized crime can be seen as a group of political institutions and analyzed as a political entity. In Houston, organized crime is often seen as a world away, but prosecution politics, anti-terrorism concerns, and individual perspectives/backgrounds combine to form a method to analyze the phenomenon.
Pan I 55: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston College
THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS ON LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chairs: Marvin Zalman, Wa yne Sate University; Susette Ta larico, University of Georgia MORAL VIRTUE ON THE REHNQUIST COURT: THE'DRUG EXCEPTION' TO THE FOURTH AMENDMENT Bradley Chilton, University of Texas Do the Justices' perceptions of the criminal defendant's moral virtue influence U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Fourth Amendment cases? And what does this say about the moral reasoning of the Court? Examining all Fourth Amendment case opinions by the Rehnquist Court since 1986, this legal content-analysis developed indicators of the Justices' assessment of the moral character of the defendant and the relative weight given to the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights in reviews of police searches. The Justices' opinions frequently indicate perceptions of defendants' vices (i.e., with drugs) in cases where the Court does not uphold the individual's Fourth Amendment rights in a questionable police search. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this "drug exception" to the Fourth Amendment and the moral reasoning of the Court. THE FRAMERS, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, AND NATIONAL SECURITY: A POST 911 1 CONVERSATION OF THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT W. Richard Janikowski, Memphis State University Since the attacks of September 11, there has been a great deal of discussion regarding the scope of governmental powers to interrogate, detain, and even hold secret trials of individuals suspected of threatening the national security. Luminaries such as Alan Dershowitz, generally known as a defender of individual rights, have suggested that in certain cases officials may have the right to even torture suspected terrorists to obtain critical information. Informing much of this debate has been examination of various decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning both criminal procedure and national security. However, missing from this discussion has been consideration of the fundamental theory of government, and in particular the vision of government enunciated by the Framers in documents such as the Federalist Papers, to provide for the safety and welfare of the state and its citizens. This paper will attempt to provide a fo undation from American political theory for future discussions of the intersections of constitutional law and national security. PRISONERS AS CITIZENS Marvin Zalman, Wayne State University This paper explores the development of the concept of citizenship in American constitutional history and law, with particular attention to the application of citizenship designation to African Americans in the Nineteenth Century,from their exclusion in the Dred Scott case to concepts of citizenship in the 13th, 14th and 151h amendments. Classical concepts of citizenship will be explored. The paper will then examine the interplay of the themes of race, non-citizenship, and the hands-off doctrine. The transition from hands-off to prisoner's rights, and the retreat of the courts from protecting prisoners in recent years is a reflection of the extent to which prisoners are considered citizens.
Workshop 56: Criminal Justice Training Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Regis
CORRECTIONAL HEALTH: WHY DOES IT MATTER? THE ESSENTIALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH FOR CORRECTIONS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS
Moderator: Roberto Hugh Potter, Center for Disease Controland Pre vention While corrections and public health care are becoming increasingly "hot" topics in public health education, yet relatively rare in corrections/criminal justice education. This session seeks to provide some basic on the subject. The session will provide an overview of public health issues and explain why inmate health is of interest to corrections officials, what the Supreme Court has said about inmate health care, the incidence of health problems among inmates, what corrections can do about public health activities and medical treatment, and resources for teaching this subject matter.
Panel 57: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Harvard
THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: A VARIETY OF CONCERNS Chair: Tad Hughes, University of Louisville
THE FOURTH AMENDMENT, DRUG TESTING, AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS: TOUGHER THAN THE REST Ta d Hughes, University of Louisville The Supreme Court recently decided the case of Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls. The case dealt with drug testing of students in public school. This paper will explore the prior case law in the area of drug testing in schools. Next the paper will explore the case opinion in detail. Last, the paper will discuss the policy implications flowing from the ruling. JUST WHAT IS "REASONABLE SUSPICION?" LOWER COURT RESPONSES TO ILLINOIS v. WARDLOW David M. Jones, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh In Illinois v. Wardlow the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected a lower court's ruling that a person's unprovoked flight at the sight of police in a high-crime area is never enough to constitute the reasonable suspicion necessary to conduct an investigative stop. Instead, the Court held, a reviewing tribunal needs to examine the totality of the circumstances to determine if reasonable suspicion did exist in this particular situation, an indication that the standard is somewhat vague. This paper will examine how lower courts have responded to this standard. THE PLACE OF PLACE: "HIGH CRIME AREAS" AS A FACTOR IN REASONABLE SUSPICION AND PROBABLE CAUSE TO STOP, FRISK, OR SEARCH Robert A. Martin, Jr. , SUNY-Albany; Richard L. Legault, SUNY-Albany; Jason Ze/iph, SUNY- Albany In Illinois v. Wardlow, the Supreme Court condoned consideration of the nature of the area in which police observe a suspect as a factor in determining the propriety of investigatory stops. However, the courts have not been clear in their articulation and use of the concept of "high crime areas." This paper examines the legal concept of place as a factor in reasonable suspicion and probable cause, and the problems associated with how it has been used. Also discussed are studies examining the perception of suspiciousness with respect to ambiguous behavior. Suggestions are proposed for practitioners and future research. THE BUS SWEEP CONTROVERSY: AGENCY LAW AND THE UNRESOLVED ISSUES OF THIRD PARTY CONSENT 11/ya Lichtenberg, Montclair State University This paper addresses the 2002 decision of U.S. v. Drayton and its sister case, Florida v. Bostick. Utilizing established law on third party consent, two factors not addressed in either Bostick or Drayton are analyzed. The first is whether the bus driver's consent has to be voluntary prior to the bus sweep, and the second is whether the bus driver had actual or apparent authority to justify the bus sweep. Issues and implications are discussed.
Workshop 58: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Nantucket
INTERVIEWING FOR AN ACADEMIC APPOINTMENT IN CRIMNAL JUSTICE: COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS
Moderators: R. Alan Th ompson, University of Southern Mississippi; Chad Trulson, University of North Texas; W. Wesley Johnson, Sam Houston State University Entering the academic job market can be a stressful and bewildering experience for the soon-to-be or newly minted Ph.D. Competition between candidates for the more desirable faculty positions tends to be very tight. Accordingly, the purpose of this roundtable is to dispel much of the mystery surrounding the screening and interview processes. Discussion will also focus on a number of practical techniques and strategies for improving one's chances of being selected over the competition. Questions from those in attendance regarding application and interview protocol are encouraged, as are comments from others that have recently undergone the selection process.
Panel 59: Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Hyannis
RACE, EDUCATION, AND INCARCERATION Chair: Karen Terry, John Jay College
THE MISDIAGNOSIS OF ADD/ADHD AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS AND THEIR EVENTUAL PROGRESSION TO DELINQUENCY AND CRIME Tra cy Andrus, Prairie View University This research identifies the bias constructs in the instruments used to diagnose students with ADD/ADHD and the cultural bias associated with recommending students to be tested for ADD/ADHD. AFRICAN-AMERICANS, OUT OF COLLEGE AND INTO PRISONS: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF AFRICAN AM ERICAN EDUCATION ON AFRICAN-AMERICAN CRIMINALITY Horace Lyons, Sam Houston State University While laws are made in Congress and enforced by the criminal justice system, it is often academicians who influence lawmakers and agencies throughout the nation. \/\/hat is accepted knowledge concerning the criminal justice system is that our nation's prison institutions, for whatever reasons, are disproportionately African American. This paper looks at several criminal justice colleges throughout the nation, measuring the attrition rate of African Americans from undergraduate to graduate to doctoral studies to professorships. With this information, the researcher seeks to determine the degree those impacted by the system have impact on the system. The researcher hopes to show that any understanding concerning African American lifestyle is not represented in those groups devised to proclaim acts legal or illegal. The researcher asserts that any attempts to determine whether the presence of more African Americans in positions with lawmaking influence would be negatively correlated with the criminal proclivities of the same group. FAMILY AFFAIR: THE EFFECTS OF INCARCERATION ON THE KINSHIP NETWORK R. Robin Miller, Drury University; Sandra Lee Browning, University of Cincinnati The 2151 century ushered in record numbers of men and women incarcerated in the United States. Some two million people in the year 2000 were confined in our nations prisons and jails. The brunt of the "imprisonment boom" is hardest felt by young black men and women, with record numbers of them being under the supervision of the criminal justice system. The pains of imprisonment are felt not only by the incarcerated, but also by the fa mily of the imprisoned and have far reaching implications to a significant portion of American society. To ascertain the effects of imprisonment on the Black family, a national survey of wives, husbands, siblings, parents and grandparents was conducted. Results will be reported here. ETHNIC MINORITY AND MIGRANT INMATES' EXPERIENCE OF THE PRISON IN EUROPE Georgios A. Antonopoulos, University of Durham, United Kingdom The way the notions of ethnicity, 'race', and migration infiltrate the issues relating to crime, policing, and the criminal justice system has been one of the most researched themes in criminology. The research, however, stops at the sentencing of ethnic minorities and migrants, and apart from the fact that they are over-represented in the prison population in virtually every European country Uust as in the United States, Canada, and Australia) very little is known about their situation in prison as well as their experience of any kind of discrimination within these institutions. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the experience of ethnic minority and migrant inmates in European prisons and specifically in respect to a) the experience of a different prison regime, b) the differential treatment between majority, and minority and migrant prisoners, and c) release on parole.
Panel 60: Police and Community Issues Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Orleans
POLICING VALUES Chair: Rupendra Simlot, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey IS IT RIGHT TO IMPOSE IDEOLOGICAL THOERY ON AN UNSUSPECTING COMMUNITY? Robin Fletcher, University of Portsmouth During 2002 an experiment took place in a central borough of London, which effectively decriminalized the use of cannabis. There followed a media frenzy, which either supported or challenged this programme. Since then the government has proposed a relaxation of the law to mirror this experiment, the senior manager who introduced the programme has been removed from his duties, street crime has risen and there are conflicting reports of community support. All of which raises the question 'Is it right to impose ideological theoryon community without their consent? PORNOGRAPHY, OBSCENITY, AND THE POLICE Lye Shook, Auburn University, Montgomery Police have the responsibility to enforce the law. Some groups are using the law and therefore the police in an attempt to censor the rest of society. The police are caught between what a large percent of the public wants, and what the government claims is illegal. This paper addresses the issues and suggests how the police should react. THE EFFECT OF COPS FUNDING ON CRIME REDUCTION IN 70 LARGEST U.S. CITIES Jihong "Solomon" Zhao, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew Scheider, U. S. Department of Justice; Quint Th urman, Southwest Texas State University This research empirically examines the contribution that funding provided by the COPS Office has had on the decline in crime rates from 1995 to 2000 in 70 largest cities. Seven-years of panel data (1994 to 2000) was assembled to assess the effect of COPS funding has had on crimes rates while controlling for other time varying factors that could influence the relationship. COPS funding data was combined with Uniform Crime Report data, Census data, Labor Statistics data, and agency survey data. THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON COMPLAINTS AGAINST OFFICERS IN RELATION TO USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE Cemil Dogutas, Kent State University In 1992, the Police Foundation conducted a survey that is about Police Use Of Force [United States]: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints, and Legal Consequences. As the principle investigators, Anthony M. Pate and Lorie E. Fridell collected the data from surveys mailed to 1 ,697 law enforcement agencies in the United States. This paper examines the factors that affect the complaints for the use of fo rce. The results showed that officers who are not trained community policing received significantly more complaints than officer trained and non-sworn officers have more complaints by the number of them. Finally, race and gender have been found as the effective factors on complaints against officers. CONTROLLING POLICE USE OF (EXCESSIVE) FORCE Zakir Gut, Kent State University This study is about police abuse of power, particularly and namely police use of excessive force. Another concern is how to control and prevent the illegal use of coercive power. These two issues are discussed and explained with various theories. Secondary data are used to test the hypotheses. Unlike most of the previous studies on the use of excessive force, this study uses a path analysis. However, not all the findings are consistent with the prior studies and hypotheses. In general, the training might be a useful tool to decrease both the use of excessive force and citizen complaints. The results show that some training courses have significant effect on the officers'use of force whereas some others do not.
Workshop 61 : Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-4:30 Provincetown
USING BLACK BOARD TO TEACH INTRO TO CJ
Moderator : J. Michael Th omson, Northern Kentucky University; Michael Blankenship, Boise State University This two-hour workshop is designed for faculty who are considering integrating a course management system into their teaching. The first few minutes will review technology usage" in fo ur different methods of teaching an lntro to Criminal Justice course. They include: traditional synchronous lecture, "smart classroom", "web-enhanced" and asynchronous Internetcourses. The heart of the workshop will take faculty through complete set-up and execution of a Web-enhanced lntro to Criminal Justice experience using the Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Today text with a Black Board cartridge. We demonstrate hot to set-up, create, and teach a synchronous lecture course with BB as an enhancement to the experience. Specifically, we will review posting course materials, grading assignments, working with student groups, using threaded discussions, running a chat room, and Internet-based testing. Finally, we will review the new features in Black Board 6. The final minutes of the workshop will be devoted to specific faculty questions and answers.
Panel 62: Theories of Crime and Victimization Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Vi neyard
UNDERSTANDING CRIME: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME, GENERAL STRAIN THEORY, AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Chair: Andreas Tomaszewski, Eastern Michigan University
PREDICTING DEVIANT ADAPTATIONS TO ACADEMIC STRESSORS : AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF GENERAL STRAIN THEORY Tony R. Smith, Saint Anselm College This research tests general strain theory's ability to explain academic dishonesty among undergraduates. Anonymous surveys administered to approximately 500 students attending a private northeaster college provide the data for this investigation. The study examines whether particular types of stressful conditions increase the likelihood of cheating. Results suggest that certain sources of strain were better predictors of student deviance than other pathways. THE STABILITY OF LOW SELF-CONTROL FROM CHILDHOOD THROUGH YOU NG ADULTHOOD: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS Kevin M. Beaver, University of Cincinnati; John Paul Wright, University of Cincinnati The work of Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) has generated an abundance of empirical literature analyzing the effects of low self-control on antisocial behavior. Despite this widespread attention, relatively little attention has been expended on the relative stability of low self-control over the life course. Using the first three waves of the National Survey of Children, we employ a longitudinal analysis to systematically examine low self-control from childhood through young adulthood. Our structural equation models reveal an extremely high degree of stability in low self-control over a ten-year time span. Moreover, our measures of low self-control significantly account for variation in delinquency and other forms of social fa ilure. PARENTS OR PRENATAL? EXAMINING THE ORIGINS OF LOW SELF-CONTROL Lisa McCartan, Le Mayne College; Elaine Gunnison, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Within criminological theory, both Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime and Moffitt's Interactional Theory posit that low self-control is related to delinquent behavior. These two theories, however, take diametrically opposed paths when it comes to explaining the development of low self-control or perhaps more accurately, the failure of an individual to develop an ability to control their behavior. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Children version, we will examine these competing causal explanations. Specifically, WB will examine the role of both parenting and biosocial factors in the development of self-control. GENDER, SELF-CONTROL, AND BULLYING: REVISITI NG GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S GENERALITY THESIS Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati; James D. Unnever, Radford University; Leah E. Daigle; Bonnie S. Fisher, University of Cincinnati; Pamela Wilcox, University of Kentucky A central claim of Gottfredson and Hirschi's "general theory" is that the effects of low self-control are "general," affecting participation in a range of deviant behaviors across social groups. We test the generality thesis by exploring whether the involvement of males and females in different forms of bullying is influenced similarly or differently by self-control. The analysis is based on a survey of over 3,000 middle-school students. The results have implications not only for the merits of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory but also for the debate over the need for gender-specific explanations of delinquent conduct. MIMETIC DESIRE AND VIOLENCE: A THEORETICAL ELABORATION OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Sean E. Anderson, Monmouth University As one of the central forms of social learning, imitation has taken an increasingly prominent role in the empirical and theoretical work in the cognitive and social sciences. These recent developments relate to the theoretical work of Rene Girard. Girard argues that there is a primordial relationship between imitation (mimesis) and violence. In particular, Girard claims that humans imitate more than their model's behavior; they may also imitate their model's desire. This paper explores the mimetic hypothesis in light of the recent advances in the cognitive sciences and then relates this hypothesis to social learning theory.
Panel 63: Dimensions of Terrorism Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Simmons
TERRORISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT Chair: David L. Carter, Michigan State University
A POLICE RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: UNDERSTANDING THE IMPLICATIONS OF HOMELAND SECURITY FOR STATE AN D LOCAL POLICE David L. Carter, Michigan State University; Andra Katz-Bannister, Regional Community Policing Institute, Wichita State University Homeland Security has become the mantra for America's response to the terrorists' attacks of 9/1 1 . With the creation of the Office of Homeland Security and the proposed new Department of Homeland Security, it is clear that there are new obligations for state and local law enforcement. Added to this are the obligations of local police arising from the USA PATRIOT Act and the political mandate from citizens for the police to "do something" to help protect communities from terrorism. TERRORISM, POLITICS, AND COMMUNITY POLICING Ramesh Deosaran, Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice In 1990 a well armed group of Muslimeen rebels stormed the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago and held as hostage for several days the country's Prime Minister, several other Cabinet ministers and Members of Parliament. This insurrection resulted in the loss of over twenty lives and several bouts of extensive looting in the country's towns. Faced subsequently with charges of treason, the Muslimeen rebels had their case moved from the High Court in Trinidad and Tobago to the Privy Council in London, which ultimately advised that the matters against the Muslimeen be dropped and that the alleged Amnesty given to the Muslimeen be removed from judicial consideration. Since 1990 until present, the Muslimeen, however, have been playing a very active role in community organizations, mobilizing marginalized youths and taking visible steps to influence the outcome of the country's General Elections in December 1995 and most recently in October 2002. The Police have had several difficulties in containing the Muslimeen especially when faced with interventions by the politicians. The danger in all of this is that the core of marginalized youths across the country will become engaged in commercial activities (both formal and informal), consolidated under the Muslimeen leadership, and all the implications for a growth in both delinquency and serious crimes. The difficulties for community policing as a crime prevention and community empowerment mechanism is therefore seriously jeopardized. WAR AGAINST TERRORISM: LAW-ENFORCEMENT DILLEMAS IN PAKISTAN Fida Mohammad, State University of New York My presentation will focus on dilemmas encountered by Pakistani police and intelligence agencies in the "US War Against Terrorism." Pakistan is an ally of the US in war against terrorism, and that has put law-enforcement agencies in difficult dilemmas. Police and intelligence agencies are organized on para-military lines and there is little room for disagreement on any government policy. War on terrorism is perceived by many as a hegemonic and anti-Islamic project, and that make it an unpopular mission. Police officers, who are killed in encounters with AI-Qaida/Taliban fighters generally, do not receive public sympathy. This attitude has affected the general morale of the law-enforcement agencies. In my presentation I will explore the dynamics between the law-enforcement and the public attitude on anti-terrorism issues, and discuss its wider implications on the collaboration between Pakistan and the US on war against terrorism. THE MODERN AMERICAN MILITIA MOVEMENT: PERSPECTIVES, POTENTIAL THREATS, AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Eric See; Youngstown State University; David Workley, Youngstown State University The purpose of this project was to trace the historical origins of the modern militia movement, and to analyze local law enforcement's attitude toward the modern militia movement. An attempt was made to understand what experiences if any a sample of local Ohio law enforcement officers had with militia members, and how much of a treat they perceived them to be. A guide has also been prepared and policy recommendations offered in an attempt to better educate local law enforcement officials as to the motivations and potential threats of militia members. THE BIOTERROR THREAT: HOW DOES THE FBI RESPOND? Ta mmy Karlgaard, North Dakota State University September 11, 2001 changed the way Americans respond to a crisis. I plan to explore the process of handling a bioterror crisis by first responders and FBI agents. I would like to look at who is in charge of the investigation, how it is conducted, the focus of the investigation, communication patterns, and the culture within the FBI. Other agency involvement in the crisis is also a point of interest for me.
Panel 64: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Wellesley
INTERNATIONAL POLICE LEADERSHIP Chair: Obi N. /. Ebbe, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
INTERREALTIONS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIC POLICING PRACTICES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FIFTEEN COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF FIFTEEN DEMOCRATIC POLICING PRACTICES Hakan Can, Sam Houston State University It is assumed that democratic policing will help to improve the respect of human rights and democracy in a given country. Using secondary data, this study explores cross-nationally the interrelation between democratic policing practices (e.g., community policing) and democracy and human rights. The results show significant positive relation between the practice of democratic policing and indicators of democracy and respect for human rights. The analysis strongly implies that scholars have underestimated the power of policing institutions in democratic EFFECTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION MECHANISMS WITHIN URBAN POLICE ORGANIZATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Quirine Eijkman, OnderzoekschholRechten van de Mens, School of Rights Research Many urban police organizations in Latin American countries face problems with corruption: corruption is a manifestation of non integrity with implications for the police adherence to police human rights standards. Corruption can be related to extortion practices or bribery resulting in selective upholding of the law, thereby violating human rights standards that are entailed in the principle of the rule of law. Due to pressure of civil society and political actors, the police management is increasingly stimulated to meet the demands that good governance imposes on them. Anti-corruption initiatives are a part of this process. This issue is to be discussed in the context of a program that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing human rights strategies in urban police organizations in four Latin American/Caribbean countries. BRAZILIAN CONSTRAINTS IN POLICE MANAGEMENT Marcus Vinicius GonCalves da Cruz, Brazil; Allan Claudius Queiroz Barbosa, University of Minas Gerais - UFMG The high rates of criminality in Brazil expose the difficulty to restraint and inhibit crime. The Brazilian Criminal Justice System demands a severe institutional action for change, mainly at police agencies, historically separated in two: military police for prevention and repression of crime, and civil police for investigation. This paper explains some constraints of police management concerning bureaucratic and rigid structure, and performance faraway of citizens and sheltered by governors. Otherwise, some new experiences of management, like in Minas Gerais State, could change police organizations to solve administrative problems, improve information, struggle corruption, allow external control and be more effective. POLICE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AT THE TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE: A SURVEYOF ANKARA POLICE DEPARTMENT Serdar Kenan Gul, Kent State University The success of any organization is largely dependent upon the performance of its personnel. In order that the contributions of each individual to the organization may be determined, having a formal evaluation program, compatible with the clearly stated objectives of the organization, as well as having a well organized system are needed to attain them. This research has been done to contribute methods of evaluation process by consulting the personnel, who are evaluating the employees as well as who are being evaluated, on existing performance evaluation system at Ankara Police Department. As a result of this research, it is concluded that the existing appraisal system does not meet the requirements of the organization, and it is insufficient. Hence, it is determined that reorganization is needed. In this connection, in an effort to make performance appraisal system as improved and proficient as the modern approaches and practices, I have tried to bring forward my suggestions and remarks after interpreting the findings of this research. Roundtabl 65: Police Practice Strategy Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
RACIAL PROFILING: THE GOOD,& THE BAD, AND THE UGLY
Mod rator: John S. Dempsey, Suffolk County Community College Discussants: Lorenzo M. Boyd, Old Dominion University; James T. Burnett, SUNY Rockland Community College; Patrick J. Faiella, Massasoit Community College; Jim Ruiz, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg; Donna Stuccio, Onondaga Community College; Edward Thibault, SUNY-Oswego Profiling is one of many tools used by police and federal law enforcement officers in their work. The members of the roundtable, nearly all retired police and federal law enforcement officers, explore the various methods of profiling used by police and law enforcement officers, legal implications of profiling , and examples of how profiling has been and continues to be employed.
Roundtable 66: Intimate PartnerViolen ce Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
BYSTANDER INTERVENTION: CAN VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ON CAMPUSES BE REDUCED BY THE EDUCATION OF BYSTANDERS TO INTERVENE?
Moderator: Martin D. Schwartz, Ohio University Discussants: Victoria Banyard, University of New Hampshire; Elizabethe G. Plante, University of New Hampshire; Katherine Darke, National Institute of Justice; Jeff O'Brien, Northeastern University; Ron Slaby, Harvard University and Education Development Center The roundtable includes the project team for Preventing Rape Through Bystander Education at the University of New Hampshire, the program director of the Mentors in Violence Program, experts in college sexual assault, and the scientist who developed many of the violence prevention techniques used in many programs. The discussion will center on the extent to which rape and violence can be reduced by educating college students to become active bystanders who intervene to prevent violence.
Roundtable 67: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
POLICE LEADERS: EFFECTIVELY USING ORGANIZATIONAL TRAI NING FOR THE FUTURE OR JUST GETTING BY?
Moderator: Jefrfrey S. Magers, Stephen F. Austin State University Discussants: Kiek Trate, Wilmington College; Scott Cunningham, Tampa (FL) Police Department; Frank Colaprete, Rochester (NY) Police Department; Th omas Martinelli, Wa yne State University; Thomas Cupples, Wilmington College This roundtable will focus on the issues involving how police leaders (police chiefs, sheriffs, and senior staff) can effectively develop and use training resources to influence organizational policy, officer behavior and ethical decision-making, and organizational strategies and tactics. All participants are current or former law enforcement officers with extensive experience in the training and education of police officers. Some of the issues to be discussed include: the importance placed on the training function by police leaders, the influence police trainers have on organizational policy issues, effective methods of developing training resources, and properly using training to fulfill an organizational vision.
Roundtable 68: Qualitative Methods Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
IMPLANTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS WITH THE POLICE IN FOUR LATIN AMERICAN/CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES
Moderator: N.A. Uildriks, School of Human Rights Research.. Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens A four year program 'Implantation of Human rights Standards within the Police in four Latin American/Caribbean countries' at the University of Utrecht uses a number of research methods, most of which are of a qualitative nature. This program aims to provide insight into the manner in which human rights standards can be implemented within the police under varying country specific circumstances. Its focus is on fo ur major cities in three Latin American and one Caribbean country. The program aims to evaluate efforts that have been undertaken to increase/implement human rights standards within targeted urban police organizations and to assess what relevant societal factors (notably those related to 'good governance') impact the effectiveness of different efforts. During this roundtable session the possibilities but also the limitations of using different qualitative research methods as part of an evaluative type of approach will be discussed.
Roundtable 69: Future Directions and Trends Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
APPLICATIONS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY AND PRACTICE
Moderator: Joan E. Crowley, New Mexico State University Discussants: Barbara Hart, University of Texas at Tyler; Beth Pelz, University of Houston, Downtown Recently, brain science has identified fundamental differences in brain functions that may affect criminal behavior. Sensory processing, executive functions, memory, and emotional responses to stimuli have neurological components. Neurological variations may be based in genetics, congenital conditions, or life experience. Variations in neurobiological capabilities clearly map onto key individual differencesthat are associated with criminality. Executive functions affect planning, decision making, and impulse control. Memory storage and retrieval are key elements in intelligence. Sensory and emotional processing are important elements of learning empathy and ethics. This panel will review these neuropsychological elements and discuss possible applications for criminal justice practice.
Roundtable 70: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
SURVIVAL SKILLS FOR THE NEW ACADEMIC AND FOR THOSE LEAVING GRADUATE SCHOOL
Co-Moderators: Quint Thurman, Southwest Texas State University; Marilyn Chandler Ford, Volusia County Corrections Discussants: Robert Bing, University of Texas, Arlington; Todd Clear, John Jay College; Joy Pollock, Southwest Texas State University; Mittie Southerland, Murray State University; MaryStohr, Boise State University This roundtable explores issues critical to new assistant professors and those preparing to acquire their first job. Issues to be discussed include interviewing for jobs, negotiating work conditions, publishing manuscripts, and finding a mentor. Panel attendees will also have the opportunity to offerin put about their needs in making the transition from graduate school to faculty status, and in succeeding as junior faculty.
Roundtable 71: Intimate PartnerViolenc e Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
BATTERING REVISITED
Moderator: Kristin Kuehnle, Salem State College Discussants: Anne Sullivan, Salem State College; Dennis Stevens, Salem State College; Rachel Walfield, Salem State College Domestic violence in heterosexual relationships has been extensively studied while domestic violence in same sex relationships has only been investigated. Recent research in this area indicates that differences exist in the type of violence reported in gay relationships and in lesbian relationships. This roundtable will discuss these differences as well as similarities with heterosexual battering. Grounded theories will be explored based upon the existing research to date.
Roundtable 72: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
ACCREDITING CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS
Moderator: Roslyn Muraskin, Long Island University-C. W. Post Campus Discussants: Faith Lutze, Washington State University; Jay Berman, New Jersey City University This roundtable will discuss the process of accrediting criminal justice programs and meeting minimum standards both for regular programs and non-traditional programs. This will be an open invitation to all those who are interested in the topic of Accreditation.
Roundtable 73: Historical Perspectives Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
RESEARCHING HISTORY: TECHNIQUES AND METHODS
Moderator: Mara Dodge, We stfield State College Discussants: Mary Bosworth, Wesleyan University, Lydia M. Long, University of Houston-Downtown This roundtable will address issues regarding Criminal justice historical research. Techniques, skills and ideas for historical research will be discussed. The emphasis at this roundtable will be 'how to'.
Roundtable 74: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
PROGRAM REVIEW: TWO MODELS
Mod rator: Timothy Flanagan, SUNY-Brockport Di cussants: Jay Albanese, Virginia Commonwealth University; Mittie Southerland, Murray State University; Rob Mutchnik, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Beth McConnell, Charleston Southern University; David Owens, Onondaga Community College; Vince Webb, Arizona State University We st; Marilyn McShane, University of Houston-Downtown; Peter Benekos, Mercyhurst College; John Conley, California State University-San Bernadino Traditionally, criminal justice departments have engaged in periodic program reviews, which usually employ both internal and external evaluations. In most cases, external reviewers receive advanced reports prepared by the department and make a site visit prior to rendering assessments of the unit's performance. This panel explores the utility of this process, suggests some possible enhancements and compares it with the infamous "Massachusetts Model" a statewide review of all programs on a broader scale. While this approach does not allow for the same specificity and individualized analysis, it does provide some meaningful perspective for long-range planning and comparative assessment. Panel 75: Street Crim Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon A
DIMENSIONS OF STREET CRIME Chair: Dee Harper, Loyola University
EXPLAINING THE LIFE COURSE OF STREET DRUG, ROBBERY AND BATTERY HOTSPOTS IN CHICAGO'S SOUTH SIDE: A TEST OF BROKEN WINDOWS AND COLLECTIVE EFFICACY THEORIES Peter K. B. St. Jean, SUNY- Buffalo This paper explains causes fro the spatial and temporal distributions of narcotics violation, robbery, and battery hotspots on Chicago's South Side. The data were gathered utilizing multiple methods of quantitative, ethnographic, systematic social observation, and GIS data. The analysis provides an empirical test of the Wilson and Kelling's Broken Windows Theory, and the Sampson et al collective efficacy theory. Theoretical, methodological, and policy implications are outlined. MURDER IN NEW ORLEANS: REVISITING THE SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE Dee W. Harper, Loyola University; Lydia Voigt, Loyola University; William E. Th ornton, Loyola University As part of a larger study that examine perceived causes of homicide in New Orleans, Louisiana, this paper focuses on the victim-offender interaction or transaction. Five hundred cases are analyzed in which there is data about homicide perpetrators and their victims. Supplementary homicide reports and autopsy data for four years of the 1990's decade, the years with the highest and lowest homicide and lowest homicide rates and two intermediate years are utilized for the study. Circumstances surrounding homicides including environmental factors, the use of firearms, multiple gunshot use, multiple perpetrators, drugs and alcohol use, victim precipitation, and other motives are examined. Evidence of subcultural norms conducive to lethal violence appears to play a significant role in many homicides influencing both victims and perpetrators. MAKING SENSE OF "SENSELESS VIOLENCE": OFFENDER, VICTIM AN D WITNESS ACCOUNTS OF STREET VIOLENCE William DeHaan, University of Groningen, Th e Netherlands In this paper, results are presented of research on street violence. The research was conducted in two steps: a quantitative study followed by a qualitative study. Quantitative analysis of police reports of violent incidents in 1998 showed that street violence is mainly found in three contexts: neighborhoods (35%), traffic (24%) and entertainment areas (10%). In these contexts, specific offender-victim combinations were more likely to occur than others and also more likely to be disproportionately violent. In entertainment areas most street violence was rated as disproportionate, whereas roughly half of the neighborhood incidents and one third of the traffic incidents showed disproportionate violence. In the second, qualitative analysis, a selection of 60 incidents of disproportionate street violence were analyzed more extensively in order to acquire more insight into the interaction processes between the persons and groups involved in street violence as well as their backgrounds and motives. Results of both analyses will be presented.
Panel 76: Police Practice Strategy Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon B
POLICE PERSONNEL ISSUES& Chair: Michael E. Buerger, Bowling Green State University
ISSUES IN HIGHER EDUCATION FOR POLICE: 25 YEARS AFTER THE SHERMAN REPORT Michael E. Buerger, Bowling Green State University The Quality of Police Education addressed the problems and issues of the early attempts to improve police service by improving the educational standards of the service. Both the criminal justice field and the occupation of policing have undergone significant changes since the 1970s. With the four-year degree as an entry-level requirement still a dream, this paper examines lingering and new-born issues related to college education for police: financial and political imperatives that joust with doctrinal aspirations, the role of social-scientific analytic skills in a police career, the potential for "clinical" skills building in academic programs, and others. IMPACT OF GROOMING STANDARDS ON PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE Andrea Huelsmann, University College of the Fraser Valley; Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley; Greg Anderson, University College of the Fraser Valley In recent years, there have arisen challenges to traditional police current grooming regulations on the grounds that they not only infringe on individual rights, but that they are simply outdated and ignore the fact that community standards about acceptable appearance has changed. The study obtained views on officergr ooming from seven ra ndomly selected groups of 200 citizens (1400 in total), using both questionnaires and photos. Results were surprising: when asked directly, most citizens opposed any relaxation of police grooming standards. When they reviewed photos of officers who met different grooming standards, however, citizens' ratings did not vary, regardless of the grooming standard depicted. POLICE CORPS TRAINED OFFICERS: SUPER COPS OR A NEW BREED OF OFFICER? Lee Ayers Schlosser, Southern Oregon University Police Corps officers' background and training are extraordinary. They receive a $30,000 scholarship, as well as special Police Corps training. Originally designed to help local law enforcement address violent crime by helping state and local law enforcement agencies increase the number of officers with advanced education and training, the Police Corps has trained approximately 400 officers and is adopted by 28 states. What makes these candidates different? Examination of the Oregon Police Corps, cadets, and agencies that employ cadets, will be examined. The professional differences, from integrity to ethics and self-perception will be explored. POLICE OFFICER STRESS AND OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS : BEFORE AND AFTER 9/1 1 Dennis J. Stevens, Salem State College This paper evaluates critical incident and general work stressors of 415 officers prior to 9/1 1 and 310 officers after the destruction of the World Trade Centers. Participant demographics and the survey used were similar. Results show the "before" 9/1 1 group felt that harming or killing an innocent person was their top critical incident stressor as compared with the "after'' 9/1 1 group, who selected hate groups/terrorists. The "before" group's salient outcome led to abuse of their own children and/or a lack of parental affection. The "after'' group's salient outcome led to reduction of self-respect. Recommendations include organizational strategies to enhance officerself-respect. CLOSED NATURE OF POLICING AND STRESS Sener U/udag, Kent State University The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the closed and isolated nature police society and the overall stress experienced by police officers. In law enforcement, stressors have been identified in various ways. Researchers such as Kroes, Eisenberg, Reiser, and Roberts have all conducted extensive studies into law enforcement occupational stress, and although they do not group these stressors in identical categories, they tend to follow similar patterns. Most of the law enforcement stressors can be grouped into four broad categories; 1- organizational practices and characteristics, 2- criminal justice system practices and characteristics, 3- public practices and characteristics, and 4- police work itself. However, little empirical research has investigated the effects of closed nature of police society (isolation) on the stress, experienced by police officers. In this paper I hypothesized that, as the impacts of closed nature of police society increases the overall stress experienced by police officers increases. Cross-sectional model for 1995 is tested with multivariate regression technique. Using 1632 law enforcement officers as the unit of analysis, I find that isolated and closed nature of police society is a potent factor on the overall stress experienced by law enforcement officers.
Panel 77: Policing and Community Issues Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon C
RACE AND POLICING Chair: Maki Haberfeld, John Jay College
POLICING THE DIFFERENT DNAS OF THE NEW YORK CITY - EDUCATION FOR LAW ENFOREMENT LEADERSHIP IN A MULTI-CULTURAL COMMUNITY Maria (Maki) Haberfeld, John Jay College; Jannete Domingo, John Jay College; Patrick O'Hara, John Jay College; Michael Walker, John Jay College This paper addresses a John Jay College program, created and coordinated by the three authors. The program, in its second year of existence, was designed to enhance the ability of the NYPD's police officers and managers to deal creatively with the challenges of policing multicultural urban environments and managing in diverse organizations. The all-day Friday program takes police personnel away from the work setting as full-fledged college students taking credit-bearing courses where all students are fellow officers. In an environment of free exchange and inquiry, students are offered a short array of courses that, in the first instance, reinforce supervisory leadership skills while confronting, with few holds barred, the social, economic and cultural setting in which urban law enforcement operates. Subsequent courses in the two-semester sequence focus officers on issues of law and race, immigration and the urban landscape, police-community relations, police ethics and stress management for law enforcement personnel. We shall discuss evaluations, assessments, and lessons learned from the fo ur semesters of trials and tribulations. POLICE AND MINORITIES: INJUSTICE FOR ALL? Franklin Emeka, Prairie View A&M University The police struggle to improve relationship with minorities. Minorities are often shot and killed by the police; they are equally like to shoot the police. Frequently, minorities are arrested, discriminated against and victimized by police; likewise, many police officers prefer not to patrol minority neighborhoods. This presentation will address institutionalized discrimination; individual acts of discrimination, history of conflict between police and minorities, minority attitudes toward the police, policing minority neighborhoods, police brutality, discrimination in arrest, police employment, discrimination in police duty assignment and racial prejudice. MINORITIES AND THE POLICE: POLICE BEHAVIOR WHEN MOST THE CRIMINALS ARE WHITE Jeannine Bell, Indiana University School of Law Police and racial and ethnic minorities often have a difficult relationship. This paper, by an African American police researcher, explores minorities' relationship with the police in an unusual area: hate crime-crime motivated by bias on the basis of race, religion or sexual orientation. Based on the author's ethnographic study of a large city's police hate crime unit, this paper explores police detectives' treatment of minority and gay and lesbian victims and detail how these victims' cases were treated. The paper details good relationships between police officers and minority victims and discusses the factors which explain this unexpected result. POLICE CONTACT WITH CITIZENS IN HIGH CRIME NEIGHBORHOODS John Klofas, Rochester Institute of Te chnology In recent years interest in the nature of police citizen contact has flourished under a variety of titles. A focus on social justice has fueled a discussion of Racial Profiling but police community relations has long concerned itself with the subject. This paper will examine a range of police citizen contacts in a northeastern city. The extent and nature of Field Interviews that do not result in arrests will be examined. In addition, criminal histories of young men in high crime neighborhoods will be reviewed. The research will describe police activity in high crime neighborhoods and consider the implications of that activity for crime reduction. Panel 78: Partner Violence Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon D
PARTNER VIOLENCE: LIFECOURSE Chair: Janice Ahmad, California State University, Los Angeles
TEEN DATING VIOLENCE? THAT'S THE QUESTION. WHAT'S THE ANSWER? Deseree Montanez, John Jay College Teen dating violence (TDV) is a term in its infancy. In the 1970's, the concept of "domestic violence" evolved. Shortly after the recognition of domestic violence, researchers began to examine dating violence. This literature review will look at the available literature on teen dating violence among North American adolescents between the ages of 13-1 8. This review will discuss contributing factors that aid in the perpetuation of teen dating violence. Lastly, a look at different kinds of teen prevention programs will be briefed, in order to conduct an empirical analysis of teen dating violence preventive programs. THE GREENBROOK INITIATIVE: NATIONAL AND LOCAL EVALUATIONS OF A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT ON THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CHILD MALTREA TMENT Richard G. Wright, Education Development Center; Edward De Vos, Education Development Center; Heather Karjane, Education Development Center; Xan Yo ung, Education Development Center; Janet Griffith, Caliber Associates; Delia Olufokunbi, Caliber Associates; Duren Banks, Caliber Associates; Martha Wa de Steketee, National Center for State Courts; Lynn Levey, National Center for State Courts; Janice Hill, National Center for State Courts In 1999, a policy report was released entitled, Effective Intervention in Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment Cases: Guidelines for Policy and Practice. This report, commonly referred to as "The Greenbook", provides principles and recommendations to guide interventions for battered women and their children who may be involved with three systems - child welfare agencies, domestic violence service providers, and dependency courts. In place in six demonstration sites, the Greenbook initiative enacts a range of these policy proposals. There is a national evaluation and six local research/evaluation partners. Employing a variety of techniques and methodologies, the national evaluation and the local research partners propose to evaluate process and system changes related to the Greenbook policies. This paper will address the National Evaluation's to date findings and the lessons learned across the one of the six demonstration sites.
Panel 79: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Tufts
ENHANCING RESEARCH SKILLS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS Chair: LarrySulliva n, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
INTEGRATING WRITI NG AND RESEARCH SKILLS: USE OF A RU BRIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COURSE Barbara Peat, Indiana University, South Bend As part of a curriculum assessment study in 1999, data from surveys indicated employer concern over the writing skills of new criminal justice hires. Faculty had also expressed a similar concern . A study was conducted to explore the potential benefits of using a grading rubric in an interdisciplinary course. An assignment requiring a research proposal was used to allow for comparisons between the control group and the two experimental groups. The paper discusses the results of the study and provides recommendations for future use of the rubric and "linked" course. DEPARTMENTAL ADVISORY BOARDS: LINKING TO THE COMMUNITY Charles E. Reasons, Central Wa shington University Given the more applied nature of criminal justice departments compared to their intellectual origin in sociology departments, criminal justice programs often establish Advisory Boards to fo rmally connect with the world of practitioners. This paper will discuss some the issues that arise in establishing and operating such Boards. Also, some of the potential positive and negative aspects of such a venture will be addressed.
Pan I 80: Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Control Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston Univ.
PRODUCING AND DISSEMINATING KNOWLEDGE FROM THE ADAM SURVEY Chair: Pauline Brennan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
RACE AND DRUG TREATMENT AMONG ARRESTEES Henry H. Brownstein, National Institute of Justice; Diana C. Noone, National Institute of Justice In a democratic society, resources ideally are allocated on the basis of individual contributions or needs, rather than on the basis of socially ascribed status. However, the significance of race as an ascriptive factor in decision-making has been widely observed in the criminal justice system. This study considers whether or not race matters in terms of the likelihood that an individual processed by the criminal justice system will avail himself of a positive outcome. In particular, whether or not race makes a difference in terms of whether or not arrested individuals in need of drug treatment actually participate in such treatment. Data from this analysis are from the National Institute of Justice=s Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. The findings will enable the criminal justice community to better determine the likelihood that individuals of various racial backgrounds who were in need of treatment at time of arrest were availing themselves of treatment prior to arrest. THE EFFECTS OF INTERVIEWER CHARACTERISTICS OF ARRESTEES' RESPONSES TO THE 'ADAM' SURVEY Vivian B. Lord, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Paul C. Friday, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Pauline Brennan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Deepa Naik, University of North Carolina, Charlotte The National Institute of Justice in the States funds the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program in 35 states, as well Australia, Chile, England, Malaysia, Scotland, and South Africa. The Program tracks trends in the prevalence and types of drug use among arrestees, as well as examines relationships between drug use and crime. Interviewers ask arrestees a set of structured questions that take approximately 30 minutes to complete. Their responses are cross-validated with their urine test results. All responses and tests are confidential. The ADAM site coordinators must continually be concerned with the interviewing capabilities of the interviewers. The interviewers must be proficient first in gaining the cooperation of the selected arrestee, then obtaining reliable information from the individual, and finally securing a urine sample. It takes a unique individual to be able to achieve these results. This paper will examine the different variables that appear to influence the capabilities of the interviewers and their predicted success at one ADAM site. Results include comparison of demographic variables, as well as the influence of experience on individual interviewers across time. FIREARM OWNERSHIP, USE, AND ACQUISITION AMONG RECENTLY BOOKED ARRESTEES Christine R. Crossland, National Institute of Justice; Diana C. Noone, National Institute of Justice The National Institute of Justice's (NIJ) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program is an ongoing research platform. The primarypur pose of the program is to track drug use among booked arrestees over time in geographically dispersed cities. However, ADAM also serves as a platform for conducting supplemental policy-related studies (addenda) that provide relevant, reliable, and valid data on other issues related to criminal behavior. One area of significant interest is the firearm market, in particular the participation in these markefs by criminals. This presentation will be based on qualitative and quantitative data collected from arrestees in Portland, Oregon, using the ADAM Firearm Questionnaire.
Panel 81 : Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston College
SEX AND THE FAMILY: LEGAL ISSUES Chair: Sue Carter Collins, Georgia State University
LIABILITY FOR SEXUAL HARRASSMENT IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: A REVIEW OF CASE LAW Sue Carter Collins, Georgia State University; Michael S. Va ughn, Georgia State University This paper presents a legal analysis of sexual harassment case law within the federal courts, focusing specifically on criminal justice organizations. The paper initially surveys Title VII and U.S. Supreme Court precedent on sexual harassment. Then, the paper analyzes decisions from the lower federal courts that have decided cases pertaining to sexual harassment involving criminal justice agencies. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications and suggested directions for future research. THE CRIMINALIZATION OF FAILURE TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT: IS DUE PROCESS GIVING WHAT IS DUE IN NON SUPPORT CASES? Tina M. Fryling, Mercyhurst College While the issue of prison overcrowding continues to be a major topic of discussion, a careful look at jail populations demonstrates that jails are housing large numbers of persons who are in prison due only to a failure to pay their child support obligation. This paper will address how a civil support obligation becomes criminal and will further investigate issues surrounding imprisonment for the non-payment of support. A major issue surrounding this topic involves a defendant's right to counsel in non-support proceedings, considering a recent successful attempt by the American Civil Liberties Union to allow the release from a Pennsylvania prison of persons who were jailed solely for a failure to pay child support. COMMON LAW MARRIAGE IN THE UNITED STATES Godpower 0. Okereke, Texas A&M, Texarkana Marriage is one of the oldest institutions on modern society. In America, couples can get married either by having a formal/ceremonial wedding and obtaining a marriage license or informally under common law. Currently, common law marriages are legal in twelve states and the District of Columbia. This paper examines common law marriages in those jurisdictions. Preliminary findings indicate that these marriages are rift with legal problems not only for the couple but also for criminal justice professionals. Except where the couple put their agreements in writing, this type of marriage can become quite problematic, especially in the event of death or dissolution of the "marriage." The paper concludes by suggesting that common Jaw marriages be legal in all jurisdictions and that couples married in this fashion be given the same legal recognition as those who get married formally.
Workshop 82: Criminal Justice Education Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Regis
PREPARING FOR THE ACADEMIC JOB SEARCH: A GUIDE FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS
Moderators: Alan S. Bruce, Quinnipiac University; Th eresa A. Severance, Eastern Connecticut State University This workshop is designed to assist graduate students in preparing for the academic job market. A variety of relevant topics will be discussed including the search for academic job postings, preparation of application materials including letters and CV, preparing for phone interviews, and preparation for the campus interview. This workshop was first offered at the 2001 ACJS annual meeting in Washington, DC.
Student Panel 83 Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Harvard
EXPLORING CRIMINAL JUSTICE ISSUES Chair: Rachel Walfield, Salem State University ETHICAL QUESTIONS REGARDING THE "RIGHT" TO PRESENT A FALSE CASE TO ZEALOUSLY REPRESENT A CLIENT VS. PRESENTING FALSE MATERIAL TO THE COURT Nicholas S. Filimon, Grand Valley State University The main focus of this paper and the ensuing presentation will be to discuss the weight placed on an attorney's shoulders when attempting to choose between the zealous representation of a client, or the ethical goal of the court which is to reach the truth. The main case which will be looked at is The People of California v. David Westerfield. This case exhibits the choice the attorneys' made when they knowingly presented a false case in hopes of freeing the defendant. The focus and goal is to examine tenets of the legal system and how the ethics code plays a large role in attempting to control the gray area of these basic tenets. FATALITY REVIEW BOARDS: PROTECTING CHILDREN FROM AN INEXCUSABLE FATE Michael Vigeant, Western New England College Child Fatality Review Boards are being established nationwide to assist in determining the cause of death among children. According to the National Center for the Prosecution of Child Abuse, the accepted annual rate of death due to abuse is approximately 2,000 annually, or 5 children a day .. This figure may be as high as 5,000 children annually, according to the experts. This disparity points to the need for advanced investigation methods to determine the actual extent of the problem. This research will examine how the Review Boards are implemented for the investigation of child death, and the rate of success for detecting cases of abuse or neglect. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NICOTINE DEPENDENCE AND ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE Laura McCoy, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey This study focuses on the relationship between nicotine dependence and illegal substance abuse. The purpose was to see if nicotine dependency is a factor in illegal drug consumption. The data collection method used in this project was the questionnaire survey. The survey was handed out to 60 study subjects, at numerous locations in southern New Jersey. The fi ndings in this study indicated that that there is a strong relationship between nicotine dependence and illegal substance abuse. SAME SEX BATTERING: IS IT THE SAME? Rachel Wa lfield, Salem State University; Tiffa ny Herzog, Salem State University; Matthew Ziev, Salem State University Attitudes about domestic violence have been researched, though generally in the context of heterosexual relationships. This exploratory study investigates the perceptions that criminal justice majors have about domestic violence within the context of heterosexual intimate relationships as well as same-sex intimate relationships. The authors will present the results of their survey conducted at a state college.
Panel 84: Dimensions of Technology Crime Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Hyannis
CRIME IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CRIMINALS AND THE TECHNOLOGY Chair: D. Ka/1Loper , University of North Texas
A CASE STUDY IN THE FORENSICS OF COMPUTER CRIME: DIGITAL FORENSICS D. Ka/1 Loper, University of North Texas The most significant impediment to preventing, investigating, and prosecuting computer crime is the lack of technical knowledge in criminal justice agencies. Digital forensics includes a range of activities from examination of malicious code (e.g. viruses, attack scripts) to the recovery and extraction of criminal evidence from storage media (e.g. hard drives, floppy disks). With brief coverage of search and seizure law and investigative practice, this paper presents a typology and explanation of digital forensics techniques. This is followed by a case study illustrating such techniques. This paper demonstrates that while the technology may be unfamiliar, it is comprehensible. CYBERSTALKING: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF PREDATORY BEHAVIOR AND CHARACTERISTICS Matthew Petrocelli, Southern Illinois University; Trish Oberweis, Southern Illinois University The advent and proliferation of the Internet has given rise to a new and dangerous form of criminal behavior: Cyberstalking. Generally defined, cyberstalking entails the use of a computer to pursue, harass and intimidate another. It is a phenomenon that has only recently been recognized as a serious problem, although it is clear that the incidence of such cases has been growing exponentially over the course of the last few years. With little to no empirical research to inform the public, policy makers, legislators or law enforcement officials, the need to conduct rigorous scientific examination of this phenomenon is manifest. This study measures a variety of individual and situational variables related to the crime, resulting model which predicts the type of individual most likely to offend, the circumstances of the offense and characteristics of the prototypical victim. Then findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and policy implications. COLLEGES AS BREEDING GROUNDS FOR COMPUTER CRIME Tom O'Connor, North Carolina We sleyan This study analyzes cases and scenarios where college students have applied the computer proficiency skills they are expected to learn toward computer-related law violations. Colleges are places with fairly loose IT security, a culture of piracy, and encouragement of computer abuse, yet the connection between co llege life as a contributor to computer crime is rarely investigated. The author draws upon practical as well as academic experience in computer forensics and criminology for making recommendations in changing the criminogenic college environment.
Panel 85: Police Practice and Strategy Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Orleans
CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICE PRACTICE AND STRATEGY Chair: Ray Kedia, Grambling State University ROLE OF POLICE IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT Ray Kedia, Grambling State University; Sushi/a Kedia, Grambling State University Crisis management is one of the greatest challenges that face police. Police serve as the visible arm of government in most public crises. Easily recognizable, police provide a basis of support and assistance in any crisis or critical incident. Many of the actions carried out by the government during crises will be led by the police and other public safety agencies, including fire departments and offices of emergency preparedness. In order to successfully manage and resolve a crisis, police officials must understand the definition of a crisis or critical incident (such as September 11, 2001 attack on World Trade Centers and Pentagon, recent sniper shoots in Maryland and Washington, D.C. area, an earthquake), and the principles of effective crisis management. Additionally, police organizations must develop a crisis management system and effectively utilize management process and proactive philosophy to crisis management. Finally, police leaders must take steps necessary to develop a comprehensive crisis management structure. TO POLICE OR NOT TO POLICE: THE RELATIVE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICING Michael Seredycz, University of Nebraska, Omaha; William Wa kefield, University of Nebraska, Omaha With the growing concern by the media about crime and the perceived fear of crime due to significant events such as September 11th, and other marked events, small communities often find themselves in a dilemma. Elected officials find themselves constrained between the safety of their streets and schools and public pressure to reduce budgetary costs. In this project, we examine the cost effectiveness (salaries, programs, overhead, equipment and possible grant opportunities) associated with the development and implementation of a new police department in a bedroom community that lies between two major urban centers in the Midwest. MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN POLICE TRAFFIC STOP DATA: WHAT IS AND WHAT SHOULD BE? Angela D. West, University of Louisville This paper discusses the collection, analysis, and interpretation of police traffic stop data. It focuses on the theoretical, statistical, and practical determination of whether law enforcement is engaging in "racial profiling". One of these most controversial components of research in this area relates to the "baseline" or comparison group. Researches struggle with determining whether agencies are engaging in "racial profiling" when making traffic stops without some measure of what the world would look like in the absence of "racial profiling". We know what "is", but how can we know what "should be'? A model is proposed that delineates between populations and subpopulations of drivers. In addition, arguments are presented that current proxy measures are inadequate as "baselines", and that a careful determination of the appropriate population for comparison is essential in reaching any conclusions about the profiling practices of any department. Further, it is argued that data from a population of stops within any agency become the baseline for comparison through the use of multivariate (CHAID) analysis, and through comparison to future data collected by that agency. A METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RECENT EMPIRICAL POLICE RESEARCH Gaylene S. Armstrong, Arizona State University West The 1990's witnessed a substantial expansion in research on policing. New funding streams to support police research, an increase in the number of scholars engaged in such research, and an expansion of academic journals publishing police research are some of the factors contributing to this expansion. This paper presents the results from a review of nearly 300 articles on policing published in academic journals between 1995 and 2000. Empirical research articles were assessed for their methodological strengths and weaknesses related to their research design. The research reported in these articles was also classified in order to identify the policing research agenda during the five-year time period studied.
Panel 86: Historical Perspectives Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Vineyard
CHANGING HISTORY: THEORIES AND RESEARCH Chair: Cynthia Adams, Central Missouri State University
FATHER TO FATHER: CESARE BECCARIA'S DEl DELITTE E DELLE PENE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THOMAS JEFFERSON'S A BILL FOR PROPORTIONING CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT IN VIRGINIA Willard M. Oliver, Radford University Recent research into the influence of Cesara Beccaria's seminal book, On Crimes and Punishment, has diminished his standing as one of the key influential figures and "founding fathers" of criminology. This research will attempt to show the importance of Beccaria by the influence his publication had on one of America's "founding fathers," Thomas Jefferson, when he incorporated much of Beccaria's philosophy into his drafting of Virginia's A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in the late 1770s. THE CIVILIZING PROCESS AND PROPERTY CRIMES: A THEORETICAL EXPLORATION Dennis Mares, University of Missouri-St. Louis Increasingly Elias' theory of the 'civilizing process' is used to explain long-term processes of change in crime rates. While researchers have used these theoretical insights to explain changing violent crime rates it has been argued that the theory is not suitable for explaining property crime rates. In this paper that idea will be refuted, and drawing from the 'civilizing process' it will be argued how property crime rates should have historically changed. The focus will be on three interrelated processes that emerge from Elias' work: processes of distinction, the declining role of self-help and the increasing formalization of social control. All of these processes fit well into existing theoretical perspectives, but have not yet been considered simultaneously. AN EXAMINATION OF TWO DECADES OF ACJS PANEL TOPICS Betsy Wright Kreisel, Central Missouri State University; Frances P. Reddington, Central Missouri State University; Cynthia Adams, Central Missouri State University The purpose of this paper is to examine topics of interest and concern that have consumed the time of academics, professionals and practitioners at the annual Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) meetings for over two decades. This paper encompasses a topical overview of the panel presentations at the ACJS annual meetings between 1980 and 2002. The data are analyzed according to the yearly meeting programs and organized along topical areas of police, courts, corrections, juvenile, pedagogy and other. Trends and patterns will identify which areas have received the most or the least attention at the ACJS annual meetings. RESEARCHING WOMEN'S PRISON HISTORY Mara Dodge, Westfield State College This paper, based on the presenter's book, WHORES AND THIEVES OF THE WORST KIND: WOMEN, CRIME, & PRISONS 1835-2000, drew upon many different methodologies and types of sources. These included oral interviews with prisoners and staff, quantitative and qualitative data, inmate case files, transcripts from parole board hearings, disciplinary records, psychiatric reports, pardon letters, and newspaper sources. Focusing on gender, race, and class, she sought to recreate the experience of women in the criminal justice system and trace the evolution of the women's prison system over the course of two centuries.
Panel 87: Policing Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Simmons
CRIME IN THE CITIES: ASSESSING POLICE STRATEGIES IN BALTIMORE, BOSTON, KNOXVILLE, AND NEW YO RK Chair: James F. Albrecht, Sam Houston State University/Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas
BEAUTY OR THE BEAST: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NYPD'S ZERO TO LERANCE INITIATIVE DURING THE GIULIANI ADMINISTRATION James F. Albrecht, Sam Houston State University/Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's "get tough on crime" campaign caused the NYPD to institute a "zero tolerance" enforcement strategy of enforcing low-level infractions that most officers previously overlooked. Throughout the mayor's, index crime rates in NYC decreased over 70% and the homicide rate declined 75%. The COMPSTAT process held commanders responsible for crime reduction, and was heralded as the newest innovation in crime fighting. This success, however, did not come without criticism and claims that parts of the city had become "police states." This period in NYPD history will be thoroughly explained and evaluated. A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CRIME CONTROL POLICIES IN KNOXVILLE'S PUBLIC HOUSING John W. Barbrey, University of Tennessee The Knoxville Police Department provides security, under a contractual agreement, for the public housing in Knoxville, Tennessee. Multiple policies have been used to control crime in public housing , including CPTED improvements, the privatization of city streets (which allowed the KPD to issue "No Trespass" notices), a 1999 team-based approach to policing, and the demolition of one housing site. Part I crime data were provided by the KPD for 1992-2001 . Using Arcview mapping software, this paper distinguishes the crime rate for the public housing population from the remaining population of Knoxville, in order to determine the effectiveness of the crime control measures. REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE: TACTICS AND STRATEGIES IN NEW YO RK & BOSTON. Richard L. Legault, Suny-Albany; Robert A. Martin, Jr. , SUNY-Albany; Jason Zeliph, SUNY-Albany The authors review and compare strategies and tactics used by Boston and New York police departments to reduce gun violence in the late 1990s. Discussion includes the role of these programs in reducing violent crime in the late 1990s and potential ramifications and results of these programs at the organizational and community level. In addition, there is a comparison of differences in the programs' scope and scale. The authors pose valuable research questions in relation to these areas. 911 IS A JOKE: STEET-CORNER DRUG DEALING AND THE FAI LURE OF RAPID RESPONSE Peter Moskos, Harvard University This research examines 91 1 calls-for-service in a high-crime Baltimore, Maryland "ghetto ." Data come from interviews, analysis of 113,000dispatched calls for service, and 20 months of participant-observation research while the author served as a uniformed police officer on patrol. Significant fi ndings include: 1) dispatched calls-the majority unfounded-dominate police time and manpower, 2) drug-related calls account for almost one-third of all calls for service, and 3) 91 1 rapid-response is both ineffective in controlling open-air drug markets and at the same time prevents more effective police action.
Panel 88: Police Organization and Management Wednesday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Wellesley
CRITICAL ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY POLICING Chair: Stephanie Picolo Manzi, Roger Williams University
WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT - ESTABLISHING MENTORING PRORAMS Robin Winslow, Coventry Police Department; Stephanie Picolo Manzi, Roger Williams University A joint effort between the Roger Williams University's Justice System Training and Research Institute and the University of Rhode Island was conducted to determine the training needs of Rhode Island law enforcement agencies and police officers. Surveys were distributed to agency heads as well as individual officers to ascertain the types of training programs and seminars that would be beneficial. Initial responses show an interest in providing training/seminars in the following areas: interview/interrogation; property/evidence management; civil liability; domestic violence; and school violence. POLICE PURSUIT DRIVING: A STUDY OF MUNICIPAL POLICE DISCHORD Cecil Queen, Ferris State University; Greg Vanderkooi, Ferris State University This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships that exist between the various organizational rank levels Oob types - patrol officer, investigator, first-line supervisor, and administrator) within municipal police agencies and their levels of agreement with the elements of pursuit policy. This study attempts to assist police executives in their search for sound pursuit policy by providing empirical data related to their officers' perceptions on current pursuit issues. An attitudinal survey was conducted fo cusing upon all sworn police officers within one large metropolitan county in southeastern Michigan. It was predicted that disparities would exist based on officers' pursuit-related perceptions and their rank level within the organization Oob type). Several significant differences were discovered in officer perceptions involving policies, training , supervisory support, and experiences that should be considered by police executives during policy development. POLICE NICHING: TEXAS CONSTABLES AND THEIR SEARCH FOR LEGITIMACY Brian L. Withrow, Wichita State University According to the Texas Constitution, the Constable, popularly elected at the precinct level, is the officer of the Justice of the Peace Court. In this traditional role Constables serve civil process and perform administrative duties for the court. During the last few decades Texas law has allowed private companies to serve civil process. These companies offerthe same or similar services as the Constables at a lower cost. Lower demand for services in some counties has resulted in a reduction of the number Constable's offices. In an effort to insure the legitimacy of their offices some Constables have developed 'traditional' law enforcement functions. The purpose of this research is to document the change in organizational focus of Texas Constable's offices. II THURSDAY - MARCH 6, 2003 II
7:30am - 8:30am New ACJS Board Member Breakfast Cape Cod 8:30am - 9:45am Security and Crime Prevention General Business Meeting MIT 8:30am - 9:45am Juvenile Justice Section Breakfast/Fourth Annual Juvenile Court Practitioners Meet the Academics: The Status of Juvenile Justice in Boston Provincetown 8:30am - 9:45am Community College Section General Business Meeting Harvard 8:30am - 9:45am 2004 Program Committee Falmouth 8:30am - 9:45am International Section General Business Meeting Vineyard 8:30am - 5:00pm Exhibits University Hall 8:30am - 5:00pm Registration University Hall 8:30am - 5:00pm Alpha Phi Sigma University Hall 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange University Hall 9:00am - 11:00am Professional Development Seminar: TIAA-CREF - Retirement distribution flexibilities: Estate and retirement issues for professionals closer to retirement Suffolk 10:00am - 11:15am ACJS Jesuits MIT 10:00am - 11:15am Office of Justice Programs Town Meeting Harvard 10:00am - 11:15am Juvenile Justice Section General Business Meeting Harvard 10:00am - 11:15am 2004 Program Committee Meeting With ACJS Sections Falmouth 10:00am - 11:15am International Section Roundtable Vineyard 11:30am - 12:45pm International Section Luncheon Provincetown 1:00pm - 3:00pm Professional Development Seminar: NIJ -Trolling for research dollars: How to bait your hook and land the big (and little) NIJ research grants Suffolk 2:30pm - 3:45pm Minorities and Women Section General Business Meeting Provincetown 4:00pm - 5: 15pm ACJS President-Elect Meeting with 2003-2004 ACJS Committees Harvard 4:00pm - 5:15pm Caribbean Section Town Meeting Hyannis 4:00pm - 5:15pm WesternfPacific General Business Meeting MIT 4:00pm - 5:15pm Midwest General Business Meeting Orleans 4:00pm - 5:15pm Southern General Business Meeting Provincetown 4:00pm - 5:15pm Southwest General Business Meeting Falmouth 4:00pm - 5:15pm Northeast General Business Meeting Vineyard 5:30pm - 7:30pm President's Reception Salon E 7:00pm - 9:00pm Northeastern University College of Criminal Justice Reception 3rd Floor, Atrium 7:00pm - 9:00pm Minorities and Women Section Reception Harvard Panel 89: Surveillanc and Privacy Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon A
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINOLOGY: ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS THEN AND NOW Chair: J. Price Foster, University of Louisville
KYLLO AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA M. Beth Bailey, Charleston Southern University; Nicholas N. Shaw, Charleston Southern University Until the passage of Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2000) thermal imaging devices were used by law enforcement agencies in Charleston, South Carolina. Kyllo delineated the usage of thermal imaging devices without a warrant is unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment. This paper investigates law enforcement usage of thermal imaging devices before and after the holding in Kyllo. WE'LL BE WATCHING YOU : THE IMPACT OF HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT-MONITORED CITIZEN ACTIVITY Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University The attack on the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and the downing of an airliner headed to Washington, D.C. produced much talk about national security. The Homeland Security Office emerged amid concern about security against terrorism. This Federal effort spearheaded by Attorney General John Ashcroft and supported among top government officials produced tightened airline security and altered other due process procedures protected by the U.S. Constitution. This paper addresses the historical background supporting development of the national security state through examining COINTELPRO and other government precedents. More importantly, analysis of policy implications of the Patriot Act and a critical criminology view of political surveillance addresses changes in security processes. SYMPATHY FOR THE DEVIL: AN EXPLORATION OF JUDICIAL GUIDELINE DEPARTURES IN THE PROSECUTION OF WHITE-COLLAR OFFENDERS AND STREET OFFENDERS Richard D. Hartley, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Sean Maddan, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Amy C. Va nHouten, SUNY-Albany Sutherland's term white-collar crime has proven to be an illusive concept of study for criminologists. This stems from both conceptual difficulties (i.e. the host of different definitions that can be found in the literature) and methodological shortcomings. In this era of the downfall of large corporations such as Enron and Worldcom, policy makers' and the public's attention has shifted to the way in which such offenders are punished. This research attempts to fill the void in the literature of the sentencing of white-collar offenders by examining judicial use of sentencing guidelines at the federal level. In particular, this research examines the use of departures by judges, the reasons why judges departed, and the length of sentences imposed. It is expected that white-collar offenders will receive downward departures more often and of a greater magnitude than so called street criminals. Policy implications are also discussed.
Panel 90: Student Panel Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon 8
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: OPINIONS, PROGRAMS, AND TRAI NING Chair: Kristy Holtfreter, Michigan State University
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIMINAL JUSTICE OCCUPAT IONS AND OPINIONS OF DNA TESTING Stephanee M. Puglisi, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey The paper will present information based on a research study, which will examine the relationship between occupations and opinions of DNA testing in the criminal justice system and establish whether or not a person's vocation might heavily influence his or her opinions of DNA testing. The relationship may explain why certain individuals who work in the same criminal justice field may fight to make DNA testing a routine court procedure while others engaged in different areas of the Criminal Justice feel that DNA testing insults the integrity of the Criminal Justice System as a whole and that as such, feel that the status quo should remain intact. FACILITATION OF OFFENDER RE-ENTRY: PROGRAMS THAT INCREASE SUCCESSFUL ADJ USTMENT Ashley DuBose, Mercyhurst College This paper will examine the re-entry of prisoners into society. Beginning with the help prisoners receive inside the prison prior to release, the review will identify the steps the inmates must take to become free. Second, the paper will describe programs that are designed to help the inmates readjust to the outside world. Finally, success/failure rates of these programs will be discussed and the issue of recidivism will be critiqued. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF FUNDING AND TRAINING CONCERNS ON THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING IN NORTH CAROLINA Gerogette Curry, North Carolina Central University; Keenan James, North Carolina Central University Questions continue to evolve concerning the practice of community policing. Of particular concern is the institutionalization of community policing independent of the initial seed monies from federal agencies. This study examines two areas of community policing, i.e., funding and training. The basic question centers around whether law enforcement agencies are maintaining their level of commitment to the philosophy of community policing. A four-part questionnaire was sent to 395 police departments and 100 sheriff offices in North Carolina in April 1999. Follow-up telephone calls were made to further encourage the return of the questionnaires. A total of 191 usable questionnaires were returned by the end of April, 1999. A second wave of questionnaires will be sent to these 191 law enforcement agencies in December 2002 to determine the current state of community policing with a particular emphasis on the termination of federal funding and training concerns. Findings from this longitudinal study will be presented at the conference. ESTABLISHING NATIONAL POLICE TRAINING CURRICULUM STANDARDS Nancy L. Tipple, Youngstown State University There are different requirements among the fifty states for police training curriculums. The number of training hours ranges from approximately two hundred to over one thousand hours. It is obvious that different states place an emphasis on different . training areas and some might train officers on a more comprehensive and extensive level. The question could be raised based on this information that some states might not be training officers as efficiently and effectively as possible. States could be studied on an individual basis to determine where the police academies are placing an emphasis on training. The other subjects that could be studied include problems that police departments are currently experiencing. The benefits of conducting this study include revising state police training curriculums to ensure the best training possible of police cadets and developing solutions to problems within police departments through revised training curriculums. Establishing national police training standards, adopted by all fifty states, could be a positive change in police training. APPLYING LESSONS LEARNED FROM 3 CITIES' APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING YOUTH GANG VIOLENCE Nathan Meehan, SUNY-Albany; Dana Nurge, San Diego State University Jurisdictions throughout the U.S. have implemented a variety of strategies to address their local gang problems. Such efforts have generally included one or more of the fo llowing approaches: Opportunities Provision, Community Organization, Social Intervention, Suppression, and Organizational Change/Development (Spergel, 1995). This paper reviews and summarizes the strategies implemented in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Boston, and presents preliminary exploratory research on the ongoing gang problem in Hartford, Connecticut. Based on the lessons learned from other cities, and the preliminary research conducted (including interviews with criminal justice system key actors and gang experts) we conclude with suggestions for addressing Hartford's youth gang violence problem.
Panel 91 : Juvenile Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon C
GUARDIANS OF VIRTUE: PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND JUVENILE JUSTICE Chair: Zina T. McGee, Hampton University
THE IMPACT OF INDIRECT VICTIMIZATION ON DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN YOUTH Zina T. McGee, Hampton University; Kendra Phillips, Hampton University; Jocelyn Dudley, Hampton University; Zaynah Williams, Hampton University The present study examines the impact of indirect victimization on developmental outcomes among African American youth. Data were derived from the Urban Stress and African American Youth project consisting of survey instruments completed by 500 urban adolescents between the ages of 12-17 in the state of Virginia. Results reveal that females have a higher occurrence of indirect victimization, such as witnessing violent events, compared to males. Direct victimization, poor self esteem, and anxiety are related to indirect victimization, while gender and living situation are strong predictors of indirect victimization. These findings suggest the importance of using an approach in which emotional distress is considered as an outcome variable when linked to violent victimization. Implications for coping with indirect victimization are also addressed in an effort to examine emotional distress among victimized adolescents in urban settings. AN ASSESSMENT OF SELF-CONCEPT AND VIOLENCE WITHIN A DELINQUENT ADOLESCENT POPULATION Peggy A. Engram, University of Houston, Downtown A group comparison study was conducted with 200 inner city violent and non-violent adolescents to explore the relationship between self-concept and violence within a delinquent adolescent population. Self-concept was examined using self-concept scales and sub-scales to determine if one group is more likely to have higher self-concept scores and if specific sub-scale factors are more significant than others in predicting who is most likely to commit a violent act. The study generally concluded that there is a correlation between adolescent violence and self-concept. QUESTIONING APPROPRIATIONS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS: A CASE STUDY OF JUVENILE ARRESTEES IN ESCAMBIA AND SANTA ROSA COUNTIES, FLORIDA Kimberly M. Ta tum, University of West Florida; Julie C. Kunselman, University of West Florida This study analyzes data collected on juveniles arrested in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, Florida, from January 01, 2002 through June 30, 2002. The purpose of this research is to develop a profile of arrestees to better inform public policy in the region and in the State of Florida. Establishing a profile and comparison of juvenile arrestees is an especially timely project in Florida since the state recently cut funding for some juvenile justice initiatives. Data were drawn from Florida's Juvenile Justice Information System on a sample of 302 juveniles arrested and processed for intake at the Escambia County Juvenile Assessment Center (JAC). Findings include a comprehensive profile for the juvenile arrestees, including comparisons across demographics, offense, criminal history, and commitment. Using profile comparisons, the authors discuss the impact of funding on Florida's juvenile justice system. YOUTH AND PANELS William R. Geary, Widener University Youth Aid Panels have been used as a form of diversion in the United States since the 1950's and used in Abington Township, Pennsylvania since 2000. The Abington YAP started as part of Pennsylvania's BARJ initiative. This research is an evaluation of the panel's success in terms of BARJ goals: public safety, competency development, and offender accountability. In addition, this research attempts to find associations with youth non-compliance and recidivism. Previous studies indicate that a relationship exists between being charged with a drug offense and higher levels of non-compliance or recidivism. Data fo r this study includes all relevant police records in Abington, survey and interview data with youth, panel members, and police officers, and participant observation of panel hearings. Data analysis indicates that Abington YAP seems to fulfill all three BARJ requirements. In addition, preliminary analysis indicates that no variables relating to the offense or characteristics of the offender correlate with the likelihood of non-compliance and recidivism. CHANGES IN REPORTS OF WEAPON POSSESSION AT SCHOOL AFTER COLUMBINE Lynn A Addington, American University On April 20, 1999, the most deadly act of school violence in the United States occurred at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. This study examines the effect of this event on students' reports of weapon carrying at school using data from a nationally representative sample. Essentially experimental conditions were approximated in the design of this study as students were randomly allocated to pre- and post- Columbine groups. As a result, many potentially confounding relationships are removed and the effect of Columbine can be more precisely examined. In particular, Columbine's effect on actual behavioral changes and social desirability effects is explored.
Panel 92: Dimensions of Partner Violence Th ursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon D
PARTNER VIOLENCE: ETIOLOGY Chair: LorieRubens er, Sui Ross State University
THE AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S ROLE IN BLACK CULTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE Hillary A Potter, University of Colorado at Boulder Though U.S. women in general are reportedly experiencing lower rates of intimate partner violence, African American women in particular continue to sustain the highest rates of victimization over other racial and ethnic individuals. Black culture is an essential inclusion when examining domestic violence against African American women. Though any discussion about Black culture is not characteristic of every African American in the U.S., general lines of convention are found within the "Black community." This study will explore the role of the African American women within the Black culture and community, along with intimate partner violence among African American couples. EXPLORING THE STALKING VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN AND MEN: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Elizabeth Ehrhardt Mustaine, University of Central Florida During the late 1990's and early 2000's, scholarly work addressing stalking victims, offenders, and the dynamics of such offenses increased markedly; significantly enhancing our understanding of this heretofore hidden crime. While most researchers agree that stalking is a crime that affects women specifically (particularly stalking that emerges from partner violence), some women may be at greater risk for stalking victimization than others. Further, while women may be the more likely victims, men occasionally are victims as well. Are there differences in reactions and responses to stalking victimization between male and female victims? Moreover, while much of the literature has identified patterns of stalking offending and victimization, very little research has explored the types of characteristics and antecedents that may influence women's and men's risks for stalking victimization. Using the National Violence Against Women Survey (Tjaden and Theonnes, 1998) the present paper will address these issues by comparing and contrasting the patterns, sources, and experiences of stalking victimization for men and women. VIOLENT LIVES: HISTORIES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG FEMALE INMATES Gail A Flint, West Virginia State College The study focuses on female inmates and self-reported incidents of domestic violence. Fifty-two inmates were surveyed and interviewed about the extent of sexual and physical abuse throughout their lives. They report extensive histories of abuse beginning at early ages. The results of the survey are supplemented by illustrative examples form the interviews. FACTORS AFFECTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURT CASE OUTCOMES AND THE EFFECTS OF COURT CASE OUTCOMES ON OFFENDERS' RECIDIVISM Gaberiel/e Davis, University of Toledo; Lois A. Ventura, University of Toledo This study reports the court case dispositions of all 1,982 domestic violence cases filed in the Toledo, Ohio Municipal Court from 4/1/00 through 3/31/01. The acts that constitute domestic violence charges are examined. The effects of the acts on the dispositions of the cases are analyzed along with the effects of offenders' characteristics. A random sample of 600 cases id drawn from the data set. The recidivism of these 600 offenders is tracked for one yearfollowing court case dispositions. The effects of court case outcomes on recidivism are analyzed while controlling for other factors commonly associated with recidivism. "IT'S ONLY A BRUISE": VICTIM OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO INJURY SEVERITY AMONG ABUSED CHILDREN Carol Smith-Rupe, University of Louisville; Angela D. We st, University of Louisville This paper reports the results from a retrospective chart review of 77 cases of inflicted injuries to children involving 63 identifiable perpetrators. This study focused on the relationship between the victim and the offender and sought to determine whether relationship was related to type, frequency, or severity of injury. Offender and victim characteristics such as race, sex, and age also were considered in this investigation. Results indicate that victim age, offender sex, and victim-offender relationship were significantly related to the severity of the injury, and that abuse primarily was intra-racial. Conclusions and recommendations are offered.
Panel 93: Criminal Justice Education Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Tufts
CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULUM IN THE 215T CENTU RY Chair: Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey BROADENING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE EXPERIENCE: ENGAGING STUDENTS IN SERVICE-LEARNING Julie C. Kunselman, University of West Florida This study analyzes data obtained from the initial two years of a service-learning program. The University of West Florida/ Woodham High School Law Academy ConflictResolution Pilot Model engages high school and university students in a conflict resolution and peer mediation-mentoring program. The program attempts to broaden the views of participants by exposing them to a conflict resolution curriculum grounded in empathy and objectivity. This research focuses on the implementation process, including discussion of the educational and developmental impacts associated with developing a K-12 and Higher Education partnership. Utilizing qualitative data gathered from questionnaires and participant papers, both positive and negative issues related to developing such a partnership is discussed. The inherent social benefits associated with making such a partnership work are also discussed. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY/FORENSICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH RobertJ. Meadows, California Lutheran University The field of criminal psychology is a burgeoning field worthy of inclusion in any criminal justice or psychology curriculum. The paper addresses the importance of criminal psychology and fo rensics in criminal justice education. The course is cross-listed and team-taught between criminal justice and psychology, combining theory, law, abnormal psychology, and practical forensics. Cross-disciplinaryteaching strategies are introduced. A number of insights are offered into course content, teaching strategies, and student research. The course has successfully been taught for 7 years. ANDRAGOGY: STUDENT CENTERED CLASSROOMS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS Michael L. Birzer, Washburn University; Michael J. Palmiotto,Wi chita State University; CliffRoberson Washburn University Historically much of the instruction in criminal justice classrooms has been highly teacher centered in nature. Approaches such as these are rooted in the behavioral philosophy of education. In this paper we present the notion that moving towards more student centered and humanistic classrooms will improve the teaching - learning transaction. Moreover, we present the theory of andragogy as a viable option fo r use in most criminal justice classroom settings. We conclude the paper by offering specific examples of how andragogy can be applied in the criminal justice classroom. CAREER ORIENTATIONS AMONG CRIMINOLOGY/CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS: ANALYSIS OF SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL VARIABLES Yo ungyol Yim, Metropolitan State University The purpose of this study is to determine if there are different career goals/choices among undergraduate students in a criminology/criminal justice (C/CJ, hereafter) program based on their demographic and social variables. Data were gathered through a self-administered survey and 504 students participated in the study. In order to test the research hypotheses, chi square and multiple regression analysis were performed. It was fo und that women were significantly more likely than men to plan to practice law and to pursue advanced degrees. It was also found that males were significantly less favorable than female toward female CJ personnel.
Panel 94: White-Collar Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Boston University
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: THEORETICAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES Chair: David Friedrichs, University of Scranton
THE JUSTICE SYSTEM'S RESPONSE TO WHITE-COLLAR CRIME IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: EMERGING CHALLENGES David Friedrichs, University of Scranton Throughout most of the nineteenth century no truly effective national mechanisms for a addressing what we now call white collar crime existed, and if it elicited a response at all it was largely local. This began to change toward the end of the nineteenth century,with the emergence of the trust-busting movement. Throughout most of the twentieth century the response to the most significant forms of white-collar crime became increasingly national, with federal agencies and Department of Justice at the forefront of this response. The great expansion of multinational and transnational corporations during the latter part of the twentieth century increasingly brought into sharp relief limitations of the national-level response. In the final years of the twentieth century the theme of "globalization" emerged as one of the buzzwords for the current era. For the twenty-first century the justice system response to the most significant forms of white-collar crime-the corporate form-will be increasingly global. In this paper a conception of globalization relevant to the response to white-collar crime is articulated. Some specific challenges for a globalized response to white-collar crime are identified. SUB ROSA CRIME AND WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: FROM HANSSEN TO ENRON Frank Hagan, Mercyhurst College Spying, the secretive theft of information by "sub rosa" criminals has been a human preoccupation since early history. Despite inattention to the issue in Criminology, the activities of spies such as Robert Hanssen have been far more costly than many traditional crimes. Hanssen's treachery represents one of the worst compromises of U. S. national security and the worst case of treason and espionage on the part of an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Hanssen spy case is compared with a previously developed typology of spies that includes: mercenary, ideological, alienated/egocentric, buccaneer, professional, compromised, deceived (false flag recruits), quasi agent, escapee and miscellaneous. The egocentric, buccaneer and mercenary types best describe Hanssen. The changing motivation of spies in postmodern society are discussed. The interface between traditional white-collar crime (occupational and organizational) with other manifestations of white-collar crime (organized, political and professional) is also examined. The changing nature of fraud, criminal enterprise and transnational crime are perceived as blurring the lines between such varieties of crime. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORRUPTION AND MONEY LAU NDERING IN TAIWAN Dan Chan, National Chung-Cheng University, Ta iwan; Chi-Lin Chang, Chinese Taipei Criminology Association Corruption is one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. It undermines good government, fundamentally distorts public policy, leads to the misallocation of resources, harms the private sector and private sector development and particularly hurts the poor. With few exceptions, criminals are motivated by one thing-profit. Greed drives the criminal, and the end result is the illegally gained money must be introduced into the nation's legitimate financial systems. Money laundering involves disguising financial assets so they can be used without detection of the illegal activity that produced them. Through money laundering, the criminal transforms the monetary proceeds derived from criminal activity into funds with an apparently legal source. Money laundering provides the fuel for drug dealers, terrorists, arms dealers, corrupted politicians also. It can operate and expand their criminal enterprises. We try through the case study to find out the money-laundering channel of corruption offenders in Taiwan. GLOBALIZATION: CAPITALISM'S 'NEW IMPERIALISM' AND THE EMERGENCE OF A MORE POTENT FORM OF WORLDWIDE CORPORATE CRIME William Calathes, New Jersey City University The paper examines how corporate deviant behavior globalization is increasingly victimizing the world and its inhabitants as the result of globalization. With the opening up of world markets, many corporations have moved directed to exploit increased criminal opportunities. Globalization has also provided the motivation for corporations to more deeply explore the boundaries of their own deviance as the exploitative economic, social and political, and structural arrangements that first provided the spawning ground for extensive corporate criminality are allowed to flourish worldwide. A model that employs opportunity and offender factors, along with structural factors, is proposed to predict the incidence of corporate worldwide criminal activity. The model has implications for the extent to which social justice policy should be developed and implemented in order to reduce the criminal corporate opportunities that are recently emerging.
Panel 95: Social Change and Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Boston College
SENTENCING AND MANAGING OFFENDERS
Chair: JeffEr shler, Lynn University
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT IN PRISONER CONFINEMENT STANDARDS Keith Haley, Tiffin University; Scott Blough, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction This paper describes the critical points of international conflict among several sets of confinement standards for prisoners. The standards under analysis are those of the American Corrections Association, the United Nations, the European Union, and several health organizations. Major obstacles to improved standards are identified and suggestions for overcoming these obstacles are discussed. RACE, GENDER AND BAIL: EVALUATING DISPARITY IN PRETRIAL JUDICIAL OUTCOME USING LEGAL AND EXTRA LEGAL FACTORS Daniel C. Dahlgreen, Kent State University; Dawn C/ouston, Kent State University; Kim Lazar, Kent State University; Sonja Beatty, Kent State University; Donald Miller, Kent State University Disparity in sentencing length and the type of sentence received have interested researchers in recent years, as felony sentencing guidelines have been evaluated for effectiveness. In addition to these measure, bail amount has been suggested to be an important outcome as institutional pretrial time has been shown to be a predictor of sentence received. The current study evaluates bail amount as an outcome for 6000 felony charges from 199-2001, in Stark County Ohio. A variety of legal and extra-legal factors are used to predict bail amount, with a specific focus placed upon race and gender as predictors of this outcome. RISK AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF DANGEROUS OFFENDERS IN CANADA Dominique Robert, University of Ottawa How did the definition of danger changed in high modern societies? We address this question through the analysis of juridical construction of dangerous offenders, i.e. the offenders that are or have been liable to an indeterminate sentence, in Canada from 1947 to 2000. Three levels of changes are distinguished: the definition of dangerous behaviors, the relation between law and psychiatry and the confrontation between the juridical and risk logics. Our analysis shows that far from pushing aside traditional penal concerns, the latest juridical construction of dangerous offenders recycles them and gives them new meanings in line with prudentialism. SEX OFFENDER NOTIFICATION AND FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION Victoria Simpson Beck, College of Mount St. Joseph; Lawrence F. Tra vis, Ill, University of Cincinnati Sex offender community notification clearly communicates that there is a potential threat to individual safety. Although research on sex offender notification statutes has been limited, what does exist has indicated notification results in increasing fear of victimization (Phillips 1998a, Zevitz and Farkas 2000c). The existing research has not, however, differentiated between fear of victimization for self (self-fear) and fear of victimization for others (altruistic fear). Warr (2000) has argued that the "strongest indictment" of the fear-crime literature is the failure to consider altruistic fear. By comparing emotional responses to specific types of victimization, the findings in this study indicate notification significantly increases self-fear and altruistic fear of victimization at the bivariate level. At the multivariate level, however, notification did not have a significant affect on altruistic fear.
Workshop 96: Theories of Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Regis
APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF CHICAGO-SCORING PARTNERSHIP BRIDGE TO TWO-OFFICER PARTNERSHIP LINE POLICING Presenter: John M. Memory Research concerning the comparison of two-officer police patrol cars with one-officer police patrol cars indicates that officers in one-officer cars are safer and more cost-effective and at least equally effective as officers in two-officer cars. This counter intuitive finding indicates that there is a problem regarding the operationalization of two-officer line policing in the U.S. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment indicated that one cannot assume that police preventive patrol, ordinarily one officer, is effective. There obviously is room to make line policing , two-officer and one-officer, more effective in preventing crime, solving problems, maintaining order, and enforcing laws. The first purpose of this paper is to present in detail the argument that one can beneficially apply the theory of the game of Chicago-scoring partnership bridge (cards) to two-officer partnership line policing, to include at least motorized patrol policing, bicycle patrol, foot patrol, public-housing policing, problem-oriented policing, and community policing. This argument takes the fo rm, most importantly, of a large number of principles, derived from Chicago-scoring bridge, which I believe apply equally well to two-officer partnership line policing. The second purpose is to propose a project, utilizing adaptations of traditional social scientific research methods, which would empirically determine whether the theoryof Chicago-scoring partnership bridge applies to a substantial extent to two-officer partnership line policing.
Workshop 97: Police and Community Issues Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Nantucket
DEVELOPING A POLICE, SCHOOL, AND COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP
Moderator: Chief George R. Sherrill, Holden Police Department Discussants: Chief George R. Sherrill, Holden Police Department; Sgt. David Armstrong, Holden Police Department; Jack Greene, Northeastern University; Patricia Gavin, Anna Maria College Holden, MA is small suburb (pop. 16,000) situated on the edge of Worcester, the third largest city in New England. The Holden Police department exercises a philosophy of policing that embodies building and nurturing innovative partnerships within the community to address confronting issues. Issues within the schools forced the departmentto take a fresh look at their use of a school resource officer, resulting in the creation of a resourceful criminal justice program within the regional high school. This workshop will focus on a partnership between the department, the high school and area colleges in exploring its development, benefits and future.
Panel 98: Theories of Criminal Justice Th ursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Hyannis
POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT Chair: Michael D. Wiatrowski, Florida Atlantic University
A DEMOCRATIC MODEL OF POLICING Michael D. Wia trowski, Florida Atlantic University; Anita Pritchard, Florida Atlantic University This paper articulates a series of principals derived from democratic theory and applies them to policing. It describes why the professional model of policing is not democratic and the need to transform policing to a model oriented towards citizen security and human rights as organizing principals of this new model. TRANSFORMING THE SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE Monique Marks, University of Natal, Durban This paper describes the issue of police transformation. This deals with the problem of transforming the South African Police Force to a police force, which, in theory, is oriented towards protecting human rights of victims and offenders and the rights of the officers who carry out this mandate. POLICING AND HUMAN RIGHTS Michael Palmiotto, Wichita State University This paper explores a key component of a democratic model of policing: The issue of human rights. POLICE TRANSITION IN SOUTH AFRICA P.J. Potgieter, University of Zululand, Kwadlangeza The transition of the South African Police Force is a work in progress. The University of Zululand and its Department of Criminal Justice have been at the forefront of developing projects involving the police and the community based on a model of community policing which fosters community involvement, the transformation of the police and human rights. This paper reviews those projects. PRIVATE POLICE IN EMERGING MARKETS: SOUTH KOREA Mahesh Nal/a, Michigan State University; Eui-Gab Hwang, Michigan State University Personnel employed in the private security industry have increased in recent years in South Korea, a trend apparent in other developedK. and developing economies. The emergence of private police, particularly unifo rmed private security officers, in terms of the number of people employed and as a recognizable policing force provides scholars an opportunity to examine the nature of policing in the private sector and its impact on public perceptions as well as public law enforcement. In this paper, we examine citizen perceptions, particularly high school and college students' perceptions of private security officers. Perceptions on security work, goals, professionalism, and attitudes toward public private relationships will be among the issues covered in this study.
Panel 99: Community Based Corrections Thursday March 6, 2002 8:30-9:45 Orleans
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS OFFICERS IN THE FIELD Chair: Faith E. Lutze, Washington State University A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS OFFICERS AND THEIR EXPERIENCES SUPERVISING OFFENDERS: BALANCING PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY WITH EXPECTATIONS OF PUNISHMENT AND TREATMENT Faith E. Lutze, Wa shington State University Community corrections officers are often overlooked in the corrections literature when considering how different types of supervision may affect offender outcomes. This study provides a qualitative analysis of the perceptions and experiences of community corrections officers and their approaches to supervising offenders. Consideration is given to how the experiences of community corrections officers may influence their perspectives about supervision and ultimately translate into the success or failure of the offenders they supervise. SUPERVISING THE SUBSTANCE ABUSER ON PAROLE Benjamin Steiner, Boise State University Parole caseloads are being flooded with substance abusing offenders. With new and harder drugs, this has provided a unique challenge for parole departments and officers. This paper analyzes the "best practices" based upon a literature review. In addition, this paper discusses how these practices are currently implemented in an urban county in Idaho. SUPERVISING HIV+ OFFENDERS IN THE COMMUNITY Kate King, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; Laura Kelley, Boise State University HIV infection rates are substantially higher in prison than in the general population. When these prisoners are released on parole, legal and practical issues emerge that must be addressed. These issues include the legal rights of parolees, protecting parole officers from infection, and preventing the spread of the virus to others by parolees. This paper examines these issues and how agencies are meeting the challenge of supervising HIV+ individuals. A COMPARISON OF THE ORALSCREEN® TO LABORATORY URINALYSIS AMONG BALTIMORE CITY PROBATIONERS George S. Ya coubian Jr., The McFarland Institute To date, few studies have compared oral fluid (OF) analysis to urinalysis. In the current study, urine and OF specimens were collected from a sample of adult Baltimore City probationers. With laboratory urinalysis as the reference standard, sensitivity and specificity coefficients were generated for the ORALScreen® for cocaine, opiates, and marijuana. After considering issues of personal invasiveness, ease of collection, cost, accuracy, and any consequences associated with false-positive or false-negative results, criminal justice personnel and local policymakers should determine if these rates of agreement are high enough to consider replacing or augmenting urinalysis with OF analysis. COMPUTERIZED MEASUREMENT OF TREATMENT PROGRESS: AN AP PLICATION OF GENERALIZABILITY THEORY Jean-Pierre Guay, Brandeis University; Andre McKibben, lnstitut Philippe Pinel de Montreal The emergence of computerized tools is an important advance in clinical assessment. Several methodological problems generally associated with measurement of treatment progress recently led to the development of a Computerized Checklist of Treatment Progress (CCTP). Used with sex offenders at the lnstitut Philippe Pinel de Montreal for more than 3 years, the CCTP is a method of observation in which members of the clinical staff are asked to monthly rate dynamic factors generally associated with sexual aggression (i.e. anger control, empathy, sexualization of psycho-affective conflicts, ask for help). Ten scales were developed in order to evaluate treatment progress, and results are used to propose specific individualized goals. The current paper will present the scales used in the CCTP as well as results pf inter-rater reliability analyses. CCTP scores will then be analyzed with the use of Generalizability theory. Implications for intervention and issues regarding in vivo evaluation's reliability will be discussed along with the advantages and disadvantages of such computerized systems.
Workshop 100: Criminal Justice Education Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Vermont
INCREASED LEARNING OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM: CREATI NG AND ADMINISTERING CJ INTERNSHIPS Thomas Lateano, Kean University
Internships in criminal justice have become a very popular option fo r students to earn college credits and gain practical experience in the field. This workshop will address issues surrounding the creation, organization and management of criminal justice internships. The presenter will highlight the steps necessary in developing a criminal justice internship course. Additionally, the role of the faculty advisor will be discussed including effective ways to monitor and evaluate the students and the work sites.
Panel 101: White Collar Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Simmons
CURRENT ISSUES IN WHITE COLLAR CRIME Chair: Ronald Bums, Texas Christian University
DISCIPLINE OF CORPORATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION Steve Russell, Indiana University; Michael J. Gilbert, University of San Antonio The origin of corporate persons is the utilitarian advantage of pooling capital without exposing investors to liability in contract or tort, let alone criminal liability. However, corporate persons must sue and be sued and, in the United States, can be held responsible when crimes are committed by individuals to benefit the corporation. American federalism has left most sanctioning of corporate misconduct to the states, with predictably dismal results. One proposed solution within the United States, federal chattering, holds promise for control of transnational corporations an end lacking even theoretical means-by analogy: an international compact on transnational corporations. CONTROLLING MONEY LAU NDERING: A BANK EMPLOYEES' SURVEY IN TAIWAN Hsiao-Ming Wang, University of Houston-Downtown Prior studies found that cooperation from financial institutions and their employees is essential to the success of controlling money laundering. A comprehensive survey of bank employees' attitude on the issue of controlling money laundering was conducted in Taiwan. A multivariate regression was utilized to analysis what factors are significant related to bank employees' cooperation in the war on money laundering. Results were interpreted in the context of international cooperation and crime prevention. LARGE POLICE DEPARTMENTS AND INTERNET FRAUD: AN EXAMINATION OF PREPAREDNESS, PERCEPTION, COOPERATION, ENFORCEMENT, AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Ronald Burns, Texas Christian University; Keith Wh itworth, Texas Christian University; Carol Th ompson, Texas Christian University Recent societal concern regarding computer crime is well documented in the research literature. To date, however, modest research has addressed how large, local police departments confront internet fraud. Using data collected from surveys distributed to the 700 largest police- and sheriff's departments, the present research addresses law enforcement: (1) preparedness to enforce internet fraud crimes; (2) practices of enforcing internet fraud laws; (3) perception of internet fraud's impact on society; (4) cooperative policing efforts; and (5) Internet information dissemination practices. Suggestions for improvements in fighting internetfra ud crimes are offered, as are directions for future research.
Panel 102: Juvenile Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Wellesley
BALANCED AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR JUVENILES
Chair: Justin Patchin, Michigan State University
EVALUATING MULTIPLE SERVICES OF A JUVENILE RESTORATIVE PROGRAM Erika Gebo, We stfiedState College; Jack Humphrey, Saint Anselm College Most restorative justice evaluations assess only one mode of delivery (i.e. mediation). This process and outcome evaluation of one state's countywide juvenile restorative justice program assesses multiple restorative justice services, including community service, restitution, and victim-offender mediation. The evaluation is taking place over a three-year period and will involve approximately 150 participants. Current emphasis is placed on a discussion of the research design, which utilizes face-to-face qualitative interviews with juveniles, juveniles' parents, and victims, combined with official court records on recidivism. Evaluative stumbling blocks and preliminary qualitative interviewfi ndings are discussed. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE BY MEDIATION II (1999-2002 TO 2003) Rosemary S. Bannan, DePaul University This continuing study of Restorative Justice of 386/863 youths of Cook County Illinois Juvenile Court compares youth who completed mediation 1999 with those who did not. In the following two years over 60% of the mediates remained arrest free. Thirty-five percent of the non-mediates remained arrest free in 2000, but increased to 59% in 2002. The State's Attorneys' ability to target at risk youth as well as the juvenile court's alternative options may account for the decline in the non-mediate arrest rate. Further, the current UCR Crime Index Report of declining arrest rates for juveniles under the age of 18 may indicate that youths are also making optional choices. Focus on Delinquency: Juvenile Diversion Programs. PUBLIC VIEWS OF JUVENILE EXCLUSION: A FACTORIAL SURVEY APPROACH Robin King Davis, University of Central Florida; Brandon Applegate, University of Central Florida; Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati As the juvenile court surpasses its 1 001h anniversary, questions are being raised about the future of a separate justice system for youthful offenders. Beginning research exists on how the public feels about excluding some youths from the juvenile justice system. The existing research, however, does not detail public sentiment on this complex issue. Using a statewide sample and factorial survey design, out study assesses the way features of the offense and the offender influence support for juvenile exclusion. To understand the context of public vies on juvenile justice better, we also examine general beliefs about the maturity of today's youths. RESPONDING TO ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN JUVENILE JUSTICE-AN OVERVIEW OF KEY ISSUES FOR DESIGNING APPROPRIATE RESPONSES Michelle Jeffrey, Th e University of Melbourne This paper is concerned with the ways in which juvenile justice within Australia creates and manages difference by way of ethnic or cultural delineation. It raises questions about how ethnicity and culture is constructed and in doing so it highlights the danger of treating ethnic minority youth as a homogenous group. It is argued that ethno-cultural experiences need to be considered in light of broader structural issues such as education and socio-economic status. Based on interviews with young offenders from Vietnamese background, this paper explores some of the key issues necessary for designing juvenile justice programs that meet the needs of ethnic minority youth.
Panel 103: Prisons Th ursday March 6, 2003 8:30-9:45 Yarmouth
INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE Chair: John Klofas, Rochester Institute of Te chnology PRISON VIOLENCE: INTEGRATING IMPORTATION THEORY AND DEPRIVATION THEORY TO EXPLAIN INMATE-ON INMATE ASSAULTS Karen Lahm, Capital University The majority of prior research on prison violence recommends that the most comprehensive way to examine prison violence would be to combine both inmate-level (importation theory) and prison-level variables (deprivation theory) into one model. The present study performs this analysis and combines variables from both theories to predict inmate-on-inmate assaults (both serious and non-serious). Data were gathered from over 1,000 inmates in 30 prisons across Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Results reveal the strongest supportfor the micro-level importation theory and also suggest some mild support for the macro level deprivation theory. All in all, the results of this research imply that an integration of the importation and deprivation theories is NOT necessarily the best explanation for inmate-on-inmate violence as the majority of past research suggests. A NATIONAL SURVEY OF SECURITY THREAT GROUPS IN PRISON AND JAIL SETTINGS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCE Lisa Carter, Eastern Kentucky University; James B. Wells, Eastern Kentucky University; Kevin I. Minor, Eastern Kentucky University No recent national surveys have focused on security threat group (STG) activity in the national's correctional systems and jails. This study, commissioned by the National Major Gang Task Force, describes the extent and nature of STGs as well as the strategies being employed to manage the problem. Specifically, we examine the relationship between various management strategies and violent incidents perpetrated by STG members against both staffand inmates. A number of other correlates of violent incidents are also studied. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications fo r policy and programming. PRISON VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL: AN ANALYSIS OF ADULT STATE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES Heather M. Heitfield, The American University This study examines the role of social capital in reducing prison violence and the extent to which prisons facilitating social capital experience different rates of collective violence, inmate violence, and violence against the staff. This paper suggest that in prison environments conductive to social capital, relationships and subgroups among inmates are used as informal methods of social control to diminish prison violence. Using a regression analysis, the author concludes that it is not clear whether social capital contributes to levels of violence within prisons, but that environments where it is most likely to flourish appear potentially conducive to non-violent behavior. RECONSIDERING INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL AND INSTITUTIONAL VIOLENCE: DISENTANGLI NG THE DUAL EFFECTS OF BAD PRISON MANAGEMENT Jennifer Macy Summer, University of California, Irvine; Tra vis Pra tt, Wa shington State University Given the conceptual and empirical limits of existing "deprivation" and "importation" models in prison research, the "management" paradigm has emerged as a more convincing model for explaining variation in levels of institutional violence in correctional facilities. Considerable debate still exists, however, concerning what constitutes poor prison management. In this paper, we argue that part of the disagreement and confusion over this issue is that existing perspectives assume that poor prison management can only come in one form. As a step toward clarifying this debate, we argue that "bad" prison management may present itself in a dual form: over- versus under- control. This dichotomy also appears to differentially influence levels of serious versus non-serious disorder and, more specifically, rates of individual versus collective violence. Future research must therefore focus on the development of new measures of prison management and control to accommodate the assessment of potentially different causal mechanisms underlying serious and non-serious levels of individual and collective inmate violence. REDUCING KENTUCKY'S PRISON POPULATION James Austin, Th e George Washington University; Stephen C. Richards, Northern Kentucky University; Richard S. Jones, Marquette University Interviews were conducted in one prison, one parole office, and two community halfway houses. In all, we conducted interviews of Kentucky parolees. To balance the information gathered from parolees we also spoke with prison and parole staff. The interview excerpts tell the story as told to us by the Kentucky prisoners. What we found is a virtual "perpetual incarceration machine" (Richards and Jones, 2001, 2003) whereby a felon enters the Kentucky penal system and has a difficult time of ever getting completely free from it. The discussion is organized around the fo llowing themes: preparing for release from prison, leaving prison, the problems finding employment, parolees distrust parole officers, the parolees do not get credit for parole time when they are violated, and the lack of economic resources. We conclude with the "10 most promising policy reforms" for reducing Kentucky's prison population.
Panel 104: Police Organization and Management Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon A
POLICE PERSONNEL AND STAFFING ISSUES Chair: William R. King, Bowling Green State University
AN EMPICIALLY DERIVED MODEL FOR STAFFING THE POLICE PATROL FUNCTION Robert E. Ford, University of Central Florida Patrol policing has long intrigued justice scholars. This is not surprising. Patrol not only consumes a lion's share of police resources, it is the most visible and the most controversial of police activities. Contributing to its allure is the imagery of patrol policing projected by police themselves and the media. While a number of qualitative and a few quantitative studies have provided a sense of the structure and functions of patrol policing, there remains basic and unanswered questions. Utilizing a unique data base, management studies of police patrol, this paper will focus on one unanswered question - what are optimum levels for staffing police patrol. Addressing staffing levels will force a far broader analysis of patrol purposes, patterns of police patrol activities, community, officer, and organizational preferences. TESTING STRUCTURAL INERTIA THEORY: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN POLICE PERSONNEL BETWEEN 1937 AND 1999 William R. King, Bowling Green State University This paper reports a test of structural inertia theory with data from a sample of 389 US municipal police agencies using data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in 1937 and the 1997 and 1999 waves of the Bureau of Justice Statistic's LEMAS data,. Simply, structural inertia theory posits that once fo rmed, organizations change very little even for extended periods of time. The present paper looks for evidence of structural inertia in the employment of civilians, and the allocation of police personnel to investigative and front-line duties between 1937 and 1999. JOB SATISFACTION OF POLICE OFFICERS IN A MID-SIZED POLICE DEPARTMENT Wilson Huang, Valdosta State University; Sutham Chuerprakobkit, Kennesaw, State University This study focuses on the relation between police attitudes and job satisfaction. It is hypothesized that officers who have positive attitudes toward police works are likely to have a higher level of job satisfaction, holding constant individual demographic factors. Data used to examine this hypothesis were collected from survey questionnaires of 199 officers in a southern police department. Measures of job satisfaction include Likert-scale items pertaining to perceived supportfrom the police department and the public, enthusiasm about current position, and viewpoints on the police as a profession. Independent variables will include attitude measures with regard to police ethics and occupational role, as well as measures of personal characteristics such as gender, race, education, and working assignment. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS AND REALITY: A STUDY OF POLICE OFFICER JOB SATISFACTION IN A MIDWESTERN CITY William Wakefield, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Sean Maddan, University of Nebraska at Omaha Organizational administrators and academic researchers have long noticed the association between employee job satisfaction and employee job performance. Job satisfaction is a topic that has generated widespread interest; nowhere is this more evident than in policing organizations. Utilizing a survey instrument, this research study examined the job satisfaction of police officers in a Midwestern City at the behest of the officers' union. The union felt it had problems in several core areas, including administrational concerns; the results of the study did not support the majority of union contentions. These findings suggest the importance of rigorous methodological designs in shedding mere anecdotal support of perceptions of job satisfaction. Policy implications are also discussed. YARMULKES, TURBANS & SCARVES: ACCOMMODATING RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY AMONG LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL R. Alan Th ompson, Th e University of Southern Mississippi; Lisa S. Nored, The University of Southern Mississippi Two Jaw enforcement officers recently made national headlines by challenging their agency's prohibition against accessorizing their official uniforms with religious regalia. This presentation examines the legal and administrative issues involved in striking a reasonable balance between the religious freedom of law enforcement personnel and the need fo r agencies to maintain standards of consistent appearance.
Panel 105: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon B
TERRORISM AND NATIONAL SECURITY Chair: LarryD. Andrews, Missouri Western State College
LEGAL ISSUES POTENTIALLY CONFRONTING AMERICAN PRACTITIONERS OF ISLAM AFTER THE 9-1 1 TERRORIST ATTACKS Jack Glymph, Benedict College Legal research is conducted using landmark decisions of the United States Supreme Court. These decisions pertain to restrictions on the legal rights of Americans during periods when America was at war. Case decisions such as Korematsu v. United States will be analyzed in this paper to demonstrate why American law enforcement and other governmental officials should exercise extreme caution to protect the legal rights of American practitioners of Islam to prevent illegal prosecutions of them for such rimes as conspiracy to commit espionage and terroristic criminal acts. LEGAL ISSUES PERTAINING TO VIDEO SURVEILLANCE AND FACIAL RECOGNITION IN PUBLIC PLACES Th omas J. Hickey, University of Tampa This paper reviews the current movement toward increasing use of video surveillance an facial recognition software in public places. It focuses primarily on Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment issues and concludes that current trends rermitting the use of these high-technology investigatory tools are likely to expand in the aftermath of the September 111 tragedy. Moreover, the potential extension of the "war on terrorism" is likely to provide an additional impetus to government agencies to further expand the use of these powerful investigative devices and further diminish individual privacy in public places. THE USA PATRIOT ACT ONE YEAR LATER: ASSESSING THE IMPACT ON CIVIL LIBERTIES David T. Skelton, Indiana State University The research reviews federal counter-terrorism enforcement efforts under the USA PATRIOT Act in reference to the expectations voiced by proponents and the apprehension expressed by opponents when the legislation was first enacted. Special attention is given to constitutional challenges to federal enforcement actions and to the apparently differenttreatment of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals by law enforcement agencies both as domestic detainees and as detainees in foreign countries. ATTENUATION OF PRIVACY RIGHTS: THE SPECIAL NEEDS DOCTRINE IN LIGHT OF RECENT FOURTH AMENDMENT DEVELOPMENTS Kimberly S. Keller, University of Texas at San Antonio This paper presents trends in current law applying the "special needs doctrine" and argues whether it will serve as the legal vehicle used to validate current and future search techniques. The paper discusses technology used by the government to search for evidence and portions of the USA Patriot Act expanding governmental authority to collect evidence without a warrant. The paper analyzes the historical and current trends surrounding the "special needs" doctrine established by the Supreme Court, which permits governmental authorities to conduct warrantless searches so long as the search is based upon a "special" (non-investigatory) need.
Panel 106: Dimensions of Comparative and International Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon C
TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS Chair: Xin Ren, California State University, Sacramento
VICTIM VS. VICTIM: HUMAN SMUGGLING AND TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS Xin Ren, California State University, Sacramento This paper examines the conceptualization of victims and victimization in global human trade, including human smuggling and trafficking in human being, from the perspectives of human rights and legal framework. The paper explores the issues of victimization or exploitation of victims by examining the various policy issues relating to global competition of labor marketing, international migration, border control, immigration law, and humanitarian aids for aliens involved in the transnational human trade. It appears that the international conflict in laws and government policies on human rights protection, border control and international migration within individual nations and interregional conflicts of different countries to protect their own special economic and political interests ofteninevitably resulted in the secondary victimization for the victims of human trades. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: A LOOK INTO HOW LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN Sherilyn Klueber, University of Louisville Public awareness of, and concern over the trafficking of women and children has never been greater among governments, international agencies and global NGOs. Over the past century most legislation and research focused on the Eastern Asian, and Central European countries where trafficking is most prevalent. More recently the United States has joined the global initiative to fight trafficking, by creating federal victim assistance and trafficking prevention legislation. Recent Department of State research has identified the central trafficking routes and cities in the United States where trafficking networks have been established. This paper will review existing policy and legislative efforts of the United States and exam local level law enforcement response and responsibilities to the issue. ASSESSING THE NEEDS OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AND TRAFFICKING VICTIMS IN THE UNITED STATES Heather J. Cla wson, Caliber Associates; Kevonne Small, Caliber Associates; Marvene O'Rourke, National Institute of Justice Congress reports that approximately 50,000 people, mainly women and children, are trafficked to the U.S. each year. These victims are in great need of culturally appropriate and accessible services. As part of the national effort to combat trafficking in persons, the National Institute of Justice is conducting a needs assessment among service providers and trafficking victims intended to address several questions, including: What services currently exist for trafficking victims and are they meeting victims' needs? What are barriers to seeking/providing services? What assistance do providers need to effectively serve trafficking victims? Additionally the assessment explores how the needs of trafficking victims compare to those of other crime victims. This presentation will discuss key findings, implications for the field, and next steps.
Panel 107: Author Meets Critic Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon D
BEHIND BARS: SURVIVING PRISONS
Authors: Jeffrey Jan Ross, University of Baltimore; Stephen C. Richards, Northern Kentucky University Critics: Richard Te wksbury, University of Louisville; Dean Dabney, Georgia State University; Etta Morgan, Pennsylvania State University Capital College; Alexis Miller, Middle Tennessee State University
Panel 108: Criminal Justice Education Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Tufts
TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Gloria Browne-Marshall, John Jay College TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN A NEW ERA OF CIVIL LIBERTIES VS. GOVERNMENTAL POWER Ramona Brockett, Northern Kentucky University Life in America is associated with the inalienable right of every citizen to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. On September 11, 2001, these freedoms were placed at risk. The new war against terrorism has placed America at a cross roads which has caused the American system of Justice to re-examine its commitment to civil liberties within the context of the interpretation of the Bill of Rights. President George W. Bush has signed legislation aimed at protecting notions of freedom that includes the Antiterrorist Act and the United States Patriot Act. These laws effect change within three areas: the practical interpretation of actions taken by justice practitioners such as police and other justice personnel; the interpretation of the meaning of rights lodged within the context of Bill of Rights; and the new interpretation of civil liberties. This paper presentation examines the effect of these sweeping changes in terms of practitioner's intellectual albeit academic duty to teach and interpret these changes within the context of the courts, policing and the American criminal justice system in the college and graduate school setting. BRINGING TEACHING AND LEARNING ONLINE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: A REPORT ON THE USE OF BLACKBOARD G. Frederick Allen, Central Michigan University The availability of technology in the classroom presents many opportunities and challenges. This paper reports on the use of blackboard, a web-based Internet infrastructure software for a-Education. Using blackboard as an alternative to the typical course web page, the program was used to deliver course content in criminal justice courses. The program facilitated the transition from a lecture focus method to involving student in finding relevant course related information, assessing information, and sharing information with their colleagues. The paper describes the online evaluative components that allowed students to track their progress, as well as the students' interaction with faculty and other students. The experience confirms the usefulness of technology in classroom underscoring the importance of having a strong commitment to using the technology as well as having a strong automation support system in place. 5T THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION IN THE 21 CENTURY Roslyn Muraskin, Long Island University - C. W Post Campus The role of criminal justice education is extremely important. More than ever before our enrollments are topping the best of college programs including that of the Business and Accounting Schools. Criminal Justice has become a prime major in this century in view of the fact that we are surrounded by problems of crime not only on the levels as we have always known, i.e., burglaries, robberies, assaults, rapes, etc., but in view of the times of terrorism. This paper/discussion will follow as to the need to accredit our programs as well as to change the curriculum that now exists and has been acceptable. It will also call on other programs to present interdisciplinary programs, i.e., sciences, language. TEACHING THE VALUE OF EQUALITY AND LAW OF EQUAL PROTECTION Dean J. Spader, University of South Dakota The value of equality represents a core value underlying criminal justice. The purpose of this article is to suggest a method of teaching equality quickly yet effectively in order to connect the value to the law of equal treatment. I will use four concepts and develop criminal justice applications for each: 1) Justified Equality (Justice as equal treatment of equals); 2) Justified Inequality (Justice as unequal treatment of un-equals); 3 Unjustified Equality (Justice as equal treatment of un-equals); and, 4) Unjustified Inequality (Justice as unequal treatment of equals). Once students understand all four concepts and how each concept relates to the law of equal protection, they develop a more sophisticated skill analyzing and applying legal concepts. THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: HOISTED ON OUR OWN PETARD J. Price Foster, University of Louisville; Chris Hughes, University of Louisville Over the thirty five years since crime related studies established a foothold in higher education, there have been many struggles for definition of the field a well as academic acceptance and location in the academic community, The first issue involved whether this should even be an academic endeavor, then the naming of the discipline, (if indeed it is a discipline) and its location in the academic structure. In addition, issues of achieving "first class citizenship "in the academic community have been prominent throughout much of our history as we have worked to improve faculty and research status. In 2002, it seems clear many of these issues have been resolved. In this paper I will discuss these struggles, the consequences of decisions made by our leadership over the years, and the response we have experienced in the higher education community.
Pan 1 109: Crime Prevention and Security Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Boston Univ.
DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS Chair: Brian Renauer, Portland State University
INSTITUTIONAL THEORY PERSPECTIVES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THREE-COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN OREGON Brian Renauer, Portland State University; Robert Swan, Portland State University This study examines the implementation and early outcomes of three recently initiated community-oriented crime prevention strategies (1 Community Prosecution program and 2 Weed and Seed sites) in three adjacent Oregon counties. Interviews, systematic observations, and neighborhood surveys are used for a comparative examination of the following: 1) the political dynamics of initiation and implementation across the sites and 2) the strategic differences between the programs (e.g. emphasis on law enforcement versus community building). Institutional theory perspectives are used to explain the differences in strategy and actual implementation of programmatic ideals. SCHOOL RESOURCE OFFICER PROGRAM Rosemary Murphy, NIJ/OJP/D OJ; David Hayslip, ABT Associates This study reports the design, results and implementation strategies of the School Resource Officer Program. EVALUATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIANA AREA COMMUNITIES THAT CARE David Myers, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Michael Arter, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Communities That Care (CTC) is a research-based operating system designed to help communities promote the positive development of children and prevent a number of adolescent problem behaviors, including delinquency, violence, substance abuse, school drop-out, and teen pregnancy. Indiana, PA , is one of approximately 125 communities throughout Pennsylvania that have chosen to use the CTC approach for reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors for children and youth in the local area. This paper will present a process evaluation of Indiana Area Communities That Care, describing the planning and implementation efforts that have taken place over the past three years. THE CONVERGENCY AND DIFFERENCES OF CRIME PREVENTION AND SAFETY POLICIES IN FRANCE AND GERMANY DURING THE LAST DECADES: TOWARDS A NEW EQUILIBRIUM Th omas Gilley, ERCES Paris Crime prevention covers a wide variety of concepts and strategies. In the frame of contemporary European crime prevention, this variety comes down to the antagonistic relationship between three models. This paper gives an comparative and historical overviewon crime prevention in France and Germany. It highlights the convergence and the differences between the two models of prevention, which developed in each of those countries during the 1990s. On focusing n urban safety policies, it attempts to show the traditional differences which are observable namely in the field of the distribution of powers and competencies of the actors of CP and which are resulting from the centralized structure of the police in France and the federal structure of the police for Germany has lost much of their importance. Increase of decentralization, on the one hand, and decrease of the decentralized organization, at the other, is standing for the establishment of a new equilibrium that is tending, namely as a result of the necessity to face new global dangers, towards a more concentrated and centralized organization of the police forces and the various strategies of crime prevention.
Pan I 110: Sentencing Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Boston Colleg
DISCRIMINATION IN SENTENCING Chair: Martin Gruberg, University of Wisconsin
SENTENCING DISPARITIES Martin Gruberg, University of Wisconsin The author revisits the topic of sentencing disparities. He looks at evidence of alleged discrimination against minorities. He considers whether judges abuse their authority and looks at a case study from his county in Wisconsin. Finally he examines the Wisconsin campaign for "Truth in Sentencing" and its consequences. SOME RACES ARE LONGER THAN OTHERS: AN ANALYSIS OF SENTENCING DECISIONS IN TWO SOUTHERN JURISDICTIONS Christine Ta rtaro, Richard Stockton College; Christopher M. Sedelmaier, Rutgers University Racial disparity in criminal sentencing in the United States is the subject of long-standing debate. This paper examines variations in sentence type and length in two jurisdictions. Regression models were developed to analyze the differences in criminal justice system processing for 1,580 offenders in Florida and Georgia who pleaded guilty, were found guilty by bench trial or were found guilty by jury. In addition to race and Hispanic ethnicity, the models controlled for offender age, criminal history, current offense severity, pretrial detention, and trial location. Furthermore, the models include the interaction of race and age to account for differences within racial groups and age groups. STUDYING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE APPROPRIATE PUNISHMENT OF SERIOUS CRIMINALS Michael W. Markowitz, Widener University; William E. Harver, Widener University; Christopher Salvatore, Widener University This research explores public perceptions of the appropriate punishments for offenders, and how various offender and respondent characteristics shape such perceptions. Presented with a series of hypothetical capital crime scenarios (in which the perpetrator varied by race, gender, age and state of mind), a sample of over 200 research participants was asked to suggest punishments for each of the offenders involved. Responses were analyzed to determine what demographic factors shape such decisions, and whether these same factors serve as significant predictors of punishment choices. The paper concludes with recommendations fo r future research based on the study's findings. HATE CRIME LAWS: AN ANALYSIS OF SENTENCING AND CONSTITUTIONAL RAMIFICATIONS Alison Cannady, Indiana State University The concept of hate crimes is not new to our country's history, but since the 1980s there has been an increase in hate crime laws, particularly in the area of sentencing. This paper will examine the proliferation of recent federal and state legislation and case law in hate crimes. Practical and Constitutional considerations will also be examined to determine whether hate crime laws are effective tools in the sentencing of criminal defendants. WHY DEVIATIONS OCCUR: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF DEVIATIONS FROM FLORIDA'S 10-20-LIFE STATUTE Julie C. Kunselman, University of We st Florida; Katherine Johnson, University of We st Florida This study examines the population of offenders that might have been sentenced under Florida's 1 0-20-Life statute, but were not (deviations). Specifically, the study identifies the reasoning or discretion used by the prosecuting attorney or judge in "allowing" a sentence deviation from 1 0-20-Life. Deviations occur when judges sentence defendants for crimes enumerated in the statute, but render a sentence, which does not measure up to the statute's mandatory minimum punishments, depending upon the nature of the crime. Data on all sentence deviations were analyzed using content analysis.
Workshop 111: Prisons Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Regis
THIRTY YEARS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN PRISONS: THE BOSTON UNIVERSITY EXPERIENCE
Moderator: Daniel LeClair, Boston University Pres nters: Robert Cadigan, Boston University; Ruth Nauyokas, Massachusetts Department of Corrections; Julia Goldberg, Boston University; Harold Adams, Boston University; Anatoly Temkin, Boston University; Jill McDonough, Boston University; Paule Verdet, Boston University; Jay Halfond, Boston University This workshop will examine practical issues in providing higher education in medium security prisons. Boston University has been working with the Massachusetts Department of Correction since 1972 to offer degree programs to qualified prisoners. More than four hundred and fifty courses have been offered over that thirty-year period. Participants include program administrators, instructors, and program graduates who will discuss the rationale for higher education in prison, rewards and challenges for instructors and students, specific issues related to teaching in men's and women' institutions, and the special consideration in teaching in sciences, humanities, and social sciences. Questions addressed include, for example (by former prison students): What types of challenges or rewards have you found in your experiences in prison higher education?; (by prison educators): How do you address the arguments against providing higher education to prisoners?
Workshop 112: Quantitative Research Methods Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Nantucket
DATA ARE EVERYWHERE: USING MULTIPLE DATA SETS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH
Moderator: Steven M. Banks, The Bristol Observatory Presenters: Steven M. Banks, The Bristol Observatory; John A. Pandiani, Vermont Department of Mental Health This workshop will identify widely available non-justice data sets that are relevant to justice research. These include mental health and substance abuse treatment, vital records, and employment databases. Approaches to database integration, including deterministic and probabilistic record linkage, and Probabilistic Population Estimation (PPE) will be described and discussed. PPE is a statistical method for determining the number of people shared by data sets that do not include person identifiers. PPE is particularly valuable where confidentiality concerns restrict access to data. The use of integrated databases in justice research will be illustrated using data from multiple sources and different states.
Panel 113: Jails Thursday March 6, 200 10:00-1 1:15 Cape Cod
CONTEMPORARY JAIL ISSUES Chair: G. Larry Mays, New Mexico State University
SUICIDE AND THE JAIL ENVIRONMENT: AN EVALUATION OF THREE TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS Christine Ta rtaro, Richard Stockton College Three hundred twenty-one jail administrators identified their facilities as being either linear intermittent, podular indirect supervision, or podular direct supervision. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the odds of these jails experiencing at least one inmate suicide in 1998. Jail design and supervision were not fo und to affect the likelihood of these jails reporting at least one inmate suicide. Other possible factors, such as aggregate inmate sex and age, the percent of pretrial detainees, officer/inmate ratio, the number of bookings, and the amount of time that officers spend in the inmate living areas were controlled for in the models. ASSAULT INCIDENTS IN JAILS Mark Kellar, University of Houston-Downtown; Hsiao-Ming Wa ng, University of Houston-Downtown Inmate-on-inmate and inmate-on-staff assaults are the issue disturbing most corrections administrators. Prior research on this issue was more likely based on state prisons' experiences, and may not apply to local jails, because a number of defining characteristics distinguish local jails from state prisons. This study used the data of a statewide jail survey to examine the relationship between rehabilitation philosophy and assault incidents in jails. Organizational context such as jail size, region, design, and proportions of male and white employees were controlled. Results were interpreted in the context of traditional paradigms including the "importation model," the "deprivation model," and the "managerial model." AN EXAMINATION OF THE DELIVERY OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN A RURAL, MIDWESTERN JAIL Amanda Dean, University of Nevada, Las Vegas This paper examines the challenges and triumphs of the delivery of mental health services in a rural, midwestern jail. Issues addressed include the legislative and professional guidelines that mandate appropriate treatment of the mentally ill in jails and the importance of collaboration between mental health staff, medical providers and custody staff in detecting, diagnosing, and appropriately treating mental health issues in jail inmates. This paper also indicates some of the diversion strategies used by the Newaygo County Jail to help place mentally ill inmates in community placements that might be more beneficial to treatment and rehabilitation than the jail setting. STAFF/INMATE PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL CLIMATE IN A DIRECT SUPERVISION JAIL James Houston, Grand ValleyState University; Bruce Bik/e, California State University at Sacramento This paper will discuss the re-analysis of data used to evaluate a direct supervision jail using the Moos (1974) Correctional Institutions Environment Scale. The re-analysis of the data will focus on the variables that are directly appropriate to the principles of direct supervision jail management. A discussion of a new evaluation model for direct supervision jail management will be discussed.
Workshop 114: Comparative International Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Hyannis
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Moderator: Peter Kratcoski, Kent State University Presenters: Harry Dammer, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Robert McCormack, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Harold Becker, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Dilip K. Das, University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga; Obi Ebbe, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Sanja Skutnak, American University; Maki Haberfeld, American University; Max Edelbacher, American University; Richard Bennett, American University This workshop will explore the diverse experiences of training and educating various international law enforcement agencies.
Panel 115: Criminal Justic Education Th ursday March 6, 2003 10:00-1 :15 Orleans
CURRENT ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Chair: Steve Brodt, Ball State University
ACADEME VS. ACADEMY: FACULTY VIEWS ON AWARDING ACADEMIC CREDIT FOR POLICE TRAINING Joseph A. Schafer, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Tom Castellano, Southern Illinois University Carbondale An emerging debate among criminal justice educators concerns awarding academic credit for professional training experiences. The key point of contention within this debate is whether such training is analogous to learning experiences obtained in the college classroom. Using survey data from the state of Illinois, the authors seek to understand how criminal justice educators view this issue in the context of police training. Particular attention is given to the role of institutional affiliation, criminal justice experience, and level of education in shaping attitudes. The presentation elaborates on these findings and explores their pedagogical implications, particularly within the context of the education of police officers. PRE-LAW CURRICULU MS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: WHAT'S IN A NAME? Susan Lentz, Norwich University; Robert Chaires, Norwich University In the 21st Century legal education in undergraduate criminal justice programs remains largely "in the ghetto." The reasons are many, not the least being the differences in JD and Ph.D. education and experiences. Ironically, many scholars of legal education are increasingly advocating changes in law school, which would bring it more in line with what could be called the "liberal arts" perspective of criminal justice education. At the same time, many "pre-law" programs are becoming replicas of old style law schools as JDs seek to preserve their turf. This has produced certain distaste on the part of law school admissions offices for pre-law majors in general and criminal justice specifically. While much of this distaste is rooted in mythology about the whys and what's of criminal justice education, the second-class status of 'law' courses has contributed to some problems with CJ students entering the better law schools. An example of a 'new' pre-law curriculum, one designed to be attractive to changing law schools, and integrate more meaningfully with the overall criminal justice curriculum, is put forth and discussed. ON THE BEING INFORMED ABOUT THE DEATH PENALTY: MORE FINDINGS FROM A TEST OF THE MARSHALL HYPOTHESIS MatthewB. Robinson, Appalachian State University This paper summarizes the Marshall hypothesis, posited by Justice Thurgood Marshall, in Furman v Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976). Marshall suggested that the American people, if fully informed as to the purposes of the death penalty and its liabilities, would reject it as morally unacceptable. This paper presents more findings from a pre-test, post-test study of students in a death penalty class offered at a comprehensive university in the south.
Panel 116: Corrections Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Vermont
IMPORTANT ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS: RECOGNIZING THE NEEDS OF CORRECTIONAL STAFF AND INMATES Chair: Eric Lambert, University of Toledo
CORRELATES AND ANTECEDENTS OF CORRECTIONAL STAFF ABSENTEEISM Eric Lambert, University of Toledo; Nancy Hogan, Ferris State University; Shannon Barton, Grand Valley State University Absent employees are a concern for any organization, and are especially a concern for correctional organizations. Not all employee absences are due to unavoidable reasons, such as illness, injury, death in the family, etc. Workers frequently just take a day off to escape from work. While absenteeism is harmful to correctional organizations, little research has been conducted on the subject. A survey of midwestern correctional staff at a high security state prison was conducted in the fall of 2000. Questions on absenteeism and potential causes were included in the survey. Based upon the survey data, correlates and antecedents of correctional staffabsenteeism were identified and will be presented. CORRECTIONAL NURSING: SATISFACTION, STRESSORS, AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Nancy A. Flanagan, SUNY- Buffalo; Timothy J. Flanagan, SUNY- Brockport The field of correctional nursing is rapidly expanding and changing. This study explores career paths of Registered Nurses working in corrections, assesses job satisfaction and sources of job stress, and identifies professional development needs of correctional nurses. Stamps and Piedmonte's Index of Work Satisfaction and Harris' Nurse Stress Index were completed by more than 4 75 RNs employed in state prison health care facilities in a large northeastern state. Occupational attitudes of these correctional nurses are contrasted with findings of a previous study of RNs working in a correctional health care system in a large southeastern state. The study provides extensive information about the career history of correctional nurses, sources and levels of their job satisfaction and occupational stress, their perceptions of the unique demands and characteristics of prison nursing, of inmate's most important health care needs, and of correctional nurses training needs. Implications for recruitment, retention, education and professional development of correctional nurses are explored. REDUCING KENTUCKY'S PRISON POPULATION James Austin, The George Wa shington University; Stephen C. Richards, Northern Kentucky University; Richard S. Jones, Marquette University Interviews were conducted in one prison, one parole office, and two community halfway houses. In all, we conducted 53 interviews of Kentucky parolees. To balance the information gathered from parolees we also spoke with prison and parole staff. The interview excerpts tell the story as told to us by the Kentucky prisoners. What we found is a virtual "perpetual incarceration machine" (Richards and Jones, 2001 , 2003) whereby a fe lon enters the Kentucky penal system and has a difficult time of ever getting completely free from it. The discussion is organized around the following themes: preparing for release from prison, leaving prison, the problems finding employment, parolees distrust parole officers, the parolees do not get credit for parole time when they are violated, and the lack of economic resources. We conclude with the "10 most promising policy reforms" for reducing Kentucky's prison population. MENTAL ILLNESS AND PAROLEE RECIDIVISM To dd R. Clear, John Jay College Parolee recidivism has, in one form or another, been thoroughly examined by academicians and virtually all departments of corrections. The same cannot be said, however, of recidivism studies of special groups. A recent article by Arthur Lurigio (2001) laments the "paucity of data on mentally ill parolees"; recidivism studies of this special group are even more rare. This paper analyzes the recidivism and treatment experiences of a ra ndomly sampled group of approximately 500 mentally ill parolees. Findings are reported on the extent of recidivism, the effect of degree of mental illness on recidivism, and the relationship of treatment to recidivism.
Panel 117: Dimensions of Terrorism Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-11:15 Simmons
COUNTERING TERRORISM: LEGAL AND POLICY-RELATED ISSUES Chair: Gregory Philip Orvis, Th e University of Texas at Tyler
THE PATRIOT ACT: DEATH KNELL OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY? Gregory Philip Orvis, Th e University of Texas at Ty ler The Patriot Act Was passed by Congress and signed into law by the President in haste one month after the 9/1 1 tragedy, giving broad powers to law enforcement investigating suspected terrorist activities. How broad are these powers and how they may be used to intrude into American citizen's Constitutionally protected Right to Privacy will be discussed in this paper. Both the evolution of the right to privacy and of the Patriot Act will be explored. HOW THE ANTITERRORISM AND EFFECTIVE DEATH PENALTY ACT OF 1996 IMPACTED THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE FIELD Neal A. Elover, The American Criminal Justice Association The Antiterro rism & Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is the culmination of numerous legislative efforts to fight terrorism and change loopholes in the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994. The bombings of the World Trade Center and the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building provided the energy for passage of this legislation. Other issues such as habeas corpus and immigration issues contributed to Congress passing such a comprehensive piece of legislation. This paper will review how the Antiterrorism & Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 can fight terrorism such as the September 11th, 201 bombings and also a brief review of habeas corpus issues. BUDGETING FOR TERROR Stephanie Mizrahi, Washington State University This paper examines the budgets behind policies and programs developed to respond to unconventional terrorist attacks; attacks using weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This is an area that has seen a considerable recent financial explosion, but not an explosion in coordination. In addition, policies in this area are often made in response to a particular incident or crisis. For that reason, it is the perfect area to study a model of budgeting that looks at the relationship between initial and long-term budgeting decisions -that of the avalanche budget model. This paper will propose a research design that uses both qualitative and quantitative analysis to test the application of the avalanche budget model to WMD policies and to examine how budgets, that are often developed in response to an incident or a crisis, are maintained over the long term. In examining budgets for WMD response, this study will also seek to gain a better understanding of the relationship between national and fo reign policy concerns and budgeting for criminal justice agencies. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF U.S. BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS Alejandro del Carmen, University of Texas at Arlington; Karel Borre, University of Te xas at Arlington Despite the apparent sophistication of the organizational structure of the U.S. response to a bioterrorism attack, there is some question as to the present infrastructure as it relates to effectiveness and implementation within the context of coordination and communication. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the planning and coordination of the social, medical, and legal constructs within American society as it relates to preparedness. Further, a model will be presented in an effort to address some of the existing shortcomings relevant to the current lack of coordination and communication to address bioterrorism issues in the U.S. GERMANY'S WAR ON TERRORISM Gad J. Bensinger, Loyola University The fact that three of the hijackers who attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon belonged to an AI Qaeda cell that operated out of Hamburg has induced Germany to pay greater attention to the potential menace of radical Islamic groups. In the aftermath of September 11th, anti-terrorist legislation has been enacted by the German Parliament and the federal and state police have increased their surveillance and investigations of suspected terrorists and the sympathizers. This paper examines the Hamburg connection to terrorism and analyzes the latest developments in Germany's war on terrorism. Panel 118: Juv nile Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Wellesl y
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH AND CURRENT ISSUES
Chair: RobertL. Marsh, Boise State University
JUVENILE DIVERSION: RESULTS OF A THREE YEAR EXPERIMENT Robert L. Marsh, Boise State University; Steven Patrick, Boise State University; Susan Lynn Mimura, Boise City Legal Department; Martina Perkins, Boise City Legal Department; Matthew R. K. Haynes, Boise City Legal Department The results of the final year evaluation of a three-year longitudinal experiment in juvenile diversion are presented. A total of 293 first-time juvenile offenders for tobacco and alcohol use in a medium sized inter-mountain city were randomly assigned to one of fo ur groups: 1) Magistrate's Court, 2) and existing Youth Court, 3) a new Juvenile Accountability Program, and educational control group. These juvenile offenders were tracked for at least two years after receiving their first citation. Detailed analysis of recidivism and types of offenses will be presented. The recidivism rates of the fo ur groups showing no differences in success rates are discussed. The outcomes of the experiment will be discussed and the policy implications will be explored. COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT CENTER: IMPROVING ASSESSMENTS AND SERVICES FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS Ka therine Williams, Loyola University Chicago; ArthurLur igio, Loyola University Chicago Community Assessment Centers (CACs) have shown great promise as effective mechanisms for diverting juvenile offenders. CAC's have been hailed as a comprehensive and cost-efficient way of dealing with juvenile delinquency (Oidenettel, Wordes, 1999). This paper examines the growing number of CAC's and describing basic differences among them in terms of their structures, staffing, operations, and programming. In addition, the paper considers the factors that are needed for CAC's to succeed and the impediments that can interfere with the implementation of CAC's. WHO IS IN OUR FUTURE? Brain C. Starks, Benedict College The Criminal Justice System is continuously prosecuting juveniles for either minor offenses or crimes of a more serious nature. A number of juveniles are being tried as adults. I plan to use my local Juvenile Detention Center, State Department of Juvenile Justice, as well as the Family Courtsystem to provide a better understanding of juveniles and our future in the Criminal Justice system. A JUVENILE FORENSIC RESPONSE TO PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME (PAS) Anthony Carona, Prairie View A&M University; Michael J. Grabowski, Prairie View A&M University Few situations arouse greater passion and emotional distress than when parents engage in battle over the custody of children. The psychological dynamics in these cases are as complex as the personalities involved, and are in a state of constant change as parents relocate and form new significant relationships. Parental Alienation Syndrome, a common manifestation in custody cases, is a destructive influence to all parties, particularly to the children who have already experienced significant loss. The authors reviewed contemporary research on Parental Alienation Syndrome and present findings regarding the spectrum of this disorder as well as implications for the courts and psychotherapists involved in these cases. THE PREVENTION OF JUVENILE RECIDIVISM IN ENGLAND AND WHALES: WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY? Nikki McKenzie, University of Portsmouth The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) was the culmination of an intense period of youth justice policy implementation by the Labour government in England and Wales. This fi nal piece of youth justice legislation, to date, demonstrates that the government is embracing the use of restorative justice, through the use of referral orders, by including the wider community in sentencing decisions. In April 2002 the use of the referral order became nationwide and each regional area had to have in place a collective of community members ready to sit on the youth offender panels. This paper discusses the political and theoretical underpinning of policy, in England and Wales that has led to the present government entrusting community members with the ability to make life-changing decisions for young people. It explains clearly what the referral order and youth offender panel is and through the view of an academic/panel member discusses whether the referral order is the government's way of embracing restorative justice or relinquishing responsibility.
Panel 119: Prisons Thursday March 3, 2003 10:00-11:15 Yarmouth
INMATE BEHAVIOR Chair: Irina Soderstrom, Eastern Kentucky University
INMATE TURNERS: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MALE INMATE MANIPULATORS IN A SOUTHERN PRISON SYSTEM Kelly Cheesman, Sam Houston State University; Janet Mullings, Sam Houston State University; Jim Marquart, Sam Houston State University The majority of the current research on inappropriate relationships between correctional staff and inmates involves a qualitative approach. This study sought to provide a quantitative analysis of inappropriate relationships through self-report data, which was provided by male inmates in a southern prison system. Building upon research by Allen and Bosta (1981) and Marquart, Barnhill, and Balshaw-Biddle (2001 ), type of relationship established was examined. Inmates were divided into three categories: no relationship, friendship only, and physical relationship. This study examined the differences between these three categories, utilizing demographic characteristics and custody level. INMATE CLASSIFICATION AND DISCIPLI NARY INFRACTIONS Rebecca Garcia, New Mexico State University; Joan Crowley, New Mexico State University Since the inception of the modern prison, inmates have been subjected to various classification schemes at intake. In the old rehabilitation framework, classification was touted as helping to determine the appropriate correctional program for each inmate. More recently, the goal of classification is to determine the appropriate security level of each inmate, balancing the costs of security with the potential risk that the inmate will present disciplinarypr oblems. Using data collected from inmates in a medium security prison in the southwest, the authors will test whether any of the information from the classification center predicts either the frequency or the seriousness of inmate disciplinaryinf ractions. SERIOUS ASSAULT AS A PREDICTOR OF SUICIDAL TENDENCIES AMONG PRISON INMATES Sean P. Rosenmerkel, Federal Bureau of Prisons; Phil Magaletta, Federal Bureau of Prisons; Sarah Daoust, Darmouth College As the rate of incarceration continues to climb, the potential for inmate violence remains a major concern for most prison staff. This is particularly true when the staff themselves become the focus of an assault. How one best educates staff about high assault risk inmates, acts or events and the interventions employed to prevent such assaults are predicated upon our ability to document and study previous incidents. Using archival data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a database reflecting three separate information sources on staff assaults from 2001 was constructed. The database was unique in that it allowed an examination of individual mental health, disciplinary, demographic and incident variables to be examined simultaneously. Using anecdotal information, there appears to be a strong relationship between acting out that is described as self-mutilation and subsequent acts of violence that often involve staff. This is one of the relationships that we will be examining statistically using this data set. Implications for future research, mental health assessment for level of inmate supervision and care, and stafftr aining will be drawn out. MUSLIMS IN AMERICAN PRISONS: A CASE STUDY FROM OHIO Nawal Ammar, Kent State University; Robert Weaver, Youngstown State University The paper addresses issues relating to the phenomenon of Islamic religious conversion in the prisons of the United States prior to September 11, 2001. It describes the socio-demographic characteristics of this population in comparison to the overall incarcerated population; patterns of conversion including reasons of conversion, sects of conversion, times of conversion, educational needs of converts, and the relationship between conversion and crime. The paper finally makes some policy recommendations in light of the data.
Panel 120: Surveillance and Privacy Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon A
5T SURVEILLANCE, PRIVACY AND CRIME IN THE 21 CENTURY
Moderator: Richard Groskin, Barton College; Nikos Passas, Temple University Presenters: HenryPonte//, University of California, Irvine Identity fraud is now considered the fastest growing crime category in the U.S. , as well as many other countries around the world. Governments are struggling on a number of fronts to respond to problems associated with the prevention and control of identity fraud, including issues of coordination between the public and private sectors, management and protection of databases containing personal information of citizens, appropriate legal and criminal justice responses, and public education campaigns. Underlying these issues are two broader ones; the need to protect personal privacy, and the corresponding need to allow government to protect both citizens and itself from theft and fraud. Drawing largely upon the work of Gary Marx, this paper analyzes the problems associated with identity fraud, and the legal, ethical, and practical issues and justifications surrounding proposed forms of surveillance and control.
Roundtable 121: Criminal Justice Education Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon B
OUT WITH THE OLD, IN WITH THE NEW: RECONSTRUCTING THE INTRODUCTORY CRIMINAL JUSTICE COURSE
Moderator: JerryJoplin, Guilford College Discussants: Tad Burke, Radford University; Hank Fradella, The College of New Jersey; Stephen Owen, Radford University The purpose of this roundtable is to facilitate a discussion concerning the role and content of the introductory criminal justice course. Many courses traditionally have been structured as a survey of the components of the criminal justice system. However, it is difficult to imagine that students can truly come to understand, appreciate, and evaluate the contemporary criminal justice system without asking key questions about the nature of law and justice and its intersection with morality, politics, society, and more. Criminal justice is a social science and the practice of criminal justice is dependent upon how the law is conceptualized. Morality and the law are connected and the criminal justice student must understand competing views of morality and how they relate to the rule of law. Unfortunately, this crucial piece of the picture is often omitted in traditional criminal justice courses or saved for senior-level seminars. The panelists will advocate a shift in the paradigm of instruction for introductory criminal justice courses in order to incorporate an examination of these key questions. The content, pedagogy, advantages, and limitations of reconceptualizing the introductory course in this direction will be discussed.
Panel 122: Dimensions of Terrorism Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon C
REVISITING INFAMY 2001 : THE LEGACY OF TERROR Chair: Steven Hurwitz, Tiffin University 911 1 THEN AND NOW: AN EXAMINIATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A TERRORIST ATTACK Steven Hurwitz, Tiffin University th A study conducted last year on the psychological reactions to the September 11 terrorist attacks revealed that, as expected, people in New York City were profoundly affected by the attacks on the World Trade Center. Surprisingly though, people in Chicago evidenced more severe reactions than those in Washington D.C. Results from several other cities were undistinguishable from those in Washington. The ensuing year has brought Anthrax, war in Afghanistan, arrests of suspected AI-Qaeda in Buffalo, NY and the specter of war with Iraq. The current paper examines how people's psychological reactions and attitudes towards a variety of related issues compare to those of a year ago. LIBERTY OR SECURITY: LOOKING AT TH ELEGAL ISSUES OF HOMELAND SECURITY Jeffrey Stockner, Tiffin University Throughout the past year the American public has been constantly reminded that freedom is not free. This statement has been used in the context of the sacrifice of life that occurred both as a result of the 9/1 1 attacks on the United States and the ensuing war on terror in Afghanistan. This paper will examine the legal issues surrounding measures taken to increase security and guard against future terrorist attacks. Specifically, the focus of this analysis will be on the sacrifices of civil liberties. Included will be results of surveys that assessed public attitudes towards this issue. SAY IT TO MY FACE: THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-AMERICAN ATTITUDES UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS Danielle Morton, Tiffin Uiversity A study was conducted to determine the extent of Anti-American attitudes of Ss in Canada under varying conditions. The researcher was interested in determining whether population density (urban vs. rural) and experimenter identification would effect Ss expression of anti-American attitudes. A 2x2 factorial design was constructed to examine attitudes of Canadian Ss. The researcher involved Ss in an urban (Ottawa, Ontario) vs. rural (Huntsville, Ontario) setting. In condition one, the researcher identified as a resident of Ohio, and in condition two, the researcher identified as a resident of Ontario. An Anti American attitude scale determined the extent of willingness for Ss to express their feelings. The Anti-American attitude scale covered issues of world/political justice, law, crime, and social policy. Results revealed significant variation in the expression of attitudes. The implications for this study are important in discussions of American media covering political events, justice issues, and ethnocentrism in reporting. TA LKIN' TRASH: ANTI-AMERICAN ATTITUDE EXPRESSION IN A SEA OF PATRIOTISM: POST 9/1 1 ATTITUDE ASSESSMENT Elizabeth Athaide-Victor, Tiffin University A study was conducted for 2 purposes: a) as a complimentary component for study 1 (above) and b) to assess the willingness of American Ss to express differences of opinion regarding patriotism ("anti-American attitudes") as assessed by the Anti American Attitude Scale. A 2x2 factorial design was constructed to assess American sentiments. The researcher examined Ss in an urban vs. rural setting (in the United States). In condition one, the researcher identified as an Ohio (American) citizen. In condition 2, the researcher identified as a Canadian (Ontario) citizen. The Anti-American Attitude Scale was administered to assess American agreement with world/political issues, justice issues, legal issues, and social policy issues. The results revealed significant differences on all variables. Taken both alone and in conjunction with study one, there are broad implications for the willingness of national populations to express political, legal, social, and justice attitudes. A discussion of media reporting, ethnocentrism, and political awareness is covered. MEASURING WORTH IN THE SHADOW OF LADY LIBERTY: REPARATIONS FOR VICTIMS OF TERRORISM Elizabeth Athaide-Victor, Tiffin University A study was conducted to assess the levels of worth that people assign for victims of terrorism in the wake of 911. A 2x5 factorial design was constructed that presented Ss with "hypothetical" legal cases for subject-jurors to decide. The "hypothetical" cases were amalgamations of actual/typical cases. Ss-jurors were to provide reparation awards to the victims. All victim cases were similar other than demographic variables. The sex, occupation, status, relationship, and citizenship status of victims were varied. Ss-juror awards were significantly varied and striking in their disparity. The irony of the award differences is discussed. Issues of equality, equity, victim rights under the law are examined. The future of reparations for victims of terrorism is also evaluated.
Pan 1123: Author Meets Critic Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon D
BAD KIDS: RACE AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE JUVENILE COURT
Author: BarryFeld, University of Minnesota Critics: Donna Bishop, Northeastern University; Gordon Crews, Jacksonville State University; Julie Kunselman, University of West Florida
Panel 124: Gender and Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Tufts
SENTENCING PREDICTORS AND WOMEN OFFENDERS Chair: Tammy S. Garland, Sam Houston State University JUDGING A CROOK BY HER COVER: FEMALE FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND PERCEPTION OF CRIMINALITY Arnie R. Scheidegger, Charleston Southern University Recent research has shed light on the impact attractiveness has on an individual's life experiences. In the business world, employment opportunities, hiring practices, promotions, social interactions, and even salaries have been linked to the attractiveness of an individual. Could attractiveness play a similar role in the criminal justice system? This research focuses on the impact of facial attractiveness has on the perception of criminality. Are facially unattractive women more likely to be perceived as criminals than facially attractive women? Yes, the results of the study showed a bias exists towards facially unattractive women. The unattractive women in the study were more likely to be perceived as criminals than facially attractive women. THE ANTICIPATION OF JURY NULLIFICATION AND AS AN IMPEDIMENT TO PROCESSING DATE-RAPE COMPLAINTS Heidi J. Block, Metropolitan State University A Qualitative Study of Factors Impeding the Processing of Date-Rape Complaints was conducted in a major metropolitan area. Over 3000 complaints were analyzed through interviewswith sexual assault investigators. Although only .05% were officially classified as "unfounded", only 90 cases resulted in charges by the prosecutor. Anticipation of "jury nullification" emerged as an explanation for the low processing rate. This article discusses the study, the subject of "jury nullification", and the idea of "jury nullification" as factors inhibiting justice for date-rape victims. DOING GENDER: HOW DO JUDGES REALLY SENTENCE? Ta mmy S. Garland, Sam Houston State University; Elycia S. Daniel, Sam Houston State University The literature on women's encounters with the criminal justice system, in particular the courts, has noted differences in the way men and women are treated. This qualitative study will not only evaluate the differences in sentencing, but also the manner and tone in which the judge hands down sentences based on gender. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SENTENCING: THE EFFECTS OF LEGAL VARIABLES Dennis R. Brewster, Auburn University Criminological literature has long noted that women receive more lenient sentences in the criminal justice system. While most literature examines two key elements of the criminal justice process, the in-out decision and sentence length, most studies use gender as a control variable. It has also been noted that legal variables-severity of the offense, prior incarcerations, type of crime, and jurisdiction of offense-should play a stronger role in sentencing than do extra-legal variables-race, marital status, education, or socio-economic status. The current study focuses on the difference in male and female sentencing outcomes, looking specifically at the effects of the legal variables (while controlling the extra-legal variables). Data for the current study were provided by one southern state and examine those offenders over the age of 18 who were sentence to a prison term (sentence length). The dependent variable is the length of sentence (as measured in months) and the independent legal variables, such as severity of the offense, prior incarcerations, type of crime committed, and the jurisdiction of the offense. The extra-legal factors are used as control variables. The findings indicate that for men the severity of the offense is a more critical variable, while for women the more critical variable is an extra-legal factor-that of days spent in the county jail (used here as a measure of socioeconomic status). While not generalizable to the prison population of the nation, the findings are significant for criminal justice administrators and academicians. The study does indicate differences in the importance of legal and extra-legal variables for men and women. Finally, the study calls for a comparison of specific crimes to better understanding of the context in which legal and extra-legal variables work for men and women.
Panel 125: White-Collar Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Boston University
IDENTITY THEFT: COSTS, VICTIMS, AND SOLUTIONS Chair: Stephen Rosoff, University of Houston
"PLEASED TO MEET YOU ...WO N'T YOU GUESS MY NAME?": IDENTITY FRAUD, CYBER CRIME, AND WHITE COLLAR DELINQUENCY HanryPonte//, University of California, Irvine This paper explores the growing relationships among identity fraud, cyber crime, and "white-collar delinquency" which refer to major economic crimes committed by juveniles through the use of computers and the Internet. Issues of etiology and control are addressed through a review of case studies and criminological theories related to the areas of juvenile delinquency and white-collar crime. IDENTITY THEFT: EFFECT ON VICTIMIZED EXECUTIVES Tracy McGinley, Bowling Green State University; Judith Collins, Michigan State University; Sandra Hoffman, Michigan State University Contrary to common thought, the majority of identity thefts occur in businesses by employees or people impersonating employees or by others who have access to business databases. In this paper, we present research conducted on employee identity theft. The victims were executives from an international automobile manufacturing company. The paper describes the crime, the many costs suffered by the victims, and briefly discusses recommendations for prevention. BUSINESS IDENTITY THEFT: THE NEW TWIST Tra cy McGinley, Bowling Green State University; Judith Collins, Michigan State University; Sandra Hoffman, Michigan State University Identity theft is an increasing but old crime with a new twist. The latest version is 'business' identity theft in which business bank account numbers, corporate credit cards numbers, payroll records and other 'business identities' are stolen and used for fraudulent purchases. We present data on the prevalence, types, and implications of 'business' identity theft, describe problem-solving techniques to combat this crime, and make recommendations for future research. ASSESSING THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF IDENTITY THEFT VICTIMIZATION John Kane, Th e National White Collar Crime Center; Shawn Hutton, Th e National White Collar Crime Center; Tra cy Sharp, West Virginia University; Andrea Shreve-Neiger, West Virginia University; William Fremouw, West Virginia University This paper focuses on measuring the health outcomes, both psychological and somatic, experienced by victims of identity theft/fraud. While social scientists and criminal justice practitioners have studied the impact of criminal victimization on subsequent health outcomes, research has primarily focused on the violent crime victim. Scant attention has been paid to the victims of fraud, even though repercussions from their experiences can last for years. In a recent survey by the California Public Interest Research Group and the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, over half of identity theft victims reported their cases as 'unresolved' after nearly four years; of those who had a successful resolution, the average life of a case was twenty-two months. This current study will gauge psychological, physical, and to a lesser extent, behavioral outcomes experienced by victims of identity theft. The results will help practitioners to better understand victimization recovery patterns and the corresponding services that need to be afforded to this population of individuals.
Panel 126: Police Accountability Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Boston Colleg
ISSUES RELATED TO POLICE COERCION AND FORCE
Chair: Wendy Hicks, MacMurray College
CONSTRAINTS IN THE POLICE USE OF FORCE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE JUST WAR TRADITION Wendy Hicks, MacMurray College The "j ust war" philosophy of Cicero, Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas has had momentous and provocative implications for modern political theory. The application of the just war tradition to the use of force by police is one theme through which to demonstrate the extent of infusion of the concept in the Western political archetype. This paper strives to trace the origins of the just war tradition, its impact on Western political philosophy and, finally, its impact on rulings of the Supreme Court in cases concerning police use of force. COERCIVE CAPACITY IN THE ERA OF COMMUNITY POLICING Melissa Schaefer, Th e American University; RobertJ. Kane, Th e American University Data at the national level suggest that while police departments have been increasing their commitment to community policing, many of them have been simultaneously increasing their para-militarization through the strengthening of coercive capacities. A small body of literature describes the growth of coercive capacity specifically in the forms of police paramilitary units, SWAT teams, and anti-gang units. However, previous research has not explored the link between coercive capacity and community policing. The present research uses LEMAS data to exam the relationship exists between the implementation of community policing and increases in coercive capacity. AN EVALUATION OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN POLICE USE OF FORCE Tuncay Duma, Turkish National Police Numerous factors are related to police use of force. Grouping those factors in three categories -personal characteristics of the officers, organizational and environmental characteristics, and situational characteristics - this study addresses the effects of situational factors on police use of force. The study provides strong and consistent evidence that situational factors have substantial impact on the amount of force used by law enforcement officers, even after controlling for personal and environmental characteristics. Findings of this study are mostly supported by previous research; furthermore, the results contribute to the explanation of the effects of the number of officers at the scene as well as the effects of the race and gender of the officers. Taken together, these results have implications for recruitment and assignment strategies of police departments.
Workshop 127: Prisons Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Regis
ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF OFFENDERS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS IN CORRECTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Moderator: John Blackmore, Association of State Correctional Administrators Executive Directorate Presenters: Michael Th ompson, Council of State Government, Eastern Regional Conference; John Blackmore, Association of State Correctional Administra tors Executive Directorate; Michael E. Festa, Massachusetts State Representative The panel will present the findings and recommendations of the Council of State Government's recently completed Mental Health/Criminal Justice Consensus Project, and discuss its content and implications fo r state, county, and municipal correctional administrators, sheriffs, and other jail and prison operators. The newly published monograph will be distributed, discussed, and analyzed. Technical assistance resources available for implementation will be identified.
Workshop 128: Policing Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 MIT
HONORABLE INTENTIONS BEHIND THE BADGE? BRUTALITY, DELIBERATE INDIFFERENCE, SILENT INDICATIONS Moderators: Gene Evans, Camden County College; Rich Mason, Camden County College; Wi lliam W. Johnson, Sr., Gloucester City Police Department; Charles J. Kocher, Jr., Cumberland County College This research examines whether education makes a difference to deliberate indifference and provide findings. The question remains: Are unconscionable acts of violence portrayed in the media consistent with police culture or aberrations of deliberate indifference? The what, where, why, and who concerning incidents of brutality, which challenges today's paradigm of community policing are discussed. The work encompasses the entire United States and her six territories. Correlations between required training, education and sustained brutality complaints are also presented.
Panel 129: Social Change and Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Harvard
PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSES: TOOLS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE Chair: RosemaryL. Gido, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
MEDICAL PAROLE: A PENNSYLVANIA POLICY REVIEW Kimberly A. Dodson, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper examines medical parole as a policy in the state of Pennsylvania. Drawing on laws and policy implemented in 33 states, the paper makes recommendations for the implementation and utilization of a medical parole law and for streamlining and expediting the parole process for chronically and terminally ill inmates. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES FOR FEMALE DRUG OFFENDERS: A POLICY ALTERNATIVE Danielle McDonald, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper provides a policy analysis, which recommends the development of a therapeutic community for female offenders in an overcrowded state prison. The War on Drugs in Pennsylvania, as in most states, has resulted in an increase in female offenders in state prisons. Cost effectiveness, net benefit, administrative ease, and political feasibility are weighed in developing this policy recommendation. MENTAL HEALTH COURTS : AN ALTERNATIVE FOR MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS Ta mmy Castle, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Prison overcrowding has become a primary concern for correctional administrators in the last decade. Managed care and funding cuts to community mental health centers led to the absence of mental health servicesfor these individuals. This policy analysis provides support for the implementation of a mental health court to provide offenders with treatment in a community setting. PARENTING AND HIGH RISK YOUTH Mike Arter, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Research has consistently shown the value of an appropriate adult relationship in a child's life in reducing delinquent behavior and for proper socialization and moral development. Unfortunately, funding for mentoring programs takes a back seat to funding directed to increased levels of punishment and programs show repeatedly to be less effective. The policy alternatives for increased funding to provide adult mentors is a focus of this briefing paper. JUVENILE TRANSFER TO ADULT COURT Kareem Jordan, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The increase in violent juvenile offenses in the early '90s led to the majority of states passing legislation permitting juveniles to be transferred to adult courts. The paper examines this issue and policy alternatives related to this issue.
Workshop 130: Comparative and International Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Nantucket
HUMAN TRAFFICKING: CONVERGENCE OF POLICY AND RESEARCH AGENDAS Moderator: James Finckenauer Discussants: Jay Albanese, National Institute of Justice - International Center; Barbara Stolz, U. S. General Accounting Office; Galma Jahic, Rutgers University The video, Bought and Sold, prepared by the Global Survival Network, will be shown to introduce the problem of human trafficking. Discussants will then explore the policy steps taken since the video was made and the research opportunities currently available, e.g., through NIJ. Participation from the audience will be encouraged.
Panel131 : Theories of Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Hyannis
STUDYING CRIMINAL JUSTICE AS AN INTERDISCIPLINE Chair: A. Javier Tre vino, Department of Sociology, Wh eaton College
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO CRIME AND PUBLIC POLICY RobertA. Rosenthal, Stonehi/1College - Martin Institute At a party, upon learning that I am an economist, it's not uncommon for one to ask, "what's going on in the stock market?" or "do you think this recession is over?" Yet many economists spend as much time, if not more, on behavioral issues (such as the deterrent effect of capital punishment, the impact of legalizing drugs, or the effect of increased unemployment rates on crime), than we do on the Dow Jones Industrial Index or the Gross Domestic Product. With a focus on crime and punishment, this paper outlines the contributions of classical economists and contemporary theorists, and examines the fundamental assumptions and methodologies inherent in the discipline of economics. Recent empirical studies and public policy implications are discussed. 'HEAVEN ALLOWS USE OF PUNISHMENTS': RELIGIOUS STUDIES ON CRIME Edwin C. Hostetter, McDaniel College Religion performs vital social functions--maintaining respect for the community, providing individuals with freedom from unchecked desire, and binding them together morally. This paper examines the contributions of five major spiritualities to the subject of crime and punishment: for example, how Buddhism deems punishment to be for the purpose of reformation; how Christianity espouses the practice of civil disobedience; how Hinduism holds superiors culpable for the wrongs they order subordinates to commit; how Islam requires administrators not aggrieved parties to dispense justice; and how Judaism accepts ignorance of a statute as a defense. Recent trends in the religious studies discipline on the topic of criminal justice will also be presented. A FEW PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN THE CRIMINAL LAW Stephen Mathis, Wh eaton College and Susan Guarino-Ghezzi and A. Javier Tre vino, Stonehi/1 College Philosophy provides answers to questions about crime that other disciplines fail to ask. This paper addresses two such questions: the question of the proper justification for punishment and the question of how to define and apply key concepts in the criminal law. Philosophy is uniquely equipped to provide answers to such questions or, at the least, to frame the debate about what the answers should be. This paper explores the philosophical issues that arise from two prevailing justifications for punishment, deterrence and retributivism. With regard to key concepts, the paper examines the peculiar difficulties associated with liability for criminal attempts.
Panel 132: Comparative and International Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Orleans
TERRORISM AND OTHER INFAMIES: ISSUES AND REACTIONS Chair: David Spencer, Southwest Texas State University
IMAGES OF TERROR Stephanie Mizrahi, Washington State University Image theory holds that a state' s responses to the words and actions of another state are affected by the images held by that state's leaders and elite decision makers. Traditionally the established images in international relations have been applied to state actors. This paper seeks to apply those images to terrorist groups in an effort to investigate how we can define the images that may drive U.S. counter-terrorism policy. Recent U.S. government statements and press releases were examined for references to terrorism and terrorist groups. Those references were then matched to some of the standard international images. The analysis reveals some correlation between U.S. statements regarding terrorist groups and established images. However, the basis for U.S. counter-terrorism policies -- including domestic law enforcement responses -- may be more effectively analyzed by developing an image specific to terrorism, one that encompasses foreign policy and criminal justice concerns. INCITEMENT TO COMMIT GENOCIDE: THE DEFENSE OF FREE SPEECH IN COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW David Spencer, Southwest Texas State University Incitement to commit genocide is denounced as a crime in international law and in many national jurisdictions. However, the extent to which the concept of free speech protects a person' s expression from criminal prosecution varies substantially throughout the world. This presentation surveys the existing state of the law and explores the implications for future legal development in the area. THE LEGALITY OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE UNITED STATES Don Wa llace, Central Missouri State University Various authors have suggested that, under the appropriate emergency scenario such as a terrorist strike, a declaration of martial law in the U.S. would be constitutionally permissible. The U.S. is party to the International Covenant for Civil & Political Rights that contains limitations on permissible derogations of human rights even during periods of national emergency. Authors suggesting the constitutionality of a martial law declaration in the U.S. overlook the obligations of this International Treaty. This paper will examine these issues to evaluate the legality of a declaration of martial law in the U.S.
Workshop 133: The 2003 ACJS Membership Survey Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Provincetown
HELPING TO GUIDE THE ACADEMY'S POLICIES, SERVICES, AND CHOICES
Moderator: Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati Pr s nt rs : Kristie R. Blevins, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer A. Pealer, University of Cincinnati; Leah E. Daigle, University of Cincinnati; Michelle Coleman, University of Cincinnati
Panel 134: Dimensions of Hate Crimes Th ursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Falmouth
HATE AND WHITE SUPREMACISM ON THE INTERNET Chair: Sharon Tra cy, Georgia Southern University ONLINE HATE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF EXTREMIST INTERNET SITES Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, California State University, Stanislaus; Diana R. Grant, Sonoma State University; Chau-Pu Chiang, California State University, Stanislaus Extremists such as hate groups espousing racial supremacy or separation have established an online presence and are using the Internet for a variety of purposes. A content analysis of 157 extremist web sites selected through purposive sampling was conducted using two raters per site. The sample represented a variety of extremist groups, and included both organized groups and sites maintained by apparently unaffiliated individuals. The research tested four hypotheses concerning possible reasons the internet is attractive to extremists. As predicted, the findings suggest that cyberspace is appealing due to its unregulated nature, its potential as a tool to recruit youth, and its usefulness in helping extremists creates a collective identity and craft a respectable image. Further research is needed to explore key questions such as the extent to which particular events influence extremist rhetoric, the extent and impact of ties between different extremist groups in the U.S. and abroad, and the impact of extremist messages on youth. AWAKENINGS: THE EMERGENCE OF WHITE SUPREMACIST IDEOLOGIES Joseph A. Schafer, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale A common theme within white supremacist literature is the process through which one "awakens" to support these ideologies. This paper considers how individuals report discovering their affinity for white supremacist belief systems. Data are culled from personal accounts available on web pages, postings to electronic discussion forums, literature published by white supremacist groups, and biographical/autobiographical works. The author discusses the common themes emerging from accounts of personal "awakenings" to better understand how adherence to white supremacist ideologies emerges within the individual. Implications for broader understandings of white supremacy are discussed. VIRTUAL HATE: AN EXAMINATION OF EXTREMIST WEBSITES Charles Guttendorf, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper presents the findings of a content analysis of hate group webpages. Like mainstream society, extremist groups have gone "virtual" in an effort to expand their views, recruit new members, and promote a sense of being beyond themselves .... a sense of community. This paper examines exemplar websites, focusing on factors such as group background, targeted groups, and whom they are trying torecru it.
Panel 135: Theories of Crime and Victimization Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Vineyard
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE STUDY ON YOUTH, SEXUAL ASSAULT, AND SUBSTANCE USE
Chair: Karim lsmaili, St. John's University
ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE: EXPLORING SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AS A MEDIATING INFLUENCE Jeremy M. Wilson, University of Toledo; Joseph F. Donnermeyer, Ohio State University 1h This research is based on a series of in-school self-report surveys of substance use among 7 and 111h graders conducted in the south-central region of the U.S. as part of the American Drug and Alcohol Survey (ADAS). Drawing from social disorganization theory, this study examines whether the level of "urbanity" of a community mediates the influence of peers and family on substance use. Structural equation modeling is utilized to assess the measures and test for a mediating influence of urbanity. Although not ubiquitous, this study provides some evidence supporting the mediating role of urbanity in determining adolescent substance use. SEXUAL ASSAULT KNOWLEDGE: HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT'S ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, AND KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SEXUAL ASSAULTS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES Lisa A. Andrews, Sam Houston State University; Holly A. Miller, Sam Houston State University Sexual assaults perpetrated on college campuses have been identified as a national problem. The purpose of the present study was to investigate knowledge of sexual victimization on college campuses. Study participants included 167 male and female high school students from Central California. Of the 167 responses, only 40% correctly identified common perpetrators of sexual assaults and 17% agreed that women are most often sexually assaulted in their homes. Findings suggest that implementing programs designed to increase sexual assault knowledge would be beneficial, even at the high school level. ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES ACROSS ESTIMATES WHEN MEASURING THE EXTENT OF SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION?: RESULTS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bonnie Fisher, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer H. Childress, University of Cincinnati Measuring sexual victimization is a challenging enterprise the "biggest methodological challenge in survey research" (Smith, 1987, 185). Scholars have debated several basic methodological issues yet little empirical evidence has been generated that addresses their concerns. In this paper, we present a critical review of the methodological issues that are at the center of the measurement of sexual victimization debate. Using an experimental design, we calculate estimates of the incidence of different types of sexual victimization measured either using Koss's Sexual Experience Survey or other well-established behavioral-specific questions (Kilpatrick, Tjaden, Fisher, and Cullen). Implications for measuring sexual victimization and directions for future research are discussed. GRIDIRON THRILLS: SENSATION-SEEKING AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL PLAYERS Jennifer Dennis Krozier, Indiana State University; Kathy Boone, Indiana State University This study was conducted to assess whether deviant behavior is common among high school and collegiate football players and examine the relationship between sensation-seeking and deviant behavior. Sensation-seekers often live risky lifestyles that include crime and deviance. Research has supported the idea that sensation-seeking behavior peaks in the late teens and early twenties, during which high school and collegiate football players are influenced, by environmental factors {i.e. peers, lifestyle changes, need for acceptance). These factors may also induce individuals to commit deviant acts. COLLEGE STUDENT BINGE-DRINKING AND RELATED BEHAVIORS: THE ADDITIVE AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SELF-CONTROL Chris Gibson, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Chris Schreck, Illinois State University; J. Mitchell Miller, University of South Carolina Binge-drinking and negative behaviors related to such drinking practices have long been major concerns for college administrators and public health officials. In the current study, self-control theory is extended as a theoretical framework to explain both while considering other known correlates. The additive and interactive effects of self-control are modeled to predict binge-drinking and negative alcohol-related behaviors using a sample of college students from a university in the southern United States (N=268). A series of OLS and logistic regression models show that low self-control has a meaningful, additive effect on both outcomes net of important controls. Furthermore, the effect of binge drinking on negative alcohol related behaviors, while substantively different, does not statistically differ across high and low self-control groups.
Workshop 136: Th ursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Vermont
Town Hall on a New Strategic Plan for ACJS
Moderator: JefferyJan Ross, University of Baltimore
Panel 137: Police and Community Issues Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Simmons
NEW DIMENSIONS IN PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING
Chai r: GaryCordner, Eastern Kentucky University
POP IN PRACTICE IN A BIG CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University; Elizabeth Biebel, Halifax Community College Several recent studies of problem-oriented policing have focused on POP projects nominated for the annual Herman Goldstein Awards, which may not be representative of day-to-day policing. This study used 320 interviews and a survey of 267 officers to document everyday police problem solving behavior, as well as attitudes toward POP, in the San Diego Police Department, which has a reputation for innovation in problem-oriented policing. Analyses focus on the scope and nature of problems addressed, the thoroughness and sophistication of problem solving methods used, and organizational supports and impediments. NEIGHBORHOOD DEPLOYMENT MODELS Larry T. Hoover, Sam Houston State University There are three basic models to providing structured community contact and problem solving. Model One is the "overlay" approach, entailing the assignment of a full-time community policing specialists to a cluster of standard patrol beats. Model Two is the "every officer is a community policing officer" strategy, in which regular patrol officers are expected to engage in community policing efforts during uncommitted patrol time. Third is the Beat Team approach - long-term assignment of a group of officers, usually headed by a sergeant, to a particular beat. The relative frequency of these models, and review of their efficacy, is addressed. GEOGRAPHIC POLICING: A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO SPATIAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN POLICE DEPARTMENTS EMPLOYING A COMMUNITY-BASED POLICING PHILOSOPHY Joseph P. Rodriguez, Ill, Th e University of Texas at Arlington; 0. Elmer Polk, Th e University of Texas at Arlington This research examines the historical basis of geographic policing; its effects on the Uniform Crime statistics in a metropolitan area of North Texas, and the level of commitment to the model attributable to the department and the officers charged with its implementation and execution. Data were obtained from a purposive sample of officers completing a self-administered survey and from the Uniform Crime Reports. Findings suggest there are significant differences in the perceptions of geographic policing and its outcomes. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICE RESPONSE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE Cory Bargen, University College of the Fraser Valley; Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley In recent years it has become increasingly difficult for law enforcement agencies in many jurisdictions to respond to all calls for service in a timely manner. The call load has grown too large, and resources have become too strained otherwise. To deal with this situation, law enforcement agencies have explored and employed alternative ways of responding to calls. Some of those ways include alternatives to dispatching a patrol car to calls. This paper reports on the survey results from public opinion surveys in two Royal Canadian Mounted Police jurisdictions in British Columbia which provided the authors with an opportunity to examine the impact of alternative police responses on public attitudes towards police officers and general satisfaction with the police. The results suggest that while the public is less satisfied with some alternative police responses, this lower level of satisfaction does not result in lower ratings being assigned to police officers or with respect to police services in general. The authors offersugge stions for further research. MANGLING THE MYTH: THE MINORITY COMMUNITY'S 'REAL' PERCEPTION OF POLICE PRESENCE Schannae Lucas, Wa shington State University; John Neiswender, Wa shington State University It is a popular misconception that communities of color do not welcome a significant police presence in their neighborhood. A study of COP in the Pacific Northwest over the past five years presents data contrary to that popular notion. The myth, the contradicting data, and a discussion of the possible explanatory hypotheses are the topics of this paper. Panel 138: Juv nile Justic Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Wellesley
REFORMING THE JUVENILE DETENTION SYSTEM: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Chair: Bernadette Jones Palombo, Louisiana State University
DELINQUENCY INTERVENTION: EFFECTS OF A READING PROFICIENCY MENTORING PROGRAM ON DRUG OFFENDING JUVENILE DETAINEES IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY Bernadette Jones Palombo, Louisiana State University, Shreveport This present study is an evaluative assessment of the effects of the Stone Program which provided literacy assistance to a cohort of underachieving drug offending juveniles detained at the Juvenile Ranch Facility (JRF) in San Diego County, California. In June of 2002, ten detained juveniles were designated by the presiding judge of the juvenile court to complete a twelve-hour one-on-one reading proficiency and mentoring program administered by Dr. Suki Stone, developer and facilitator of the Reading-Right program. Results of this quantitative and qualitative assessment will assist in determining the feasibility for the juvenile courtto assign additional underachieving detainees to the Reading-Right mentoring program in the future. SECOND YEAR EVALUATION OF A VIOLENCE REDUCTION PROGRAM IN HARLAN COUNTY, KENTUCKY Terry C. Cox, Eastern KentuckyUniver sity This paper examines the effectiveness of a Department of Educations Grant Associated with the reduction of violence in grades K through 8 during the second year phase in Harlan County, Kentucky. A primary focus is on the acquisition of cognitive skills in the reduction of violence with an emphasis on programmatic intervention of at risk children. A Second Step curricular structure is employed to access cognitive skills associated with violence. THE EFFECT OF MALTREATMENT RECURRENCE AND CHILD WELFARE SERVICES ON DIMENSIONS OF DELINQUENCY John Lemmon, Shippensburg University; Tom Austin, Shippensburg University This study examines the relationship between the recurrence of substantiated maltreatment and different dimensions of delinquency among a cohort of at-risk youth. The results indicate that among the cohort maltreatment recurrence is a significant predictor of the initiation of delinquency and forms a robust and positive linear relationship with the continuation and severity of delinquency. The relationship existed in the presence of additional delinquency related risk factors. However, within the maltreatment group a curvilinear pattern was observed. The curve might be explained as a function of the type of child welfare services indicated that placement-reduced maltreatment's effect on delinquency. The maltreatment-delinquency relationship appeared to follow a linear pattern among youth receiving in-home services. A curvilinear pattern was observed among those receiving placement services. EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION AS A MEANS OF REDUCING ADULT CRIMINAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION Camille Gibson, Prairie View A&M University This paper is a review and analysis of the recent literature (1990-present) on early childhood programming, policies and techniques related to the primaryprevention of juvenile delinquency. The paper focuses on at-risk minorityju veniles. Attention is given to varying social contexts across the United States on macro and micro levels. PRECURSORS TO PROPERTY-RELATED DELINQUENCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PERSONAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS Zina McGee, Hampton University; Keondra Phillips, Hampton University; Zaynah Williams, Hampton University; Jocelyn Dudley, Hampton University The present study examines the impact of situational and personal factors on property-related delinquency among adolescents. Data were derived from the Urban Stress and African American Youth Project consisting of survey instruments completed by 500 urban adolescents between the ages of 12-17. Males, those reporting negative self-esteem, aggressive behavior, and indirect victimization (i.e., witnessing violent events) were more likely to report involvement in property related delinquency. These findings suggest the importance of positive environmental factors as predictors of delinquent behavior among urban adolescents. Implications for intervention and violence prevention in the schools and communities are also addressed in an effort to curb delinquent behavior among youth.
Workshop 139: Technology Development Thursday March 6, 2003 1:00-2:15 Yarmouth
DELIVERING GRADUATE DISTANCE EDUCATION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS: PROMISE AND PERIL IN AN AGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION Mary S. Jackson, East Carolina University This workshop addresses the advantages and disadvantages of distance education for graduate students.
Panel 140: Police Organization and Management Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon A
CREATING EFFECTIVE POLICE LEADERS Chair: Th omas Martinelli, Wayne State University FACING THE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE: THE DELTA POLICE LEADERSHIP MODEL Rich Drinovz, Delta Municipal Police B. C. Canada; Rick Parent, Simon Fraser University This paper examines the Leadership Model that has been implemented within the Delta Police Department during the past two years. In order to effect organizational change, the Delta Police Department embarked upon a wide reaching program promoting leadership attributes that include ethics, communication skills, decision-making, teaming, vision and development. These attributes were identified and entrenched within the police agencies mission statement, strategic goals and promotional policies. Development of the model was in response to community needs as well as the increased public expectations for police accountability and professionalism. The Leadership Model additionally addresses the recent transition of personnel within the department, providing an organizational foundation for newly hired recruit officers, civilian employees and police agency volunteers. This paper will examine the changes that have occurred within the organization and the resulting impact to both police personnel and the public. POLICE LEADERS HIP STYLES: PART II John T. Krimmel, The College of New Jersey This research is a follow-up study conducted in New Jersey. The previous study was conducted in Pennsylvania. Municipal managers were asked to respond to a anonymous self-addressed questionnaire regarding the leadership traits and styles displayed by the police chief working under his or her tutelage. Certain predictors of both acceptable and unacceptable police chief performance indicators are discussed in the findings. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT CHIEF EXECUTIVES Jeffrey P. Rush, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; William F. Wa lsh, University of Louisville; Pamela Pangle, The University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga This is a preliminary study of the leadership qualities that command staff believe are important for law enforcement Chief Executives. HOW TO PREPARE THE POLICE LEADERS FOR THEIR ROLES IN THE FUTURE Mustafa Ozguler, Turkish National Police Police organizations are still bureaucratic or, to some extent, paramilitary in structure in a majority of the countries in the world. As expected, the police managers are considered as ranked officers, rather than as managers in those organizations. This study investigates the issue of managerial training and attempts to identify the fundamentals of effective and relevant police management training (PMT). A secondary analysis was conducted on a data set on managerial trainings carried out by Kentucky State Government, to determine the most effective characteristics of a modern PMT program within a tight performance and accountability framework for fostering better policing. EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATORS Stephen A. Morreale, Worcester State College; Laurie Dahlin, Worcester State College; Brenda Bond, Brandeis University After a field study into the tactics and steps administrators have utilized to effect changes in their organizations, a discussion on what best practices can be conveyed to practitioners based on existing decision-making models.
Pan I 141 : Qualitative Methods Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon B
Using M thods of Other Disciplines Chair: Barbara Stolz, U. S. General Accounting Office
A MENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON VIOLENCE Kristine M. Empie, Minnesota State University This paper will address Type II (customer/client) violence using qualitative data from a recent project that looked at workplace violence in the field of mental health. Several issues relating to violence in the workplace from the practitioner's perspective will be addressed. In addition, how this information may be used in the workplace for prevention purposes will also be discussed. A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO COMPLIANCE CHECK PROGRAMS Troy Gilbertson, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Social attitudes about youth tobacco use have changed in recent years. In response, a variety of regulatory requirements have been enacted. A major emphasis has been on reducing youth access to tobacco at the retail point-of-sale. This study is a qualitative analysis of youth tobacco regulatory programs using Cohen and Felson's guardianship concept from routine activities theory. The objective is to conceptualize from enforcement staffers' perceptions and beliefs to a set of measurable theoretical concepts. The end goal is to test a routine activities approach to tobacco compliance programs from the perspective of retail clerks. UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: APPLYING QUALITATIVE METHODS Barbara Ann Stolz, U. S. General Accounting Office During the 1990s human trafficking emerged as an issue on the United States and international policy agendas, leading to the enactment of a United Nations Protocol and U.S. legislation. Understanding the politics underlying the decision making process that led to these documents involves the application of various qualitative methods, most importantly the case method. This paper will discuss the use of this method and other related qualitative methods that were used to develop the political history of this example of criminal justice policy making .
Pan I 142: Patterns of Violence in the Caribbean Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon C
SPECIAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: CARIBBEAN CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Chair: John W. King, Baldwin-Wallace College JAMAICA: A DEVELOPING SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE? Anthony D. Harriott, University of the West Indies - Mona Many developing countries are confronted with high levels of social violence. Some are unable to respond effectively to this problem as the institutions of state may be implicated in the problem, are oriented to state protection and thus tend to repressive approaches that alienate them from populations that they ought to serve, or are weakened and made ineffective by various illegitimacy problems. Jamaica is one such country that has a high level of violent crime and extraordinaryhigh rates of homicide for more than two decades. As the state institutions that are responsible for responding to the problem have been ineffective, much of this violence is self-help activity, that is, homicidal retaliations for earlier killings. This paper explores the changing patternsof social violence in Jamaica and the extent to which a subculture of violence may be emerging in the urban areas of Jamaica as a self-regulatorymethod of controlling this violence. IN THE AFTERMATH OF ELDER-HOMICIDE IN RURAL JAMAICA: COPING AND RECOVERY PATTERNS OF SURVIVING KIN Annette M. Mahoney, Hunter College, CUNY The reality of homicide has been variously described as creating enormous emotional, social and economic costs for victims' families, yet little is known about the coping patterns of these survivors and the strategies that might mitigate the impact of such assaults. This study explores the sequel to the loss experience of families who survive the murder of their elderly kin. In particular, it investigates how families of victims cope and societal support for trauma resolution. The fieldwork for this study was conducted in three rural parish sites in Jamaica, West Indies. Findings are based on the responses of 24 respondents---8 from each parish site. Qualitative analysis of data generated through the interview process show the majority of respondents exhibited classic signs of trauma 2-3 years after the murder occurred, with many displaying characteristic symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and a variety of psycho-social impairments. Survivors' recovery from the traumatic loss of their elderly kin appears to be complicated by overwhelming and unwarranted sense of self-blame and guilt; by the outcome of the murder investigation and by various unmet needs for service intervention. With over two thirds of respondents (66.7%) experiencing significant difficulty in coping with the loss, as much as two years after the murder occurred, the study highlights the need for a variety of medical, mental health, legal, financial and other social service interventions. AN ANALYSIS OF MEDIA REPORTING ON CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN JAMAICA John W. King, Baldwin-Wallace College Public opinion polls in Jamaica reveal that the problem of crime and violence has been the primary issue of concern to Jamaicans in recent years. Jamaica has a history of violent crime, primarily in urban areas, and despite the creation of several government commissions and task fo rces, the problem has continued to create fear and frustration among citizens. The Jamaican press has covered these issues extensively and has played a key role in shaping public perceptions and attitudes towards the nature of crime and violence and its control. This paper examines the nature of this news coverage and identifies key features in news reporting that have contributed to a picture of Jamaica as lawless and out of control. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AMONG MALE YOUTHS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Vidya La//, Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of the We st Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Deviance and juvenile delinquency in the secondary school setting is an increasingly critical area of concern in the Caribbean. This foundation study, which identified some major correlates of male youth deviance, examined 317 male students ages 13- 15, in two secondary and one juvenile school. Using a social psychological approach, measures used included socio economic status, parental type, school type and academic achievement as independent variables, with civic attitudes, external locus of control, classroom disruption and involvement in deviance (self report) as dependent variables. Overall academic achievement, civic attitudes and school type were found to be significantly correlated to youth involvement in or propensity for deviance. This paper discusses the results of this study and provides a framework for continued scientific enquiry. THE EFFECT OF U.S. DEPORTATION POLICY ON CARIBBEAN ALIENS Joan Mars, University of Michigan This paper examines the circumstances surrounding the deportation of Caribbean aliens who lived in the United States as permanent residents for varying periods of time, and who became deportable for criminal conduct. Deportation usually takes place after the alien has been processed through the American criminal justice system, and paid his or her debt to society. This paper will discuss the theoretical and constitutional issues raised by existing immigration legislation and case law on the subject, as well as current deportation procedures. The effect of deportation agreements between the U.S State Department and Caribbean countries as well as local legislation implemented in some Caribbean countries to deal with the deportees, will also be examined.
Panel 143: Dimensions of PartnerViolenc e Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon D
PARTNER VIOLENCE: OFFICIAL RESPONSES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Chair: Tammy Anderson, University of Delaware
A SHELTERED LIFE: OBSERVATONS ON A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SHELTER Angela M. Moe, We stern Michigan University Much has been written on the various efforts to help battered women, particularly within the law, however a relative dearth of research exists on women's lived experiences within victim-centered help agencies. This paper is based on the qualitative, life-history interviews with twenty women residing at a domestic violence shelter. Through their own narratives, this paper recounts the women's experiences of living in the shelter, which are contextualized within their struggles to find permanent safe housing, stable work, and nurturing environments for their children. The empowering effects of victim-centered services are highlighted alongside the sometimes infantilizing and dependency-producing practices within such agencies. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Myoshi Ashton, Florida International University Domestic Violence is a prevalent problem in all groups and backgrounds. There is a need to help battered spouses and bring awareness to the community. As the need for protectiveness grows and punishment becomes more prevalent, more people are joining forces in hopes of preventing domestic violence. The author decided to take aim against domestic violence by walking from New York to Miami. The walk began on September 26, 2001 in Queens, New York. Throughout the trek, she received support and aid from various women's shelters and firehouses in towns along the East Coast. She completed her walk the first week of December at Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, where she was met by a group of people to "walk the last mile" with her. Her journey was followed by a discussion panel and a candlelight vigil on bringing awareness to the prevention of domestic violence. HISTORICAL ROOTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: WHY THE PROBLEM WON'T JUST DISAPPEAR Lorie Rubenser, Sui Ross State University This paper will discuss some of the social and legal issues in history that have contributed to an acceptance and/or an unwillingness to intervene in matters of domestic violence. While the focus will be largely on these issues in U.S. history, some of the issues, such as the "rule of thumb" will be gathered from other areas of the world. In the conclusion of the paper, the author will attempt to show how these historical issues are still contributing to the problem of domestic violence today. INNOVATIONS IN EARLY INTERVENTIONS FOR AT RISK KIDS: A PROSECUTOR'S PERSPECTIVE Cathy Goldman, University of North Florida; Michael Wh ite, University of North Florida; Michael Hallett, University of North Florida This study examines and describes efforts taken by a prosecutor's office to better address delinquency associated with witnessing violence. Specifically, the study presents findings from a statistical analysis derived from random sample data comparing average rates of arrest with frequency of witnessing violence among juveniles in Jacksonville, Florida. The study also presents narrative accounts from key program officials describing the program rationale and methods of implementation. THE LINK: ABUSED ANIMALS AND BATTERED WOMEN Kristin E. Peterson, East Tennessee State University The manner in which one treats his animals has strong implications regarding how one will treat fellow human beings. While animals do not have the value that society places on humans, they are a valuable tool in predicting which members of society might direct violent behaviors toward humans. This data would be especially useful for gaining insight into this facet of interpersonal violence, as well as uncovering cases of domestic violence against an intimate. Regardless of recent studies linking animal abuse and violence against humans, law enforcement officials continue to ignore animal cruelty records as predictors for further acts of violence. This paper will address previous research on the link between domestic violence and animal abuse, the difficulty in gathering data on the subject, and steps that are being taken to educate necessary authorities.
Panel 144: Prisons Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Tufts
CHALLENGES IN CORRECTIONS Chair: David Rivers, Florida International University
"LIFERS" CORRECTIONS TRANSITION David Rivers, Florida International University This paper will focus on the challenge of what "corrections transition" means in contemporary society and the role of each individual as a member of different communities. "Long-term" incarceration leads to "prisonization/institutionalization" of the offender. The more "prisonized" an inmate becomes, the more likely it is that s/he cannot make the adjustment necessary to survive in the free world community and the more likely it is that he will recidivate. The male inmates in this transition group have received a life/25 year mandatory sentence and have served a minimum of 20 years, in the Florida Department of Corrections. These "lifers" are eligible for parole and are preparing for their re-entry into society. GLOBALIZATION, DEVOLUTION, AND PRIVATIZATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: A CRITICAL LOOK AT "FAITH BASED" PRISONS Michael Hallett, University of North Florida This paper identifies "faith-based" correctional initiatives as the latest conservative definition of the crime problem, taking place in the context of a larger "cultural war" currently waging over transformations in the welfare state. Drawing on literature exploring status politics and symbolic crusades, this paper examines the general claims made by proponents of faith-based corrections and the specific elements of faith-based legislation recently passed in Florida. RECENT STUDIES OF REHABILITATION FOR OFFENDERS James R. Davis, St. Peter's College Several recent studies from the 1980s to 2000 on rehabilitation were analyzed. Some studies were positive for some offenders but not for others. The positive programs were: (a) family therapy, (b) drug abuse, (c) education, and (d) other programs, such as community service, and employment. It was suggested that these successful programs should be a part of probation and parole services. Also, it is important to continuously evaluate rehabilitation programs. It was concluded that progress is positive in our rehabilitation program. TRENDS IN DRUG OFFENSE INMATES IN U.S. PRISONS David E. Carter, University of Cincinnati; Graham Farrell, University of Cincinnati For two decades, one of the most talked about subjects in U.S. criminal justice has been the "War on Drugs" and its impact on the prison system. A recent essay by Blumstein and Berk (1999) concluded that, in relation to the 200 percent increase in the prison population between 1980 and 1996, that "the dominant factor is drug offending." The present study describes how the role and 'dominance' of drug offense inmates has changed significantly across the last decade. It presents evidence in support of this argument and speculates about the causes of this potentially important change in prison population trends. TESTING A MULTILEVEL MODEL OF DRUG USE IN PRISON Wayne Gillespie, East Tennessee State University; Nadia Bebawy, East Tennessee State University; Mike Bush, East Te nnessee State University; Leatha Barnes, East Tennessee State University; Kimberly Hollifield, East Tennessee State University A hierarchical linear model (HLM) of prison drug-related behavior was developed using variables derived from Sutherland's theory of differential association. Data were gathered from over 1,000 inmates in 30 correctional facilities. Results support a multilevel model with significant theoretical variables at both the macro and micro levels of analysis. Implications for correctional systems are also addressed.
Panel145: White-Collar Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston Univ.
WHITE-COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME: CASE STUDIES AND ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES
Chair: Donald Scott, University of Evansville
MONOPOLY ENFORCEMENT IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD Donald Scott, University of Evansville From Standard Oil to Microsoft, monopoly cases have illustrated the struggle between private economic power and public authority. Although monopoly prosecutions typically proceed via civil process to obtain injunctive or structural relief, investigations focus on injurious acts and illegal intent. Evidence of monopolization hinges more on moral culpability than adverse economic effects. This study is based on an archival analysis of all monopoly cases prosecuted by the Department of Justice over a 25-year period, culminating with the historic cases against IBM. The analysis focuses upon the methods of detection, the nature of evidence, and interactions between victims, offenders and officials. A CASE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME IN HIGHER EDUCATION Jagan Lingamneni, Governors State University The paper will review the occupational crime dimension of white-collar crime through a case study in higher educational institution with an examination of the administrative and academic practices. Special focus will be on the administrative behaviors and actions that result in corrupt practices and reward systems in the perpetuation of elite crimes. CORPORATE DEVIANCE AND COAL SLURRY SPILLS IN APPALACHIA Paul Becker, University of Dayton In October of 2001 a coal slurry spill occurred outside of Inez, KY releasing 250 million gallons of coal waste into nearby waterways. This paper will outline the causes of the spill and the damage to the community and region. This paper will also address the response to the spill by the Martin County Coal Company as well as the sanctions imposed on the company. Also explored will be the impact on Appalachia from similar spills and the potential for future incidents. ORGANIZATIONS AS DEFENDANTS IN THE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Mark Motivans, Bureau of Justice Statistics The notion of organizations as 'criminal' has captured the attention of most Americans recently yet little is know about the numbers that are processed by the criminal justice system. This paper uses data from the Federal Justice Statistics Program, a showcase statistical series developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, to describe the processing of organizations as defendants across the stages of prosecution, adjudication, and sentencing in the Federal criminal justice system.
Panel 146: Prosecution and Defense Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston College
INFORMING THE COURT: EXTRA-LEGAL SOURCES Chair: Lucy Edwards Hochstein, Radford University
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERT WITNESS IN JUVENILE FELONY CASES Eric Metchik, Salem State College The challenges presented to the expert witness in any type of proceeding involving a juvenile defendant are immense. This paper focuses on three specific aspects which may be critical in terms of how testimony is perceived by jurors and judges: the psychological test battery selection; direct questioning of the expert by counsel; and cross-examination strategies from a social scientific methodological perspective. Each dimension is discussed in the context of actual expert testimony given in a home invasion/rape case. By working closely with attorneys during case preparation on issues concerning test selection, attorney-psychologist court interaction and cross-examination, expert witnesses can enhance the quality of their contribution to the legal process while maximizing its impact. THE SOCIAL WORKER IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: COMMUNITY OR SYSTEM ADVOCATE? Lucy Edwards Hochstein, Radford University Prior research suggests criminal justice agencies' collaboration with advocate agencies can reduce abuse in domestic violence cases. This three-year study investigates whether advocate agencies participating in a collaborative domestic violence program with criminal justice agencies are accepted as formal system participants, and if they are able to maintain concurrent community and system advocacy roles. Analysis of direct observation and focus group and individual interview data suggests that advocates required to act as both community and system advocates are more likely to act as community advocates, and act as system advocates only when professional community advocacy norms are not violated. Advocate participation was eventually highly regarded by the other program disciplines and local judges. Implications for programming are discussed. THE TROLL UNDER THE BRIDGE: LIMITING THE FULL LINGUISTIC ACCESS TO NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING DETAINEES Margaret Redd, United States Court Previous literature has pinpointed features typical of a "powerless register'' of speech in witnesses/defendants of less powerful social origins. This study examines the overt/covert power wielded by police interpreters during custodial interrogations of such individuals. While law enforcement has long been able to control physical and psychological circumstances of interrogations, the introduction of a police interpreter into the interrogation has opened the door to an almost complete, and sometimes arbitrary, control over the medium of language itself. TRIAL CONSULTANTS AND JURY SCIENCE John W. Clark, Ill, University of Alabama This paper investigates the use of jury science in courtrooms. For the last thirty years, trial consultants have gained momentum in courtrooms throughout the United States. According to Gordon (1995), trial consulting is a $400 million dollar a year industry. Part one of this article examines empirical studies on jury decision- making. Part two investigates the effectiveness of consultants? Specifically, how do we measure effectiveness? Part three examines whether trial consultants benefit from one educational background (psychology, sociology, political science, communication, law) more than the other? This articleco ncludes that jury science is beneficial but caution is warranted in real world settings.
Workshop 147: Criminal Justice Education Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Regis
UPSIDE-DOWN, INSIDE-OUT: TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION BEHIND THE WALLS
Moderator: Lori Pompa, Temple University Pres nt rs: Lori Pompa, Temple University; Louise Kidder, Te mple University Through the "Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program," students from Temple University attend class each week behind prison walls where their classmates are incarcerated. We offer courses in Criminal Justice, Psychology, and Women's Studies, the newest of which is "Parenting from Prison: Mothers on the Inside." Now in its twelfth semester, Inside-Out allows students to apply their learning in a very real setting, while those inside can reconsider their real-life experiences within a wider framework. But much more happens. The learning is multi-layered and rich, a result of the reciprocal exchange between everyone involved. We examine the transformative dimension of this kind of learning, and its potential as education for social justice.
Panel 148: Future Directions and Trends Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 MIT
CORRECTIONS NOW AND IN THE FUTURE: THE IMPACT OF VARIOUS REFORMS
Chair: Fred Meyer, BallState University
THE IMPACT OF TERM LIMITS ON CORRECTIONAL PUBLIC POLICY MaryParker, University of Arkansas at Little Rock The implementation of term limits has been widespread, with most states adopting some term limit model that restricts the length of terms and the number of terms that elected officialscan hold. Since corrections does not have a built-in constituency and is not widely understood by either the general public or their elected representatives, It has adapted by developing long term relationships with key legislative and executive branch members. With the implementation of term limits, individuals with correctional knowledge are no longer players in the development and financing of public policy. This paper will explore the impact of term limits on correctional policy at the state level. CORRECTIONAL POLICY PRIORITIES OF THE ECONOMIC ELITE Fred Meyer, BallState University; Ralph Baker, Ball State University Critiques of contemporary correctional policy indicate that current practice is costly and does not significantly reduce the number of criminals. Nonetheless, many states are now spending more on corrections than on higher education. In this paper we examine the feasibility of a treatment model being implemented in dealing with prisoners. Specifically, we examine the attitudes of a group identified with power and efficacy to see if there is support for correctional reform. We use Q methodology to study the priorities of the membership of the Chamber of Commerce of Muncie, Indiana in order to see if there is support for change away from the punitive model in this group that has historically been very concerned with the cost of government services and a return on the tax dollar. EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENSS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADVISORY BOARDS: A PROCESS FOR ASSESSING COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVES ArtAmann, Mercyhurst College Civic Institute Over the past few centuries, society has developed many different methods for managing governmental bodies. Ultimately, this has led to the development of collaborative advisory boards that can be found in a myriad of settings from education to criminal justice. This paper will critique a process for assessing the effectiveness of a typical criminal justice advisory board. Using an evaluative problem-solvir�g methodology, the proposal will demonstrate how a board can determine its effectiveness and make appropriate modifications in decision-making. This is a critical matter given that failures by criminal justice policy boards can not only waste taxpayer dollars, but also claim the lives of public servants and defendants. THE EMERGING TREND OF FAMILY GROUP CONFERENCING AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Dawn McCarty, Lamar University; Jennifer Frisbie, Lamar University; Rhonda Wa lker, Lamar University This paper presents an evaluation of the growing Family Group Conferencing , or Family Decision Making programs, in Juvenile Justice and Child protective Service agencies in the U.S., and provides an evaluation of a local Jefferson County, Texas program. Along with a literature review of overall program philosophy and goals, an in-depth evaluation including direct observation of the family conferencing will be provided in context of the theories that may be useful in improving the service and expanding it to larger populations TECHNOPRISONS: TECHNOLOGY AND PRISONS Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Over the past decade, the prison population has doubled and it has become increasingly difficult to control the inmate population. To address the problem, more and more prisons are using modern technology to identify, verify, and monitor prisoners. These technologies include biometrics, smart cards, electronic sensors, scanners, and ballistocardiograms. Some prisons are even installing telemedicine examination rooms thereby reducing security risks by limiting the movement of prisoners outside the facility. Despite the growing popularity of these technologies, their use has raised several ethical and constitutional questions. This paper will examine the extent and nature of technological systems used in prisons and the problems associated with their use.
Panel 149: Sentencing Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Harvard
SENTENCING, DETERRENCE, AND CHANGE
Chair: Andrea M. Carter, University of Arkansas
ARE SENTENCING STANDARDS TOUGH ON CRIME: A STUDY OF ARKANSAS SENTENCING POLICY Andrea M. Carter, University of Arkansas In 1993, the Arkansas Sentencing Commission was developed to establish a structured sentencing grid, which is designed to assist judges, attorneys, and other criminal justice agencies understand how voluntarysentencing standards work. After each legislative session, the Commission must adjust the sentencing grid to include any new laws that were passed increasing or decreasing sentences for certain crimes. This paper addresses the changes that have been made to the sentencing standards of Arkansas, specifically focusing on whether or not the sentences both prior to and after 1993 have increased or decreased in severity, and what the possible policy implications of this might be. THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF IMPRISONMENT AND OFFENDERS' STAKES IN CONFORMITY Cassia Spohn, University of Nebraska at Omaha The crime control policies pursued during the past three decades rest largely on the philosophy of deterrence. Although there is compelling evidence that these policies have resulted in harsher punishment, there is little evidence that increases in sentence severity have produced the predicted reduction in crime. Dejong (1997: 561 ), however, suggested that the effect of punishment may be contingent upon an individual's ties to conventional society or history of criminal behavior. In this paper, we test replicate and extend Dejong's research. Using data on offenders convicted of felonies in Jackson County (Kansas City), Missouri in 1993, we test the hypothesis that the deterrent effect of imprisonment is conditioned by the offender's criminal history and stakes in conformity. CRACK COCAINE AND FEDERAL SENTENCING POLICIES Kevin J. Murphy, Rutgers University, Camden Campus The "War on Drugs" brought with it harsh federal sentencing policies for the sale and use of crack cocaine. Crack cocaine, and the crimes associated with the sale and use of crack cocaine, was perceived to be an overwhelmingpr oblem by the media and later, by the Congress. The government's reaction to the crack problem was one of overreaction. In 1986, as a result of the media pressure and the upcoming elections, Congress enacted mandatory minimum penalties for crack cocaine and with them developed the 100 to 1 ratio, implying crack was one hundred times more dangerous than powder cocaine. These laws were enacted without sound evidence of the dangers of crack, but built mostly on anecdotal evidence from law enforcement. In 1988, Congress went a step further by enacting a five-year mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack, the only such penalty for simple possession. It is questionable if Congress enacted these laws with the knowledge of the resulting impact they would have on the African American communities, but the impact has been tremendous. Instead of helping inner city communities deal with the problem of drugs, Congress has contributed to the devastation of the inner city communities and the lives of its citizens. The disparity in sentencing between whites and African Americans has widened and reflects an unfair bias that African Americans use and sell more drugs than whites. The country would be better served by treating drug use as a health problem and allocating more money on better education and the creation of jobs instead of the jailing a large segment of our population. THE CREATION OF VICTIM IMPACT RIGHTS IN ADULT AND JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEMS Neal A. E/over, Th e American Criminal Justice Association For many years, victims of crime did not have a voice in how the laws and policies govern the American criminal justice system. Nor, did the victims know what rights were afforded to them. Victims of crime begin to question authorities concerning what rights they did have. The American Criminal Justice System listened and begin to react to their concerns. Workshop 150: Dimensions of Terrorism Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Nantucket
TH SEPTEMBER 11 , FUNDAMETALIST ISLAM AND TERRORISM
Mod rator: Arthur Garrison, Delaware Criminal Justice Council This presentation will review the historical development of terrorism over the past two hundred years. The presentation will trace the development of terrorism, the use of terror and its rationalization from the zealous (72AD) through to today and the advent of terror by mass casualty.
Panel 151: Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Hyannis
ETHNICITY, CRIME, AND LAW Chair: Larry Sullivan, John Jay College POVERTY, CONCENTRATED POVERTY, AND LATINO HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION Catherine Burton, Georgia Southern University Latino homicide victimization is a matter for serious concern. The Latino homicide rate is nearly 20 per 100,000, second only to African American homicide rates at 27 per 100,000. Prior research indicates that this increase in Latino homicide victimization could be the result of economic inequality. Two forms of economic inequality are poverty and concentrated poverty. The present study examines the relationship between poverty, concentrated poverty, and Latino homicide victimization in 113 U.S. cities. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG THE YOUTH OF A BANGALADESHI COMMUNITY IN NEW YO RK CITY Mahfuzul Khondaker, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Bangladeshi people constitute one of the fastest growing immigrant communities in New York City. Although there has been some effort to study delinquency among immigrant communities, no effort has been made yet to understand the various aspects of delinquency among the youths of any immigrant Bangladeshi communities. This paper reports the results of a pilot study of deviant or delinquent behavior among youths in a Bangladeshi community in New York City. Ethnographic methods were used to explore the community notions of adolescent deviance and delinquency. Preliminary results suggest that delinquent/deviant behavior can be explained by control theory, and cultural and generational gap perspectives. ON LAWS, INTERMINISTERIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL DECREES: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF MIGRATION IN GREECE SINCE 1991 Georgios A. Antonopoulos, University of Durham, UK Recent years have shown that Greece has become a country of immigration in the 1990s in contrast to its traditional status as a country of emigration. Great socio-economic and political changes in Eastern Europe after the collapse of the former Soviet bloc, as well as in Asia and Africa brought a very large (for Greece) wave of migrants. The Greek state (and society), which had not experienced such a huge wave of migrants before, were caught by surprise, and were 'obliged' to adapt to the new situation as smoothly and quickly as possible. Initially, Greece did not follow the example of the other two EU Mediterranean countries, Italy and Spain, in instituting periodic regularizations of undocumented migrants, but formulated a 'policy' (Law 1975/1 991) consisting of limited measures to regulate immigration. In later stages, decrees and the new Law on Aliens (L. 2910/2001) have been an expression of the Greek government to improve upon the 1991 law, and to meet the challenge of regulating migration in the country. The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the legal framework of migration in Greece since 1991, and its effects. Bias Crimes Against Asian Americans: Revealing Perceptions and Exposing Misperceptions Helen Ahn Lim, Indiana University Asian ethnics are often narrowly viewed and influenced by stereotypical portrayals or typecasts in American movies as mobsters involved in drug smuggling rings or martial arts. In the realm of criminology, they are virtually invisible since most discussions of race focus primarily on black-white relations. Using in-depth interviews of 30 Asian Americans residing on the East Coast, this study examines Asian Americans' views of bias crime and general misperceptions that they may have of this phenomenon.
Panel 152: Dimensions of Transnational Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Orleans
COMBATTI NG TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Chair: Don Liddick, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg
Transnational Crime and the U.S.: Governmental Responses Don Liddick, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg This paper will provide an overview of some of the more significant transnational crimes currently affecting the United States, including drug trafficking, illegal migrations, the infiltration of terrorist cells, transnational theft, crimes against the environment, and so-called "cyber-crimes." Following the overview of these types of transnational crimes, the paper will move on to the presentation of U.S. government and law enforcement responses, including recent Presidential Directives, Congressional legislation, and law enforcement agency procedures and methods. An analysis of government/law enforcement responses will be included. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED FEE FRAUD IN NIGERIA lhekwoaba D. Onwudiwe, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore This paper provides a criminological perspective on advanced fee fraud (419) in the Nigerian context. While it condemns 419 in Nigeria, it reveals that economic swindling is not unique to Nigeria. The paper also scrutinizes the nature of 419, investigates the cruelty of the criminality of advanced fee fraud as a form of economic fraud, examines law enforcement responses, articulates the reasons behind 419, and reviews its detrimental effects on Nigerians and gullible victims of the international community. Although few studies have peripherally examined 419, this review offers a theoretical explanation of the scheme. Specifically, it employs the anomie theory and the relative deprivation thesis to argue that like their American and European counterparts, Nigerians have unfulfilled material needs which predispose them to criminality. Nigerian 419 can be defined as an advanced fee fraud recognized under section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code, which addresses fraud schemes. Comparatively, it concludes by examining similar ruses in the United States and other countries. THE ROLE OF LOCAL AND STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ADDRESSING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Michael Shively, Abt Associates Inc.; Dana Hunt, Abt Associates Inc.; Sarah Kuck, Abt Associates Inc.; Andre w Drillock, Abt Associates Inc. While transnational crimes fall most directly under federal and international jurisdiction, state and local law enforcement often play a critical role and bear a significant burden in its prevention, interdiction, and prosecution. Our presentation describes a national survey of state, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies examining the level of transnational crime activity within their jurisdiction. We also examine the local resources devoted to transnational crime, perceptions of the severity of the local problem, resource needs, and the extent of cooperation among local, state, federal, and fo reign law enforcement organizations. Implications of our findings for law enforcement will be discussed.
Panel 153: Dimensions of Hate Crime Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Falmouth
Terrorism, Hate, and the law Chair: Alan S. Bruce, Quinnipiac University
H STATE CRIMES AND HATE CRIMES IN THE WAKE OF SEPTEMBER 11T Michael Welch, Rutgers University The war on terror, particularly in the wake of the events of September 11th , is assuming a new resonance not only in the United States but also in nations around the globe. Ironically though, many democratic governments are adopting antiterrorism legislation that have traditionally been associated with repressive states, including detention without trial, criminalization of peaceful activities, and a clampdown on asylum seekers. While realizing the importance of maintaining national security, critics argue that such tactics violate civil liberties and human rights. Compounding those problems, there is increased concern over hate crimes committed against members ethnic groups currently stereotyped as terrorists. This paper takes a critical look at the emergence of formal and informal social control as they contribute to the scapegoating of unpopular people. HATE CRIMES: SEPARATING FACT FROM FICTION Dula J. Espinosa, University of Houston, Clear Lake In recent years, hate crimes laws have come under strong attack for being , among other things, hard to define and difficult to enforce. Indeed, some scholars and members of the law enforcement community have begun calling for these laws to be rescinded even in light of cases in which such crimes were clearly committed. This paper seeks to fill that gap by closely examining the five major Federal hate crimes laws, the context in which they came to be formed, and cases in which they were used to prosecute offenders. LAWS THAT DISCRIMINATE: CIVIL LIBERTY RESTRICTIONS IN CRIMINAL LAW Tim Bakken, U.S. MilitaryAca demy at West Point. This paper examines to what extent hate crime laws have affected the judicial process. The paper focuses on who is subject to conviction for violating state hate crime laws. The paper also includes an analysis of how the verbal statements of alleged offenders are used to provide the evidence for conviction, and whether significant free speech rights are infringed in the prosecution of alleged hate crimes. Finally, the paper suggests the prosecutorial standards that might be used to limit the discretion of law enforcement officials in characterizing an offense as hate motivated. MYTH V. REALITY: CIVIL LIBERTIES AND TERRORISM Brian Levin, California State University, San Bernardino This presentation will examine the legal and historical issues relating to the current war on terrorism. Topics addressed will include the first amendment, weapons of mass destruction, enemy combatants, procedural issues and a discussion of modern relevant caselaw and statutes. The presentation will also cover deprivations of Civil Liberties during the Alien and Sedition Acts period, the Civil War, WWI, the Red Scare and WWII.
Panel 154: Theories of Crime and Victimization Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Vineyard
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES ON GENDER AND VIOLENCE Chair: Wa lter S. DeKeseredy, Ohio University
BACK TO THE FUTU RE: A CRITIQUE OF STATISTICS CANADA'S 1999 GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY ON VICTIMIZATION Wa lter S. DeKeseredy, Ohio University; Martin D. Schwartz, Ohio University Statistics Canada's 1999 General Social Surveyge nerated data showing that men are as likely as women to be victimized by spousal violence. The purpose of this paper is to show that Statistics Canada's methods and results paint an inaccurate picture of violence in Canadian intimate heterosexual relationships. The policy implications of this widely read and cited study are also discussed. WOMEN'S USE OF VIOLENCE IN DATING: A TEST OF THE REBELLION THESIS Lisa Leduc, University of Maine at Presque Isle This paper tests a theory of women's use of violence in dating that places this violence in the context of patriarchy. It is hypothesized that women engage in violence against their dating partners as a form of gender deviance. Their actions are a style of rebellion against patriarchal oppression. Through secondary analysis of data from a Canadian national survey, a connection is made between respondents' self-reports of violent behavior and their rejection of familial patriarchal values and beliefs. This "Rebellion Thesis" offers an alternative lens for investigating women's violence to that offered by some family violence researchers who continue to tender the "mutual combat" explanation. TRIPLE JEOPARDY: VIOLENCE, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, AND RECOVERY IN WOMEN'S LIVES Judith Grant, Ohio University The extant literature shows that much has been written concerning the links between the nature of the relationship between women and violence in their lives and their addiction to controlled substances. However, few studies have documented the voices of women who use controlled substances along with experiencing physical, emotional and sexual violence and subsequently moved into recovery for themselves. This paper argues fo r a more complex and multifaceted approach to the issue of violence, women's addiction and their recovery processes through documenting a research study that narrates 25 women's voices as they subsequently leave their addiction and process their recovery. Recommendations are suggested for further research in the area. VICTIMS COMPENSATION AND THE SEXES Patti Ross Salinas, Southwest Texas State University; Dorothy Merianos, University of Texas, Tyler All 50 states have victims compensation programs. In 2002 these programs received nearly $94 million in federal funds. These funds are used to compensate victims of crime for expenses such as medical costs, mental health services, burial and funeral expenses, and lost wages. This research examines the disbursement of funds in order to ascertain if fund payouts are made in a sex-neutral manner. HIV/AIDS AND FEMALE SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT Mark Blumberg, Central Missouri State University This paper examines a number of issues that the HIV/AIDS epidemic poses for rape survivors. The discussion begins with an analysis of the risks that female survivors of sexual assault confront with respect to HIV/AIDS. The medical literature is reviewed to assess tbe probability that the virus will be transmitted as a result of this type of violent criminal activity and to determine how many cases of viral transmission can be expected annually due to rape victimizations. This is followed by an examination of the dilemma that many survivors confront in deciding whether or not they should receive post-exposure prophylaxis. For example, how effective is this treatment likely to be and what are the concerns that survivors must weigh?
Workshop 155: Sentencing Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Vermont
WHY SENTENCING NEEDS PROFOUND CHANGE; HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP
Moderator: Michael H. Marcus, Judge, Circuit Court, Multnomah County, Oregon Persistently archaic sentencing liturgy yields unacceptable recidivism and avoidable victimization. Judges eschew social science and accountability for repeated crimes by those we sentence. The public has responded by reducing judicial discretion. The combined result fails public safety and consumes many resources better spent on programs that would produce crime reduction. Sentencing support technology aims sentencing at crime reduction. Sentencing support tools developed under Oregon law have already seen noticeable changes in the direction of criminal justice. These tools will increase public safety; justify the restoration of informed judicial discretion; and rationalize the deployment of crime prevention and corrections resources.
Pan I 156: Dimensions of Terrorism Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Simmons
UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE TURKISH PERSPECTIVE Chair: Robert W. Taylor, University of North Texas
UNDERSTANDING THE MIDDLE EASTERN SUICIDE BOMBER Robert W. Taylor, University of North Texas This paper explores the conceptual and philosophical aspects of 'suicide bombing' currently being observed in the Middle East. Extracted from over two years of research and 500 cases world-wide, this paper provides significant differences between acts observed in Israel versus the rest of the world. Dispelling fact from fiction is an important part of this paper, as well as the development of specific recommendations designed to curtail the 'suicide bomber' behavior and phenomenon. THE EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON TURKEY'S SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STRUCTURE Tulin /eli, Turkish National Police Academy, Ankara Turkey has been sufferingfrom Terrorism for the last five decades. The fight against terrorism has affected Turkey's social and cultural structure deeply compared to other important events throughout the history. This presentation will focus on the social and cultural effects of terrorism on the population and then Turkey will be demonstrated as a case. PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICE Ali Ozodogan, Turkish National Police and UNT In this presentation, psychological forces leading terrorist acts and the relevant policy implications are explored. Regarding the psychological forces leading terrorism; the effects of individual and group psychology's and their faith/religion are explored. Finally, some recommendations towards eradicating the psychological causes of terrorism are presented. TURKISH HIZBALLAH: ITS IDEOLOGY, TACTICS, AND FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEBONESE HIZBALLAH AND TURKISH HIZBALLAH Suleyman Ozeren, University of North Texas Religious extremist organizations have been major focus of the world and in particular, the United States after the attack of September 11 2001. Terrorist organizations, such as ai-Qa'ida, Hizballah (Party of God), HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement), Abu Sayyaf Group are some of the major Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organizations. This paper will analyze the Turkish Hizballah (Party of God) terrorist organization. The Hizballah is the religious extremist group which is active in Turkey, and it is unrelated to Lebanese Hizballah which is primarily Shia and located mainly in South Lebanon. The focus of the paper will include the ideology and the structure of the Turkish Hizballah. It will also focus on the financial and recruitment resources of the organization. Furthermore, the tactics, and the major attacks executed by the Hizballah will be examined. Finally, differences between Turkish Hizballah and Lebanese based Hizballah will be addressed. INTERROGATION OF TERRORISTS: THE EXAMPLES OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALIST HIZBALLAH AND SEPARRETIST, LEFTIST DHPKIC Onder Aytac, TA DOC, Ankara; Samih Teymur, TA DOC, Ankara This paper will focus on interrogation of terrorists with the examples of the Islamic fundamentalist Hizballah and separatist and leftist OHKPC. How interrogation of terrorists is performed and the differences between terrorist interrogation and general interrogation will be analyzed. Critical issues that an interrogator should consider are discussed. In particular, the things that should or should not be done at the time of terrorist interrogation will be focused. (The attendees willbe given CD-ROM about the presentation.)
Panel 157: Juvenile Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Wellesley
SCHOOLS, DELINQUENCY, AND VIOLENCE
Chair: Lisa Hutchinson Wallace, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
DIFFERENTIAL OPPRESSION AND NON-FATAL SCHOOL VIOLENCE: IS IT A MATTER OR DEGREE OR EMOTION? Lisa Hutchinson Wa llace, University ofAlaska, Fairbanks This paper explores the applicability of differential oppression theory to incidents of non-fatal school violence. Specifically, the study sought to address whether the degree of oppression or the feelings associated with oppression produce such behavior. Data were obtained from a survey of public school students in grades 611\ 8th, 10th. and 1 ih administered during the 2001-2002 school year in a rural southern county. Less serious forms of oppression, such as verbal and emotional abuse, were measured along parental, and teacher behaviors. In a departure from the theory, peer-related measures of oppression were also included. Feelings associated with oppression, such as anger, frustration, and self-esteem, were also incorporated. Multiple regression were then utilized to examine the data. AN EVALUATION OF THE NATIONAL JUSTICE BASED AFTER SCHOOL JBAS PILOT PROGRAM: ACADEMIC AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR William R. Blount, University of South Florida; Lt. Carol E. Rasor, Pinellas Count(y (FL) )Sher iff's Office Recognizing the need for after school programs as an important component of juvenile crime prevention, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) initiated the Justice Based After school pilot program to encourage police agencies and community-based organizations to work in partnership to supplement existing primarily recreational after-school programs with educational, cultural, life skills, social and recreational opportunities. Law enforcement agencies often partnered with a Police Athletic League, a Boys and Girls Club, and/or other youth based community organizations. Academic and behavior grades improved significantly over time and exceeded those of a matched control group. Participation also reduced criminal behavior. TAKING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS SERIOUSLY: PERCEPTIONS OF TRUANCY, DRUGS, VIOLENCE, AND DELINQUENCY Carrie M. Harter, Sam Houston State University; Janet L. Mullings, Sam Houston State University; James W. Marquart, Sam Houston State University A study conducted in a southern Texas district reveals students' behaviors and attitudes toward truancy, illegal drug activities, violence, and other delinquent behavior. Approximately 941 high school students participated in the survey, representing the entire student body of the school. Results of the study are consistent with concepts presented in Social Learning Theory and yield important implications for drug and violence prevention/intervention programs. In response, the school district is taking proactive efforts to address truancy and delinquency by collaborating with community agencies. Implications for future research will also be discussed. JUVENILE ATTENDANCE COURT: THE PROCESS AND EFFECTS OF A MULTI-AGENCY INTERVENTION TO REDUCE ABSENTEEISM IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS David Mueller, Boise State University; Andre w Giacomazzi, Boise State University On any given day, hundreds of thousands of youth are absent from school: many are absent without an excuse and thus deemed truant. Truancy has been linked to problem behaviors including academic failure, involvement in serious delinquency, and school dropout. Thus, the prevention of truancy is assumed to have beneficial effects far into the future. This study provides an overview of an innovative truancy abatement program operating in Idaho known as the Ada County Attendance Court. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented to show how the program operates, its effects, and how it differs from other truancy prevention programs nationwide. TRENDS IN SCHOOL CRIME AND VIOLENCE: A COMPARISON OF SCHOOL CRIME MEASURES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIOLNCE PREVENTION Richard Lawrence, St. Cloud State University; David Mueller, Boise State University The percentage of students being victimized at school has declined or remained constant, and students seem to feel safer at school now than just a few years ago. The prevalence of some types of school crimes has not changed however, and the percentage of students who are threatened or injures with a weapon on school property continues to be a problem. This paper examines trends in school crime and violence and compares findings of the two primary sources of school crime measures: the School Crime Supplement of the NCVS and the Principal/School Disciplinarian Survey on School Violence. Some research suggests that school crime incidents are significantly under-reported. The paper discusses school crime measures and implications for school violence prevention policies.
Roundtable1 58: Police Practice Strategy Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
ISSUES AND ANSWERS IN HOMICIDE& INVESTIGAIVE STRATEGIES: MURDER CLEARANCE RATE RESEARCH
Moderator: John Jarvis, FBIAcad emy Discussants: Carl Jensen, FBI Academy and Heather Davies, American Bar Association This roundtable will be devoted to examining factors that may affect law enforcement's ability to clear murder cases. Murder clearance rates have varied from a high of about 90% in the 1960s to lows of about 65% in the mid 1990s. The variation in the effectiveness of police investigative strategies for these crimes is not limited to just police practice. Social disorganization factors, routine activities elements, resource allocation strategies and manners and customs of local, state, and federal law enforcement may impact these outcomes. This roundtable will focus on these dimensions, attempt to identify commonalities and current best practices in use in law enforcement, and suggest directions for future research.
Roundtable 159: Prisoner Reentry Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATED INCARCERATON ON NEIGHBORHOODS
Moderator: Todd R. Clear, John Jay College Discussants: William Feyerhern, Portland State University; Willia m Sabol, Case We stern Reserve University; James Lynch, The American University; Dina Rose, Women's Prison Association This roundtable is a group or researchers who are studying the impact of high concentrations of incarceration on various factors of neighborhood life. The group is analyzing datasets in urban settings around the country to determine the spatial effects of concentrated incarceration on poor places. The group has met on three occasions, and continues to meet to share perspectives on this agenda.
Roundtable 160: Jails Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
PRACTITIONER PERSPECTIVES: NEEDED CORRECTION AND JAIL RESEARCH ON MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP (AND MANAGERS AND LEADERS)
Moderator: Leonard Morgenbesser, Empire State College, State University of New York
Discussants: Kathleen Denehy, Department of Corrections - Commonwealth of Massachusetts; Peter Perroncello, Bristol County Jail; Arthur Leonardo, North American Association of Wa rdens and Superintendents; Stan Stojkovic, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee For at least the past quarter-century, various studies have been conducted on prison and jail management and leadership (and prison and jail managers and leaders). Supervisory management and supervisors have been studied to a lesser extent, but such studies are far exceeded by research on line correction officers. This ro undtable, through interaction between academics and experienced prison and jail executives, and representatives of leading professional associations, should hopefully facilitate emergent practitioner perspectives as to what furtherstudies of prison and jail management and leadership (and managers and leaders) may be needed in view of research, which has previously been completed.
Roundtable 161: Jails Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF JAIL AND PRISON POLICIES
Moderators: John Krimmel, Th e College of New Jersey: Mario Paprozzi, Th e College of New Jersey A cornerstone of the reinvention of state and local governments has been to convert programs into revenue produsers rather than revenue drains. There is little dispute that the costs of building and operation jails and prisons pose on the hand an excessive tax burden on citizens. An alternative view is that jails and prisons are often used to ameliorate state and local economic problems in overt and latent ways. The juxtaposition of state and local economic and political considerations on jail and prisons policies is potentially an impediment to professional policy development. Roundtable 162: Comparativ and International Criminal Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
POLICE MISCONDUCT: INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
Co-Moderators: Bertus R. Ferreira, East Carolina State University; Peter Johnstone, East Carolina University This roundtable will address international police misconduct in developed and emerging nation states and will include issues of: Police brutality, corruption and departmental policy violations; effects of police misconduct on the rights of citizens; public perceptions of police service; barriers to effective police community relations; and legislative/policy responses. Active audience participation will be encouraged.
Roundtable 163: Police Organization and Management Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
WOMEN IN POLICING: REFLECTIONS AND REALITIES
Moderator: Joycelyn Pollock, Southwest Te xas State University Di cussants: Mittie Southerland, Murray State University; Linda Forst, Shoreline Community College; Donna Stuccio, Onondaga Community College; Denise Kindschi Gosselin, We stern New England College; Pam Glezman, Lee College; Lee Bennett, Westfield Police Department This roundtable will serve as a forum for a discussion of several current issues regarding women in policing. All participants (except for the convener) are female academics who have been or are currently in law enforcement. From their unique perspective we will look at the following issues: Whether women today are less likely to be attracted to law enforcement? Whether there will be an increase in the number of women in policing? Whether women have been involved as men in ethical transgressions, including unlawful use of force? Whether women are proportionately represented in management? Whether women have influenced the management of policing? We especially invite other law enforcement professionals to attend and join the discussion.
Roundtable 164: Dimensions of Comparative and International Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA
Moderator: Godpower 0. Okereke, Texas A&M University, Texarkana Discussant: Uwazie Ernest, California State University, Sacramento; Oko Elechi, University of Wisconsin, Parkside; 0/ufunke A. Fontenot, Georgia College and State University; Godpower 0. Okereke, Texas A&M University, Texarkana; Christian C. Onwudiwe, Yo ungstown State University; lhekwoaba Onwudiwe, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Ernest Uwazie, California State University, Sacramento The area known today as Nigeria was home for several independent city-states with different political systems, tradition, ethnic heritage, cultural beliefs and practices, norms, values and who speak many different languages and dialects. After several years of colonial rule by the British government, the conglomeration known today as Nigeria came into being. On October 1, 1960, Nigeria was granted its independence from Britain. Inability of the first civilian administration to control political violence around the country ushered in the first military government. This military coup was followed by another and within seven years of independence, Nigeria was plunged into a civil war. With the exception of the period between 1979-1983, Nigeria has primarily been ruled by the military. This panel discusses the problem of "Political Violence in Nigeria" in an effort to call attention to the areas that need to be addressed by both the current and future civilian administrations.
Roundtable 165: Capital Punishment Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
THE FUTURE OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
Moderator: Robert M Bohm, University of Central Florida Discussants: Michael B. Blakenship, Boise State University; W. Richard Janikowski, University of Mempis; Dennis Longmire, Sam Houston State University; Marla Sandys, Indiana University; Margaret Vandiver, University of Memphis The purpose of this roundtable, which has become a fixture at ACJS annual meetings, is to discuss new developments in the practice of capital punishment in the United States. Topics vary. Audience participation is encouraged.
Roundtable 166: Law Enforcement and School Safety Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SCHOOL SAFETY
Moderator: RosemaryMurphy, NIJ/OJPID OJ Discussants: Lawrence Tra vis, University of Cincinnati; Peter Pochowsi, Milwaukee Public Schools; Rickie Lovell, University of Wisconsin This roundtable will discuss the planning, implementation and results of the law enforcement and school cooperation in a major metropolitan area. Roundtable 167: Student Roundtable Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN RURAL STATES
Mod rator: Holly Dersham-Bruce, Dawson Community College Discussants: Patrick Kramer, Dawson Community College; Justin Payne, Dawson Community College; Ross Wells, Dawson Community College; Caleb Fry, Dawson Community College; Tyler Johnson, Dawson Community College; Tara Swope, Dawson Community College; Robert Andress, Dawson Community College Law Enforcement officers and agencies in rural areas are stretched thin throughout their states. With low manpower and resources, law enforcement must still fight and control crime over thousands of miles with sparse populations. Rural states have unique and effective ways of dealing with statewide drug, felony, and even misdemeanor crimes. This student roundtable discussion will address these methods of dealing with the crime problems faced by rural police agencies.
Roundtable 168: Criminal Justice Training Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
THE POLICE CORPS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Moderator: Robert Cole, Massachusetts Police Corps Program Manager Discussants: Mark Logan, Massachusetts Police Corps; Mary Parker, Arkansas Police Corps (UALR); William Bloss, South Carolina Police Corps (Citadel) The Police Corps of the U.S. Department of Justice addresses violent crime by helping state and local law enforcement agencies increase the number of officers with advanced education and training assigned to community patrol. The program is designed to motivate highly qualified young people to serve as police officers and sheriffs' deputies in the municipalities, counties and states that need them most by offering Federal scholarships on a competitive basis to college students who agree to complete the rigorous 16 to 24 week residential Police Corps training and serve where needed on community patrol for at least four yours. Presentations will include an update on the program and information about signature police training activities.
Roundtable 169: Corrections Th ursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E
ASSESSING TRENDS IN POST SECONDARY CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION
Mod rator: Bill Trega, Adrian College Trend assessing concept paper on "post secondary correctional education" (PSCE), serving as environmental scan exploring: 1) ways to PSCE evolving, 2) state systems investing and disinvesting in PSCE, 3) ways colleges delivering PSCE work together, 4) current political and fiscal climate and funding options, 5} effectiveness of different PSCE designs to accomplish transition from prison, enrollment on outside, and 6) trends in types of institutions involved in PSCE. Research is based on phone interviews with practitioners in State correctional systems, colleges and universities involved, and with opinion leaders who assess trends in public acceptance of publicly supported PSCE for offenders.
Roundtable 170: Student Roundtable Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E
THE INCIDENCE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN
Moderator: Delilah Dotremon, Dillard University Discussants: Lauren Phillips, Dillard University; Valencia Vessei, Dillard University; Charles McMillan, Dillard University; Ezzie Smith, Dillard University The literature on Spouse Abuse in African-American families has been hampered by the failure of researchers to gather large numbers of subjects from representative samples so that the research that exists is in conflict. Some studies have found that the rate of Black spousal violence is higher than for other racial and ethnic groups while other studies maintain that after controlling for class-related variables that Black intimate abuse is lower than for their White counterparts. This roundtable seeks to clarify the issue by presenting a discussion which organizes the handful of studies on African-American violence.
Panel 171 : Technology Development Thursday March 6, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Yarmouth
THE ROLE OF INTEGRATED JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING INFORMATION SHARING OF JUSTICE SYSTEM DATA Ralph E. loimo, Auburn University This paper evaluates three major Integrated Justice Information System (IJIS) projects implemented in San Diego County, Los Angeles County and the State of Minnesota. This evaluation research project examines recent criminal justice information system project implementations that have been implemented where police, prosecutors, courts and corrections have developed integrated information systems and are sharing critical data. The paper critically looks at the data that is collected by each of these justice agencies and how that data is shared and the technologies used to share the data across disparate information system hardware and software platforms. Panel 172: Drugs Alcohol Abuse and Control Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon A
DRUG COURT & Chair: William Wakefield, University of Nebraska at Omaha
PATTERNS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN A DRUG COURT SETTING Erika Davis-Frenze/, University of Nebraska at Omaha; William Wa kefield, University of Nebraska at Omaha This research is an extension of the research conducted by E. Wolf and C. Colyer (2001 ). One purpose of this research is to explore the patterns of recovery (clear sailers, late bloomers, occasional stumblers, and chronic stumblers) found in Wolf and Colyer (2001 ). The second purpose of this research is to explore the patterns of recovery and the relationship between these patterns and successful completion or failure. Drug court clients were observed from intake to graduation or failure. Qualitative analysis showed patterns of success and failure, which developed through three years of observations of a single drug court. DRUG USE AND NEED FOR TREATMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT ARRESTEES William R. Crawley, Grand Va lley State University; William Wa kefield, University of Nebraska at Omaha In recent years, the US has experienced a significant escalation in drug use and abuse. This increase has been especially noticeable within the criminal justice system. While many societies have begun to react to these changing drug dynamics by means of various criminal justice strategies (e.g. drug courts, alternative sentencing), these initiatives have typically been undertaken without the benefit of empirically based 'localized' data. This absence of regionally applicable data has left many policy makers with a 'knowledge gap' regarding drug prevalence issues - use and need for treatment. The current research collected and utilized multiple data sets, offering an opportunity for a Midwestern community to specifically examine its own drug prevalence dynamics. DRUG COURTS: ALLIES OR ENEMIES OF THE WAR ON DRUGS? Donald Shoemaker, Virginia Te ch; Danielle McDonald, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper examines closed case files gathered during an evaluation of a drug court program. These files include drug court participants from January 1997 to December 2000, who were terminated from or finished the program. 261 cases were reviewed. The files included information such as social background, criminal and drug use histories, and post release conviction records. Those who were non-white, irregularly employed, and those with two or more criminal convictions were less likely to complete the program. Of the 261 participants, 61 (68.2%) graduated or fulfilled the requirements of the 1-year program. This program saved the state about $14,000 per year compared to one year in prison. THE COLOR OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: ASSESSING RACIAL DISPARITY IN DRUG COURT OPPORTUNITIES Daniel C. Dahlgren, Kent State University; Peter C. Kra tcoski, Kent State University; Denise Buckenburger, Kent State University; Daniel Dye, Kent State University The CHANCE Program is the name of the Drug Court operating in Stark County Ohio. Upon evaluating this program in 2001, it was found that African Americans were more likely to be charged with felony 4 drug possessions in contrast to the felony 5 drug charges received by their Caucasian counterparts {Kratcoski and Dahlgren, 2001 ). A subsequent analysis of all of the felony cases of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas in the years 1999-2001 was performed, with a specific focus on drug charges. The findings are discussed in relation to the community correction opportunity of the drug court, and the stipulation that felony 3 drug offenders are denied eligibility. A PROCESS AND OUTCOME EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE DRUG TREATMENT COURTS IN ONE JURISDICTION Vivian B. Lord, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Paul C. Friday, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Bobbie Fields, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Mecklenburg County, North Carolina has begun to compile a rich database of their clients in drug treatment courts. A complete process evaluation was conducted in order to examine the program. The assessment examined the successful aspects of the program, as well as what can be used to enhance the performance of the program. Also outcome measures beyond recidivism were evaluated to obtain a more complete picture of the economic benefits of the DTC program. Policy implications will be discussed.
Workshop 173: Innovations in Policing Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5: 15 Salon B
PRACTITIONER/ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS IN POLICING
Moderator: Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University
Presenters: Superintendent Edward Davis, Lowell Police Department; James Jordan, Director, Office of Strategic Planning, Boston Police Department; Maryanne Hinckle, Assistant U.S. Attorney, New England The session will describe the types of academic/practioner partnerships that have been formed in Boston and the results of these partnerships. The presenters will discuss the challenges and benefits of practioner /academic partnerships specifically in the areas of police training, program development and evaluation and gun interdiction. Upon completion workshop attendees should have an enhanced understanding of the challenges involved in developing and sustaining these relationships and the an expanded set of ideas for new areas where such relationship could be developed.
Panel 174: Information, Media, and Public Policy Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon C
POLITICS AND CRIME POLICY
Chair: Kevin Ryan, Vermont Bar Association DISENFRANCHISEMENT LAWS: WHAT'S THEIR POINT? Elizabeth Hull, Rutgers University-Newark At the time of the 2000 Presidential election a staggering 4.2 million citizens were disenfranchised -- denied the right to vote - including many who have long since served their sentences. Such laws undermine democratic principles and sap political strength from minority communities. Since these laws skew the composition of the electorate, they influence political contests and resulting public policy. The Supreme Court has held that states may not inflict punishment gratuitously, but only to further the traditional ends of criminal justice: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation. This paper analyzes the extent to which these objectives are promoted by disenfranchisement statutes. FISCAL FEDERALISM IN CRIME CONTROL: THE CASE OF OHIO Nancy Marion, University of Akron For many years the Federal Government has provided states with economic assistance for various criminal justice programs. These grant programs began with the passage of the 1968 Omnibus Safe Streets Act, which created the LEAA program, and have continued through the current presidential administration. The current study examines ten years of federal fiscal assistance to provided Ohio to determine if the level of financial assistance varies over time, by presidential administration, or by congressional session (specifically the majority party in congress). Differentcategories of grants are also investigated, and recommendations made for the future. PARTISANSHIP IN THE MAKING OF CRIME POLICY Michael Israel, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences For a generation the Republican Party controlled the crime policy agenda in the United States with "tough on crime" rhetoric and policy, and subsequent electoral rewards, while the Democratic Party struggled to overcome a "soft on crime" image. Arguably, from the 1968 presidential election to the 1990's, crime was the most salient political issue during elections, as personified by the "Willie Horton Effect." Today, crime is almost invisible in campaign rhetoric, but not in government policy. Reasons and implications will be examined. AFDC TO TANF: THE EFFECTS OF WELFARE REFORM ON INSTRUMENTAL AND EXPRESSIVE CRIMES Melissa W Burek, St. Ambrose University; Jean Venaglia, St. Ambrose University In 1996, Congress modified the most common form of welfare assistance, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) by passing The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act limited lifetime benefits to eligible recipients, and called for states to design and implement their own programming to shift the welfare-receiving population to wage earners. Past studies have found a significant relationship between welfare spending and crime in a positive direction. This study builds upon the existing research by examining spending in AFDC's replacement program, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). It explores the relationship between TANF spending and crime in Iowa in the year 2000. More specifically, this study examines this relationship by focusing on the effects TANF spending has on instrumental versus expressive offenseswhile controlling for other structural covariates of crime. OPERATION STOREFRONT: AN ANTI-TOBACCO YOUTH ADVOCACY CAMPAIGN Lorraine Samuels, Prairie View A & M University; Phillip Hirsh, Prairie View A & M University; Clete Snell, Prairie Vie w A & M University The purpose of Operation Storefront is to expose the practices of the tobacco industry in advertising tobacco products to youth. Middle school and high school youth in southeast Texas were organized to conduct surveys of tobacco advertising and promotions at retail stores that sell tobacco products in their communities. Youths made observations concerning the frequency and brand type of tobacco ads, the location of ads, and promotions in the store, and the presence of minimum age notices. Youths publicized the results of their findings to the local media and asked storeowners to eliminate or reduce their tobacco advertising .
Panel 175: Capital Punishment Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon D
CURRENT AND EMERGING LEGAL ISSUES Chair: Benjamin Fleury-Steiner, University of Delaware
CAPITAL SENTENCING IN JUDGE-OVERRIDE STATES: RUSHING TO JUDGEMENT AND DENYING RESPONSIBI LITY Wanda Foglia, Rowan University; William J. Bowers, Norlheastern University; Michael E. Antonio, Norlheastern University The U.S. Supreme Court held that judges could not impose a death sentence without the participation of a jury in Ring v. Arizona (2002). Sure to follow are challenges to override statutes that allow judges to impose death after a juryrec ommends life. The Capital Jury Project's interviews with 1201 jurors from 354 capital trials in 14 states reveals differences in the way jurors make their sentencing decisions in three override states compared to eleven states where the jury's decision is binding. This paper will describe problems in override states such as jurors devoting less time to, and denying responsibility for, the sentencing decision. THE JUVENILE DEATH PENALTV: IN THE ABSENCE OF MATURITY, INDEPENDENCE, AND RESPONSIBILITY Benjamin Fleury-Steiner, University of Delaware; William J. Bowers, Michael E. Antonio, Norlheastem University The U.S. Supreme Court's ban on the death penalty for the mentally retarded in Atkins v. Virginia (2002) will surely renew claims that the juvenile death penalty should also be outlawed. Interviews with jurors in cases with defendants 18 or less at the time of their crimes indicate that jurors tend not to regard juvenile defendants as fully independent and fully responsible agents. Jurors do not simply say that youthfulness was mitigating; instead, they cite a constellation of factors that combine to make the death penalty seem inappropriate, not merely less appropriate. CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE LOCKETT KIND: PENALTY PHASE PRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE "DEFENDANT'S CHARACTER OR RECORD AND ANY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE OFFENSE" Charles S. Lanier, SUNY-Albany Defense counsel introduce mitigating evidence at capital sentencing hearings in an attempt to obtain "a sentence less than death" (Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978)) for their clients. Using actual sentencing trial transcripts from 15 death penalty cases, this paper explores how mitigating evidence is brought to the attention of the capital jury. The transcripts are a valuable source of information about the various types of penalty-phase witnesses, and how their testimony is presented to jurors by counsel. Interviews with capital jurors in the same cases supplement the transcript analysis, and offer insights into the impact of trial testimony and witnesses. The usefulness of integrating trial transcripts and juror interviews also is addressed in this paper. SEXUAL PREDATOR? CHANGING THE DEFINITION AFTER KANSAS v. CRANE Alison McKenney Brown, Wichita State University When the United States Supreme Court determined that the Sexual Predator statute adopted by the State of Kansas was Constitutional, it seemed to base its decision on levels of self-control exhibited by persons alleged to be sexual predators. In a January 2002 decision, however, the meaning of volitional self-control was more closely examined and defined by the Court. In Kansas v. Crane, the Court clearly sets forth the amount of legal weight lower courts should give to the concept of "volitional impairment."
Panel 176: Prisons Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Tufts
POLICY ISSUES MIX Chair: RosemaryL. Gido, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
CAN WE BUILD BETTER MOUSETRAPS? SUPERMAX PRISONS, "CONTROL UNITS", AND THE LIMITS OF INHUMANITY Kevin B. Davenport, SCI Mahanoy; RosemaryL. Gido, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Scant attention has been given to the ongoing and ominous trend of a burgeoning use of supermax prisons and "control units" by corrections departments throughout the United States. The supermaxes and control units frequently feature the use of extraordinary forms of physical and psychological coercion and restraints. Typically, the individuals assigned to such facilities are subjected to lengthy periods of isolation. Some prisoners have spent years in such units. Moreover, there has been documented an expanded use of pepper sprays, mace, stun belts, head masks, restraint chairs and beds. This paper will explore various legal challenges that have been raised about conditions of confinement, whether too frequently severely mentally ill prisoners end up in the control units and the threat of over-classification, i.e., the "because we have built it, they will come" mind set. Several broader implications will be examined, including the use of supermaxes in relation to international law and its impact on the civil rights of all citizens. PRISONS AND REHABILITATION ARE LIKE OIL AND WATER - CAN THEY MIX? Susan C. Craig, Kaplan College This paper will explore the organization structure of prisons and human services rehabilitation programs in prisons. Can the two work successfully together? Following a brief historical review of the literature on rehabilitation programs in prisons, a "how to" will be offered for developing successful partnerships between prisons and rehabilitation programs. THE RISE AND STALL OF PRISON PRIVATIZATION Richard Gulp, John Jay College Although the number of private prisons grew rapidly between 1984 and 1998, there is considerable evidence that prison privatization peaked in 1999 and is now on the decline. This paper examines a number of factors behind this change, including: declining incarceration rates, shifting public opinion on crime, overbuilding of facilities, rising intergovernmental commerce in prisoners, new state-level legislation antagonistic to the private prison industry, declining federal court involvement in prison matters, and a number of well-publicized serious incidents. Also, the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the recent wave of corporate scandals have renewed the debate over the propriety of using private companies to provide public safety services. The paper summarized both positive and negative lessons learned from privatization and discussed the implications for criminal justice policy. E-GOVERNMENT AND CORRECTIONS: THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON STATE AND FEDERAL PRISON SYSTEMS Bernard J. McCarthy, University of Central Florida; Laurie Gould, University of Central Florida This paper examines the impact of the Internet on state and federal correctional systems by examining the websites created by those organizations. While prison systems have been characterized as fairly resistant to change, they have not been immune from significant changes in the area of information technology (IT). Corrections, particularly prison systems, have followed national trends, albeit a little slower that the private sector, in adopting IT innovations in hardware, software, and the use of communication devices. This paper also reports on the trends in the use of IT by state and federal correctional (prison systems) by analyzing content/features of the websites. RECIDIVISM'S RELATIONSHIP TO TREATMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS, AND STAFF ORIENTATION Mario Paparazzi, The College of New Jersey This study examines the effectiveness of intensive parole supervision as compared to traditional parole supervision in reducing instances of criminal behavior. Overall outcome effects of intensive parole supervisionto traditional parole supervision, as well as social work/law enforcement staff orientations and the organizational environment of each district parole office was examined. The data suggest that intensive parole programs have potential for reducing recidivism. The most significant reductions in recidivism occur when the host organizational environment within which the program is implemented is supportive and when the parole officers possess a balanced orientation regarding the carrying out of their major performance objectives. Pan 1177: Whit -Collar Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston Univ.
CORPORATE SCANDAL IN AMERICA Chair: Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University, Shreveport
THE ENRONIZATION OF AMERICA: THE LEGACY AND IMPACT OF CORPORATE CORRUPTION Lloyd Klein, Louisiana State University, Shreveport The aftermath of illicit corporate practices initiated by Enron, Worldcom, Global Crossing, Martha Stewart, and other business entities prompted serious concern about corporate responsibility. The public scrutiny and related policy implications impacted the business community through a closer examination of corporate practices and citizen concern about seriously diminished retirement investment. This paper addresses commonalities and differences between the aforementioned corporate scandals and the impact of white-collar crime upon the larger society. Historical background from the savings and loan scandal is utilized in presenting a historical view reflecting contemporary white-collar/corporate crime scandals. WHITE-COLLAR CRIMINALITY: CORPORATE EPIDEMIC OR CAPITALIST BY -PRODUCT? Angela Dunlap, University of SouthernMississippi Enron, WorldCom, and more recently, Tyco, have become synonymous with unethical business practices, excessive greed, and indulgence. In capitalist terms, these high profile companies exemplify all that is wrong with corporate America. My study involves an analysis of The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice by Victor Kappeler, Mark Blumberg, and Gary Potter. They argue that corporate crime gets downplayed by the media and ignored or excused by government and law enforcement officials. In this paper, I examine current cases of white-collar crime in terms of how the media, law enforcement bureaucracies, and politicians control the images that are conveyed to the public, whether they are used to attract public attention or to win support for criminal policy. CORPORATE FRAUD: USING ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING THEORY TO EXPLAIN RECENT CORPORATE FAILURES Wa rren Wylupski, University of New Mexico At least four companies listed in April 2001 Fortune Magazine's top 50 have since been implicated in accounting fraud and corporate abuse. Highest on the list was Enron Corporation, which ranked number five on Fortune's list. Criminal charges are being sought against many of the corporate officers, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Enron. Newman (2000) suggests that unregulated organizational change may account for deviance that occurs at the organizational level as suggests. This paper discusses the recent prevalence of problems that occur, such as white-collar fraud, as a result of unregulated enterprise change dynamics.
Workshop 178: Legal Research Methods Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston College
RULE OF LAW REFORM AND THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
Moderator: David Fagelson, Th e American University Discussants: Patrick Meagher, IRIS/University of Maryland; Karol So/tan, Governmentand Politics, University of Maryland This workshop will examine legal reform efforts by international aid agencies and their effect on the actual development of law governed institutions. In short,it asks whether legal reform assistance matters. Most of the panelists believe reform assistance is somewhat effective although not nearly as it might be. They differ on the reasons why this is so. So the workshop will examine whether the ineffectiveness of reform efforts is due to some structural problem having to do with outsiders giving assistance on an essentially local phenomena, or whether it is something more specific to the way in which legal development aid has been given. This workshop will take a multidisciplinary approach using normative, empirical (both qualitative and quantitative) and historical methodologies. This subject encompasses nearly the entire spectrum of legal research issues from abstract questions about the nature of law to concrete issues concerning how one measures civil and criminal compliance in countries making the transition to the rule of law.
Workshop 179: Policing Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Regis
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE FACILITIES
Moderator: Maurits Leesburg, Leesburg Van Pelt Architects Police work is highly dynamic; its housing must facilitate and satisfy certain specific characteristics: receiving the public and promoting public-friendliness, promoting employee safety, allowing security and reliability of information, providing administrative and specialist workplaces and areas for basic police care, a secure custody/cell block for keeping arrested persons. A police-training center should offer the facilities for basic training, further schooling and the maintenance of professional skills such as their physical and mental condition, shooting skills and shooting qualifications. The training curriculum dictates the facilities to be provided and so these training centers call for specific functionality and constructional qualities. Workshop 180: Dim nsions of T rrorism Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Nantuck t
TERRORISM AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE RESPONSE
Moderator: RobertHoff, Schenectady County Community College Pres nt rs: David J. Hennessy, Schenectady County Community College; David A. Kra mer, Bergen Community College; Eugene J. Evans, Jr.; William W. Johnson, Sr. This workshop will deal with the various courses and other areas such as specific training programs that the community college has offered to its community in response to the terrorist attacks of 9-1 1. Many of these have been done at the request of local governmental officials aimed at making our communities a safer place to live and work.
Panel 181: Information, Media, and Public Policy Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Simmons
MASS MEDIA: INFORMING THE PUBLIC Chair: Rose Bigler, Olivet Nazarene University
IF IT BLEEDS, IT LEADS Carol Getty, ParkUniver sity This paper will focus on the reaction of the criminal justice system to the media. Crime stories sell newspapers, television advertising, and movie attendance. The mass media covers crime more frequently than any other issue and has historically, especially since the beginning of commercial TV. The media is in the business of selling; they operate on tight deadlines and report easy, sensational stories, without contextual information. Television, and to a lesser extent, newspapers and movies have a major influence on how Americans view crime and justice and what they perceive to be the best punishments for offenders and the best preventive methods. ·you SOUND LIKE AN INMATE OR A JOURNALIST Steve Youngblood, Park University This paper will view how the media views the criminal justice system, and will look at the relationship between the media and law enforcement, courts and corrections, based on research and experiences from team teaching a "Media and Criminal Justice" course. Law enforcement "feeds" the media stories and is proactive in building relationships, and in exchange the media will sometimes hold stories if requested to do so and will publish the "Good fellow retirement" type stories. Court stories are less easy to get, but obtainable from most court personnel. Corrections tends to remain closed and insulated, and has a different relationship with the media. INVESTIGATION AND MEDIA CONFLICTS IN THE GREEN RIVER SERIAL MURDER CASE Tomas Guillen, Seattle University This paper revolves around the Green River Serial Murder Case of Seattle, Washington, and the relationship between investigators and the news medias over a 20-year period. Highlights: 1) Specific media coverage-behavior that influenced law enforcement investigative decisions and how investigators dealt with journalists; and 2) specific law enforcement investigative decisions aimed at manipulating the media to control what information the public received. INFORMING THE PUBLIC: PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS PROCEDURES Judith Sturges, Penn State University - Fayette; Katherine Hardesty, Slippery Rock University; Dave Roberts, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections This paper reports on a collaborative effort between academe and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (DOC), initiated by academicians, to develop a handbook to inform family and friends of state inmates about the correctional system. The handbook focuses on both information about correctional procedures and the emotional and social needs of inmates' significant others. Both the DOC and the public benefit from this collaborative effort. Also, academicians enhanced their teaching effectiveness. The project serves as a model fo r other academic-practitioner collaboration. A LIFE OR DEATH ISSUE: THE MEDIA'S PORTRAVAL OF VICTIMS IN THE ILLINOIS DEATH PENALTV DEBATE Elizabeth Brown; Christine Englebrecht, SUNY-Albany This research provides a content analysis of the media's coverage, and subsequent portrayal, of both murder victim's families and death row inmates and their families surrounding the proposed commutation of the states death row inmates. Evaluating this issue in the context of the political framework of Illinois, this research examines the specific exposure given to this issue through the news media coverage. Based on the idea of worth versus unworthy victims proposed by Herman and Chompsky (1988), this study analyses the portrayal of victims at various levels of media coverage. Emerging in this analysis is the concept of a more ''worthy" victim, as seen by the amount and qualitative nature of the media coverage provided.
Panel 182: Dimensions of PartnerViolenc e Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Suffolk
PARTNER VIOLENCE: ISSUES FACING LAW ENFORCEMENT
Chair: Angie Moe, We stern Michigan University
DOMESTIC ABUSE INVOLVING POLICE PERSONNEL Robert W. McKenna, Roger Williams University This study focuses upon perhaps the most difficultsubset of offenders within the world of domestic abusers, to identify: police officers themselves. Evidence of a higher prevalence rate of domestic violence among police officers seems to be emerging (Johnson, 1991; Neidig et al., 1992). This study seeks to replicate prior work done (Neidig et al., 1992). Prior studies offer alarming numbers of law enforcement personnel engaging in domestic abuse. Data developed will better inform and build upon the work in policy development and human resource management training that Roger Williams University School of Justice Studies has done through its Justice System Research and Training Institute (2000). REPEAT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE CITY OF NEWARK: PREVALENCE AND POLICY OPPORTUNITIES Marie Mele, Rutgers University In the last 20 years, the study of repeat victimization has led to greater understanding and better prevention of crimes, such as burglary, robbery, small business crime, and vehicle theft. Repeat victimization as it relates to domestic violence, however, has received less empirical attention. The present study seeks to further examine the phenomenon of repeat victimization by assessing the nature and extent of repeat domestic violence in the city of Newark, New Jersey. The study uses official police data (incident reports and calls for service)to : identify repeat victims of domestic violence; and determine the extent to which repeat victimization contributes to the city's rate of domestic violence. OFFICERS' IDENTIFICATION OF BATTERED SPOUSE SYNDROME AND ITS INFLUENCE ON POLICE RESPONSES TO VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Brenda Sims Blackwell, Georgia State University; MaryA. Finn, Georgia State University Prior research has primarily focused on police decisions to arrest in family violence incidents and has often ignored how police respond to the victims. This research explores this question by first determining whether officers recognize the signs of battered wife syndrome and what officers infer about the wife, husband, and incident based on that recognition. In addition, this research examines the influence of the presence of battered wife syndrome and officers' inferences on their decisions to arrest or refer the women victims to appropriate community resources. Police officers were randomly assigned one of four hypothetical scenarios that varied by presence of symptoms of battered wife syndrome. They also were asked to ascertain what they inferred about the wife's level of blameworthiness, responsibility, dangerousness, and self-defense. Finally, outcomes examined include arrest, mediation and referrals to shelters, mental health and other services. Questions will be addressed by utilizing MANOVA and multinomial regression analyses. PUBLIC'S AND POLICE OFFICERS' INTERPRETATION AND HANDLING OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CASES: DIVERGENT REALITIES Loretta J. Stalans, Loyola University of Chicago; MaryA. Finn, Georgia State University This study examines the extent to which the public and police officers agree on their interpretation and handling of hypothetical domestic violence cases. We sampled 131 experienced officers, 127 rookie officers, and 157 adult lay members form the jury pool. The respondents read a six page hypothetical case of a domestic violence situation that varied on three dimensions: moderately severe injury or no injury to the woman, the woman had a normal, hallucinating or drunken mental state, and the couple was either antagonistic toward each other or wanting to settle the argument. We found that the public was less likely to arrest compared experienced police officers and rookie officers. By examining their interpretation of these cases, we provide some explanations for their divergent responses, which have implications for educating the public and professionals. THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, RELATIONSHIP, AND OTHER SITUATIONAL FACTORS ON REPORTING VIOLENCE TO THE POLICE Paui-Phillipe Pare, Th e Pennsylvania University; Richard Felson, The Pennsylvania University It is often assumed that victims and witnesses of domestic violence, particularly assaults committed by husbands, are reluctant to call the police. Surprisingly, the evidence as to whether domestic violence is less likely to come to the attention of the police than violence involving strangers is mixed. In this research, we re-examine the issue using data on assaults, threats, sexual assaults, and stalking from the Survey of Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men. In particular, we examine whether victim and third party reporting depend on the additive or multiplicative effects of gender, social relationship, and the nature and seriousness of the crime.
Panel 183: Juvenile Justice Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5: 15 Wellesley
JUVENILE JUSTICE ADVOCACY: EFFECTIVE TREATMENT PROGRAMS I
Chair: Lorraine Hogan, SUNY-Albany
THIS FAMILY WENT TO THERAPY, THIS FAMILY STAYED HOME: PARENTS AND JUVENILE TREATMENT Lorraine Hogan, SUNY-Albany The importance of parent involvement to the success of juvenile treatment and family preservation/ reunification efforts has been recognized. This paper presents an analysis of interviews with samples of staff from two agencies that provide treatment services for youths and their families and from collateral agencies: court, social services, probation and schools. Reports of youth and family characteristics are compared with descriptions of family-related program activities and treatment goals. Implications for program planning and the formulation of treatment goals and outcome measures are discussed. EXPECTATIONS ABOUT TREATMENT OUTCOMES: A STUDY OF INTER-AGENCY AND INTRA-AGENCY DIFFERENCES Justin Engel, SUNY-Albany; Leigh Nakama, SUNY-Albany; Dana Peterson, SUNY-Albany Extant research regarding the effectiveness of achieving outcomes in Family Preservation Programs remains inconclusive. This study explores inter-agency and intra-agency disjunction in expectations about treatment outcomes within two such programs serving the needs of delinquent adolescents and their families in Upstate New York. Data analyzed come from open-ended interviews with 30 inter-agency treatment and administrative staff members and 24 intra-agency representatives, including members of the judiciary, schools, probation departments, county social services, and collateral treatment agencies. We examine the extent to which the treatment goals and definitions of success differ and speculate how these differences influence the effectiveness of treatment processes. FREEDOM ROAD: OREGON'S VERSION OF SCARED STRAIGHT Lee Ayers Schlosser, Southern Oregon University Oregon State Penitentiary allowed Lifers at their facility to design a deterrent program fo r juveniles called Freedom Road. This program is not just another "talk tough" program. The program is integrated into several high schools. What makes Freedom Road design unique is that the Lifers Unlimited Club developed and implements the curricula? Freedom Road program gives Lifers the opportunity to present valuable information to young people who are faced with many of the same obstacles that the inmates themselves were faced with during their "free life." Designed around the use of cognitive skills and empowerment to provide juveniles with the essential skills and opportunities to improve the quality of their life choices the curriculum was originally developed to assist Lifers efforts to repay their debt to society. NAVIGATING A DIFFICULT TERRAI N: DILEMMAS OF OUTCOMES RESEARCH IN JUVENILE TREATMENT FACILITIES Wm . Scott Cunningham, SUNY-Albany; David E. Duffee, SUNY-Albany; Dana Peterson, SUNY-Albany We report in this paper our continuing experience of developing an outcomes measurement system in two juvenile treatment facilities, with an eye toward illuminating the dilemmas that can face researchers in this work. In our experience, we have fo und that multiple, competing demands are often present that are not readily observable at the outset of such endeavors. The operating environment of agencies, accreditation standards, institutional review boards, the political dynamics of organizations, and other issues combine to create a tenuous situation for conducting research. The implications of these factors for research design and research utilization are discussed. PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INFORMATION AS A SOURCE OF CAPITAL IN THE JUVENILE COURT Simon I. Singer, Northeastern University; David Blake, St. Bonaventure University We draw on the concept of capital as information to relate how parental involvement is implemented in the juvenile court. Based on interviews with parents, probation officers, law guardians and other court staff in a mid-size Northeastern juvenile court, we found variation in the ability of parents to become involved in the juvenile court. Officials viewed limited parental involvement in terms of poor parenting skills, rather than parental neglect. Few officialssee parents as being at deliberate fault for their child's delinquent behavior. Rather, officials relate situational factors that prevent parents from gaining sufficient information to control their child's delinquency. Programs are needed to contribute to parental information on the juvenile justice system and on the control of their child's delinquency.
Panel 184: Dimensions of Hate Crime Thursday March 6, 2003 4:00-5:15 Yarmouth
ORIGINS OF HATE CRIME AND WHITE NATIONALISM
Chair: Joseph Kibitlewski, International College
WHITE NATIONALISM: A CULTURAL DILEMMA Richard N. Holden, Central Missouri State University White nationalism, the natural by-product of multiculturalism, is emerging as a newly constituted voice of power in American society. A new breed of leaders is emerging from the ranks of the ultra-conservative movements. Rejecting the violent rhetoric of hate, Klan robes, and swastikas of their predecessors, the new leaders have adopted the tactics of liberals in promoting their own brand of racial politics. Educated and intelligent, these people are skilled at using the arguments of multiculturalism to support white separatism. This paper looks at the cultural dilemma posed to a diverse society by the emerging ideology of White Nationalism. HATE CRIME IN IDAHO Ma ry K. Stohr, Boise State University; Shande/1 Kleppinger, Boise State University; Salvador Va zquez, Idaho State Patrol Hate crime research has typically been restricted to specific venues or infamous incidents. The Idaho Research and Analysis Consortium added hate crime questions to their statewide victimization survey for 2001. Over 2000 Idaho citizens were randomly surveyed regarding their hate crime victimization in the last year; We asked respondents it they had ever experienced a hate crime, what they thought their victimization was related to (e.g. race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, etc.) and what form it took. We fo und that hate crime victimization is a pernicious problem, with many varietal aspects in this rural mountain state. SHAME MANAGEMENT AS AN EXPLANATION OF BULLYING AND VICTIMIZATION Daniel Pontzer, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Both victims and bullies fail to acknowledge their shame but differ in the manner in which they repress it. Victims tend to internalize their shame into a disgust or hate of the self. This unidentified chronic psychic pain is released from the unconscious in all sorts of self-destructive behaviors that perpetuates a lowly self-concept, a self-concept that perceives itself as contemptible and deserving of abuse. Unfortunately, this lowly self-conception causes victims to elicit certain traits of vulnerability that make them easy targets fo r bullies who are always in the search of those who they can dominate and thereby inflate their own self-perception of themselves. II FRIDAY - MARCH 7, 2003 II
7:30am - 8:30am Journal of Criminal Justice Education Breakfast Boston University 7:30am- 8:30am Justice Quarterly Breakfast Boston College 8:30am- 5:00pm Exhibits University Hall 8:30am - 5:00pm Registration University Hall 8:30am -5:OOpm Alpha Phi Sigma University Hall 9:00am - 5:00pm Employment Exchange University Hall 9:00am - 11:00am Professional Development Seminar: Making large classes feel small: Facilitating learning in the mass class presented by Jay Howard Suffolk lO:OOam - 11:15am ACJS Business Meetin&fServing ACJS Wellesley 11:30am - 12:45pm ACJS Awards Luncheon and Presidential Address Salon E 1:00pm - 3:00pm Professional Development Seminar: Excel at statistics using Excel: Reducing apprehension and improving comprehension presented by Jon Proctor Suffolk 1:00pm - 2:15pm Joint Meeting of Minorities and Women Section and Mfirmative Action Committee Meeting Wellesley 1:00pm-5:00pm ACJS Executive Board Maine 2:30pm - 3:45pm Corrections Section Executive Board Meeting Cape Cod 4:00pm - 5:15pm Corrections Section General Board Meeting Cape Cod Panel 185: Juvenile Justice Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon A
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY I
Chair: Larry Stokes, Savannah State University
RISKY BEHAVIOR, FAMILY, TYPE AND SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY Larry Stokes, Savannah State University The Center for Disease Control (CDC) developed a survey to determine the extent to which youths engage in risky behavior. This instrument was administered to youths who participated in a federally funded program. The purpose of this study is to access the extent to which youths reported risky behavior and the degree to which fa mily type affected risky behavior. THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM AND JUVENILE JUSTICE Matthew B. Johnson, John Jay College Serious consideration of the current status and problems within the juvenile justice system warrants investigation of the relationship between the juvenile justice system and the child welfare system. It is obvious to scholars, and professionals in the field, that these 2 systems often interact with the same youth and families. This presentation will discuss research and literature that addresses the relationship between the juvenile justice and child welfare systems. There will be 2 points of focus; 1) The contribution of child maltreatment (abuse and neglect) to delinquency and offending, and 2) suggested remedies to improve the coordination of services between the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. ADOLESCENT PARRICIDE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Mindy R. Sefferino, Wright State University; Amy S. Louck, Wright State University Juvenile parricide offenders comprise a high percentage of juveniles arrested for homicide. Research on adolescent parricide offenders has been scant. The authors created an annotated bibliography on the available research pertaining to adolescent parricide. The bibliography was generated from literature accumulated after searching numerous databases such as Social Science Citation Index, Psyclnfo, and LexisNexis Academic Universe. Each piece of literature was summarized and critiqued. The available research focused primarily on case studies and offender characteristics. Legal literature addressed issues related to defending the adolescent parricide offender. Various avenues of research on parricide that need to be explored will be discussed. INVAS ION OF THE DRUG SNATHCERS Barbara A. Todish, Newark, NJ The concern is that non-thinking, or living by habit, on autopilot, etc., leads to submergence in a drug culture where "individuals" are PRACTICING to be human. They "try-on" their "humanity" in their gangs or with their peers and they "emerge" as pre-moral human being. Most of the students in Newark public schools (65%) are submerged in a drug culture. Before there can be any empowerment of the self (academic and/or training skills) there must be a "substitute self' that can practice empowerment. This proposal provides the methods and tools for these students to practice, pre-emerging into a balanced (i.e. non-drug) culture, and emerge with an authentic self.
Workshop 186: Comparative and International Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9 :45 Salon B
PROBLEMS IN PARADISE: CRIME AND JUSTICE IN BELIZE
Moderator: Bob Hanson, Northern Michigan University Participants: Greg Wa rchol, Northern Michigan University; Joan Mars, University of Michigan-Flint; Glenn Muschert, Purdue University Using a town meeting format, panel members and the audience will discuss a multi-media presentation about criminal justice issues in Belize. This highly interactive session will include comparisons with other Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and Guyana. Conference attendees with an interest in this international criminal justice issues are encouraged to attend.
Panel 187: Public Policy and Trends in Criminal Justice Friday, March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon C
EMERGING APP ROACHES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EVALUATIONS
Chair: Edwin W. Zed/ewski, National Institute of Justice
FLEXIBLE EVALUABILITY ASSESSMENTS: APPLICATIONS TO ADULT AND JUVENILE INTERVENTIONS Edwin W. Zedlewski, National Institute of Justice Evaluability assessments are activities that help an evaluator gauge the likelihood that an evaluation will be successful. The information derived from these assessments can avert large investments in "unevaluable" programs, identify and correct program blind spots, and inform the scope and structure of ensuing evaluation efforts . This information is particularly important to an agency like the National Institute of Justice because it is called upon to evaluate the programs of other federal agencies and rarely has first-hand knowledge of the program's operations. Assessments can apply any of a wide spectrum of investigative methods depending on the problem at hand, the resources available, and the size and complexity of the program to be evaluated. Evaluators can conduct modest assessments of a program's logic simply by reading descriptive reports at a desk. With a few telephone calls to the project site, an evaluator can learn about staff qualifications to operate the program and, with a little more time, receive sample records from the project's data systems. The National Institute of Justice has recently adopted a policy to assess the evaluability of all programs that it expects to evaluate. This paper reports on the application of this policy to a portfolio of 175 adult and juvenile justice programs that NIJ was required to evaluate. PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION STRATEGIES: THE COMPREHENSIVE INDIAN RESOURCES FOR COMMUNITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT (CIRCLE) PROJECT EVALUATION Winifred L. Reed, National Institute of Justice The CIRCLE Project is a three-year Federal initiative designed to empower American Indian Communities to fight crime, violence and substance abuse more effectively. Its goal is to assist communities in addressing local problems in a comprehensive way through effective planning and appropriate funding. The evaluation is participatory and has been planned and is being managed by the National Institute of Justice with active participation from the CIRCLE project sites and the Federal CIRCLE Project Team. The three CIRCLE Project sites are the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, Oglala Sioux Tribe and the Pueblo of Zuni. The goals of the first completed phase of the evaluation were to :Gain insights about the development of the CIRCLE Project and the three site tribes' specific strategies;Track the implementation of the tribal strategies; Develop insights about the existing environment or context (including the influence of tribal culture and government) on the strategies developed by each of the tribes; Develop insights about the progress and outcomes of the strategies; Describe partnerships within the tribes, and between tribal and non-tribal (especially Federal) agencies; and lay the groundwork for the outcome evaluation. This presentation will focus on lessons learned regarding the participatory evaluation approach used for the CIRCLE Project evaluation. LEARNING LESSONS AND LESSONS LEARNED: THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICES' RESEARCH DEMONSTRATION PROJECT STRATEGY Christopher A. Innes, National Institute of Justice In recent years, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has been experimenting with the use of Research Demonstration Projects in an attempt to facilitate the transfer of research findings into applications in Criminal Justice. The approach is designed to use theory based models that build upon the available research and to implement those models as demonstration projects integrated with a qusi-experimental research design intended to demonstrate program's effects. The strategy involves a strong collaboration between NIJ, the researchers on the project, and practitioners at the sites in which all three share responsibilities for ensuring program implementation integrity and operational consistency. One of the projects NIJ has carried out with this strategy has been the Braking the Cycle program, a pretrial diversion program for drug involved offenders that has been implemented at three adult sites and one juvenile site. These demonstrations are now nearing completion and the research has begun producing results on the programs effects on drug use, recidivism, and other measures of well-being. This provides an opportunity for a critical assessment of the strategy itself and its effectiveness as a means of encouraging research-based practices. EVALUATION IN REAL TIME: THE ACTION RESEARCH MODEL Lois F. Mock, National Institute of Justice In recent years, many federally funded programs have included research as an integral part of the design and implementation process. This has created a new role for a research and evaluation partner in multi-agency problem-solving efforts, differing significantly from the traditional experimental model requiring an assessment by an independent body with no involvement in the program itself. Instead, an action research partner participates in the program throughout all stages, as follows: problem identification, strategy design, program implementation and refinement, and program evaluation. This intensive involvement of the researcher as a partner in such problem-solving programs has brought significant benefits to the process, resulting in a number of well-publicized success stories. At the same time, however, this new role of the action researcher has raised special problems for both research and practitioner agencies involved, including data confidentiality and privacy concerns, ethical issues involving separation of research from law enforcement functions, data ownership and sharing, and IRS approval issues. This panel presentation will discuss the advantages and limitations of action research and will highlight successful examples in several current and recent Federal initiatives, such as Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) and Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN).
Panel 188: Capital Punishment Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon D
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT RESEARCH INITIATIVE Chair: William J. Bowers, Northeastern University
THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT RESEARCH INITIATIVE (CPRI) James R. Acker, SUNY-Albany; Charles S. Lanier, SUNY-Albany The Capital Punishment Research Initiative (CPRI) at the School of Criminal Justice at the University at Albany, State University of New York, was established to initiate capital punishment research activities, to facilitate collaboration among researchers, and make findings and information available to legal and criminal justice policymakers, practitioners, and the public. This panel will discuss the rationale underpinning the CPRI, the people involved, funding issues, and some future initiatives of the CPRI. Separate papers will discuss more specifically some of the current projects operating under the CPRI umbrella, including the National Death Penalty Archives (NDPA); the Capital Jury Project, Phase II; the Clemency Petitions as a Key to Wrongful Executions Project; and the Abolitionist Oral History Project. THE NATIONAL DEATH PENALTY ARCHIVES: CONTENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND GOALS James R. Acker, SUNY-Albany; Jack Flynn, SUNY-Albany; Colleen E. Kellermann, SUNY-Albany; Jo Anne Malatesta, SUNY Albany; Brian Keough, SUNY-Albany One of the projects of the Capital Punishment Research Initiative is the creation of a National Death Penalty Archives, comprising historical materials relevant to the death penalty that will be housed at the University at Albany Library and made available to researchers and other users. This paper describes the scope of the Archives, procedures used to ready the materials for inclusion, and the long-term goals regarding the collection. THE ROLE OF THE CPRI IN PHASE II OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL JURY PROJECT Charles S. Lanier, SUNY-Albany; Michael E. Antonio, SUNY-Albany; Trisha Domres, SUNY-Albany; Susan D. Ehrhard, SUNY-Albany; Amy C. VanHouten, SUNY-Albany; Min Xie, University at Albany The Capital JuryProject (CJP) is an ongoing national study of jury decision-making in death penalty cases. In the first phase of the Capital Jury Project (CJP1 ), over 1,200 jurors from 357 trials in 14 states were interviewed about making the life or death sentencing decision. Building on that work, a second phase of this project (CJP2) is now under way in eight sites, focusing in greater detail on the dynamics of jury decision-making and on the role of juror's race in that process. This paper discusses the role of the CPRI at the University at Albany as one of the regional CJP2 sites. After a brief overview of the CJP2 national effort, this paper will draw on the experience of interviewers from the Albany site. Participants from Albany will discuss the data collection challenges they have experienced in the early stages of the research, including case identification and sampling, contacting jurors, and administering the interview instrument. THE ABOLITIONIST ORAL HISTORY PROJECT: VOICES RAISED IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEATH PENALTY Margaret Vandiver, University of Memphis; Debra L. Crespo, Russell Sage College; Charles S. Lanier, SUNY-Albany; Lisa N. Sacco, SUNY-Albany The Abolitionist Oral History Project is an ongoing research effort conducted under the auspices of the CPRI. Through
interviewswith a wide variety of activists, the AOHP hopes to build an oral history of the post-Furman movement to end capital punishment in America. The project: will carry out three kinds of interviews: (1) extensive interviews with omi pr nent abolitionists who will reflect on their work in the movement, on the successes and failures of abolitionist work, and on prospects for abolition in the future; (2) interviews that focus on particular aspects of abolitionist work, such as the moratorium movement; (3) short interviews with people who participated in exceptional events, such as those involved in attempts to prevent the first post-Furman executions in various states. This presentation will consist of an overview of the scope of the project, followed by a discussion of initial interviews and plans for future interviewing. CLEMENCY PETITIONS AS A KEY TO WRONGFUL EXECUTIONS Sara Wa rd Bryans, SUNY-Albany The Clemency Project is a collaborative research effort designed to learn whether clemency petitions in capital cases raise claims similar to the two-thirds of death penalty appeals that are successful (see, e.g., Liebman, Fagan, and West (2000)). Clemency petitions can be thought of as a window on the processing of capital cases, and as such offer detailed information on the administration of the death penalty. The Clemency Project intends to acquire and analyze clemency petitions and related materials filed in the one-third of capital cases where appeals were unsuccessful. For three years, graduate student volunteers of the CPRI have helped acquire clemency petitions, developed a coding instrument, read and coded petitions, and engaged in preliminaryanal ysis. This presentation will discuss the Clemency Project, including the history of the project, the difficulties encountered throughout this process, and the project's future goals.
Panel 189: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Tufts
STUDENTS : CRIMINAL JUSTICE MAJORS
Chair: Jon L. Proctor, Indiana University, South Bend
PUNITIVENESS AND EXPOSURE TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION N. Prabha Unnithan, Colorado State University Does direct exposure to conditions in a correctional institution increase or reduce the attitudinal punitiveness of criminal justice students? This issue was examined in a study of students enrolled in a corrections course that involved a field trip to jail. Punitiveness was assessed using a pre- and post-test survey of a treatment group and a control croup. "Decay" in attitudinal changes in the original treatment group was also explored when the original control group visited the jail subsequently. THE RELATIONSHIP OF UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH REALIZATION TO THE WELL-BEING, COMMON SENSE, AND RESILIENCY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE MAJORS Th omas M. Kelley, Wayne State University Two hundred and fifty criminal justice majors at Wayne State University in Detroit completed the Well-Being Inventory (Kelly, 2001) and the Nature of Experience Inventory (Kelley, 2001 ). Both inventories were constructed from the logic of the Health Realization (HR) model of human experience formerly known as Psychology of Mind (Kelley, 1990; 1993b; 1993c; 1996; 1997; 2000; in press). Results revealed that as students' level of understanding HR based understandings increased so too did their level of well-being, common sense and resiliency. The value of teaching criminal justice students the principles of Health Realized is discussed. CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS AND STATISTICS: THE IMPACT OF MAJOR ON STATISTICAL COMPREHENSION Jon L. Proctor, Indiana University - South Bend This study examines the impact of college major on student comprehension of statistics. The sample for this study included students enrolled in two consecutive summer session introductory statistics courses at a Mid-western university. In both courses students were measured on a variety of independent variables including major, credit hours earned, age, gender, GPA, positive and negative attitudes towards statistics, and homework grades. Criminal justice majors were compared with non-majors on three dependent variables: conceptual knowledge, computational knowledge, and perceptions of statistical understanding. Results indicate that even when controlling fo r other factors, criminal justice students, on average, have lower levels of statistical comprehension compared to non-majors. DO AS I SAY, NOT AS I DO: AN EXAMINATION OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AMONG CRIMINOLOGY MAJORS Kelly L. Brown, Indiana State University This paper presents the results of research investigating the nature and extent of criminal behavior among criminology majors at a midwestern university. Criminology majors are unique university students because most of them aspire to work in the criminal justice system or a related public service field. While there is a variety of research on criminal justice students, examinations of criminal behavior among these students are noticeably absent. This study attempts to address this deficiency in criminal justice education research. SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG A MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY POPULATION Cynthia Adams, Central Missouri State University The true extent of rape on college campuses is often hidden so as not to tarnish a campus' reputation. This research focuses on replicating a study reported in 1983 by John Briere and Neil Malamuth whereby self reported sexual aggressive behavior is studied. This current research will examine criminal justice majors versus non criminal justice majors and whether they report sexual aggressive behavior towards others.
Workshop 190: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Regis
PUBLISHING IN THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Moderator: Zelma Henriques, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Presenter: Craig Hemmens, Boise State University A roundtable discussion about publishing in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education. (JCJE) The editor and members of the editorial advisory board will explain how to publish in JCJE, and why everybody involved in criminal justice education should consider JCJE as an outlet for their scholarship. Questions are welcome.
Panel 191 : Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 MIT
EXAMINING ISSUES OF ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING
Chair: Allan Patenaude, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
CORRECTIONAL OFFICER TRAINING: TRADITONAL VERSUS WEB-BASED METHODS Eric D. Schmidt, Indiana State University This study compares traditional academy training and a web-based training program for new correctional officers at the Indiana Department of Corrections. It will report: the benefits and dangers of starting web-based training, how web-based training should be implemented and assessed, and what the long-range goals of web-based training are. Related literature from the private sector will also be presented, as well as the specific instruments used. Finally, future studies that will further contribute to how well web-based training functions will be proposed. EXAMINING THE PROCESS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ONLINE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Dale J. Ardovini-Brooker, Sam Houston State University With the advent of the World Wide Web and the Internet, education has taken a new direction. You would be hard pressed to find a faculty member today who does not use email or the Internet as part of their everyday routine. As technology has advanced it has forced many in academe to reconsider approaches to teaching and examine how students learn. This paper examines the phenomenon of online education. While there are a number of issues to consider, this paper hopes to briefly discuss the history of online education as well as the use of online education by traditional institutions and new "for profit" institutions. The paper also provides a description of how online education is transmitted to students. Then, the paper addresses issues of faculty member and students who attempt to define themselves in an online environment. Lastly, the paper will examine the use of online education within the discipline of criminal justice. IF STUDENTS CAN FALL IN LOVE ON THE INTERNET, THEY CAN LEARN ABOUT CRIMINAL JUSTICE THERE, TOO Jon'a Meyer, Rutgers University, Camden This presentation will discuss briefly the elements in the web-enhanced curriculum introduced by my department. Some of the initiatives we have developed include "web tours" and other online exercises designed to introduce students to a new concepts, use of streaming video to produce short films to complement classroom teaching by providing review of difficult concepts, the use of listserves/chats to provide for discussion of classroom material outside of the classroom, and the use of the internet to reduce expenditure of departmental resources. Instead of a tour of our website, this presentation will share what we have learned about technologies and teaching pedagogy. PROVIDING STUDENT SUPPORT IN WEB-BASED DISTANCE EDUCATION Allan L. Patenaude, University of Arkansas at Little Rock This article explores the pedagogical issues of providing educational support services for distance education students in Web based courses. It is argued that technical developments and expansion of the Internet have overshadowed the lessons learned in the delivery of print-based correspondence courses resulting in the transformation of many on-campus courses to "fit on the Web." The use of the course study guide and the distance education tutor or tutor/marker will force "the new media to do the work of the old" as noted by Mcluhan almost forty years ago and increase the perceptions of educational value by both students and educators.
Panel 192: Stud nt Panel Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Harvard
PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME Chair: Nancy L. Tipple, Youngstown State University DIFFERENCES IN MALE AND FEMALE FEAR OF CRIME AND RISK APPRAISAL Besangie Sellars, Hampton University; De'Reassa Chambers, Hampton University; Simone Francis, Hampton University; Lakisha Hudson, Hampton University; Nina Morrow, Hampton University; Nancy C. Duncan, Hampton University The present study examines the differences in male and female fear of crime and risk appraisal. Data were collected from 170 African American and 126 Caucasian participants between the ages of 18 and 85, using the Reactions to Crime Survey. Participants had experienced a variety of crimes against them. Results show that women are more fearfulof crime and have a higher risk appraisal than men when controlling for the stress reaction to the event and the personality variables of anxiety and depression measured by the NEO-PI personality inventory. Implications for intervention strategies that address gender differences are discussed. CRIME IN AMERICA: TELEVISION VS. REALITY MaryQuick, Georgia Southern University The purpose of this research is to see if the crime of murder is accurately portrayed on television in comparison the F.B.I's 2000 Uniform Crime Report (UCR). The research covered eighteen hours of video footage that contained 30 criminal cases (n=30), comprised of three different television shows, The New Detectives, The F.B.I Files and The Justice Files. After comparing the statistics gathered from the 30 criminal cases and the UCR, it is apparent that murder, the most heinous of all crimes, is not accurately portrayed or represented on television. POLICE BRUTALITY, THE USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE AND OTHER FORMS OF POLICE VIOLENCE Nancy L. Tipple, Youngstown State University; Edward John Glodde, Yo ungstown State University; Laura G. Pettier, Youngstown State University Police brutality is an important issue that has been attracting increasing attention over the past decade. The growing concern over police violence is certainly justified when citizens are terrified of law enforcement officers and their violent actions. All police officers are not guilty of brutality or violence. However, the officersthat do violate the law promote a poor picture of law enforcement. It is important that the issues surrounding police brutality be studied. Previous cases involving violence should also be reviewed. There are numerous forms that police violence can take. Police may use excessive force, deadly force or even sexual violence against citizens. It is necessary to differentiate between the different types of police violence since there are different problems associated with each. Efforts must be made to reduce the amount of violence in law enforcement because the effects of police violence are detrimental to society. MALE/FEMALE COPING RESPONSES TO THE 9/1 1 TERRORIST ATTACKS El/en-ge Denton, Hampton University; Obari Gartman, Hampton University; Brandy Kelly, Hampton University; Kendria Laughinghouse-Boyd, Hampton University; Nancy C. Duncan, Hampton University 1h This study observes the effect of the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C., on September 11 , 2001 and analyzes the relationship between gender, anxiety, and coping strategies (avoidance and help seeking), among a sample of 286 African American college students (133 males and 153 females). The goal was determine whether there are male/female differences in coping strategies. The results showed that females significantly sought more help than males even when anxiety levels and amount of exposure were controlled. However, avoidant measures of coping (avoiding media coverage) were not significantly different for males and females.
Workshop 193: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Nantuck t
RUBRICS, ASSESSMENTS AND CORE COMPETENCIES : IT'S ALL B.S. (BRILLIANT STU FF)
Moderator: Patricia Mil/hoff, University of Akron This workshop is designed to assist the classroom professor in utilizing classroom assessment tools to test the core competencies needed in the Criminal Justice Curriculum. Classic assessment tools like the Minute Paper and Muddiest Point will be discussed as well as rubrics for specific class projects. The workshop will also discuss moving from assessment to actual classroom research and the scholarship of teaching. An ongoing research project comparing student satisfaction and learning in a traditional teacher centered class with a problem-based learning student centered class will also be briefly discussed in the context of assessment.
Panel 194: Police Accountability Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Hyannis
RACIAL PROFILING BY POLICE Chair: GaryCordner, Eastern Kentucky University
AN ANALYTIC MODEL FOR DEFINING AND ASSESSING RACIAL PROFILING USING EXISTING TRAFFIC STOP DATA Amy Farrell, Northeastern University; Jana Rumminge, Northeastern University In response to allegations of racial profiling some state and local agencies have begun to track the race, ethnicity, and gender of those who are stopped and/or searched by police officers. By themselves, however, demographics of traffic stops are insufficient to assess the existence of racial profiling in large part because definitions of racial profiling vary greatly among practitioners, scholars, and community members. This paper presents an analytic framework for identifying racial disparities in traffic stop patterns and assessing whether such disparities are explained by non-biased factors or rather may be attributable either individual or departmental discrimination. PROFILING IN CONTEXT: PLACE, SPACE AND PERCEPTIONS OF RACIAL PROFILING IN NYC John Reitzel, University of Florida; Steve Rice, University of Florida; Alex Piquero, University of Florida Issues concerning the police use of racial profiling as a pretext to stop, frisk, and question has become a major focus for politicians, law enforcement administration, and researchers. Recent research - which generally relies on police data -- has shown that minority citizens- particularly black citizens- are substantially over-represented in stops and searches relative to their representation in the population. The present study examines citizen's perceptions of racial profiling using a random survey from New York City's five boroughs of New York City to test whether racial profiling varies across social contexts. AND "JUSTICE" FOR ALL? RACIAL PROFILING PROCEDURAL JUSTICE IN NEW YORK CITY Steve Rice, University of Florida; John Reitzel, University of Florida; Alex Piquero, University of Florida In the law and society area, researchers have identified& notions of procedural and distributive justice as important factors for shaping perceptions and influencing subsequent behavior. In the policing area, researchers have recently called attention to race-based encounters with police officers, or 'racial profiling'. In this paper, we merge these two lines of research and explore how notions of procedural justice (based on past experiences with police) influence how individuals perceive the extent of racial profiling. To examine this question, we employ interview data for a random sample of New York City residents and explore how notions of procedural justice influence perceptions regarding racial profiling. TRAFFIC STOP PRACTICES OF THE IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT R.J. Winkelhake, Chief, Iowa City Police Department; Terry D. Edwards, University of Louisville; Elizabeth L. Grossi, University of Louisville; Gennaro F. Vito, University of Louisville; Angela D. We st, University of Louisville This report summarizes the findings of a study conducted using data collected by the Iowa City Police Department between April 1 , 2001 and December 31 , 2001 . These data resulted from 9, 702 interactions between law enforcement officers and citizens during traffic-related contacts. Our CHAID analyses resulted in only three events (moving violation, being warned, being cited) with significant predictors. Being stopped for a moving violation was significantly related to the age of the driver; the youngest and oldest drivers were most likely to be stopped for this reason. Warned drivers were those least likely to have been searched, and cited drivers were those least likely to have been stopped for an equipment/registration violation. Race of the driver never appeared as an independent predictor of any event.
Panel 195: Transnational Crime Friday March 7, 2002 8:30-9:45 Orleans
DIMENSIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Chair: Tim Bakken, United States MilitaryAcad emy at We st Point
ILLEGAL ALIENS George Wiessinger, New York Institute of Te chnology This article supports a theory that explains the illegal alien problem as partof the general environment in which it is found. It argues that the illegal alien problem is a diverse one and not simply a Mexico-US problem and relies on qualitative data and official statistics to describe an otherwise hidden population. Data from a random sample of apprehended aliens in the New York District Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) office, including qualitative interviews with INS criminal investigators, were compared with other reliable data on apprehended aliens. The findings reflected that: Mexican nationals were detained more than other nationalities, INS utilized a Border enforcement strategy and placed a low priority on locating and apprehending other than Mexican nationals, males received higher bonds than females, single aliens received higher bonds than married ones and were more likely to be arrested and detained, and aliens who entered without inspection, or through the Mexico-US border were more likely to be detained by INS. It appears that the illegal alien population in the New York District Office(NYDO) is more divers than official statistics suggest nationally. DIMENSIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME TimBakken, United States MilitaryAc ademy at West Point This paper examines whether alleged terrorists may be tried by military commissions under international law and the United States Constitution. The paper includes a brief history of the use of military commissions, especially in World War II, and examines the President's authority to create commissions. In particular, the paper focuses on the rationale for trying alleged unlawful combatants and war criminals before commissions. The paper notes that the protections of prisoners of war under international law do not apply to unlawful combatants. Finally, the paper considers whether the procedures implemented by the Department of Defense to try aliens held in Cuba comport with international standards. TRANSNATIONAL CRIME IN THE ENGLISH SPEAKING CARIBBEAN Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Crime has traditionally been seen as a domestic problem but in the last few years, however, it can no longer be treated as a problem that falls within a single jurisdiction. Like other regions of the world, the Caribbean has become a haven for criminal groups who use the region as a transhipment portfor their illegal activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and extent of transnational crime in the English-speaking Caribbean countries and evaluate the measures taken by these countries to fight transnational criminal groups in the region. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME AND DESTABILIZATION IN DEMOCRACIES: RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME Muhammet Murat Yasar, University of North Te xas This paper attempts to explain the impacts of transnational organized crime on the functioning of democratic societies by adopting the Russian Organized Crime as case study. The descriptive research with regard to definition, scope and organization of transnational organized crime, along with the objectives, limitations and methodology of this paper is included first. Recent trends observed in organized crime's character and the impact of organized crime on the political economies of democratic regimes is contained while pre-conditions for a broader response to transnational organized crime forms the conclusion. Panel 196: Dim nsions of Str t Crim Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Provine town
EXAMINING ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE AND CRIME
Chair: Tod W. Burke, Radford University
ANIMAL ABUSE AND HUMAN VIOLENCE: WHAT IS THE CONNECTION? Tod W. Burke, Radford University The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between animal abuse and human violence. Particular attention will be devoted to the correlation between animal abuse and domestic violence, serial killers, and school violence. Offender and victim profiles will be highlighted and recommendations will be noted. CO-EXISTENCE OF STREET CRIME AND COMMUNITY PROBLEMS Kristina M. Zambrano, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; Sarah Huser, Te xas A&M University-Corpus Christi; Jennifer Morrison, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi This study examines the co-existence of one community's street crime and other social problems in neighborhoods from sociological and ecological perspectives. It explores the co-existence of assault, burglary, and drug crimes with child abuse, poverty, and mental illness. This endeavor will allow the community to target the delivery of services and interventions to specific high need areas. It provides empirical support for the concept that prevention of street crimes may be approached by addressing the causes of multiple community problems. CARJACKING: STREET VIOLENCE AND OFFENDER DECISION-MAKING Volkan Topal/i, Georgia State University; Richard Wright, University of Missouri-St. Louis; Bruce Jacobs, University of Missouri-St. Louis Drawing on interviews with 25 active carjackers we have developed a model of street offender decision-making, taking into account the fo llowing stages of an offense; planning, enactment, and aftermath. Data indicate that the decision to carjack is governed by two forces: perceived situational inducements (immediate pressures on the offender to act) and perceived opportunity (risks and rewards tied to a particular crime target). Either one of these forces, on its own, can provoke an offense. More often, the two forces interact to produce a carjacking. The theoretical implications of this interaction are explored, and applied to other offenses (e.g., drug robbery). FORGIVING THE MURDERER OF YOUR CHILD: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FORGIVENESS AMONG HOMICIDE SURVIVORS Richard D. Clark, John Carroll University; Maurice Cole, Case We stern Reserve University While interest in forgiveness between victims and offenders is growing, to date there has been little empirical work that addresses issues of forgiveness by crime victims. This paper will present the preliminary findings of a study of forgiveness among parents who have lost a child to homicide. It will discuss the survivors feelings toward the offender, their attitudes towards forgiveness, and an analysis of the factors that influenced the forgiveness decision. Also included will be a discussion of the perceived benefits of forgiveness fo r those who have made that decision. Implications fo r the restorative justice movement will be addressed.
Pan 1 197: Theories of Crime and Victimization Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Vineyard
KEY CORRELATES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE
Chair: Karim lsmaili, St. John's University
AGE AND OFFENSE SPECIALIZATION Todd Armstrong, Arizona State University We st This paper will explore the link between offense type patterns and age, and review of the implications of this link for theories of crime. First it will examine changes in the distribution of offenses across offense type as age increases. Next trends in offense specialization as age increases will be assessed. Finally, the effect of standardizing by age on offense type patterns will be explored. Results will be interpreted in the context of criminological theory. AN EXAMINATION OF RELIGIOSITY AND DESISTANCE FROM CRIME Doris Chu, SUNY-Albany Understanding how and why people desist from committing offenses is important for the development of effective preventative strategies and rehabilitative initiatives. Although recent research acknowledges an inverse relationship (though some claim as modest) between religiosity and crime, no desistance theories to date include religiosity in their model as part of the explanations. This research presents a theoretical framework that includes religiosity as a partial explanation of desistance from crime. Data derived from Wave 5 to Wave 7 of the National Youth Survey are employed to test the theoretical model. THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE MEDIA IN KOREAN CONTEXT: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA AMONG DELINQUENT/NON-DELINQUENT KOREAN MALE YOUTHS Chang-Hun Lee, Michigan State University; Jung-Mi Kim, Michigan State University The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize violence and obscenity in the media of contemporary Korean society, and to seek the way in which the effect of violence exposure in the media is assessed and prevented. This paper attempts application of various theoretical explanations to the effects of violence exposure on psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns of Korean delinquent (298)/ non-delinquent (419) male youths. Theories used in this attempt include social control theory, differential association theory, and theory of cultivation. We used the data set collected throughwritten survey questionnaire and field interviews by the Korean Institute of Criminology from August 18, 1997 to August 30, 1998. IT'S ALL IN THEIR HEADS Donna J. Nicholson, Manchester Community College Retracing the history of phrenology and physiology (pursuant to Lombroso) to modem day brain scan imaging and bio chemical explainations of devaint behavior. This paper will conduct a meta analysis of the some of the successes and failures of profiling and projecting criminal behavior in certain individuals. Concluding with a discussion of rehabilitative possibilities through use of chemical supplements, surgery or other invasive treatment for those identified offenders. TESTING EXCHANGE THEORY: POWER AND DEPENDENCE EFFECTS ON DELINQUENCY Theron M. Quist, Baldwin-Wallace College; July Nicole Williams, Baldwin-Wallace College; Amy L. Lanzilatti, Baldwin-Wallace College; Erin M. Keating, Baldwin-Wallace College The rational choice element common to control and exchange theories suggest that they are compatible theoretical approaches, and that perhaps social control theory can be usefully thought of as a specific application of exchange theory. Starting from this point, exchange concepts of comparison alternatives and power/dependence and their application to modeling delinquent behavior are explored, and this extended theoretical approach is tested on a college student sample. The focus on the power/dependence aspect of relationships increases the scope of the theoretical approach, and facilitates the inclusion of concepts formerly attached to other theories. Finally, possible directions for future research in this area are discussed.
Panel 198: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Vermont
SPECIAL INTERESTS IN CRIMINAL JUSTCE Chair: Risdon N. Slate, Florida Southern College
RESPONSE TO INCREASED MENTAL HEALTH CASES IN FEDERAL PROBATION AND PRETRIAL SERVICES SYTEM: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CASE SUPERVISION Risdon N. Slate, Florida Southern College; Migda/ia Baerga, Administra tive Office of the U. S. Courts; Richard Feldman, United States Probation Office; Erik Roskes, Springfield Hospital Center The prevalence of mental illness within the criminal justice system populations will be explored, as well as reasons fo r the magnitude of the problem. Federal Probation and Pretrial Services system's response to increased mental health cases will be examined. Effective strategies for managing mental health cases will be discussed, specifically, the use of specialized caseloads and training, special conditions, availability of funding for contract treatment services and linkage to community treatment resources. Future considerations for successful supervisionstrat egies will be addressed. THE DILEMMA OF DISCRETION: ANALYSIS OF PEOPLE V. TORTORICI AND THE MODERN INTERPRETATIONOF THE DUSKY STANDARD Steven K. Erickson, University of Massachusetts; Patricia E. Erickson, Canisius College Our paper presentation will be on a New York Court of Appeals case (People v. Tortorici, 92 N.Y.2d 757 (1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 834 (1999)) recently profiled on the PBS show "Frontline". The defendant, Ralph Tortorici, was a man with a prolonged diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia who, during a fit of psychosis, took a classroom of students hostage at SUNY Albany, demanding to speak with the university president concerning plots and conspiracies surround a microchips that he believed had been implanted within his body. During a struggle, the defendant shot one student and stabbed another. The defendant was initially found incompetent to stand trial and sent to a secure psychiatric hospital. After treatment, he was declared fit to proceed, and criminal proceedings commenced. Over 10 months later, before the trial was to commence, the PROSECUTOR'S own expert witness, in examining the defendant for an insanity defense, wrote to the judge, that the defendant had once again become psychotic and "was not fit to proceed". Nonetheless, the judge proceeded with the trial and the defendant was convicted. Upon a appeal, the Court of Appeals (NY's highest court) stated that the judge had no duty to sua sponte order a competency examination. This decision is in conflict with previous US Supreme Court cases and represent a departure of previous doctrines that put the judge as primary custodian of a defendant's due process rights. Unfortunately, Mr. Tortorici committed suicide while in prison and there is evidence that he never received proper psychiatric care. DRUG-FACILITATED PROFESSIONAL-CLIENT SEXUAL MISCONDUCT: A LEGAL REVIEW OF THE ISSSUES. Beth De Valve, Sam Houston State University Drug-facilitated professional sexual misconduct is an area that has not been dealt with to a great extent in the criminal courts. More recently state statutes have addressed this behavior so that it falls under the same punishment scheme as drug facilitated rape. However, most cases deal with this issue in terms of malpractice insurance liability ...not criminal accountability. This article explores the route drug-facilitated professional sexual misconduct cases might take through an analysis of drug-facilitated rape cases and civil professional sexual misconduct cases. DOES GENDER MATTER? THE IMPACT OF CULPABILITY IN SENTENCING RECOMMENDATIONS Stacy L. Mallicoat, University of Colorado-Boulder How do attributional characteristics influence the decision-making processes of the juvenile court? "The court is largely guided by its judgments and inferences regarding the nature of the delinquent actor involved. That is, the solution to the problem What can and what must we do with this case? - is dependant on the answer to the question of "what kind of youth are we dealing with here?" (Emerson 1969: 89-90). In the assignment of culpability (the degree to which offenders are viewed as responsible for their criminal behaviors), agents of social control are forced to balance issues of future dangerousness to the community, with what is in the best interests of the child. Added to this relationship is the question of gender, and the impact that it can have on this process. Drawing from pre-sentencing investigative reports, this research pursues the relationship between gender and sentencing to develop an understanding of if, how and why disparities based on gender occur in sentencing recommendations as a result of culpability assignments. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE OF SECURITY OFFICERS WHO WORK WITH EXECUTIONS Michael J. Osofsky, Stanford University The Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama "Execution Teams" were interviewed in order to understand the roles, experiences, and effects of carrying out the death penalty. Two hundred twenty-four out of a possible two hundred twenty-eight correctional officers were interviewed and asked to complete mental health inventories. The security officers emphasize an overriding commitment to doing a good job in their positions as employees of the state, often displaying a stereotypical tough guy facade. Simultaneously, many officers discuss the importance of carrying out their duties with compassion and dignity, and reflect on the need to treat the inmates as humans and to respect the conflicting emotions of the victims' and inmates' families. In the process, nearly all have been dramatically affected by their work with the death penalty. While their job is their prima facie duty, they experience stress and emotional reactions, frequently having a hard time carrying out society's "ultimate punishment."
Panel 199: Juvenile Justice Friday March 7, 2003 8:30-9:45 Yarmouth
EXPLORING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Chair: Christopher Taylor, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
CHARACTERISTICS OF KOREAN JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS COMPARED TO THE COUNTERPARTS OF US Sao Jung Lee, Sam Houston State University; Glen Kercher, Sam Houston State University; Beam Jun Kim, Kyonggi University; Hyunseck Jang, Sam Houston State University Previous studies reported family environment and peer relationship might be important to juvenile crimes. However, these variables are recently suspected to be remote and these are mediated by personal dispositions such as aggression and empathy. Furthermore, in case of juvenile sex offenders, social isolation is repeatedly reported as a mediating personality characteristic in western societies. This study intends to reveal which factors among these mediators best explain juvenile sex crimes among Korean adolescent inmates compared to their counterparts in U.S. More specifically empathy, capability of emotional recognition, isolation, and aggression are set as dispositional mediators. Besides these dispositional mediators, remote variables such as family environment and peer influence are also investigated to know the influences to the sexual delinquencies among juveniles. Unlike western juvenile sex offenders, Korean juveniles are influenced more by peers, experiencing more emotional deficits but less isolation. PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN JUVENILE JUSTICE: PERCEPTION OF JUVENILE JUSTICE PERSONNEL IN TWO SOUTHEASTERN STATES Joanna Bruni Cannon, Valdosta State University Juvenile justice policy is currently a topic of considerable debate and we have seen many recent changes in practice. An important area of concern revolves around parental accountability and involvement in justice processes. Info rmation concerning the nature and extent of this issue is needed both by academics and practitioners to better understand the problems and to develop recommendations for viable solutions. This research is an in-depth analysis of parental involvement and accountability in the Florida and Georgia juvenile justice systems. Relevant laws and practices were identified and documented, surveys were administered to juvenile justice personnel, and site visits were made to each state's department of juvenile justice and selected detention centers for observations and to conduct interviews with personnel in order to determine perceptions about parental involvement in the juvenile justice system. Preliminary findings are reported in this paper ASSESSING SOCIAL BONDING THEORY AS AN EXPLANATION FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND DRUG USE Christopher Taylor, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper examines the suitability of social bonding theory as a theoretical explanation for juvenile delinquency and drug use by reviewing the literature that has examined the relationships between these variables and the concepts of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. An alternative and expanded social bonding model of juvenile delinquency and drug use that will be tested in a future study will also be presented and discussed, as will the research questions and hypotheses that emerge out of the existing literature on the relationship between juvenile delinquency, drug use and social bonding theory. BEYOND THE SCHOLARS, TO THE CORE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF URBAN AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS TO THE CRIME PERSPECTIVE Th omas S. Mosley, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore This paper examines perspectives and ideals of crime that are routinely omitted from the works of criminal justice, criminology, and other social science scholars. It is the authors view that although the individuals who form the nucleus for this article are not typically counted among the crime scholars in U.S. institutions of higher learning, they offer valuable and unique perspectives and insight into the phenomenon of urban crime that have been virtually ignored, perhaps even rejected within the spheres of criminal justice and c1iminological intellectualism. This article further suggests that many scholarly crime theorists (e.g. Marxist criminologists, conflict theorists, etc.) might owe a significant debt to these writers, if only because of the rare bank of information that is provided in the elaboration of their true life experiences, and, to a lesser extent, their fictitious, yet, accurate viewpoints of urban criminal activities. Finally this paper addresses several questions proposed in scholarly works, which indeed, may be more adequately, or at least more holistically explained by the urban non-scholastic writers. ILLICIT SEXUAL BEHAVIORS: A TEST OF SELF-CONTROL THEORY Sharon Redhawk Love, Penn State University This study proposes a test of self-control theory using illicit sexual behaviors. Specifically this research tests the correlation of illicit sexual behaviors with crime/delinquency as they relate to measures of self-control, and opportunity, exploring the possibility of an interaction between self-control and opportunity. In addition, the relationship between crime/delinquency and illicit sexual behaviors with self-control, opportunity, age, gender and race are analyzed. These analyses report illicit sexual behaviors are positively correlated with criminal/delinquent behaviors providing support for self-control theory. However, for the interaction term of self-control and opportunity results are mixed in their support for the General Theory. Pan I 200: Juvenil Justic Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon A
JUVENILE JUSTICE ADVOCACY: EFFECTIVE TREATMENT PROGRAMS II Chair: Barry C. Feld, University of Minnesota Law School
RACE AND THE JURISPRUDENCE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE: A TALE IN TWO PARTS, 1950-2000 Barry C. Feld, University of Minnesota Law School This paper analyzes the legal history and jurisprudence of juvenile justice over the past half century. It argues that the issue of race has had two distinct and contradictory impacts of juvenile justice law and policy during this period. Initially, concerns about racial discrimination and civil rights motivated the Supreme Court to require "Due Process" in juvenile court delinquency and waiver hearings. Subsequently, the increase in youth homicide and the racial characteristics of violent young offenders provided the political incentive to "get tough" on youth crime through the modification of juvenile court sentencing and transfer laws. Mass media's distorted depiction of crime "primes" White viewers' anti-Black sentiments and enables politicians to use racial "code words" for electoral jurisprudence and disproportionately affected minority males. YOUTH JUSTICE CONFERENCING AND LONG TERM OUTCOMES: FINDINGS FROM A PILOT STUDY Hennessey Hayes, Griffith University Grounded on theories of restorative and procedural justice, youth justice conferencing emerged in Australia in the early 1990s, following developments in family group counseling in New Zealand. A conference is a meeting where young offenders, their victims and supporters come together to discuss an offence and negotiate a resolution. In this paper, I summarize findings from the first conferencing and re-offending study undertaken in Queensland, Australia. The study is based on data collected from young offenders conferences from April 1997 through May 1999. The main findings show that offender characteristics relate to post-conference behavior but conference features seem to be unrelated to future offending. ENHANCING THE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY OF MENTORING Betsy A. Matthews, Eastern Kentucky University Recent studies offered evidence of mentoring's potential for preventing crime and other antisocial behaviors. By providing youth with a one-on-one relationship with a supportive adult, mentoring programs can buffer the effects of high-risk environments and help youth avoid involvement in delinquency. They are, perhaps, the best example of programs that are designed to develop a social bond and bolster a youth's stake in conformity. The promise of mentoring , however, is being impeded by an insufficient number of mentors and a high rate of attrition in mentoring relationships. This paper reports on research that explored ways to fo rmulate effective mentoring relationships that are capable of serving a protective function for youth and reduce their likelihood of delinquency. It identifies mentor, youth, and organizational factors that were fo und to contribute to the development of a strong social bond, and examines the relationship between the strength of the social bond youth's self reported delinquency. EVALUATION OF A SHOCK INCARCERATION PROGRAM FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS: A QUASI-EXPERIMENT James B. Wells, Eastern Kentucky University; Kevin I. Minor, Eastern Kentucky University; Earl Angel, Eastern Kentucky University; Kelli Stearman. Eastern Kentucky University; April Hicks , Eastern Kentucky University Evaluations of shock incarceration (boot camp) programs have primarily used adult samples; relatively few have analyzed programs operated by juvenile justice agencies. This study employs a matched-groups design to compare the recidivism of juvenile offenders who completed a shock incarceration program having an intensive aftercare component with recidivism among juveniles who completed more traditional residential placements. Recidivism outcomes are examined at four, eight, and twelve-month follow-up points. Findings are discussed in the context of the literature and the rationale for shock incarceration programming in juvenile justice. A TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF JUVENILE COURT DECISION-MAKING: AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RACE, DRUG OFFENDING, AND CASE OUTCOMES Michael J. Leiber, University of Northern Iowa; Avery Miller, University of Northern Iowa; Mahesh Nal/a, Michigan State University The "get tough movement" and the "war on drugs" have had a significant impact on the detection and involvement of youth, especially African Americans, in the juvenile justice system. Using the symbolic threat thesis as a theoretical framework and data that covers a 20 year-period (1980 to 2000), the present research examines and compares patterns in case processing within the context of the factors that might influence case outcomes for whites and African Americans in one Iowa juvenile court. The findings have implications for advancing our understanding of the social control of youth and in particular, African Americans.
Panel 201 : Community Corrections Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon B
CONDITIONS, DECISIONS, AND OUTCOMES IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS Chair: Holly A. Miller, Sam Houston State University
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION FOR SEXUAL OFFENDERS Holly A. Miller, Sam Houston State University For decades, polygraph examinations have been an integral part of law enforcement investigation. Although the polygraph is not admissible in court, it is routinely used in many states to monitor sex offenders on probation and parole. This study sought to examine the utility and implications of this practice. Study participants were 329 probationers who had committed sexual offenses from a large metropolitan area in Texas. Of the 329 exams, 250 (76%) were found non-deceptive, 26 (8%) confessed after initially fa iling the exam, and 42 (13%) who failed did not provide additional information. The offenders who were found deceptive on the polygraph were significantly more likely to make a confession than those offenders who were found non-deceptive, t=6.0 (65), p=.OOO. SANCTIONING PROBATIONERS: A STUDY OF DECISIONMAKING AND DISCRETION IN MARION COUNTY, OR. Richard G. Greenleaf, We stern Oregon University; Jessica Beach, Marion County (OR) Sheriff's Department; R.P. Roach, Marion County (OR) Sheriff's Department This exploratory study of 100 probationers in Marion County, OR looks at the association between level of sanction (minor to severe) and various legal and extralegal factors. Some of the factors examined are the education, race, gender, and age of the probationers and officers. In addition, situational factors, such as the association between the level of sanction and duration of offender success (time to failure) are analyzed. Policy implications are discussed. EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF PAROLE/PROBATION OFFICERS' SANCTIONING OUTCOMES: DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Laurie A. Drape/a, Washington State University Vancouver Probation and parole officers exercise discretion over sanctioning offenders for violations with responses ranging from referrals to community agencies for subsistence needs to returns to jail or prison. Little is known about the conditions under which officers will invoke particular types of sanctions. Offenders' risk levels, grid scores, and current offenses no doubt influence the officers' sanctioning decisions, but the role of other factors such as caseload specialization and probation and parole officers' background have received scant attention in the research literature. This paper articulates the need for more research in this area through exploration of current data sets and a proposed research design. THE LEGALLY PRESCRIBED FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS DEPARTMENTS AND PROBATION OFFICERS Marcus Purkiss, Boise State University This paper investigates the legally prescribed functions of probation officers as mandated in the legal codes of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. There are 23 legislatively mandated tasks officers can be asked to perform, which can be defined as either rehabilitation oriented or law enforcement oriented. Data are divided into western and eastern jurisdictions and analyzed to determine which orientation influences probation officers today. COMMUNITY SERVICE IN TEXAS Gail A. Caputo, Rutgers University, Camden This paper presents the results of survey research regarding community service during fiscal year 2000 by adult probation departments in Texas. It documents such information as the function, operation, and structures of programs, characteristics of offenders ordered to community service, the amount and nature of community service work, and attitudes of administrators about community service.
Panel 202: Dimensions of Crime and International Crime Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon C
DELINQUENCY AND YOUTH CRIME IN THE CHANGING SOCIETY Chair: John H. Song, State University of New York Collegeat Buffalo
TEST OF GENERAL STRAIN THEORY TO KOREAN ADOLESCENTS Byongook Moon, Michigan State University; Merry Morash, Michigan State University This study tests the applicability of strain theory, as developed by Agnew, to a sample of just under 400 adolescents in Korean technical and college preparatory high schools. The theory is particularly appropriate for explaining delinquency, both minor substance abuse and serious delinquency, because of the high level of strain associated with the school experience in Korea. The explanatory model examines whether the theory explains gender and class differences. Regression analysis is used to understand the relationship between predictor variables and delinquency. Implications for theory and for the Korean educational system are discussed. COMPUTER-RELATED CRIMES AMONG SCHOOL TEENAGERS IN HONG KONG John Lap Ping Young, The University of Hong Kong This paper examined the social, economic, and cultural perspectives of computer-related crimes among high school students in Hong Kong. Analyses based on 647 questionnaires collected from 10 different schools, supplemented by face to face interviews with students, teachers, parents, police officers and government information officers, revealed the patterns and frequencies of illegal cyber activities among teenagers. Strain theory seems to offer the best explanations for cyber crimes in a Chinese cultural context. STATUS-ZERO MINORS IN CHINA Qi Ju, Institute of Delinquency and Crime Prevention, China Youth and Children Research Center China Youth and Children Center has conducted a survey of young students and delinquent minors under age of 18 in eight provinces and two municipalities by using questionnaire to collect data on the lives of those young people. Three differentiating dimensions emerged from the analysis: urban delinquents-rural delinquents, active youth -status-zero youth, and delinquents-non-delinquents. In this paper, we mainly focus on the findings about the status-zero minors. Two comparative groups were analyzed: one comparison is between urban junior school students and urban juvenile delinquents who are excluded from education and employment before committing crime; and another is between juvenile delinquents who are active in crime and those who are out of education and employment before committing crime. The status-zero youth is defined as those who are neither in education, training nor employment and who are regarded as out of control by their families, schools and local communities. They may be dropout from compulsory 1-9 schooling. Their skill levels are low and do not participate in normal social life. They are also lack of supportof their families and schools. This paper will describe the special group of status-zero minors, and then present the statistical findings of the survey in relation to family, school, peer, society, the justice system, delinquency and criminal behavior. JUVENILE JUSTICE POLICY: CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS Peter J. Benekos, Mercyhurst College; Alida V. Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Juvenile justice policy in the United States has been characterized as increasingly punitive. In particular, the adultification of youth signified a dramatic transition in the jurisprudence of the juvenile court. This paper compares some of the trends in the United States with characteristics in other countries and examines the social and cultural factors that may affect policies toward juvenile delinquency. Clearly, attitudes toward youthful offending and government responses vary. By incorporating some of the policies and practices of other countries, youthful offenders in the United States might be better served. THE BEGINNING OF THE END: RECIDIVISM OF JUVENILE'S WAIVED TO CRIMINAL COURT Benjamin Steiner, Boise State University The author examines recidivism of juveniles to criminal court using a two-year follow up period. The results are analyzed controlling for different variables and grouped into three sentencing options available for the courts. In addition, the author looks at whether these offenders are incarcerated after recidivating.
Panel 203: Author Meet Critic Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon D
WHORES THIEVES OF THE WORST KIND: A STUDY OF WOMEN, PRISONS, CRIME 1835-2000 Author: Mara Dodge, Westfield State College Critics: Mary& Bosworth, Wesleyan University; Libby Mustaine, University of Central Florida;& Mary Gibson, John Jay College
Panel 204: Gender and Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Tufts
GENDER AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: ETIOLOGY Chair: Joanne Savage, American University
WOMEN OFFENDERS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE LABELING PROCESS Hoan N. Bui, University of Te nnessee, Knoxville Afterthe implementation of mandatory arrest policy, scholars have pointed out the problem of women's arrests in domestic violence cases. As presumptive and mandatory arrests become popular practices, the number of women arrested in domestic violence cases also increases. However, little is known about the experiences of women offenders in domestic violence cases. To fill the gap in the literature of domestic violence, this paper examines the experiences with the criminal justice system of Vietnamese immigrant abused women who were arrested and charged with domestic assaults. Data analyses indicated that the involvement of these women with the law often occurred within a complex context of male control and domination, and their experiences with the system were conditioned by their gender, their immigration status, and the practices of criminal justice agencies. GENDER AND ITS EFFECT ON SERIOUS, VIOLENT, AND CHRONIC JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: THE NEED FOR A BALANCED APPROACH, EARLY INTERVENTION, TREATMENT, AND SUPPORT Sloan T. Letman, Chicago State University; Katherine Leslie, Chicago State University The relationship between gender and delinquency has been a topic of interest for those pursuing the study of criminology for many years. Research and policy analysis regarding serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders will be the focus of this paper. Studies requesting the identification of serious, violent, and chronic offenders and the need to lobby for continues research funding to develop effective policy and procedure will be reviewed. Effective intervention strategies sensitive to gender differences included in education and treatment design can eliminate criminal behavior for this small but increasing number of hard core delinquents responsible for repeated serious criminal activity. THE DIFFERENTIAL ETIOLOGY OF VIOLENCE AND STEALING: GENDER DIFFERENCES Joanne Savage, American University The conclusion that "offenders don't specialize" is widely held in the field of criminology, and most popular criminological theories do not distinguish between crime types. Studies suggest, however, that although many correlates of crime are related to various types of offending (supporting a unidimensional criminality), there are some factors that distinguish violent offenders from property offenders. In the present paper, National Youth Survey data will be used to test if there are gender differences in the correlates of violence and the correlates of theft and if the "differential etiology" hypothesis holds for both male and female offending. MASCULINITIES WITHOUT MEN? ON GIRLS, GENDER, AND ASSAULTIVE VIOLENCE James W. Messerschmidt, University of Southern Maine This paper reports partial results of a life history study on girls, gender, and violence. The sample of the larger study consists of fifteen white New England working-class girls, age 15-18: five "sex offenders," five "assaultive offenders," and five "nonviolent girls." The chief questions addressed in the broader study are: Why do some girls engage in violence and some girls do not? Why do girls who engage in violence commit different types? In this paper I focus on the first question, discussing why some girls specifically engage in assaultive violence. The goal is to grasp each girl's unique viewpoint-her personal vision of why she engaged in assaultive violence. Each interview, then, is an attempt to disclose the situational accomplishment of gender and eventual use of assaultive violence as a result of personal life history. The life history data shows that assaultive violence is an accountable practice for "doing" masculinity and/or femininity, depending upon the particular social setting in which the violence occurs.
Panel 205: Crime Preventions Security Friday March 7, 2002 10:00-1 1:15 Boston Univ.
DRUGS, LIES, PORN AND TEC&HNOL OGY Chair: Stanley Shernock, Norwich University FORCASTING DRUG MARKETS USING SPATIAL MODELING Kevin Bryant, University of West Florida; J. Mitchell Miller, University of South Carolina Building on the work of Eck, Rossmo, the Brantinghams, and Olligschlaeger, the present study uses a GIS-enabled spatial model to identify emerging drug markets in a medium-sized Southern city. Calls for service for robbery, assault, weapon related offenses, and proximity to criminogenic land uses are used as model criteria. It is hypothesized that a spatial regression model will outperfo rm an ordinary least squares regression model when forecasting drug markets. Preliminary findings reveal support for the use of spatial regression as a drug market forecasting technique. CONTROLLING MONEY LAUNDERING: A BANK EMPLOYEES AE SURVEY IN TAIWAN Hsiao-Ming Wang, University of Houston-Downtown; Dan Chan, National Chung Cheng University Prior studies found that cooperation from financial institutions and their employees is essential to the success of controlling money laundering. A comprehensive surveyof bank employees/-E attitude on the issue of controlling money laundering was conducted in Taiwan. A multivariate regression was utilized to analysis what factors are significant related to bank employees/-E cooperation in the war on money laundering . Results were interpreted in the context of international cooperation and crime prevention. CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGIES ON LINE: A COMPARISON OF ANTI-CHILD PORNOGRAPHY WEBSITES Paul Becker, University of Dayton; Arthur Jipson, University of Dayton; Bryan Byers, BallState University Abstract: A content analysis of eight Anti-Child Pornography website was conducted examining the rhetorical and accounting strategies each website used in combating child pornography. These websites were compared in terms of three variables: rhetoric, organization of the site, and relevant activism in order to measure their efforts to prevent child pornography.
Panel 206: Judicial and Court Processes Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Boston College
DECISION-MAKING IN THE COURTS: POLITICS, PROFESSIONALISM, AND PSEUDO-SCIENCE Chair: Martin Gruberg, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
WHEN JUDGES PLAY POLITICS Martin Gruberg, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh The author examines the existence of partisanship among the judiciary. This investigation was triggered by the firestorm of criticism leveled at the US Supreme Court fo r its role in the 2000 election outcome. The paper places that episode alongside other occasions where the highest co urt was accused of acting politically. It considers decisions of some other courts that were attacked for being guided by partisan zeal. We look at factors that constrain and unleash politicizing and how personal backgrounds and orientations may undercut neutrality. The paper also discusses some abuses of professionalism. JUDICIAL VIEWS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHER'S BLACK ARTS TimothyDuva, The College of New Jersey; HenryF. Fradella, The College of New Jersey The authors utilize content analysis of published federal judicial decisions in the attempt to explain the shift from the acceptance of social science findings as substantive evidence in constitutional fact-finding as illustrated by Brown v. Board of Education, to the increasing hostility of judges to social science research in the 1980s and 1990s as exemplified in McCleskey v. Kemp. Both quantitative and qualitative comparisons reflect the shift is due, in part, to the social sciences' shift away from Karl Popper's views of science, especially those that are manifest in social constructionism and cultural relativism. UNDUE INFLUENCES ON JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING AND HOW TO MEASURE THEM? Heike P. Gramckow, National Center for State Courts, Virginia A key to judicial independence, rule of law, a functioning judicial system and public trust in the courts is that judges' decisions are only based on the law, that they are not exposed to undue outside pressures in deciding individual cases. Such undue influences include unethical and illegal activities ranging from pressure or undue directions from the executive or legislative branch, supervisory direction related to individual cases from higher level judges, bribery, threats of violence and actual violent acts directed against the deciding judge, relatives and others. The ability to define, locate and quantify undue influences is essential to developing policies to reduce them and countermeasures to protect the integrity of the courts. This paper assesses the range of methodologies used internationally to measure undue influences on judicial decision-making, their scope and limitations, in an effort to create a set of tools that can be used to develop a more comprehensive picture of undue influences on judicial decision making and its scope. IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN THE COURTS 1h Robert Zastany, 19 Judicial Circuit, Lake County, IL; Chrisann Fla nyak, 191h Judicial Circuit, Lake County, IL As in the business sector, performance measurement systems are being incorporated into government agencies, although it appears that local level Court systems are lagging behind on this trend. The authors discuss the history of performance measurement and the literature based on theory of strategic management in public organizations, practical application of performance measurement in government and the Courts, differences inherent between public and private sectors, and change management in organizations. Based on participant-observation methodology, this paper discusses whether a performance measurement system can be successfully adopted into a local government court system by examining practical barriers and behavioral barriers of public sector organizations, decision-making in local government, and whether "public services" can be successfully tracked and measured. THE IMPACT TYPE OF ATTORNEY HAS ON THE JUDICIAL DECISION OF BAIL K.B. Turner, University of Nebraska at Omaha; James B. Johnson, University of Nebraska at Omaha This research examines data collected on all felony defendants assigned to the district court in a midwestern county during 1996. Specifically, it examines the differences in the bail amounts related to the type of counsel, public or private, representing the defendants. We hypothesized that those represented by public defenders would receive higher bail amounts. However, no independent effect of counsel on the bail amounts was found before or after applying controls for the legal variables-offense seriousness and prior arrests-and the extra-legal variables-sex, age, residency, and race. Thus we were compelled to reject our hypothesis. Worksh p 207: Partn r Viol nc Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 R gis
FACTORS AFFECTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURT CASE OUTCOMES AND THE EFFECTS OF COURT CASE OUTCOMES ON OFFENDERS' RECIDIVISM
Moderator: Tammy Anderson, University of Delaware Present r: Gabrielle Davis, Universityof Toledo This study reports the court case dispositions of all 1,982 domestic violence cases filed in the Toledo, Ohio Municipal Court from 4/1/00 through 3/31/01. The acts that constitute domestic violence charges are examined. The effects of the acts on the dispositions of the cases are analyzed along with the effects of offenders' characteristics. A random sample of 600 cases is drawn from the data set. The recidivism of these 600 offenders is tracked for one year following court case dispositions. The effects of court case outcomes on recidivism are analyzed while controlling for other factors commonly associated with recidivism.
Panel 208: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 MIT
PEDAGOGICAL ISSUES OF DISTANCE LEARNING Chair: Katherine Johnson, University of We st Florida
THE DISTANCE LEARNING CLASSROOM: PRACTICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ISSUES Katherine Johnson, University of We st Florida As colleges and universities continue struggling with decreased funding and increased enrollments, the distance- learning format is becoming more common. This research was conducted over three semesters of teaching in the distance classroom. As feedback was obtained from students, the way the class was administered changed. The data were drawn from narrative evaluations completed by the students at the end of each semester. This type of data is especially important because the standard evaluations completed by the students do not address the class format. The results of this research can by used by academic departments when planning distance classes. THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN EDUCATION Matthew B. Robinson, Appalachian State University In this paper, I summarize experiences with teaching criminal justice via distance learning technologies over a five- year period at a comprehensive university in the southeast. Specifically, I examined strengths and weaknesses of distance learning generally, with particular focus on distance learning and the criminal justice discipline. I discuss successful and unsuccessful uses of active learning strategies and various technologies that I have used teaching four cohorts of students. TEACHING CRIMINOLOGY COURSES ON THE WEB: AVOIDING THE PITFALLS Kim Michelle Lersch, University of South Florida More and more colleges and universities are turning to alternative course delivery methods, including web-based instruction. While some programs are embracing web-based courses, others are just beginning to experiment with these methods. This presentation will provide useful suggestions to faculty members interested in offering web-based undergraduate courses via the web.
Workshop 209: Cooperative Education Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Harvard
Moderators: Jean Egan, Northeastern University; Wally Sherwood, Northeastern University Discussants: Sgt. Jeffrey Farrell, Dover (MA) Police Department; James Hutton, Gillette Company; Nicole Bratcher, Northeastern University; Rebecca DerGarabedian, Northeastern University The session presents information on the Northeastern University College of Criminal Justice Cooperative Education Program model -"Integration of class-room based learning with real-world work experience, a partnership between faculty, employer and studenf'. The panelists will include students, criminal justice practitioners, and cooperation education faculty.
Panel 210: Police Practice Strategy Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Nantucket
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & Chair: J. Pete Blair, Michigan State University
THE USE OF SUBJECTIVE SCALES TO IDENTIFY THE GUllTV AND THE INNOCENT J.P. Blair, Michigan State University; Frank Horvath, Michigan State University The most complete detection of deception meta-analysis to date (DePaulo et al., in press) suggests that the use of subjective measures may be more accurate than the use of objective measures for detecting deception. This study explores the accuracy of four subjective measures in identifying innocent and guilty suspects. All of the subjects included in this study were suspects in actual thefts. The evaluators were all highly trained and experienced professional interrogators. Analysis indicated that the measures were reliable, formed a unifactoral scale, and had an accuracy of greater than 80% when combined. THE "LESS-MISSING-ACCELERATED JUVENILE HOMICIDE" APPROACH; AN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR FIRST RESPONDERS IN MISSING JUVENILE INVESTIGATIONS Michael J. Grabowski, Prairie View A & M University; Steven A. Egger, University of Houston, Clear Lake The recent series of highly publicized cases involving missing, abducted, and murdered children has presented law enforcement agencies with a continuing dilemma of how to quickly respond and appropriately assess the report of a missing child. The priority and quality of these appraisals may be seriously affected by the responding officer's amount of training and exposure to accepted methods and agency protocols in handling reports of missing children. These experiential deficiencies may result in responding officers taking a less-than-interested approach in their evaluation of the reported incident. Transposing a "j uvenile behavior'' incident pattern and time-based homicide assessment model to Egger's (1994) "less-dead" serial killer victimization definition, the authors offer a preliminary investigative approach to the assessment and prioritization of missing children's cases. RELIABILITY IN EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: THE EFFECT OF QUESTIONING STYLE ON MEMORY RECALL Fredrik H. Leinfelt, North Dakota State University One of many factors that can have an effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory is the style of questioning used to elicit information from the eyewitness. The way in which eyewitness testimony is presently utilized in our criminal justice system is currently controversial. This study attempted to determine whether the methods currently used to gather information pertaining to a witnessed event results in a fair and accurate recall of that particularevent. The results suggest, in concurrence with the hypothesis, that open-ended questions produce a more accurate recall than do misleading/direct questions. The policy implications of these results are discussed. CONDUCTING PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSIES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Richard W. Sears, Wright State University; Anthony S. Ragusea, Wright State University A psychological autopsy is a post-mortem investigation into the psychological state of the deceased prior to his/her death. Such investigations are useful to forensic investigators to help determine the context in which suspicious deaths occur, and serve as an adjunct to police and coroner investigations, as they provide information about mental health issues. However, there are no agreed-upon standardized procedures for conducting psychological autopsies. In this paper, the authors present the results of a comprehensive literature review, in the form of an annotated bibliography, on the procedures and methodological concerns involved in conducting a psychological autopsy.
Panel 211: Prisons Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Cap Cod
SPECIAL ISSUES IN INMATE REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT
Chair: Byongook Moon, Michigan State University
ASSESSING ATTITUDES TOWARD REHABILITATION AMONG CORRECTIONS OFFICERS IN SOUTH KOREA Byongook Moon, Michigan State University The correctional goal in South Korea has recently changed from the straightforward punishment of inmates to rehabilitation. Currently, emphases are being placed on education, counseling, and other treatment programs. These changes have consequently begun to also change the corrections officers' roles from a purely custodial role to a human service role, where officers are expected to manage rehabilitation and treatment programs. Despite these changes, few studies have examined the attitudes of corrections officers toward rehabilitation programming. This is an important dimension to examine in rehabilitation programming , as corrections officers play a major role in the delivery of institutional programs. This present study, therefore, examines the attitudes of corrections officers in South Korea to rehabilitation programs. Approximately 430 corrections officers were sampled. Regression analyses are used to examine predictors of the officers' custodial orientations, and policy implications are discussed. CASTRATION: A PROPOSED TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR SEX OFFENDERS Ashleigh Green, Topeka, KS Castration by some is considered to be cruel and unusual punishment. Others view it as a way for a convicted sex offender to obtain a reduced sentence, and yet there are some whom believe it may be the only cure. Many questions arise concerning several issues, methods, and results. Are we as Americans allowing the judicial system to toy with our bodily integrity? Castration first began in Europe in Denmark in 1929 and continued to spread through the 1930's into Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Holland. HOW SHOULD PRISON ADMINISTRATORS MANAGE PERSONS CONVICTED OF WAR CRIMES? Nancy Grosse/finger, International League fo r Human Rights & American Society of Criminology For several years prison authorities in various countries have been confronted with the challenge of how to manage the prisoner assigned to them via bilateral agreement with the United Nations to enforce the penal sanction for one or more war crimes. While the numbers of such offenders and prison systems remains low, it can be anticipated that with time, and the full functioning of the International Criminal Court, the numbers of will climb and expand to more prison systems. The purpose of this paper is to describe current practice and contemplate other management strategies when numbers of offenders rise and the diversity of participating prison systems expands. This research will be accomplished by field observations, document reviews, and personal interviews. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS BY PERPETRATORS J. Michael Olivero, Central Wa shington University; Rodrigo Murataya, Central Wa shington University; James B. Roberts, Central Washington University; Stephanie G. Carlsen, Eastern Wa shington University; Dianne Vickers, Eastern Wa shington University In the state of Washington it has become common practice to require perpetrators to attend court mandated, domestic violence classes. We administered an instrument designed to assess perceived treatment effectiveness to perpetrators in a treatment program located in two cities. The paper analyzes perpetrator feelings of assistance from the program. Further, as many offenders come to the program with feelings of persecution and a denial of the presence of a problem, this paper also analyzes whether offenders "own up" to their issues and roles as time in treatment increases.
Pan I 212: Policing Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Hyannis
ASSESING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF POLICE Chair: Paui-Philippe Pare, Pennsylvania State University
PUBLIC SAFTEY, DEPARIVATION AND POLICE EFFECTIVENESS Roger Bowles, University of York A citizen-oriented measure of public safety, based on the relative costs to victims of various offences, is developed as a measure of the outcome from the resources used in the criminal justice system. In order to judge how effectively police and other resources are being used, we argue, it is appropriate to compare this outcome with the resource inputs used, particularly the number of police, whilst taking account of variations in the level of deprivation locally. Empirical results reported are based on an analysis of crime and policing data for London Boroughs for the year 2001 /02. OFFICER UNFRIENDLY: CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS BY POLICE, LICENSE REVOCATIONS AND SUSPENSIONS IN TEXAS Ta na McCoy, Prairie Vie w A & M University; Michael Grabowski, Prairie Vie w A & M University In criminal offense cases, the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Education (TCLEOSE) mandates peace officer license revocation or suspension upon conviction or voluntary surrender. Using published reports of law enforcement license revocations and suspensions this research examined trends in the type of offense committed, level of offense (misdemeanor or felony), jurisdiction of offense (state or federal), and the number of offenses committed by the offending officer. Close scrutiny was given to cases involving police officers whose licenses were revoked, suspended, or voluntarily surrendered due to crimes against persons, specifically those involving offenses against children. POLICE PERFORMANCE AND CRIME-SOLVING RATES: FIXING SOME WELL KNOWN ISSUES Paui-Philippe Pare, Pennsylvania University; Marc Ouimet, University of Montral This research proposes a new measure of police effectiveness at solving crimes that correct some major issues. This new measure is based on a better understanding of factors that affect crime-solving rates. The effects of these factors are then controlled with statistical analysis. Results indicate that the unequal crime mix is the most important factor that affects crime solving rates of police departments. To a lesser extent, social, demographic, economic and police resources variables also influence the crime-solving rate of police departments. We conclude with a concrete example of the usefulness of this new measure.
Panel 213: Comparative and International Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Orleans
LAW AND JUSTICE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
Chair: Derek Paulson, Eastern Kentucky University
THE MEXICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: THE TOMMY BEAN CASE J. Rick Altemose, Lamar University; Bonnie D. Milson, Lamar University From the point of view of citizens of the United States who run afoul of the criminal law of Mexico, the Mexican criminal justice system can seem harsh and bewildering. This case study of an U.S. citizen arrested and imprisoned for the felony of having a box of bullets in the back of his vehicle when entering Mexico illustrates some of the important differences between the United States and Mexico in terms of the substantive criminal law, law enforcement, court procedure and prisons. HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOUTH AMERICAN POLICE Dilip K. Das, State University of New York Police reform is a matter of priority for several countries in South America where there were repressive regimes before the recent advent of democracies. Human rights, more specifically universal standards of human rights as codified in the UN instruments, form a major focus of this reform agenda. This paper seeks to explain why international human rights instruments are considered so important and if this can achieve the reform objectives. It will cover the author-s observation of the police in El Salvador, Guatemala, Ecuador, Brazil, Chile and a few other countries. It will also discuss the universal human rights CODIFYING LAW IN MEXICO Toni M. A. DuPont-Morales, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg The Camara, Mexico's congressional body, codified laws against domestic violence amidst a conservative and religious constituency. Further debilitating to the process was the discovery of bodies in Juarez, a northern state bordering Texas. The process of using American statutes as a format for another country's law presented complex and illuminating issues. The efficacy of the statutes and the case that unified policy designed requires careful examination of "women friendly" language that remains primarily symbolic in nature. The expansion of the statute to include family issues including child abuse remains a challenge to traditional culture and the religious conscience of the country. GLOBALIZATION, SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND PRISON PRIVATIZATION IN COSTA RICA Kenneth H. Bolton, Jr., Southeastern Louisiana University Exploratory discussions with eight Costa Rican criminologists and government officials are drawn upon to analyze the impact of globalization on the criminal justiCE! system in Costa Rica. Accounts demonstrate that increasing problems providing citizens with expected social entitlements, due to the emerging demands of the global economy, has fostered a climate of public insecurity. Resulting demands for tougher penal sanctions has led to an increase in the prison population and increased strain on the ability of the government to provide for the well being of those incarcerated. The Costa Rican government has, therefore, decided to experiment with prison privatization despite a perception that it will further catalyze social contradictions.
Workshop 214: Prosecution and Defense Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Provincetown
THE IMPACT OF SYSTEMIC ABUSE ON AMERICAN JUSTICE
Moderators: William P. Heck, Nottheastern State University; Michael Wilds, Northeastern State University; Cari Brown, Northeastern State University This workshop will examine a Louisiana case where a man was falsely arrested for the rape of his four-year-old daughter. Of interest is that he initiated the investigation during divorce mediation when he demanded that the daughter be examined fo r abuse. What followed was a tragic example of investigative incompetence on the part of a sheriff's deputy and a social worker who jointly worked the case, and a medical doctor who failed to detect crucial evidence that co uld have cleared the father earlier. In the aftermath, the Sheriff's Department simply closed the investigation, and the District Attorney's Office declined further action as well. The father was later granted full custody of the daughter, and the perpetrator remains free. The workshop also addresses the convictions of innocent individuals based upon systemic falsification of forensic evidence by Oklahoma City chemist, Joyce Gilchrist. With the advent of DNA technology, many wrongfully convicted individuals have been released from Oklahoma prisons. This article and presentation will focus on potential future protections from systemic abuse and fa bricated testimony relating to trace evidence found at the crime scene. Discussion of such protections include topics such as privatization of forensic testing and mandatory DNA testing for exculpatory purposes.
Panel 215: Theories of Crime and Victimization Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-11:15 Vineyard
CURRENT ISSUES IN SEXUAL ASSAULT RESEARCH
Chair: Philip W Rhodes, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi
SEXUAL DEVIANCE WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: SOCIAL VERSUS CLINICAL ISSUES Laurence Armand French, Western New Mexico University The outcry against priests that sexually abuses children and teens has tainted the church worldwide. The stigma of a small percentage of deviant clergy has led to a more pervasive stereotyping of Catholic priests. Adding to this problem is the Catholic hierarchy's tendency to cover-up these criminal acts. Nonetheless the blanket label of pedophilia is unwarranted and most likely applies to only a small percentage of sexually deviant clergy. A more comprehensive analysis of the culture of the Catholic clergy is needed to glean out the pedophiles from the otherwisehomo geneous, often homosexual, cultural milieu and its unique socialization process. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF NIBRS 2000 SEX OFFENSE DATA Leonore M. J. Simon, East Tennessee State University This study analyzed sex offenses using NIBRS data. 28 percent of sexual offenses involve victims age 18 and younger. Stranger offenses are rare, with acquaintances and family members committing the majority of offenses. Logistic regression analyses suggest certain offense, victim, offender, and state characteristics increase the likelihood of sex offenses resulting in arrest. For example, when the relationship of the victim to the offender is that of child, acquaintance, or stranger, the likelihood of arrest increases; conversely, the likelihood of arrest decreases when the victim is an intimate partner. These findings have valuable implications for future research and policy. ON INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME: THE CASE OF SERIOUS SEX OFFENDERS Jean-Pierre Guay, Brandeis University The current study compares results of IQ tests of sex offenders with those of non-sex offenders incarcerated in a federal institution. Subjects were 261 sex offenders and 150 non-sexual criminals incarcerated in a Canadian maximum-security federal institution. Sex offenders were evaluated by a team of criminologists and psychologists, and standardized IQ tests were used. Results show that sex offenders incarcerated in as federal institution have lower test results than non-sex offenders. While the latter usually show deficits specifically in verbal scales, the former has more generalized deficits. Theoretical as well as practical aspects of these findings are addressed. SEX OFFENDERS AND THEIR VICTIMS John H. Wh ite, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey This paper examines the demographic and behavioral characteristics of over one thousand sex offenders as described in newspaper articles and personal interviews. Crimes included are rape, voyeurism, exhibitionism, luring by computer, sexual homicide, and other types of sex offenses. Comparisons among the offenders and among the victims will be analyzed. Demographic comparisons such as locations of offenses, ages of victims and perpetrators, relationships among victims and offenders and gender aspects will be examined. Behavioral characteristics such as use of weapons, types of approach, injuries to victims, and how perpetrators are captured will also be investigated. SEXUAL ASSAULT NURSE EXAMINERS (SANE) PROGRAM EVALUATION: PRELIMINARY REPORT William E. Stone, Southwest Texas University This project is a quantitative attempt to assess the impact that Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE's) have had on sexual assault survivors and their cooperation in the sexual assault prosecution process. To accomplish this data is being collected on the perceptions of Sexual assault survivors through a web based survey instrument. The survey will attempt to establish if SANES have improved the survivor's satisfaction with the forensic exam process, which is a critical early stage of the sexual assault investigation process.
Panel 216: Street Crime Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Vermont
EXAMINING SCHOOL AND WORKPLACE VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION Chair: RobertJ. Homant, University of Detroit, Mercy
SCHOOL VIOLENCE AND BULLYING BEHAVIOR: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP? Douglas G. McKenzie, Grand Valley State University In recent years there have been a number of school violence incidents that have gained national attention. These episodes of school violence have shocked parents, educators, and fellow students across the nation. While the actual number of school shootings has not been great when data on school violence are viewed over time, the terrible incidents that have occurred have many asking the question "Why?" This paper reviews research examining various psychological and behavioral factors that are correlated with school violence. Of the multiple factors considered in the literature, "school bullying" previously directed towards the offenders is one of the factors gaining more attention in the literature. The relationship between school violence and bully behavior is examined. The legal issues related to school administrations policy response to violence and bullying is also examined. Lastly, directions for future research are suggested. HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION AS A PREDICTOR OF SUPPORT FOR WORKPLACE AGGRESSION RobertJ. Homant, University of DetroitMercy A ten-item hostile attribution scale has been developed in order to test the hypothesis that hostile attribution is predictive of support for aggression. It is further hypothesized that hostile attribution will be more predictive of aggression in ambiguous situations, compared to situations in which a supervisor's intentions are reasonably known. Two scenarios have been constructed to reflect a frustrating workplace event, and each scenario will be presented in both an ambiguous and a definite fo rmat. Several control variables will also be measured, including subjects' general tendencies to see aggression as justified and subjects' positive and negative affect. THE PREVLENCE OF ONLINE BULLYING: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS Justin W Patchin, Michigan State University; Sameer Hinduja, Michigan State University Bullying has become an important social concern in recent years. While the causes and effects of schoolyard victimizations are still largely unknown, they are being investigated by a number of researchers. Another equally disturbing form of bullying has become increasingly common in recent months. Tech-savvy students are turning to the Internet to harass their peers. Whereas youths who are bullied at school can remove themselves from the situation by going home, a child is vulnerable to potential electronic threats around the clock (email, chat rooms, cell phones, etc.). This paper presents the preliminary findings of an exploratory analysis designed to ascertain the prevalence of online bullying. Implications of initial findings will be explored and policy recommendations presented. Finally, issues concerning Internet research generally will be discussed.
Panel 217: Police and Community Issues Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Simmons
CITIZENS SATISFACTION AND COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING Chair: RobertE. Wo rden, University of Albany
DIMENSIONS OF CITIZEN SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION WITH THE POLICE Robert E. Worden, SUNY-Albany; Shelagh E. Catlin, SUNY-Albany; Christopher Harris, SUNY-Albany For this paper we use data collected in a recent survey of the residents of a northeastern city to deepen our understanding of citizens' satisfaction with the police. We examine the patterns of association between citizens' overall satisfaction with police in their neighborhood and their assessments of police on discrete dimensions of police service. We also analyze satisfaction in terms of whether and in what connection (i.e., calls for assistance or stops) citizens have had recent contacts with the police. From these results we draw inferences about the bases on which citizens' satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the police rests. EXAMINING PUBLIC SATISFACTION WITH THE POLICE: FINDINGS FROM THE ANCHORAGE ADULT VICTIMIZATION SURVEY Matthew J. Giblin, York College of Pennsylvania; Matthew V. Robinson, York College of Pennsylvania This paper examines determinants of citizen satisfaction with the police. Data were gathered as part of a victimization survey derived from the Bureau of Justice Statistics' Crime Victimization Survey software. The programmed survey consisted of questions from the National Crime Victimization Survey as well as additional questions from the COPS supplement. The survey was administered during Spring 2002 to a sample of more than 750 residents of Anchorage, Alaska. Among the variables tested are race, sex, fear of crime, level of neighborhood disorder, and experience with victimization. CITIZEN ATTITUDES TOWARD A LARGE SOUTHERN SHERIFF'S OFFICE: WHAT'S WORKING? Damon D. Camp, Georgia State University; Kimberly Martin, Georgia State University; Christine Gonzales, Georgia State University; Michael S. Vaughn, Georgia State University Citizen attitudes toward law enforcement are influenced by a number of factors. Among these are agency size and function. In this research effort, the attitudes of local citizens toward a large sheriffs department in a major metropolitan area are analyzed. While the department is not responsible for routine patrol, it does have numerous contacts with the community. Utilizing a comprehensive survey, citizen attitudes concerning competence of agency employees, officer attitude and behavior toward citizens, community concern over safety and security within the county, and overall agency performance are assessed. In addition, recommendations and suggestions for improvement are offered. ONE SIZE FITS ONE: AN ASSESSMENT OF AREAL VARIATION IN CITIZENS' ATTITUDES TOWARD SERVICE DELIVERY IN A NON-URBAN SETTING John Crank, Boise State University; Andre w Giacomazzi, Boise State University; George Fliege, Boise State University Researchers have commented on the uneven service expectations that accrue across jurisdictions and the corresponding need to tailor policing efforts locally. This research is uniformly urban. Little is known about differing service expectations in a non-urban setting, the current research frame. In 2002, the Ada County Sheriffs Office (ACSO) carried out a random, stratified survey under the auspices of a National Institute of Justice grant. Of interest was the way in which service expectation might vary across four areas-two contract communities, one non-contract community, and the unincorporated remainder of the county. The survey found that fifteen of twenty-three measures regarding quality of service delivery varied significantly across the four areas. However, the introduction of community controls reduced most of these findings to non-significance. This suggests that palpable differences by area exist with regards to citizens' attitudes towards service delivery; however, in almost all cases these differences are accounted for by community differences. Policy recommendations called for fine-tuning service delivery to the specific public order and crime problems of each community.
Panel 218: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Yarmouth
THINKING OUTSIDE THE TEXTBOOK: INTERNSHIPS STUDY ABROAD PROGRAMS Chair: Th omas Lateano, Kean University & GETTING OUT THERE: EXPECTATIONS, REALITIES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE INTERN Th omas Lateano, Kean University Internships have a unique place in the Criminal Justice curriculum. They are typically considered the link between theory and practice. However, many students enter into internships looking for practical work experience rather than a forum in which to test theory and develop a well-rounded education in Criminal Justice. This session will explore this topic through an examination of research done with a group of 10 students via pre and post internship surveys and interviews. This paper compares the expectations and attitudes of interns before and after their 120 hours in the field. Recommendations for the future of Criminal Justice internships will also be discussed. STUDY ABROAD PROGRAMS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: AN EXAMINATION OF PROGRAM DIRECTOR'S PERCEPTIONS OF THE STUDY ABROAD EXPERIENCE Joanna Bruni Cannon, Valdosta State University Studying abroad is an exciting opportunity for many university students, including students in criminal justice departments. Although there is a body of literature on study abroad programs generally, especially programs targeting students in the foreign languages, little is known about study abroad programs geared for criminal justice students. Our research identifies university and college study abroad programs in criminal justice throughout the United States. Findings are presented from exploratory surveys, which were administered to program directors to determine how their programs operate and their perceptions about the study abroad experience.
Panel 219: Juvenile Justice Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon A
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY II Chair: Frances Bernat, Arizona State University We st
ARE "KIDS AT HOPE" OR ARE "KIDS AT RISK"? THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX Frances Bernat, Arizona State University We st The Kids at Hope philosophy states that "all children are capable of success- no exceptions." This philosophy encourages all adults who parent, teach, mentor or otherwisecome into contact with youth to think creatively and praise youth for the variety of thing that define the youth or the youth's behavior. The philosophy has a number of key components that can be applied by the wide and interconnected community within which youth live, work, study and play. The philosophy encourages teachers, parents, police officers, clergy, employers of teenagers, community resource personnel, bus drivers, and others to think beyond the expected definitions of success. "Success" is not limited to doing well in school or achieving a high score on an exam. Kids at Hope believes that success should also be denoted by subtle positive behaviors performed by youth. In addition to success in academics, youth can succeed athletically, emotionally and socially. Whether this philosophy can be applied to school based and juvenile diversion programs will be discussed. IRELAND'S JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORM LEGISLATION (1999): A CRITIQUE AND ANALYSIS Roger B. McNally, SUNY-Brockport; Diane C. Dwyer, SUNY-Brockport The basic statutory Act for Juvenile Justice in the Republic of Ireland is the Children's Act of 1908. There has been 1h subsequent legislation throughout the 20 century reflecting modest changes. For example, the creation of the Juvenile Liaison Officer, the reform of the Probation and Welfare Service, the ending of the Industrial School system, etc. However, the promulgation of Ireland's Juvenile Justice system has been expressed in their 1999 Children's Bill which has become the centerpiece of juvenile justice legislation. This Bill is comprehensive and reflects the contemporary changes of modern Ireland. The thrust of it is to integrate significant elements of the Balanced/Restorative model. Hence, the purpose of my paper will be to offer a critique and analysis of the legislation. This will be done in the context of the goals of the Balanced Model as well as integrating the culture and cultural changes in modern Ireland. ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ANGER AND FRUSTRATION IN SELF-REPORTED DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE IN - STU DENTS GRADES 6TH 12TH Lisa Hutchinson Wa llace, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Stacy C. Moak, University of Louisiana at Monroe; Mike Daku, University of Alaska, Fairbanks The focus of this paper is to determine the role that the feelings associated with emotional and verbal oppression play in self reported levels of drug and alcohol use in adolescents. Data were gathered from a survey of students in grades 61h -1 ih in a rural southern county during the 2001-2002 school year. Measures of emotional and verbal oppression were obtained along peer, parental, and teacher behaviors. Feelings of oppression were measured along anger and frustration. Multiple regression were then used to determine the effect of oppression related emotions on students' substance abusing behaviors.
Panel 220: Qualitative Methods Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon B
QUALITATIVE METHODS, MEDIUMS, AND MESSAGES Chair: David Taylor, Niagara University
MAKING A KILLING AT THE BOX OFFICE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SERIAL HOMICIDE MOVIES 1980 - 2000 Tory J. Caeti, University of North Texas To assess the reality or lack thereof of the recent genre of serial killer movies, this research used content analysis to examine the most popular serial killer flicks of the last 20 years. Variables were drawn from Hickey's (2001) Serial Murderers and Their Victims and a coding scheme was developed to analyze the films. Patently absurd or fantasy-based films were excluded; the only movies included were those that could be perceived by the public to be accurate. The analysis reveals that popular serial killer movies do not accurately portray the true phenomena of serial killing. Implications are discussed at length. VISUAL CRIMINOLOGY: USING PHOTOGRAPHY AS A RESEARCH TOOL IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SETTINGS Cecil Greek, Florida State University The paper is based upon the author's experiences of conducting officially approved photography of police and jails. Discussion will detail the approval process, camera equipment suggested, pre-shot scouting of locations (where possible), and getting the most useful shots during the time allotted. The uses of the collected materials will be put into the perspectives developed in the fields of visual anthropology and visual sociology. MAKING A DISCIPLI NE: LOOKING BACK TO LOOK FORWARD David B. Taylor, Niagara University; Timothy 0. Ireland, Niagara University ASC and ACJS publish the annual Presidential Address delivered at each respective conference. For the discipline, Presidential Addresses are a potentially powerful source of knowledge and guidance on research and policy development. There are no specific requirements guiding a President's remarks, consequently, there is much variation in the topics discussed although most focus on the current state of criminology or criminal justice and many make recommendations for the future. Utilizing qualitative data analysis techniques this paper attempts to identify common themes within and across each organization's Presidential Addresses for the past decade, differences in the content, and implications of findings.
Panel 221 : Dimensions of Terrorism Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon C
EMERGING ISSUES IN THE WAR ON TERRORISM Chair: Jeffery T. Walker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock
"THE NEW WAR": USING THE MILITARY TO COMBAT TERRORISM Jeffery T. Wa lker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock The U.S. military has been used for many years in specialized missions to combat terrorist acts. Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, however, the military has taken on a new role in combating terrorism worldwide. This paper will address the new role of the U.S. military in combating terrorism. The effectiveness of using the military in this role, as well as the affect it has on traditional military goals will be discussed. Policy and political issues involved in this new "war" (such as the difference between enemy POWs and detained "criminal") will also be addressed. RACIAL PROFILING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN THE WAR ON TERRORISM Marcia Steinbock, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey This paper will begin with an overview of racial profiling laws as they existed at the time of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The underlying assumptions of these laws will then be examined in the context of the War on Terror, with its own idiosyncratic law enforcement concerns, as distinguished from non-terrorism law enforcement concerns. Finally, the issue of whether or not racial profiling in the aftermath of September 11 is a legitimate counterterrorist methodology will be analyzed. "PROFILING" POST 9-1 1 Lorenzo M. Boyd, Old Dominion University On September 11, 2001, terrorism for most Americans shifted from being a distant, occasional threat to a realization of imminent danger. For many, the response was anti-Arab, and racial and ethnic profiling became more acceptable. The war on terrorism may make others face the same intense inquiry, scrutiny and investigation that many minority-Americans have faced for years, based on race or ethnicity. Can America successfully balance national security and citizens' rights? If history is any indication, this may prove to be problematic. We must not let civil liberties become casualties in the war on terrorism. LEGAL ISSUES OF DETENTION: FOR NATIONALS AND NON-NATIONALS Lorraine A. Samuels, Prairie View A&M University; Clete Snell, Prairie View A&M University Both here in the United States and World Wide, detainees languish in prisons for months, sometimes years before receiving the appropriate action their individual case requires. Somehow, this has been allowed to continue amidst cries of injustice. The foundations upon which our justiee system stands: That punishment should fit the crime, and that punishment should be swift seemed lost when we consider that treatment in detention centers operate oblivious of these early tenets. With the events of September 11, 2002 one expectation could be a worsening of this "lag." International policy, and especially treatment of international detainees worldwide will serve as a measuring rod. GLOBAL TERRORISM AND UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS Dilip K. Das, State University of New York As the resolute strategy against terrorism is pursued in the USA and other countries, there have been cases and cases of arrests and detention without the requisite constitutional standards for such restraints. The paper will discuss whether such practices are inevitable and unavoidable. It will further explore the ways of balancing relentless pursuit of terrorists and terrorism with respect for universal human rights standards based on the experiences in the USA and elsewhere in the world.
Panel 222: Historical Perspectives Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Salon D
CHANGING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: THEN AND NOW Chair: M.A. Toni Dupont-Morales, Penn State Harrisburg
NOTHING NEW: TERRORISM IN PERSPECTIVE M.A. Toni Dupont-Morales, Penn State Harrisburg While students and topical courses are studying terrorism, military historians have studied terrorism as a method of changing and controlling select groups. Why are the new crime fighters looking toward history as a means of comprehending the impact that terrorism will have on globalization and mutual interests? What has been the historical difference between war and terrorist acts on social groups and fragile alliances? Was it the criminologists or the military that ignored the signals and is it time for collaboration? SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA: JUVENILE JUSTICE AND THE ROLE OF WOMEN REFORMERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARENS PATRIAE IN AMERICA James J. Ross, Buffalo State College The creation of the Cook County Juvenile Court in 1899 represented an evolution in the manner in which American society valued and treated children. As with evolution in nature, this transformation did not happen overnight, nor was it without difficulty. This evolution received its genesis from a small group of forward thinking individuals. The result of this evolution was the modification of the concept of childhood from a period no more special than any other in an individual's life, to a period of human development that merited protection and guidance. This shift began in the early 19th century with reformers seeking alternatives to criminal prosecution and imprisonment of Chicago's dependent and delinquent children. THE HISTORICAL USE OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY IN OHIO Jefferson E. Holcomb, Bowling Green State University Clemency is an act by a chief executive or designated body to modify criminal punishment. As a discretionary use of power by a political body, scholars consider the use of clemency to be influenced by a number of factors. This presentation will review the patterns of granting clemency in Ohio during the 20th century. Emphasis will be placed on identifying major factors that influenced changes in the use of different types of clemency and the current status of clemency in Ohio and the United States. CONCEALED WEAPONS ARRESTS IN CHICAGO, 1900-1 930 Greg S. Weaver, Auburn University This study complements previous work with the Chicago Historical Homicide Project (1870-1930) by examining arrests for violations of the city's concealed weapon laws. In particular, trends these arrests will be compared to changes in the gun homicide rate. Using data compiled from Chicago Police Department annual reports for the years of 1900-30, key attributes of these offenses will be explored, including the disaggregation of concealed weapons arrests by race of the offender. Furthermore, monthly data for key periods in the history of the city will be examined to assess the extent to which concealed weapons arrests fluctuated in relation to key incidents of social unrest. WHO OWNS THE HOLY LANDS? ORIGINS AND FUTURES OF THE ISRAELI-PALESTINE CONFLICT Bruce S. Ponder, Allen, Ponder and Associates; HarryAllen, San Jose State University European nations were creating their world empires in the 19th and 20th Centuries, causing widespread changes in the Middle East. We examine British complicity in creating the conflict in the Holy Lands, and conclude that no resolution of the conflict can be achieved without first determining ownership of the problem and who will resolve the conflict.
Panels 223: Prisons Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Tufts
PRISON SEX Chair: Rosemary L. Gido, Indiana University of Pennsylvania DOES PARTICIPATION IN CONJU GAL VISITATIONS REDUCE PRISON VIOLENCE IN MISSISSIPPI?: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY Christopher Hensley, Morehead State University; Mary Koscheski, Morehead State University; Richard Te wksbury, University of Louisville Few studies have examined the relationship between participation in conjugal visitation programs and threats of and actual violent behavior in correctional facilities. In the present study, 256 men and women incarcerated in two Mississippi prisons completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning institutional violence and participation in the conjugal visitation program. Using multiple regression analyses, this study was intended to determine if conjugal visits reduce threats of and actual violent behavior in prison. Although a relationship was not uncovered between participation in conjugal visitation programs and the threat of or actual commission of violence, the study did reveal that inmates committing index crimes were more likely to commit violence against another inmate compared to inmates committing non-index crimes. SEXUAL OFFENDERS, RISK FACTORS, AND DISCIPLINARY INFRACTIONS Holly A. Miller, Sam Houston State University; Angela Torres, Sam Houston State University; Phylissa Kwartner, Sam Houston State University The criminal justice system has a long history of trying to determine relevant risk factors to predict violent behavior inside and outside of prison. However, much of this examination has only involved static (e.g., age, number of offenses), or unchanging factors. In this study, dynamic risk factors are explored for a group of approximately 50 offenders participating in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Sex Offender Treatment Program. Dynamic risk factors, such as attitudes toward offending, social influence, emotional stability, and impulse control will be compared with static factors in the prediction of prison disciplinary infractions. Currently, the research team has collected extensive data on 35 offenders (another 15 (at least) will be added and analyzed prior to the paper's presentation). SEX OFFENDERS INCARCERATED IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN Beth M. Huebner, Michigan State University; Timothy S. Bynum, Michigan State University; Amanda Burgess-Proctor, Michigan State University The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive examination of the characteristics of incarcerated sex offenders in the State of Michigan. The data for this research were obtained from Pre-Sentence Investigation reports from all offenders sentenced to a new stay of incarceration for CSC II, Ill, IV, and assault in 1998. In addition to the description of the population, the characteristics of the population will be examined in light of several established risk classification instruments. Applying risk analysis instruments to the current population allows the researchers to examine the relative risk of certain sub-groups of offenders. HIV AND CORRECTIONAL POPULATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF RISK BEHAVIORS AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION Amanda Tweddale, Grand Valley State University; William R. Crawley, Grand Valley State University Given the explosive population of inmates with HIV/AIDS over the last decade, programs have been implemented across various correctional institutions to educate both inmates and staff. This paper examines samples drawn from secondary data sets involving correctional populations presenting HIV/AIDS positive inmates from both the US and Canada over approximately a ?-year period. Specifically, focus is given to logistical issues (housing, medical testing and treatment, education, and legal costs) and, moreover, the impact of HIV/AIDS educational programs will be examined for issues of confidentiality, cost, and related issues of efficacy. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR PREVENTING INMATE SEXUAL ASSAULT: EXAMINING WARDENS' BELIEFS Christopher Hensley, Morehead State University; Robert W. Dumond, Franklin Pierce College; Richard Tewksbury, University of Louisville; Doris A. Dumond, University of Massachusetts at Lowell Inmate sexual assault has long been a problem within the American correctional system. Prison sex researchers have consistently prescribed various remedies and solutions for dealing with this issue. However, few of these studies have examined wardens' beliefs regarding the possible remedies for inmate sexual assault. Using data collected from 226 wardens in 2001 , we examine the beliefs that wardens hold concerning the effectiveness of institutional policies and procedures, staff training, and increased supervision by staff on sexual assault among inmates. On average, wardens felt these possible solutions were effective in reducing inmate sexual coercion. Furthermore, based on a series of multiple regression analyses, we found that race, education, percentage of inmates sexually assaulted and known by the warden, and percentage of inmates having consensual sex were statistically significant variables associated with these remedies.
Panel 224: Crime Prevention and Security Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Boston Univ.
VICTIMIZATION: PREVELANCE AND PREVENTION Chair: Bertus Ferreira, East Carolina University
REPEAT VICTIMIZATION IN THE U.S.: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Brandon We bster, University of Cincinnati; Graham Farrell, University of Cincinnati Much of the earliest literature on repeat victimization comes from studies in the United States in the 1970's and 1980's. A more recent resurgence of interest in this field has emerged in the UK where repeat victimization has significantly influenced national-level crime prevention and policing policy. US studies have tended to have a medical focus or relate to either child abuse or domestic violence. Despite this, there is a range of studies that suggest that repeat victimization is as extensive in the US as elsewhere for many types of crime. This paper will review those studies and explore the need for further US research and policy development relating to repeat victimization. SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION AND THE UNIVERSITY: AN ORGANIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Megan Symons, Wa shington State University Sexual assault is a serious problem on university campuses. Recent studies suggest that one-in-five college women will be the victim of sexual assault during her time at school. A common approach used by many universities is to create a sexual assault task force or prevention group to address campus-wide issues related to sexual assault. This study investigates a sexual assault task force at a large public university in the Pacific Northwest and the environment in which the task force operated. Results from this study explore factors within the university that effect the way these groups function and how those factors effect the outputs of those groups. "SAY MAN, GOT AN EXTRA SMOKE?" THE SHIFT FROM CASH RO BBERIES TO CIGARETTE THEFTS IN CONVENIENCE STORES - ISSUES AND COUNTERMEASURES. Patrick Wa lsh, Loyola University, New Orleans While the typical convenience store crime has generally been assumed to be a lone gunman robbing a late night solitary clerk at gunpoint of twenty dollars, a paradigm shift has been noticed. An increasing number of cigarette thefts, involving multiple offenders who strive to commit a theft: and not escalate to a robbery have been recorded. These crimes appear to challenge the effectiveness of most currently accepted and utilized robbery countermeasures. In this research we examine this criminal event and currently developing countE!rmeasures. The research will include data from public record sources as well as victim and offender surveys. A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN THE UNITED STATES, JAPAN AND TAIWAN Julianna Benjamin, SUNY-Albany; Yumi Suzuki, SUNY-Albany; Shuping Tzeng, SUNY-Albany The incidence of child sexual abuse is one of the greatest social problems facing the world in recent years. A recent study in the United States indicates that sexuall abuse of children occurs at the rate of 1.49 per thousand children. Using statistics from the United States, Japan and Taiwan,. this paper will examine issues relating to prevalence, consequences and interventions of child sexual abuse in each country.
Workshop 225: Innovations in Crimiinal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Boston College
INNOVATIONS IN COURTS
Moderator: Roderick L. Ireland, Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Discussants: William Yo ung, Chief Judge, U. S. District Court, Massachusetts; Martha P. Grace, Chief Justice, Juvenile Court, Massachusetts; Barbara A. Dortch-Okara, Chief Justice, Trial Court, Massachusetts This workshop discusses innovations in our court systems and current issues in the work of the courts that have profound impact on judicial decision-making and the administration of criminal and juvenile justice, e. g. sentencing the criminal defendant, sentencing the juvenile offemder, the juvenile witness, the courts use of research in court cases, and social science research in the court system. The panel of the workshop consists entirely of federal, state, and juvenile court judges. The goal of the workshop is to bring together members of the judiciary and academics to discuss and explore ways in which the courts and the academy work together to encourage policy-focused research among academics resulting in research that makes a significant contribution to the administration of criminal and juvenile justice.
Workshop 226: Historical Perspectives Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Regis
DOCUMENTING JUSTICE: USING ORAL HISTORY AND DOCUMENTARY DATA COLLECTION TO EXPLAIN POLICING AND CIVIL RIGHTS EXPERIENCES IN WARREN, OHIO 1945-1 965
Moderators: Molly Merryman, Kent State University; Ken Bindas, Kent State University Justice Studies and History faculty combined methodological approaches to create a unique classroom experience and community-based research project, which utilizes oral history and digital-video techniques to understand the impact local law enforcement had on the daily lives of .African Americans during the Civil Rights era in Warren, Ohio. Documentary interviews were conducted with ordinary citizens and law enforcement professionals. This workshop will provide curricular materials, pedagogical suggestions and digital video instruction in order for attendees to develop strategies for integrating technology, traditional scholarship and interdisciplinary learning to encourage undergraduate research, stimulate community-based learning/outreach, and expand knowledge of historical intersections of law enforcement and civil rights.
Panel 227: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 MIT
TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE WITH FILM AND LITERATURE Chair: Craig Hemmens, Boise State University
PROFESSOR V'S POETIC JOURNEY THROUGH SUPREME COURT HISTORY James Va lenti, SUNY-Brockport I write and publish legal poetry for my students. Each poem tells a story or describes a doctrine. The poems are also social commentaries. I am a member of the United States Supreme Court Historical Society, and some of the poems will be on their website soon. The poems are thought provoking for students, as well as an interdisciplinary approach to studying basic legal principles. The poems are designed to help students learn basic legal principles. STAR TREK AND POPULAR CULTU RE AS PEDAGOGICAL TOOLS FOR TEACHING LAW AND JUSTICE Robert Chaires, University of Nevada, Reno; Susan Lentz, Norwich University The study of Popular Culture has reached disciplinary status at some institutions, however, acceptance as a legitimate curricular and pedagogical vehicle remains problematic in criminal justice. While criminal justice scholars have long studied the interactions of various popular media on variables such as public attitudes and political manipulation, the pedagogy of popular culture is often perceived as post-modernist claptrap. In part, this perspective is the product of an increasing social science bent in the discipline, a turn toward rejecting that, which is not quantifiable. This study of popular culture uses Star Tre k as a vehicle for examining the limits of social science methodology in teaching criminal justice policy and practice and argues 'crunch numbers-crush justice.' TEACHING ABOUT COURTS WITH THE MOVIES Craig Hemmens, Boise State University Criminal justice students are not always overly excited about learning either evidence law or court procedures. Consequently, teaching this material presents a challenge. In this paper I present how I have approached the subject-through the creation of a class, which uses a variety of films to teach the principles of evidence law and court procedures. Students have (not surprisingly) responded favorably to a class, which includes movies as a major component; more importantly, I have found that students learn and retain more information from this method or instruction. I discuss a variety of class issues.
Roundtabl 228: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Harvard
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM ACCREDITATION: WHAT ARE THE ISSUES?
Moderators: Holly Dersham-Bruce, Dawson Community College; John Wilt, Danville Community College Discussants: Elizabeth M. Webb, Moraine Valley Community College; Bonnie Toothaker, Mount Wa chusett Community College; Gay Young, Johnson County Community College Community college criminal justice programs are changing. Technology, 300 level course offerings at the community college level and college credits articulated from training are just a few of the issues that now face faculty and program administrators when considering an evaluation. A panel of discussants will share issues that they see at their institutions that may affect an evaluation process.
Panel 229: Police Practice and Strategy Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Nantucket
DANGEROUS ENCOUNTERS : VIOLENCE BETWEEN POLICE AND CITIZENS Chair: 11/ya Lichtenberg, Montclair State University
THE EFFECTS OF SUSPECT AND ENCOUNTER CHARACTERISTICS ON POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE Jeffrey A. Jenkins, Roger Williams University; David A. Hemond, Sr. , Roger Williams University The legal standard for use of deadly force by police officers is well established and includes the suspect's threat to the officer with a weapon. Law enforcement professionals are therefore trained to associate certain suspect and encounter characteristics as being dangerous. These include such indicators of threat as the nature and speed of movement by the suspect, the type of suspected crime, and whether the officer has cover. These variables may interact in an encounter to elicit a deadly force response from the officer. This researchexamines whether variables such as these result in police officers' use of deadly force. THE USE OF FORCE BETWEEN THE POLICE AND PERSONS WITH IMPAIRED JUDGMENT Robert J. Kaminski, National Institute of Justice; Clete Digiovanni, National Naval Medical Center; Raymond Downs, National Institute of Justice This paper analyzes situations in which police in a southwestern city took persons into custody (n=2,060 events). The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether there existed differences between encounters with rational offenders and encounters with persons suffering from perceived impairment of judgment, apparently due to intoxicating substances or mental illness. The paper reports no significant differences in terms of forcible resistance, use of force, and outcomes, including injury to officers and subjects. Research and policy implications of these findings are then discussed. HOW DANGEROUS IS THE EXECUTION OF WARRANTS IN A SUSPECT'S HOME? 11/ya Lichtenberg, Montclair State University This paper empirically analyzes the Supreme Court decision of Mayland v. Buie. Buie permitted police to conduct a protective sweep of the premises of a suspect arrested pursuant to a lawful warrant. The Buie Court reasoned that the added search powers were necessary to protect police from unknown third party assailants who may launch an attack against the police. Using data from the summary descriptions of police officers killed while serving search and arrest warrants, this research addresses three questions. 1) How dangerous is the practice of serving? 2) How often are police fatalities during warrant service caused by third party assailants? 3) Have any changes occurred in police victimization rates because of Buie? THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK: CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF POLICE DISPOSITIONS TO USE FORCE Michael R. Norris, Capital University Center fo r Lifelong Learning; Christopher Birkbeck, Universidad de los Andes; Luis Gerardo Gabaldon, Universidad Catolica Andes Bello The authors sampled police officers' dispositions to use force in hypothetical confrontations with citizens in El Paso, Texas; Ciudad Juarez, Mexico; and Caracas and Merida, Venezuela. Preliminarily, conflict-based class bias found in earlier Venezuelan research is missing in this study, and U.S. officers choose higher levels of force to resolve the police-citizen scenarios than do their Latin American counterparts. Panel 230: Polic Accountability Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Hyannis
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MECHANISMS OF POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY Chair: RoberlHolland, Queensland Police Service
POLICE DISCIPLINE PROCEDURES CAN BE A POSITIVE MANAGERIAL STRATEGY RoberlHolland, Queensland Police Service The purpose of discipline policies and procedures of the Queensland Police Service, Australia is to provide for fair and timely resolution of complaints and a discipline management strategy that is consistent, swift, proportionate and decisive while adhering to principles of natural justice. Noticeably missing is the adversarial system of a decade ago. The replacement system is a managerial resolution process focusing on improving the conduct of subject members and preventing recurrence of similar complaints. This paper outlines how this change occurred. How and why the current process is working is discussed, and some of the benefits being achieved are identified in the context of past history CITIZEN REVIEW OF THE POLICE: THE PEOPLE'S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD OF THE PHILIPPINES: 1991-2000 Melchor C. de Guzman, Indiana University South Bend This research examines the performance of civilian review boards established in the metropolitan area of the Philippines. Using ten-years of data (1991-2000), the research describes characteristics of police officers and police departments that have cases before the People's Law Enforcement Board or PLEB, the types of cases handled by these civilian review boards as well as the manner of dispositions of these cases, the composition and qualifications of the members of the boards, and the number of times their decisions were affirmed, reversed or modified by an appellate board. Findings suggest that the propensity of police officers for receiving complaints in the boards is a function of both rank and assignment, and that the boards appear to have similar disposition patterns with other civilian review boards in other international jurisdictions. However, the boards appear to make accurate decisions in their handling of cases as indicated by the appellate boards' rates of decisions favorable to the boards. POLICE OFFICER TRUST IN INTERNAL AFFAIRS David, H. Swim, California State University at Sacramento This paper examines the law enforcement internal affairs investigation process. A valid and reliable survey instrument was developed to measure police officer trust in internal affairs. Surveys of law enforcement personnel using factor analysis identified four subgroups, impartiality., professionalism, due process and timeliness as essential to employee trust in internal affairs. Application of the findings of the studies to improve the law enforcement internal affairs process is examined. MOVING BEYOND COMPLAINTS IN CITIZEN OVERSIGHT OF POLICE: POLICY REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION AS STRATEGIC TO IMPROVING POLICE CONDUCT AND PROFESSIONALISM - A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Michael Supancic, Southwest Texas State University This paper addresses citizen oversight of police in three areas: (1) a move toward policy review in the oversight of police in the United States offers a 'strategic' directive for monitoring police and improving their professionalism; (2) most oversight procedures (and systems alike) are commonly "weak" or "antagonistic" as they tend to be incident-driven reviews of filed complaints rather than duly responsive to policy improvement; (3) in the US we continue to discount the 'best practices' from the International community's experience with police oversight. The paper uses published Annual Reports from existing civilian oversight systems in selected cities across the US and in Europe, the coordinated efforts and published reports of numerous affiliated oversight organizations (e.g., NACOLE; NOBLE and CALEA, among others), and scholarship in the field to address these concerns.
Panel 231 : International Issues Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Provincetown
INTERNATIONAL ISSUES IN POLICING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: GaryFeinber g, St. Thomas University
MODERNIZING BRITAIN'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THE CURE BEING WORSE THAN THE DISEASE GaryFeinber g, St. Th omas University This paper examines and critically evaluates three important efforts to modernize Britain's Criminal Justice Policy: 1) The introduction and prioritization of managerial principles in the criminal justice system; 2) the combining of civil and criminal remedies to prevent antisocial behavior and 3) the creation and implementation of Child Safety Orders. It is especially concerned with the ways in which catering to public pressures and politicizing crime control policy may have deleterious effects both in terms of aggravating the very crime problems it seeks to control as well as for human rights and civil liberties in general. The paper concludes by identifying some of the most recent and disturbing reforms being attempted in Britain and their possible negative administrative and socio-legal consequences. EXPLAINING DIFFERE NCES IN HUMAN RIGHTS PERFORMANCE OF POLICE: HYPOTHESES FOR COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Piet van Reenen, School of Human Rights Research, Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens Police forces all over the world implement measures to increase their performances. Some of them are directed at improving compliance to human rights standards. The School of Human Rights Research at the University of Utrecht starts a research project regarding the implementation of measures to improve the performance of police in the field of human rights in cities in three Latin American countries will be evaluated in three separate research projects. Part of the project is the comparison of performance of the three countries. In order to allow for comparison hypotheses are being fo rmulated. The paper will contain the central hypotheses of the comparative part of the study and the arguments for formulating and choosing them. TEACHING ETHICS TO THE POLICE: TURKISH CASE Ibrahim Cerrah, Institute for Security Services Teaching ethics has become an important item in police training in the last two decades in the Western Europe and the USA. Ethical training now comprises an essential part of initial police training. Courses offered to the police as in service training also include police ethics classes or at least some ethical topics in their curriculum. Policing the police, guarding the guards, has long been an issue for the society. The question, "Who guards the guards?" is one that was first asked by the Roman poet Juvenal (AD 60-140). Although, the recognition of the issue dates back to almost twenty centuries, the problem still remains unsolved. The issue of ethical training is now considered to be an importantcontribution towards professionalism. Therefore, it makes up an essential part of modern police training. It is considered that teaching ethics to the police will contribute to the professionalism and therefore reduce the abuse of power. In this paper, the history of police ethical training in Turkey and its present situation will be presented. The paper will also deal with how an ideal police training should be. The present ethical training seems to be unrealistic, as it does not address the roots of the problem. What is more, even this unrealistic ethical training is merely consists of giving advice and telling them what to do, rather than showing the officers the best practice by example. CURRENT COURT SYSTEM AND ITS PLAYERS IN CHINA Bin Liang, Arizona State University Based on my field research, i.e., court observations in Beijing and Chengdu, China, I would like to show how the current judicial system works in daily life. The current court system has been in a process of systemization, both internally and externally, seeking more power and relative independence. However, traditional influences, such as preference of mediation (over litigation) and substantive justice (over procedural justice), and lack of respect (from the mass) and guaranteed power (from the national political structure), still have major impacts on the building and operation of the judicial system. REHABILITATION AND REINTEGRATION IN JAPANESE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Zoran Milovanovich, Lincoln University Criminal justice systems based on a principle of rehabilitation and reintegration have been regarded as idealistic but unworkable in the real world, except perhaps in totalitarian or primitive societies. However, I Japan, a country which is neither totalitarian nor primitive, we find such a model, which some label "benevolent paternalism." The Japanese criminal justice system is benevolent in that its goal is to achieve reformation and reintegration into society through lenient sanctions tailored to the offender's particular circumstances. The system is paternalism in that it allows substantial discretion to the state in both gathering and using information about the offender and the offense.
Panel 232: Capital Punishment Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Vineyard
PRE-TRIAL ISSUES IN DEATH PENALTY CASES Chair: Mazie S. Curley, University of Memphis
THE DEATH PENALTV AS A BARGAINING TOOL Susan Ehrhard, SUNY-Albany Among the numerous avenues of capital punishment research, one that has yet to be explored is the use of the death penalty as a bargaining tool. This study will examine the issue of whether guilty pleas in aggravated murder cases are more common in jurisdictions where capital punishment is available than in those where it is not, and if so, the role that the potential to prosecute cases capitally plays in producing guilty pleas. Investigating this issue is important because some are of the opinion that such a practice puts undue pressure on defendants to forgo their trial rights in lieu of risking a death sentence, while others are of the opinion that such a practice is beneficial for the very reason that it negates the need for a trial and the financial and emotional costs associated with one. ASSESSING CONVICTION-PRONENESS IN A CAPITAL JURY POOL Andrea Kordzek, SUNY-Albany; Diane Proper, SUNY-Albany Research has demonstrated a correlation between authoritarian beliefs and support for both capital punishment and the propensity to convict. Support for capital punishment has been identified as a strong predictor of conviction proneness among jurors. Using juror questionnaires from a capital trial in the Northeast, we examine the strength of the relationship between questions measuring authoritarian attitudes and questions measuring attitudes towards capital punishment. We further examine which types of questions best measure the presence of authoritarian attitudes. This research allows us to specify which types of voir dire questions would help to identify potential jurors that are and are not prone towards conviction. THE CONSEQUENCES OF REMOVAL FOR HARDSHIP ON THE PRODUCING OF A FAIR CROSS-SECTION OF JURORS Diane Proper, SUNY-Albany; Andrea Kordzek, SUNY-Albany Limited research has been conducted on the characteristics of potential jurors who are removed from jurypools due to various forms of hardship. In order to examine these characteristics we study juror questionnaires from a murder trial in the Northeast. In particular we examine whether removal for hardship also results in the disproportionate removal from the jury pool of certain classes of people (e.g., disproportionate numbers of women, minorities, etc.). It is believed that this research will help inform judicial policymakers about the consequences of hardship removal for producing a fair cross section of jurors.
Panel 233: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Vermont
CURRENT TRENDS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEACHING AND RESEARCH Chair: Steve Brodt, BallState University ACJS PAPERS IN REVIEW Edward W. Sieh, St. Cloud State University; Beth Laxson, St. Cloud State University This paper will present a trend analysis of the last ten years of papers presented at the annual conference. Attention is given to topics, presenters, region of origin, and school. The question that remains to be answered is whether the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences is actually becoming a police academy of sciences? ARE THE FIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE KEEPING UP? IS THERE A NEED FOR MORE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AMONG OUR GRADUATES? Dennis Giever, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The fields of criminology and criminal justice are quickly becoming more technological in nature. Those in the field are expected to possess skills in a wide array of technical areas. Are programs in these fields preparing students for these technical jobs? This paper presents findings from a preliminary study that assesses whether there is a disconnection between the job aspirations of students and the educational objectives of a university program. Equally important is an assessment of whether students are willing to take classes designed to enhance their technical knowledge and skills if a university was willing to invest in their development. MOCK TRIAL: AN INNOVATIVE TEACHING TOOL J. Dennis Laster, Central Missouri State University; Emily J. Hutchinson, Central Missouri State University This paper explores innovations in the use of mock trial as a teaching tool. The skills developed from participation in the mock trial experience will be examined. The use of mock trial as a classroom component and in intercollegiate competition will be discussed. Knowledge of courtroom procedure, the rules of evidence, and case preparation are enhanced as a result of mock trial classroom experiences. Faculty and student attitudes regarding experiences with mock trial will be presented. FRESHMAN LEARNING COMMUNITIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR ENHANCING STUDENT RECRUITMENT AND LEARNING OUTCOMES Dean A. Dabney, Georgia State University A Freshman Learning Community (FL.C) is a cohort of 20-25 incoming freshmen who are enrolled in the same 5 courses for their first semester of college. Each FLC takes on a topical focus with a department-level representative in charge of course selection and the supervision of a mandatory class on new student orientation. Through careful curricular design and collaboration, FLCs in Criminal Justice can pay significant dividends in the way of recruiting undergraduate majors, enhancing writing and analytical skills, and incre�asing student retention rates. This paper describes in depth the FLC initiative and its implementation at one Criminal Justice department. A METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RECENT EMPIRICAL POLICE RESEARCH Marilyn D. McShane, University of Houston, Downtown The 1990's witnessed a substantial expansion in research on policing. New funding streams to support police research, an increase in the number of scholars en1�aged in such research, and an expansion of academic journals publishing research are some of the factors contributing to this expansion. This paper presents the results from a review of nearly 300 articles on policing published in academic journals between 1995 and 2000. Empirical research articles were assessed for their methodological strengths and weaknetss related to their research design. The research reported in these articles was also classified in order to identifythe policing research agenda during the five year time period. An overall assessment of the state of police research is presented.
Panel 234: Comparative and International Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Simmons
ISSUES IN DEMOCRATIC AND NON-DEMOCRATIC POLICING: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Chair: Chuck Fields, Eastern KentucJ INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIC POLICING PRACTICES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FIFTEEN COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF DEMOCRATIC POLICING PRACTICES Hakan Can, Sam Houston State University It is assumed that democratic poliein�J will help to improve the respect of human rights and democracy in a given country. Using secondary data, this study explores cross-nationally the interrelation between democratic policing practices (e.g., community policing) and democracy and human rights. The results show significant positive relation between the practice of democratic policing and indicators of democracy and respect for human rights. The analysis strongly implies that scholars have underestimated the power of policing institutions in democratic societies. COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES TOWARD POLICE BETWEEN AMERICA AND JAPAN: TEN YEARS LATER Liqun Gao, EasternMichigan University Data from 1993 of World Value Survey will be analyzed to compare the confidence in the police between America and Japan. Qualitative studies in the past portrait a higher confidence in the police in Japan, but one quantitative research, using data in 1981, showed that the public=s level of confidence in the U.S. is actually significantly higher than the public=s level of confidence in Japan. The new analysis hopes to compare the level of confidence both countries again and to test the hypothesis that the public have a higher confidence in the police in Japan than in America with new data ten years later. PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR THE POLICE IN EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE Sanja Kutnjak lvkovich, Florida State University This paper compares public views about the police in the East-European countries in transition to those in Western democracies. The World Values Survey data are used as a measure of the general level of confidence in the police, while the International Crime Victimization Survey data provide more specific opinions about the police ability to control crime in a particular neighborhood. Several country-specific variables (e.g., GNP, perceived extent of corruption, size of the police force) were included in the analyses. The results clearly show that the attitudes about the police in the European countries in transition (still) differfrom those prevailing in Western democracies along several important dimensions. THE ROOTS OF SOCIALIST POLICE SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON OF PRE-SOCIALIST POLICE SYSTEMS IN CHINA, CUBA, AND THE SOVIET UNION Mitchel Roth, Sam Houston State University This paper will examine the development of police systems in China, Cuba, and the Soviet Union prior to the inauguration of socialist policing in these countries. Comparisons will be made with what has evolved in place of traditional police systems, as well as changes that have occurred since the advent of the socialist state. Besides policing, this paper will examine the role of informants in these societies. The paper will conclude with a comparison of these forces police forces today. MODERNIXING BRITIAN'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THE CURE BEING WORSE THAN THE DISEASE? GaryFei nburg, St. Th omas University This paper examines and critically evaluates three important efforts to modernize Britain's Criminal Justice Policy: 1) the introduction and prioritization of managerial principles in the criminal justice system; 2) the combining of civil and criminal remedies to prevent antisocial behavior; and 3) the creation and implementation of Child Safety Orders. It is especially concerned with the ways in which catering to public pressures and politicizing crime control policy may have deleterious effects both in terms of aggravating the very crime problems it seeks to control as well as for human rights and civil liberties in general. The paper concludes by identifying some of the most recent and disturbing reforms being attempted in Britain and their possible negative administrative and socio-legal consequences. Panel 235: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 1:00-2:15 Yarmouth BEYOND THE TEXTBOOK: SHAPING THE MINDS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS Chair: Matthew B. Robinson, Appalachian State University JUSTICE AS FREEDOM, FAIRNESS, COMPASSION, AND UTILITARIANISM: HOW MY LIFE EXPERIENCES SHAPED MY VIEWS OF JUSTICE Matthew B. Robinson, Appalachian State University This paper lays out my definition of justice and traces the origins of the conception. I identify and discuss very specific life experiences and how they have affected my understanding of justice. Specific incidents that are explored included early childhood experiences, key events in adolescence, and the most important episodes from early adulthood. I examine my own family conditions, early relationships, and consider the influences of certain television shows and music in childhood and adolescence. I also discuss the effects of various educational experiences on my view of justice. MENTORING IN ACADEME: STUDENT PERSPECTIVES Julie C. Kunselman, University of We st Florida The University of West Florida/Woodham High School Law Academy Conflict Resolution Pilot Model seeks to redirect juvenile aggression and anti-social behavior by providing a process of conflict resolution. The project engages high school and university students in a conflict resolution mentoring program that servesas the basis for beginning a peer mediation program at the high school. The program attempts to broaden the views of the participants and beneficiaries by exposing them to a conflict resolution curriculum rooted in empathy, objectivity, and impartiality. This research focuses on the implementation process utilizing educator and student participant experiences, including discussion of the educational and developmental impacts associated with developing a K-12 and Higher Education partnership. Utilizing qualitative data gathered from educator and participant experience, we discuss both the positive (e.g., increased knowledge, service learning participation, opportunities to collaborate with peers and faculty, career development, etc.) and negative (e.g., making the partnership work, overcoming the 'student' complex, when theory does not fit reality, etc.) issues related to developing such partnerships. Finally, we discuss the inherent social benefits associated with making such a partnership work. MAYHEM AND THE MEDIA: THE INSPIRATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION TO MAJOR IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Hillary A. Potter, Metropolitan State College of Denver The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence students to major in criminal justice at a large urban Western college. Events such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 , and the Columbine High School (Littleton, CO) shootings will be considered as motivations for this decision. Additional decision-making factors to be explored are media representation of criminal activity, influence of family members who work in the criminal justice system, and personal experience as a criminal defendant. OBSERVATIONS ON AN "ACCELERATED" CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM FOR OLDER ADULTS Rick M. Steinmann, Lindenwood University This paper will address the author's observations during the past two years relative to directing both a undergraduate and graduate degree program in criminal justice. It will examine the reasoning behind why the programs were started and discuss the mechanics of how they were implemented. Moreover, an assessment of the benefits and drawbacks to such programs will be undertaken. This paper may appeal to faculty members within "traditional" criminal justice programs who may currently be entertaining ideas about also implementing an "accelerated" degree criminal justice program for older adults. Hopefully, such faculty will gain a better perspective as to the possible academic and financial merits (or not) of such programs. PRISONS OF THE MIND: LESSONS LEARNED FROM HOME CONFINEMENT Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, Florida Atlantic University In keeping with current political ideologies, postsecondary students often enter the classroom with punitive correctional attitudes largely based on rhetoric, emotion, or such stereotypical misperceptions as "country club prisons." Yet students cannot be expected to develop an appreciation for the intrinsically punishing nature of imprisonment through traditional classroom techniques relying exclusively on the cognitive dimension of learning. In an effort to address this shortcoming by engaging the affective learning domain, students in an introductory corrections class participated in a simulated 48-hour home confinement exercise. Results of this experiential learning project will be reported, including its impact on the students involved, as well as parallels between the simulation and the actual pains of confinement experienced by real-world inmates. Panel 236: Drug Alcohol Abus Control Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon A THE INNER WORKINGS& OF DRUG &COU RTS Chair: JeffBouff ard, North Dakota State University A SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF JUVENILES TERMINATED FROM JUVENILE DRUG COURT IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA John Sloan, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Jeff Rush, University of Te nnessee at Chattanooga; John Ortiz Smykla, University of South Alabama Juvenile drug courts are intensive treatment programs established within and supervised by juvenile courts to provide specialized services for eligible drug-involved youth. We used a before-after experimental design to evaluate the Jefferson County (Birmingham), Alabama juvenile drug court. Comparing twenty-four month pre and post intervention periods, we collected data on arrest and time to arrest for all juveniles terminated from the first four years of drug court (experimental group) with an equivalent number terminated two years earlier from the juvenile court's substance abuse program (control group). This paper presents those findings with an emphasis on survival analysis. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNSELOR PHILOSOPHY OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE CAUSATION AND TREATMENT AND THE CONTENT OF DRUG COURT TREATMENT SERVICES. JeffBouff ard, North Dakota State University; Shamayne Smith, North Dakota State University; Faye Taxman, University of Maryland Recently, evaluations of drug court programs have begun to provide evidence of their effectiveness in reducing criminal behavior and drug abuse. In light of these findings, several authors have called for a more thorough examination of the therapeutic services offered within these courts in order to determine their mechanisms of effect. Previous research has also examined the relationship between various counselor characteristics and the delivery and effectiveness of substance abuse (and other forms of) treatment in general. The current paper examines the relationship between counselors' philosophies of drug abuse causation and the components of effective treatment as they relate to the content of substance abuse treatment delivered in a sample of four adult drug courts, as measured by direct observations of these treatment services. MOTIVATION, SATISFACTION, RETENTION AND OUTCOMES FOR COMPLETERS NONCOMPLETERS OF A DRUG COURT Alison R. Gray, University of Delaware; Christine A. Saum, University of Delaware; Frank& R. Scarpitti, University of Delaware; Clifford A. Butzin, University of Delaware Drug Courts are characterized by their imposing drug treatment on charged substance users, and supervising that treatment as a part of sentencing. Advocates believe that the rehabilitative focus of the court and the unique monitoring role played by the judge enhances treatment success and reduces relapse and recidivism. While extant research findings seem to support this contention, drug courts have yet to be subject to long-term, systematic research testing their effectiveness. The research reported in this paper is from an ongoing five-year study of the Delaware Superior Court Drug Court, and examines motivation, satisfaction with treatment and the drug court experience, as well as treatment retention. Post treatment outcomes are also examined. Initial data were gathered for clients committed to treatment programs through the drug court at the conclusion of their treatment, and 12 months after discharge from treatment. Results are compared with a control group of clients who attended the same treatment programs, but were not under the supervision of the drug court. The efficacy of drug court supervision and treatment is measured in the usual ways, as well as by their impact on family, social, and economic status. The implications of this study, and of others like it, for the future of drug courts are addressed. EVALUATION OF DRUG TREATME:NT COURT PARTICIPATION: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLETION AND POST-PROG RAM OUTCOMES Amy Craddock, Indiana State University This paper reports on the evaluation of four Drug Treatment Court (DTC) programs in North Carolina. The process evaluation examines compliance with program requirements. The outcome evaluation uses a quasi-experimental design to examine the 12-month post-program recidivism of DTC participants and a comparison group. Overall, 33% of the graduated from the DTC. Men are less likely to graduate from the DTC than women, as are those with more serious current offenses, more prior convictions, and a higher proportion of positive urine tests. Those with higher treatment and court attendance rates are significantly more likely to graduate. Among graduates, 17.9% were rearrested for a new offense, compared to 41.3% of no ng rad uates. Panel 237: Police Practice and Strategy Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon B COMMUNITY AND PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING Chair: Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICE RESPONSE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE Cory Bargen, University College of the Fraser Valley; Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley To deal with the increasing numbers of calls for service, law enforcement agencies have employed alternative ways of responding to calls. Some of those ways include alternatives to dispatching a patrol car to calls. This paper reports results of public opinion surveys in two Royal Canadian Mounted Police jurisdictions in British Columbia. The results suggest that while the public is less satisfied with some alternative police responses to calls for service, this lower level of satisfaction does not result in lower ratings being assigned to police officers or with respect to police services in general. The authors offer suggestions for further research. POLICE-SCHOOL PARTNERSHIPS: INTEGRATING PROBLEM-SOLVING INTO A SCHOOL SETTING Timothy Bynum, Michigan State University; Sean Varano, Northeastern University In the wake of several high-profile incidents of school violence, many police departments and school administrators entered into formalized partnerships in an effort to prevent school-related crime and disorder. The current study details the outcomes of one such initiative that intended to prevent serious crime by implementing a problem-focused effort directed at incidents of threats and intimidation in a high school setting. This study presents a detailed analysis of the characteristics of crime and disorder via multiple data sources (e.g., focus groups, police crime data, school crime data, and student surveys) and the effectiveness of a program that intended to reduce the incidents of threatening and intimidating behavior. THE CRIME FIGHTING MODEL: POLITICAL RHETORIC OR VALUABLE POLICE STRATEGY? Michael J. Palmiotto; Witchita State University, Victor Lofgreen, Witchita State University An historical review of the crime fighting model and its value in preventing crime and controlling crime will be analyzed. This study will examine the crime fighting role in the era of community policing. Does crime fighting been a valuable police strategy in controlling crime or has it been primarily political rhetoric? COMMUNITY POLICING: A VIABLE WEAPON AGAINST TERRORISM Joseph Ryan, Pace University; James F. Albrecht, Sam Houston State University Policing was dramatically affected by 9/1 1/01. This paper suggests that enhanced police partnerships with all aspects of the community may provide the police with badly needed new "eyes and ears." Police agencies should continue the initiative to strengthen avenues of communication with all cultural groups, and thereby promote agency cultural awareness and enhance police-community cooperation. All potential sources of intelligence should be examined. Any assistance supplied by the community which furthers the fight against terrorism will allow law enforcement agencies to better undertake their primary responsibilities of reducing crime and maintaining public order. ATTITUDES TOWARD POLICE OFFICER DISABILITY AND THE PROVISION OF POST-INJURY SERVICES Deborah Linnell, Illinois State University Undergraduates enrolled in criminal justice courses (N=640) completed 1 of 12 randomly assigned questionnaires with four sets of hypothetical scenarios varying information about disabling conditions, injury source, and police officer employment. Attitudes were more negative (p < .000) toward persons described as permanently disabled, whose conditions resulted from criminal victimization, and who were employed as police officers. Police officers were perceived as being responsible for their conditions (p < .000) and should be provided with fewer post-injury services than those whose employment was not stated. Panel 238: Police and Community Issues Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon C PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD POLICING Chair: Peter Bums, Loyola University THE EFFECT OF COMMUNITY POLICING ON PEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE Peter Bums, Loyola University, New Orleans; Matthew0. Th omas, California State University, Chico This paper uses an Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and Bureau of Justice Statistics survey to investigate the effect of community policing on people's perceptions of neighborhood police. We find that residents highly regard neighborhood police officers when citizens believe community policing exists, see increases in officers in their community, and observe the police performing various activities associated with community policing. The ability of community policing to increase citizen satisfaction with the police is especially important in light of our other finding that African Americans and Latinos hold negative opinions of their neighborhood police. COMMUNITY PROBLEM SOLVING: THE STUDY CIRCLES APPROACH Dean B. Golding, Temple University The community policing philosophy is often looked upon as a "new way of doing business," but is actually a throw back to the Peelian Principles. One of the strategies that is often used to advance the community policing philosophy is problem solving. Many studies have looked at the efficacyof these problem-solving efforts. This research examines the Study Circles model of community problem solving by examining what impact an effort of police-community partnership had on police attitudes toward the community and community attitudes toward the police. In addition, how can this process modify police practice to make citizens more inclusive in the problem identification process? THE IMPACT OF GROOMING STANDARDS ON PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE Andrea Huelsmann, University College of the Fraser Valley; Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley; Greg Anderson, University College of the Fraser Valley In recent years, however, a number of Police Associations have sought to challenge current grooming regulations on the grounds that they not only infringe on individual rights, but that they are simply outdated and ignore the fact that community standards about acceptable appearance has changed. Police administrators have responded with a concern that more liberal grooming standards will erode public respect for police. With the above in mind, the authors conducted a study in the spring of 2002 to assess public attitudes towards police officer grooming. The results of the study proved to be the opposite of what was generally hypothesized by the authors. Specifically, when asked directly, the overwhelming majority of citizens were opposed to any relaxation of police grooming standards. The paper to be presented will discuss the details of the study results, the implications for current challenges to grooming standards, and directions for further research. EVALUATION OF CITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIES IN WESTERN NEW YORK Debra E. Ross, Buffalo State College This paper will present the results of a survey that was conducted with citizens who have attended a Citizen Police Academy in Western New York. All past participants were surveyed and analysis conducted examining changes in their perceptions of policing in their communities since participating in a Citizen Police Academy. This paper will also examine the police officers perceptions of the effectiveness of the Citizen Police Academy in promotinga philosophy of community policing. THE EFFECTS OF ACCREDITATION IN A SMALL AGENCY: HOW DOES FORMAL POLICE PROFESSIONALISM IMPACT POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY? William R. Geary, Widener University; David Erenius, Wi dener University "Accreditation Recognizes Professional Excellence" is the slogan for the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (GALEA). This organization offers police agencies fo rmalized professionalization. This research examines the effects of the accreditation process on one such agency. Specifically, this paper addresses variables within both the agency and the community. Within the agency, this paper examines both attitudinal and behavioral changes within different sections of the department. In the community, this paper examines how public perception of accreditation affects attitudes towards the department. Pre/post accreditation mE�asures come from official agency reports, participant observation and survey data. Panel 239: Intimate PartnerViolenc e Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon D PARTNER VIOLENCE: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Chair: Deborah Wilson, University of Louisville AN APPLICATION OF THE HEALTHY COMMUNITIES MODEL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COORDINATED COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN CONSTANTA, ROMANIA Deborah Wilson, University of Louisville This paper addresses information on domestic violence in Romania through a review of existing literature on the topic as well as the findings from a survey conducted in Constanta, Romania. The paper describes the development of a coordinated community response to domestic violence in Constanta, Romania through an application of the Healthy Communities Model. Information on the strengths and weakness of the use of this model as well as data on the effectiveness of services provided is included. VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE STUDENTS AT TWO UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES: A CROSS CULTURAL COMPARATIVE STUDY Emmanuel Onyeozili, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore This paper seeks to examine the practice of violence against women in dating relationships at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) campus, compared with observations from a university in another culture (Nigeria). The study investigates the claim that the practice of dating violence cut across cultures and enjoys common similarities. Questionnaire survey measured causes, patterns, effects and responses. Data analysis employed simple percentage scores. Preliminary results support the hypothesis. The study is significant because it is the first of its kind using UMES and a Nigerian university, and will also benefit students of criminology, gender, and African studies. EXPLORING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS Leanna A. Bouffard, North Dakota State University Research has suggested that intimate partner violence is equally likely to occur in rural as in urban areas (see fo r example, Bachman, 1994). However, most studies of domestic violence and the criminal justice response have focused on urban locations, and those studies which have addressed partner violence outside of urban areas have predominately focused on the southern regions of the country. This study explores the characteristics of intimate partner violence and the criminal justice response in urban, suburban, and rural areas in the northern Great Plains. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARREST RATES IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL ENVIRONMENTS AND RACE Wojciech Cebulak, Minot State University; Harry Hoffman, Minot State University; Paul Markel, Minot State University; Gary Rabe, Minot State University; Richard Seklecki, Minot State University This research examines the impact of the presence or absence of mandatory arrest policies in domestic violence, race, and urban versus rural environment, on arrest rates in domestic violence. Using two very different jurisdictions, the researchers hypothesized that rates of arrest in domestic violence are impacted both directly and indirectly by both the presence/absence of mandatory arrest policies in domestic violence, and by the rural v. urban dimension. It was hypothesized that there would be a strong indirect causal effect involving race. The hypotheses were formulated based on literature reviews encompassing differentdi mensions of domestic violence: the law-enforcement, judicial, racial, and rural-v.-urban dimensions. An analysis of research results confirms a significant impact of the research on the understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of domestic violence. The paper concludes by offering a re-examination of a number of assumptions that have been directing research on domestic violence. TESTING SUBCULTURE OF VIOLENCE THEORY IN THE MIDWEST AND SOUTH Darren Wa rner, Michigan State University Scholars have long debated the existence of a subculture of violence within certain areas of the United States, most notably the South. Most tests of the subculture of violence thesis have sought to measure the phenomenon using homicide data or firearms ownership. Unfortunately, there have been few studies that examined domestic violence from the subculture of violence perspective. In this study we attempt to theoretically examine the subculture of violence by using attitudinal data on domestic violence collected from college students located in two separate regions of the country, the Midwest and the South. It is hypothesized that students in the South will display views more consistent with the southern subculture of violence argument than those located in the Midwest. Panel 240: Capital Punishment Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Tufts CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND CLEMENCY ISSUES Chair: Sara Ward Bryans, SUNY-Albany A COMPARISON OF THE CLEMENCY PROCEDURES IN THE FOUR CENSUS BUREAU REGIONS Porshe Va nBrocklin, Tiffin University This paper examines state clemency procedures and the five different types of clemency granting authorities in the United States. I focus on the three most active death penalty states in each of the four Census Bureau Regions, which I have determined by the number of executions in each state since 1976. I also examine the current number of offenders on death row and the number of clemencies since 1976 in each region in comparison with the population of the region, in order to determine if there is a correlation. Finally, I discuss the type of offenses that clemency is available for and the limitations on that authority. I conclude by suggesting that regional variations in the number of offenders on death row, and therefore the number of clemencies in capital cases, are determined arbitrsarily and by political climate (as determined by public opinion polls), rather than any differences in clemency procedures. LEGAL ISSUES RAISED IN CAPITAL CLEMENCY PETITIONS Sara Ward Bryans, SUNY-Albany; Trisha Domres, SUNY-Albany; Jing Uu, SUNY-Albany; Carrie A. Schneider, SUNY-Albany The purpose of this paper is to examine the legal issues raised in capital clemency petitions. Liebman, Fagan, and West (2000) reported that 68% of death sentences imposed between 1973 and 1995 were found invalid by appellate courts primarily because the defense counsel was ineffective or the prosecutor suppressed evidence. A sample of the 32% of cases that have gone through judicial review are evaluated in order to determined if they are error-free and the product of fair, reliable procedures. The cases include clemency petitions from three states (Missouri, Texas, and Virginia). These states were selected because they have relatively low reversal rates. Comparisons between the three states and with those scrutinized by Liebman in terms of defense ineffectiveness, prosecutorial misconduct, and evidence of mitigation/innocence will be presented. Panel 241 : Surveillance and Privacy Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston Univ. TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES AND ORGANIZED CRIME Chair: Robert W. Taylor, University of North Te xas TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME AND DESTABILIZATION IN DEMOCRACIES: RUSSIAN ORGANIZED CRIME AS CASE STUDY Murat Ya sar, University of North Texas This paper attempts to explain the impacts of transnational organized crime on the functioning of democracies by adopting the Russian Organized Crime as case study. Descriptive research with regard to definition, scope and organization of transnational organized crime, along with the objectives, limitations and methodology of this paper is included first. Recent trends observed in organized crimes character and the impact of organized crime on the political economies of democratic regime follows this. Pre-conditions for building a broader response to transnational organized crime threat is contained at end. WHITE COLLAR CRIME: TURKISH CASE VERSUS THE U.S. Ahmet Turer, University of North Texas; Mutlu Koseli, University of North Texas; Yilmaz Simsek, University of North Texas The purpose of this presentation is to explain the latest changes in the law of white-collar crime in Turkey, which has been revised recently. The presentation will demonstrate the problem of dealing with white-collar crime and how it is compounded by the fact that there is no clear separation between criminal, civil, and regulatory responses. This presentation will also focus on the problems of Turkish National Police while fighting against white-collar crimes in Turkey. Finally, the US and Turkey will be compared in regard to the types and effects of white color crime. DIGITAL IMAGING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT Ahmet Yay/a, University of North Texas Through out history,few inventions and developments in technology have offered as much potential to improve the work of the law enforcement as digital imaging. It is obvious that photography is essential for the law enforcement. Sometimes, a picture may worth a thousand words in terms of evidence. As the power of computers and digital imagery used together by the law enforcement, there are relatively great deal of opportunities to improve the effectiveness and reliability of the law enforcement profession. This presentation will discuss the implications of digital imaging in the law enforcement such as facial recognition. DISTANCE LEARNING PROJ ECT FOR TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE Turkish National Police This study describes POLNET (Police Computer Network and Info rmation System), which is the infrastructure of computer technology and information system of Turkish National Police (TNP), and how this infrastructure and information system can be used to provide proper and up to date education and training to the members of the TNP. TURKISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY AGAINST DRUGS AND ORGANIZED CRIME (TADOC): WITH ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS, THE CONTRIBUTION OF TADOC TO THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Onder Aytac, Drug Enforcement Training Coordinator for United Nations, Turkish National Police Academy; Cuneyt Gurer, Drug Enforcement Training Coordinator for United Nations, Turkish National Police Academy The major focus of the paper will be Turkish International Academy against Drugs and Organized Crime (TADOC). Also, the cooperative projects and training activities preformed by between United Nations, Security Counsel and Great Britain, Germany, France, United States, and Turkey will be explained. Furthermore, some of the functions and activities of the major centers of TADOC, such as crime prevention research center, Drugs control & Demand Reduction Research Center, Money Laundering Research Center, IT Crime Research Center will be described. Additionally, the issue of increasing the efficiency of TADOC training programs in terms of implementing theory based training in the practice will be discussed. Finally, as a training center, the contributions of TADOC to Turkey and the region will be analyzed. (The attendants will be given CD-ROM and book about TA DOC.) Panel 242: Pros cution and Def ns Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Boston College RETHINKING ADVERSARIAL LEGALISM Chair: David Neubauer, University of New Orleans ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Kate Hanrahan, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Jenifer A. Lee, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Contemporary policies such as three-strikes laws, hate crime legislation, and prosecution of juveniles as adults depend on the appropriate exercise of prosecutorial discretion. Yet, contemporary studies of that discretion are relatively rare. This paper will present the results of a review of recent assessments of prosecutorial decision-making and its role in contemporary criminal justice policy. The paper will also include a discussion of the methods used in those assessments. ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL CRIMINAL COURT PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES: RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN A DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICE GaryKeveles, University of Wisconsin, Superior Restorative justice is becoming a popular, if not a controversial way of responding to crime and delinquency matters. In one form or another, police, court and correctional agencies are using it with more or less involvement by victims and community members in many different parts of the world. Interest and involvement by prosecutors have not been extensive. Yet it is in the middle stages of justice processing that critical decisions are made in many cases. This research examines the beginning stages of a restorative justice project that is originating in a district attorney's office. The issues, opportunities, resistances, and responses are examined, as the restorative justice approach becomes more of a reality in resolving criminal cases. PUBLIC DEFENDER PERCEPTIONS OF PROSECUTORS: RETHINKING AN ADVERSARY MODEL Michael Scot Weiss, Rowan University Although there is a stream of empirical and anecdotal literature suggesting that public defenders sacrifice their clients' interests in adversarial justice by negotiating cases so as to promote smooth relations with prosecutors, an alternative perspective argues that despite the undeniably low trial rates that characterize the criminal courts, prosecutors and public defenders are not so collegial after all. This paper, based on a semi-structured interview study undertaken in three sites, argues that there are public defenders who consider prosecutors to be unconcerned with justice, obsessed with conviction, and unable to contemplate environmental explanation for crime. The implications of this research on the current state of courts scholarship will be discussed. THE PRACTICE OF ADVERSARIAL LAW: THE MORAL AGENT AS WARRIOR Laura Myers, Sam Houston State Uniw�rsity The adversary system of justice places the prosecution and defense in a competitive relationship. This competitive situation creates the potential for numerous ethical issues in the pursuit of justice. The resolution of these ethical issues by prosecutors and defense attorneys often means that justice is derailed. Some attorneys are more successful that others in remaining ethical in the adversarial pursuit of justice. This article discusses the ethical pursuit of adversarial justice in the criminal courts. LADY JUSTICE: VIEWS FROM THE FRONTLINE Alice E. Perry, Indiana University; Penelope Kathiwala There was a death of female attorneys practicing criminal law in the late 1980's in this busy Massachusetts courthouse. Over the next fifteen years these female attorney's, one a prosecutor and one a defense attorney, were members of the same legal culture. This account, as participant observers, examines, among other things, the working triad - judge, prosecutor and defense attorney - and their relationships, from a female perspective. Grappling with the 'working personality' of the police officer was a skill honed by the female prosecutor. Establishing a rapport with countless male defendants looking for the best plea bargain was a quality essential to the success of a fe male defense attorney. Interacting with the same courthouse participants, from probation officers to clerk/magistrates, both authors conclude that it is never forgotten, day to day, that female criminal lawyers are treated differently, sometimes better sometimes worse, but always differently, than their male counterparts. This article traces that relationship from their first encounters with the other courthouse actors to their perspectives today as seasoned trial attorneys who have left the profession to pursue educational goals consistent with improving the criminal justice system and educating others about the criminal justice system. Workshop 243: Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Regis IMMIGRATION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL PATTERNS AND CURRENT TRENDS Moderator: Raymond R. Rainville, Saint Peters College The recent increase in immigration to the United States, legal and illegal, has police departments and other criminal justice agencies facing the prospectus of dealing with new ethnic groups and variations in traditional crime patterns, while coping with terrorism and home land security. The extent of the new immigration pattern is nationwide; both rural and urban agencies are scrambling to understand the current situation and it's effect on operations, training and resources. This workshop will review traditional typologies and compare historical patterns of criminal behavior with current crime trends and experiences from jurisdictions across the country. Workshop 244: Police and Community lssu s Friday March7, 2003 2:30-3:45 MIT CREATING MENTAL HEALTH/LAW ENFORCEMENT PARTNERSHIPS Moderators: Jeffery T. Walker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Fred G. Wilson, National Sheriffs ' Association; Mary Zdanowicz, Treatment Advocacy Center There is little question that there is a crisis of persons with mental illness in the United States, as the articles in this issue have pointed out. Law enforcement agencies are, by most estimates, the largest mental health provider in the country; but they are not the only entities attempting to provide effective services or to change the structure of mental health services. Other agencies, both within the criminal justice system and in the public and private sector, also have responsibility for providing services to the mentally ill. This panel addresses efforts to establish partnerships for handling the mentally ill. The argument is made that the chief law enforcement official in an area is perhaps the best person to assemble a coalition to handle mental illness, especially as it relates to criminal justice. Stakeholders that should be involved in the collaboration and promising practices will also be discussed. Despite the fact that the root cause is a medical issue - untreated psychiatric illness - it is law enforcement rather than the medical community that is the first line of response for individuals experiencing serious psychiatric crises. The reality is that law enforcement will always have to respond when a person is so ill that they are a danger to themselves or others. This panel explores unique steps taken to create more effective collaboration between local law enforcement and community mental health professionals. Panel 245: Dimensions of Hate Cri me Friday March 7, 2002 2:30-3 :45 Harvard REPORTING, CLASSIFYING, AND RESPONDING TO BIAS CRIME Chair: Matthew Hickman, Bureau of Justice Statistics UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OFFICAL BIAS CRIME RESPONSE AND COMMUNITY-POLICE PARTNERSHIPS Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University; Jennifer M. Balboni, Northeastern University; Shea Cronin, Northeastern University; James J. Nolan, Ill, We st Virginia University Official crime statistics, such as bias motivated crime, serve both practical and symbolic functions. When jurisdictions accurately understand the prevalence, nature and severity of bias crime within a community, they can more appropriately respond to and prevent such incidents. Equally important, the process of investigating and designating crimes as bias motivated may foster a better more productive relationship between police and community groups upon whom they depend for information. This relationship has become particularly important as law enforcement simultaneously responds to bias crimes and engages community members in partnerships to investigate terrorism. The paper will discuss the importance of both responding to bias victimizations and the symbolic affect that official reporting has on fostering community trust in law enforcement. AN ASSESSMENT OF EIGHT LOCAL JURISDICTIONS' BIAS CRIME REPORTING PROCESSES Shea Cronin, Northeastern University; Jennifer M. Balboni, Northeastern University; Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University; James J. Nolan, Ill, We st Virginia University Since the passage of the Hate Crime Statistic Act in 1990, many local jurisdictions have participated in a national bias crime data collection program. In this voluntary program, local jurisdictions submit bias crime statistics to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (in some states via state agencies) through the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. However, little is known about the ways local departments collect these statistics. Using qualitative data collected from eight local jurisdictions, the paper outlines the different processes used to identify and aggregate bias crime statistics. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of reporting processes, the paper concludes with recommendations for a 'Model Reporting Process,' where both investigation and classification functions are allocated to a bias crime specialist or unit. THE ELEMENTS AND EFFECTS OF 'DEPARTMENTAL CULTURE' IN BIAS CRIME REPORTING Jennifer M. Balboni, Northeastern University; Shea Cronin, Northeastern University; Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University; James J. Nolan, Ill, West Virginia University In our research visiting eight police departments around the country, we found that the police departments had a general tenor or feel to them regarding how they approached the topic of bias crime reporting and bias crimes in general. While no department was totally homogeneous in their responses, certain assumptions and speculations usually thread through responses from personnel in any particular department. Preliminarily, we have defined departmental culture as made up of the following components: general sensitivity toward bias crimes; perceptions of the victim, whether the department is victim or offender oriented; perceptions about incident report functions, how information is perceived, and leadership. This paper will examine each of these components and how they affect bias crime. UNDERSTANDING AND CLARIFYING AMBIGUITIES IN BIAS CRIME INCIDENT CLASSIFICATION James J. Nolan, Ill, West Virginia University; Shea Cronin, Northeastern University; Jennifer M. Balboni, Northeastern University; Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University At the present time in law enforcement, the term "hate crime" is relatively new and its meaning is often considered vague. This situation can lead to confusion, mistakes and misinterpretations of bias-related incidents. We have found that this vagueness can become a barrier to full acceptance of hate crime as a legitimate crime category in some law enforcement agencies. Using focus-group interviews in a sample of law enforcement agencies in the United States, the authors uncover at least 10 separate and distinct categories of bias-related incidents that police officers have identified as "confusing." The present study hopes to provide a perspective that reduces the ambiguities and makes hate crime a clear, distinct, and mutually understood category of crime. Panel 246: Police Practice and Strategy Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Nantucket TRANSNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE POLICING Chair: J. Gayle Mericle, We stern Illinois University THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION IN PUBLIC ORDER MANAGEMENT Otto M.J. Adang, NPA Dutch Police Academy For the European football championships (Euro 2000) held in Belgium and the Netherlands in 2000, authorities embarked on a strategy that involved maximal use of international police co-operation. To evaluate the effort, feedback from foreign police officers deployed during Euro 2000 was explicitly sought. iin each host city a team of observers carried out systematic observations and an international monitoring team independently made their own observations. In this paper the nature of the international police cooperation and its contribution to the management of public order during Euro 2000 is investigated. GLOBAL ETHICS AND ECONOMICS IN COMMUNITY POLICING Timothy E. Heimberger, Wa lden University Police department strategies in defusing labor disputes, between businesses and labor unions, have impacted budgets and public attitude. This paper is a critical examination of the strategies that one police department in Ohio has utilized in defusing two different labor disputes. The successes and failures of the police department's strategies are compared. Also, evaluated are the different roles of community anencies who have responded to these labor disputes. The paper concludes with a new strategy, Global Ethics and Economics in Community Policing. This strategy incorporates the prevention of a labor dispute and examines the roles of the parties involved. GLOBAL POLICE PRACTICE STRATEGIES Richard Regnier, Western New England College; Ryan Klein, We stern New England College Even though police departments& throughout the world agree on one universal goal, to serve and protect their citizens, their strategies and practices tend to differ. Some of the reasons for these differences in strategies and practices may include geography and cultural differences. This paper compares the practices and strategies of United States police departments with those of other countries. In doing so, we try to identify the different ways one can go about achieving common goals. POLICE REFORM IN MODERN CHINA: 1995-2003 - SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS Kam C. Wong, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh Under Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms, China has been transformed from a backward state-planned economy into a modern market-driven ·one. The gongan or public security has been a part of that transformation process. The purpose of this Project is to compile data and provide analysis on all aspects of police reform in modern China during 1995-2003, including causation and forces of reform, scope and magnitude of reform, momentum and speed of reform, strategies and dynamics of reform, obstacles and resistance to reform, success and failure of reform, impact and implications of reform, and finally assessment and evaluation of reform. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS WITHIN THE POLICE IN FOUR LATIN AMERICAN/CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES (BRAZIL, JAMAICA, COSTA RICA AND MEXICO) N.A. Uildrks, School of Human Rights research, Onderzoekschool Rechtne van de Mens This research program aims to provide insight into the manner in which human rights standards can be implemented within the police under varying country-specific circumstances. Its focus is on fo ur major cities in three Latin American and one Caribbean country. Each country project will analyze past and current efforts at implementing police human rights standards. This four-year research program, started in September 2002, has been financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The presentation will outline the theoretical thinking behind the program and some of the issues involved in the direction and shape of the program .. Panel 247: Technology and Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Hyannis SPECIAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Pam Collins, Eastern Kentucky University ADVANCED SUREVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES Pam Collins, Eastern Kentucky University; Ryan Baggett, Eastern Kentucky University Legislation such as the Patriot Act (2001 ) , enacted as a result of the terrorist acts of September 11, broadly expanded law enforcement's surveillance and investigative powers. This legislation, coupled with technology advancements, will undoubtedly increase the use of surveillance technologies by crimial justicce agencies. This presentation will overview two advanced surveillance systems that have been recently developed to assist law enforcement and corrections in remotely and wirelessly monitoring areas where criminal activity is prevalent. The panelists will overview the system applications (both covert and overt), discuss the implications of each technology, and present results from the evaluation of the systems. A BEAUTIFUL MIND AND CRIME: APPLYING NON-TRADITIONAL ANALYTICAL MODELS TO INVESTIGATIONS Hank J. Brightman, Saint Peter's College Many police agencies now use crime mapping software and data assessment techniques (e.g. COMPSTAT) to assist them in allocating departmental resources effectively. Comparatively, federal investigative units often employ psychosocial techniques (e.g., subject profiling, targeted suspect interviews) to further case progress. Often overlooked are the use of mathematical models such as Nash's Equilibrium and various forms of game theory as a means of solving crimes. This paper will explore how the publicly available game theo1y software program Gambit and advanced link analysis applications (e.g. Analyst's Notebook, Crime Workbench) can be used in the classroom to aid in the investigation of a wide range of criminal cases. THE AGE OF BIOMETRIC SECURITY Alan C. Pullem, Penn State Harrisburg The increase in international terrorism brings about the need for technology as a means of assisting authorities in the "war on terrorism." One applicable technological advance is that of biometrics. There are many forms of biometric identification and they all use differentways to achieve similar goals. I intend to define biometrics, explain how the different types of technology work, the accuracy rates of each type, explain how their uses could help our society thwart criminal and terrorist activities and discuss some of the obstacles and disadvantages associated with this technology. POLICE TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: STRATEGIES FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Joe Hall, Lynn University The availability of extremely sensitive and sophisticated technology to separatist organizations, terrorist groups, and organized crime interests worldwide, presents major challenges to police in western democracies. These polities remain dedicated to the preservation of civil liberties guaranteed by their constitutions, within the criminal justice systems of the modern nation-state. Technologies such as key encryption, throw-away cell phones, and thermal imaging are just a few of the systems available. Lynn University, in partnership with the National Intelligence Academy, offers degrees, which provide international police and military professionals with highly-sensitive technical training, balanced with theoretical grounding in civil rights and ethics. It is suggested that in a highly technical and morally ambiguous global crime environment, only those institutions with both technologically sophisticated, and liberally educated, personnel will be able to meet the demands of both law enforcement and the preservation of democratic ideals. Panel 248: Police and Community Issues Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Orleans COP: INTERNATIONAL AND IMMIGRATION ISSUES Chair: Yung-Hyeock Lee, University of To ledo TESTING THE THEORY OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND POLICE DETERRENCE Yung-Hyeock Lee, University of Toledo; Hang-Hun Lee, Michigan State University Criminology literature has showed that crime is more likely in communities where social institution is disorganized. However, most tests of the social disorganization theory did not attempt to include the level of police strength as an explanatory variable, although variations of the numbers of the police may alter crime rates. Using the data generated by the South Korean National Police Agency and by the South Korean Bureau of Statistics, this study will test social disorganization theory in South Korean contexts holding the level of police saturation constant. More importantly, this paper will explore possible relationship between deterrence and size of the police forces in communities. This integrated approach may fill the gap between the theory of social disorganization and police deterrence. COMMUNITY POLICING IN BRAZAILIAN FAVELAS: EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS? Samia Husain, Netherlands Institute of Human Rights Community policing is seen as a practice through which human rights standards can be implemented within police forces around the world. Although not always successful in reducing incidences of crime, community policing has been shown to increase trust between the police and the community and to reduce citizen's fear of crime. Can community policing be successfully applied in the context of Brazilian fa velas, many of whom have traditionally been battlegrounds for the police and drug related gangs? This issue is to be addressed as part of a, four year, comparative research program in four Latin American/Caribbean countries. The program aims to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing human rights strategies in these countries. MEASURING POLICE PERFORMANCE IN BOSTON Dennis J. Stevens, Salem State College Almost nine hundred individuals were surveyed and 78 immigrants were interviewed to determine the quality of police service to Boston residents. Results showed that the sample trusted police more than politicians. They also rated professionalism of officers as high, but their fear of crime and police was also high. They wanted police commanders to manage municipal services in order to control crime, reduce the fear of crime, and enhance quality of life issues. Although they argued that drugs, home invasion, and gangs were salient criminal issues, solving those issues was more likely to happen through municipal services than law enforcement. THE "HABITUS" AND "FIELD" OF POLICING IN HONG KNOG AFTER THE 1997 HANDOVER Allan Y. Jiao, Rowan University Working in the "one-country-two-system" arrangement, the Hong Kong Police are now functioning as the Special Administrative Region Police of China in a post-colonial era. How have the Hong Kong Police developed after 1997, the year Hong Kong was returned to China fromthe British rule? What are the values and orientations of a force with a British colonial history? How do these values and orientations change and develop after 1997? How do Chinese values and traditions interplay with Western law enforcement principles in Hong Kong? We try to answer these questions by examining the values and attitudes of Hong Kong police officersfive years after the handover. Primary source of data comes from in-depth personal interviews with individual police officers. Their responses indicate that the Hong Kong Police are experiencing serious tensions between an authoritarian tradition and a service orientation. We use Bourdieu's concepts "habitus" and "field" to explain these tensions and discuss their theoretical and practical implications for policing in a changing society. Panel 249: Theories of Crime and Victimization Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Vineyard EXPLAINING CRIME AND DEVIANCE: THE RELEVANCE OF ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND COMMUNITY FACTORS Chair: Scott Sasse, University of Nebraska, Kearney DEVIANT ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND THE LINK WITH VICTIMIZATION Scott Sasse, University of Nebraska, Kearney Using data from the Monitoring the Future Project, this paper tests the hypotheses of how deviant routine activities and demographic variables may influence victimization. Specifically, as activities become more delinquent in nature, those who participate in such activities are increasing their risk of victimizations due to an increase of an absence of capable guardians above and beyond those found and not found in conventional daily activities. Results indicate that as activities become more delinquent, there are corresponding rises in the relationships with victimization. In comparison with non-delinquent activities, delinquent activities have the most statistically significant and strongest relationship with victimization. EXPLAINING RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION: HOW IMPORTANT ARE ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND LIFESTYLE MEASURES Va n Zhang, Michigan State University; Hoan N. Bui, University of Te nnessee; Merry Morash, Michigan State University This paper draws on several years of data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. It begins with a description of racial differences in the patterns of violent victimization for individuals. The racial groups considered are white, black, Asian and Native American. Second, the paper reports on analysis of the degree to which measures of lifestyle and routine activities explain racial differences. Testing thi's model adds to the research that considers the degree to which lifestyle differences account for victimization as opposed to broader social forces. The paper concludes with a discussion of theoretical explanations that would most profitably be developed and tested to explain racial differences in victimization. VIOLENT TIMES: A CASE STUDY OF THE YBOR CITY Terry A. Danner, Saint Leo University This case analysis of an urban historic district tracked the demographic, economic, and public policy trends that influenced its violent crime volumes. Constructs fro m routine activities theory and environmental criminology where used to explain these crime trends. Findings were: a) macro-structural forces influenced crime volumes; b) populations drawn to the area's nightlife had an impact on crime; c) the victimization risks there were greater than was the average for all Tampa; d) the demographics of the areas surrounding the district had less impact on crime there than has been assumed; and e) the high density of bars facilitated the occurrence of violent crime beyond what would have been generated with other land uses. FAMILY, COMMUNITY, AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Craig N. Winston, St. Ambrose University; Christopher W. Cutler, St. Ambrose University This research expands upon the previous research done in the area of juvenile delinquency. Using the data contained in the "National Surveyof Weapon Related Experiences, Behaviors, and Concerns of High School Youth in the United States," family and community variables will be examined in relation to juvenile delinquency. CONNECTING THE THEORETICAL DOTS AMONG FAMILY VIOLENCE, DELINQUENCY, AND STRANGER VICTIMIZATION Philip W. Rhoades, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi; Kristina M. Zambrano, Te xas A&M University, Corpus Christi Survey data from 789 junior high students provide support for the cycle of violence and situational theories in regard to delinquency. Juveniles who reported physical or sexual victimization by acquaintances or guardians were more likely to report drug use, truancy, and carrying weapons. These victimized and delinquent juveniles appear to be in environments conducive to their experiencing other victimizations through stranger theft and violence. Both the cycle of violence and situational findings provide support for juvenile delinquency prevention strategies that theoretically include family conflict and peer involvement as delinquency risk factors. Panel 250: Theories of Crime and Victimization Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Vermont ASPECTS OF VICTIMIZATION Chair: Gina Robertiello, Seton Hall University URBAN VERSUS SUBURBAN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: AN EXPANDED STUDY OF SHELTER VICTIMS IN NEW JERSEY AND SHELTER DIRECTORS NATIONWIDE Gina Robertiello, Seton Hall University This paper will expand on a study conducted on New Jersey urban and suburban shelter victims which determined that urban victims were injured more often and more severely, were more inclined to stay in a battering relationship after numerous incidents, were less satisfied with how police handled their situation, reported higher rates of drug/alcohol abuse and unemployment by their abusive partner, and were more likely to have an abusive partner of minority status. Added to this review is an examination of a sample of shelter directors nationwide, who gave positive and negative assessments of police response to domestic violence. VICTIMIZATION OF PERSONS WHO .ARE LEGALLY BLIND Lisa Ursitz, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania This paper explores the victimization of persons who are legally blind. This is a replication of a previous research effort conducted by the third author approximately 10 years ago. The research, conducted in a medium-sized city, involved conducting interviews with individuals who are all clients of an agency serving individuals with legal blindness. Additionally, using snow-ball sampling techniques, the researchers broadened their research population. Using questions similar to the NCVS, the researchers seek to make comparisons between individuals with sight and individuals with legal blindness. As well, the paper looks at fear of crime of individuals who are legally blind. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE INEQUALITY AND VICTIMIZATION Yan Zhang, Michigan State University Serious violent victimization rates have been higher for minority groups especially for blacks than whites at least since 1950s. Research examining the patterns and differences of victimization cross demographic groups have been focused on variations of routine activity and lifestyle with emphases on microlevel factors such as target attractiveness, exposure to risk environments and guardianship in the past few decades. The macrolevel factors of social characteristics such as ecological contexts, in which different demographic groups reside, have long been overlooked. Following Sampson and Wilson's structural and cultural analysis on macrolevel relationships between race and crime, this study examine the relative contributions of community level phenomenon to the risk of personal victimization of violent crime. Multilevel analysis of NCVS data at individual level and community level will be employed in this study. VICTIMIZATION FROM HIGH SCHOOL TO COLLEGE: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Gina Robertiello, Seton HallUniver sity; Albert R. Roberts, Rutgers University This paper will present a study of primary aggressors in dating abuse, rape and stalking among two samples of college students. The authors examined numerous factors (including age, race, SES, number of abusive incidents and severity of abuse) from high school to college among 703 state university and private university students in New Jersey. Victimization six months, two years and four years before the study was documented. This exploratory, retrospective study also examined recommendations from the victims and offenders as well as preventive and coping strategies. Panel 251 : Dimensions of Gangs and Gang Violence Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Simmons UNDERSTANDING GANGS, GANG VIOLENCE AND GANG VICTIMIZATION Chair: Finn-Aage Esbensen, University of Missouri, St. Louis DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION AND GANG MEMBERSHIP David Brownfield, University of Toronto at Mississauga In this paper, differential association theory is assessed as an explanation of gang membership in a sample collected in a large, urban setting. Differential association is defined and operationalized in terms of both a behavioral and a definitional context. Measures of contact with delinquent peers and exposure to different normative patterns are included in the analysis. Besides controls for demographic variables such as race, sex, and family structure, social control theory measures are included as a comparison of the effects of differential association. CULTU RE AND VIOLENCE: THE CHIEF STIMULI AND "CURE" OF VIOLENCE IS CULTURE Noel Otu, University of Texas at Brownsville Attempt to explain violence through rational self-interest theory assumes that those who engage in violence do so for reasons of rational self-interest, choice, and common sense. This theory has misled us to waste time and resources on punishment instead of prevention. This paper moves beyond the mostly reactive explanation of most researchers of violence and explains violence as a symptom of individual and cultural psychopathology. Violence is motivated or stimulated by cultural concern for equality, justice, revenge, etc. The sense of violence is essentially a product of the interplay between rational and irrational cultural interpretation of domination, subordination or vengeance. The prevention and "cure" for sane and insane violence lies in understanding the culture involved. SCHOOL CRIME AND VICTIMIZATION: STUDENTS" PERCEPTIONS OF GANGS AND VIOLENCE Carrie M. Harter, National Institute for Victim Studies, Sam Houston State University; Janet L. Mullings, National Institute for Victim Studies, Sam Houston State University; James W. Marquart, National Institute fo r Victim Studies, Sam Houston State University Students in a southern Texas school district reveal their behaviors and attitudes on gangs, violence and victimization. Results of the study are consistent with concepts in social learning theory and yield importantimp lications for violence prevention and intervention programs. Schools, law enforcement agencies, and community organizations utilize students' perceptions to address school crime and victimization. Implications for future research are also addressed. GANG GIRLS, GANG BOYS, AND THE VICTIMIZATION DIMENSION Dana Peterson, SUNY-Albany; Terrance J. Taylor, Georgia State University; Finn-Aage Esbensen, University of Missouri, St. Louis Prior gang research supports the transitory nature of gang membership and an enhancement effect of membership on delinquency. In this paper we build on our previous research examining the relationship between youth gang membership and violent victimization. In that work, we too found gang membership to be a transient phenomenon; further, gang members' victimization rates were higher than non-gang members' not only during gang membership but prior to and subsequently. Thus, an enhancement model appears to best fit both offending and victimization rates. In this paper we examine the extent to which these general patterns hold when disaggregated by sex. Roundtable 252: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E LEGAL RESPONSES TO NATIONAL SECURITY THREATS Co-Moderators: Peter Johnstone, East Carolina University; Bertus R. Ferreira, Ea st Carolina University This roundtable will compare and contrast the legislative responses, by selected countries, to domestic and international security threats. Issues to be discussed will include the political pressure for fast track legislation, its subsequent long-term effects on individuals and corporations, the societal expense of this expediency, and the delusion that potentially invasive laws will necessarily make nation states safer places to live in. Active audience participation will be encouraged. Roundtabl 253: Th ories of Crime and Victimization Friday March 5, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF MASCULINITIES AND WOMAN ABUSE Mod rator: Walter S. DeKeseredy, Ohio University Discussants: Alberto Godenzi, Boston College; Judith Grant, Ohio University; Martin Schwartz, Ohio University The roundtable will discuss new empirical and theoretical directions in the study of the ways in which masculinities contribute to the psychological, physical, and sexual victimization of women in intimate relationships. Roundtable 254: Surveillance and Privacy Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E CIVIL LIBERTIES VERSUS NATIONAL SECURITY: A FALSE DICHOTOMY? Mod rator: Candace McCoy, Rutgers University - Newark Discussants: Larry T. Hoover, Professor, Sam Houston State University; John Reinstein, Legal Director of ACLU Massachusetts The U.S. Patriot Act, passed soon after the events of 9/1 1, was understood by most Americans to be the necessary legislation for finding and incapacitating terrorists here in the United States. Its supporters claim that curtailing civil liberties is necessary in this "war on terrorism." Critics claim that the Act abolishes habeas corpus, lowers the legal standards for police searches, and sets dangerous precedents for invasions of the privacy of ordinary Americans; they believe these measures are unnecessary because it is possible to be safe and free if existing constitutional standards are applied correctly. Other critics, especially those from local law enforcement agencies, state that the Act as it has been applied over the last year has done very little to increase security and that civil liberties are being curtailed with no gain in safety. These various points of view will be discussed with a concern for predicting what local courts and police can expect under the U.S. Patriot Act. Roundtable 255: Student Roundtable Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Harvard MENTORING: THE TRICKLE DOWN EFFECT Moderators: Deborah Wilson, University of Louisville; Elizabeth Grossi, University of Louisville; Angela We st, University of Louisville Discussants : Stephanie Holsonback, University of Louisville; Sherilyn Klueber, University of Louisville; Valerie Dorsey, University of Louisville; Jenny Edwards, University of Louisville; Amanda We sterman, University of Louisville This roundtable will discuss the process of mentoring female undergraduate and graduate students. Special attention will be given to the importance of establishin�J professional and personal relationships between faculty, graduate and undergraduate students. Roundtable 256: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E THE RELEVANCE OF THE ACJS STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES Moderators: Holly Dersham-Bruce, Dawson Community College, John Wilt, Danville Community College Discussants: Greg Pierce, Bethany College; Robert Hoff, Schenectady County Community College ACJS has developed standards for accreditation. The community colleges stand to benefit from the accreditation and should be engaging in dialogue regarding the standards and the processes for accreditation. Are the standards relevant? Is there any clarification or adjustment that should be made that may address unique aspects of community college education? The roundtable will continue the conversation on relevance. Roundtable 257: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E MENTORING IN ACADEME AND ACJS Moderators: Marilyn Chandler Ford, Volusia County Corrections; Quint Th urman, Southwest Texas State University Discussants: Terry Edwards, University of Louisville; Denise Kindschi Gosselin, Western New England College; Edmund F. McGarrell, Michigan State University; Alida Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Lawrence F. Tra vis, University of Cincinnati This roundtable of established scholars explores best practices of mentoring, including how to mentor junior faculty and mentoring through professional organizations. Data from the 2002-03 ACJS survey also will be discussed. This roundtable is designed for those who are currently engaged in mentoring junior faculty and graduate students, and for those who would like to become involved in a mentoring program. Roundtable 258: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E THE APPROPRIATENESS OF VALUES IN THE CLASSROOM? Moderator: Judy McDonald, We stfield State College Discussants : Erika Gebo, We stfield State College; Chris Kudlac, Westfield State College; Tom Roscoe, Westfield State College; Stephen Smith, Westfield State College; L. Michael McCartney, Mitchell College The roundtable discussion will center on the role of values in teaching. Several questions will be addressed during the discussion, including the following: Do all classroom approaches inherently consist of values? Should professors try to remain 'neutral' in the presentation of class topics? Or, should professors be open about their own values in regards to class topics? What are the implications of the different approaches for the overall learning environment and for our interactions with students in and out of the classroom? Roundtable 259: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E ACJS AD HOC-COMMITTEE ON ASSESSMENT Mod rators: Barbara J. Peat, Indiana University; South Bend; David F. Owens, Onandaga Community College Discussants: R. Bruce McBride, Utica College; Jay Berman, New Jersey City University ACJS has created an Ad-hoc Committee on Assessment for the purpose of creating a repository of information to assist criminal justice faculty in establishing or improving their work in measuring outcomes of student learning and program success. The purpose of this roundtable will be to provide colleagues with an update of the work of the ad-hoc committee during the past year as well as an opportunity to discuss a variety of issues that will assist them in their assessment work. Roundtable 260: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3 :45 Salon E CROSS-CULTURAL MENTORING IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: ISSUES OF RACE, CULTURE AND GENDER Moderator: Janice Joseph, Richard Stockton College Discussants: Rosemary Gido, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Zelma Henriques, John Jay College; Rupendra Simlot, Richard Stockton College; Dorothy Taylor, University of Miami Mentoring is an important aspect of criminal justice education but the nature of a mentoring relationship varies with the status, activities, and backgrounds of both mentee and mentor. Faculty members sometimes find themselves mentoring students or junior faculty members of a different cultural, racial and ethnic background or a different gender than their own. These kinds of mentoring relationships create several challenges and require specific strategies. Presenters will discuss their experiences with cross-cultural mentoring and will provide guidelines, techniques, and strategies for the successful mentoring of diverse populations in criminal justice. Roundtable 261 : Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E ISSUES CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FORENSIC SCIENCE MAJOR AND/OR MINOR Moderator: Eric Lambert, Ferris State University Discussants: Jack Buss, Ferris State University; Philip Wa tson, Ferris State University; Janet Lambert, Ferris State University; Nancy Hogan, Ferris State University Recent and substantial growth in both the forensic science knowledge base and techniques for recovering increasingly diverse forms of forensic evidence has made forensic science even more important to the U.S. criminal justice system. In response to this increasing demand, many universities have implemented new, or expanded their existing, fo rensic science curricula, or are considering doing so. This roundtable discussion will cover issues surrounding the development and implementation of fo rensic science majors and/or minors. Roundtable 262: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E THE ROLE OF THE LIBERAL ARTS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION Moderator: James P. Levine, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Discussants: Gerald W. Lynch, John Jay College; Timothy Stevens, John Jay College; Jon Christian Suggs, John Jay College; Basil Wilson, John Jay College This roundtable will discuss the place of the liberal arts in undergraduate and graduate criminal justice education. It will focus on the question of how students pursuing degrees and careers in criminal justice can benefit from instruction in such fields as philosophy, history, literature, and drama. Special attention will be paid to the way the humanities can educate students about ethical choices presented to criminal justice decision-makers, public policy dilemmas that confront the criminal justice system, and the proper role of citizens in dealing with criminal justice matters. Pan I 263: Community Policing Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Yarmouth ISSUES IN COUMMUNITY POLICING Chair: Mehmet Erdem, University of North Texas THE AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM AND COMMUNITY POLICING Mehmet Erdem, University of North Texas Most scholars agree that there has been a shift around the world from the traditionally oriented organizational and administration systems toward new philosophies, more open systems, and eventually to "high modernity" (Kappeler Kraska, 1998). This movement, called "organizational change," aims to rethink and restructure all institutions of society based upon contemporary innovations. Policing is no exception to this change. However, due to their highly bureaucratic and &inefficient structures, as well as their outdated management systems, current policing language and signs have become an "anomaly" under these changes (Goldstein, 1977). For this reason, policing has not come close to begun the adaptation process to high modernity. On the contrary, it is obvious that in order to adapt themselves to 21st century society, police institutions have to have an open, (Greene, 2000) more participative system, and accountable management philosophies. It has become clear from this study that the organizational change concept has overlapped with the term "community policing"; thus, this movement has become representative of the change process (Zhao, Lovrich, Thurman, 1999). Therefore, it is considered a new policing philosophy (Trojanowicz 8, Bucqueroux, 1990) that will be the vanguard for policing in the new century. In fact, community policing is a quality movement that aims to adjust policing into &modern society. Community policing not only proposes a change from the traditional bureaucracy, but also promotes increased discretion and policymaking, direct involvement in the community with the crime prevention process, a reestablished service delivery structure, and more decentralized management systems to build proactive, community sensitive policing. Community policing, thus, can be defined as a "reform" within the policing literature (Greene, 2000), which offers police agencies an opportunity to adapt themselves to contemporary environmental changes. COMMUNITY POLICING AND HUMAN RIGHTS PERFORMANCE: HYPOTHESES FOR COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Piet van Reene, School of Human Rights Research, Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens Police forces all over the world implement measures to increase their performances. Some of them are direct at improving compliance to human rights standards. The school for human rights research at the University of Utrecht starts a research project regarding the implementation of measures to improve the performances of police in the field of human rights in cities in three Latin American countries will be evaluated in three separate research of existing studies hypotheses will be fo rmulated the comparison of effectiveness of community policing initiatives between countries. CRIME PREVENTION: CRIMINAL ANALYSIS AND POLICE VISION Th omas E. Baker, University of Scranton Police leaders have the technological law enforcement strategies to suppress and prevent crime. Criminal analysis, crime mapping and technology emerge as essential law enforcement tools to examine future crime patterns and trends. This paper integrates those fields and demonstrates the need for criminal analysis and its relationship to police vision, crime prevention and intervention strategies. Panel 264: Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Control Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon A IDENTIFYING AND TREATING SUBSTANCE ABUSING CRIMINAL OFFENDERS Chair: Cecil L. Willis, University of North Carolina, Wilmington DOES NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT INFLUENCE DRUG USE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES Denise D. Nation, University of Cincinnati Increased concern over the extensive use and consequences of drug abuse among juveniles has created an even more diverse and expanding body of research. This study's primary purpose is to examine the causes of drug use among juveniles in the four major geographic regions of the United States. The study will focus primarily on examining the impact of neighborhood characteristics and race/ethnicity on adolescent drug use. The joint and independent impact with regards to neighborhood characteristics and race/ethnicity will also be investigated. Further, the study will examine if variations exist among the fo ur regions with regard to the use of two drugs: marijuana and alcohol and what role neighborhood context plays. ESTIMATING THE PREVALENCE OF ECSTASY USE AND DEPENDENCE AMONG RAVE ATTENDEES George S. Yacoubian, Jr. , McFarland & Associates, Inc. The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") appears to be increasing worldwide, with "rave" attendees being one high-risk population. To date, however, only two studies have collected ecstasy use information from rave attendees in the United States. Moreover, no studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence of ecstasy dependence within this population. To address this limitation, we collected self-report drug use information and oral fluid specimens from "club rave" attendees within the Baltimore-Washington corridor during September and October 2002. Data collection was scheduled between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. In addition to the prevalence of recent ecstasy use and ecstasy dependence, we present findings on the perceived harm of ecstasy and other drugs and the relationship between ecstasy use, demographic characteristics, and other drug use. Policy implications for these findings are discussed. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT IN HUNGARY: A FIELD OBSERVATION. Key Sun, Central Wa shington University Hungary has witnessed both the transition of its political and economic systems and a surge of crime and substance abuse problems in the last decade. This paper describes the author's field observations in the summer of 2002 at two substance abuse treatment centers in a southern Hungarian city. This field research showed that although some treatments and interventions for substance abuse in Hungary were similar to those used in the West (e.g., case management, professional team work, AA and NA, prevention and harm reduction interventions at school), Hungarian professionals also employed some unique approaches, such as labor therapy and utilization of ex-substance abusers as treatment staff. The implications are also discussed. AN EVALUATION OF THE CHANCE FOR CHANGE FOR FEMALE ADDICTED OFFENDERS PROGRAM Bernadette T. Muscat, York College of Pennsylvania; Susan Baugh, Atkins House The intent of this program "Chance for Change" is to deliver an intensive counseling and treatment program for female addicted offenders. A community corrections facility in cooperation with a county probation department provided both residential and outpatient components for the clients. This study evaluated the program and its impacts on the female addicted offenders, the residential treatment center and staff, and the probation department. This presentation will discuss the program, the results of the evaluation, the lessons learned, and the future of this program for comparable addicted populations. Pan I 265: Capital Punishment Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5: 15 Salon B CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: ISSUES OF ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC OPINION Chair: Jon Sorensen, Fitchburg State College IDENTIFYING DEATH PENALTY CASES THAT REPRESENT THE "WORST OF THE WORST" Rocky Leann Pilgrim, Boston College Law School; Jon Sorensen, Fitchburg State College Some observers suggest that capital punishment be limited to offenses that represent the "worst of the worst," for which a broad societal consensus exists that the death penalty is the most appropriate sanction. As a preliminary step in this winnowing process, we provide an intensive description of the types of cases that have resulted in death sentences in a state that is currently the nation's most active executioner-Texas. Drawing on a database that includes nearly a thousand murderers sentenced to death during the modern era, we focus on case features that result in the death penalty with near certainty. PERCEPTIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS CONCERNING THE CAUSES AND EXTENT OF WRONGFUL CONVICTION RobertJ. Ramsey, Indiana University East; James Frank, University of Cincinnati During the past several years the issue of wrongful convictions has received increasing attention from state legislators, the legal system, and researchers. Much of this attention has focused on death penalty convictions which have been set aside. The present study using data collected through a survey of 705 Ohio criminal justice professionals (police officers, prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys) examines their perceptions of the causes and extent of wrongful conviction. In general, the respondents believe that wrongful conviction occurs for a variety of reasons. Further, there are significant differences in perceptions across the four groups of criminal justice actors as to both the nature and extent of this phenomenon. PUBLIC UNCERTAINITY ABOUT THE DEATH PENALTY: DO AMERICANS REALLY SUPPORT CAPITAL PUNISHMENT? Jennifer A. Pealer, University of Cincinnati; Francis T. Cullen, University of Cincinnati; Kristie R. Blevins, University of Cincinnati; Bonnie S. Fisher, University of Cincinnati; Shannon A. Santana, University of Cincinnati; Brandon K. Applegate, University of Central Florida A common argument in support for the death penalty is that "the American public supports it." Based on a national survey, we show that citizens' endorsement of capital punishment is characterized by ambiguity. Consistent with state-level research, the data reveal that respondents' support waivers when they are faced with different sentencing options. For example, more respondents favored sentences involving life in prison without parole (plus restitution to the victim's family) than the death penalty. In addition, when death row inmates have been exonerated by DNA evidence, about 70 percent of the respondents endorsed suspending the death penalty to study its fairness. Beyond those already in opposition, 4 in 10 respondents indicated that they would oppose capital punishment if it were proven that an innocent person was put to death. In short, although capital punishment was favored, the public's support became less certain when alternative policy considerations were introduced. SET IN STONE?: SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AMONG WHITE AND BLACK AMERICANS Devon Johnson, Harvard University Research on the malleability of death penalty opinion has been mixed. Some studies find that attitudes toward capital punishment are relatively fixed, while other research suggests that death penalty views are open to suasion. Using national survey data from the 2001 -2002 Race, Crime and Public Opinion Study, this paper examines the fixity of death penalty attitudes. Innovative survey-based experiments are used to test the impact of information and issue framing (including racial bias, the risk executing innocent people and elite opinion) on white and black Americans' views of capital punishment. The sources of support for capital punishment are also explored. ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVES: THE NATURE OF SUPPORT FOR LIFE IN PRISON WITHOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF PAROLE LWOP) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE DEATH PENALTY FOR ADULTS AND JUVENILES Brenda L. Vogel, California State University, Long Beach; Arian Ferrer, California State University, Long Beach Death penal( ty opinion research provides a fairly consistent portrait of the death penalty supporter. Similarly, this literature suggests that when offered an alternative to death, such as life in prison without the possibility of parole (LWOP), support for the death penalty tends to diminish. 1Ne know comparatively little, however, about the characteristics of those death penalty supporters who are willing to support the LWOP option. Based on a ra ndom sample of Orange County, CA residents, this study explored the characteristics of those death penalty supporters who were willing to support the LWOP alternative and compared them to those death penalty supporters who were opposed to this option. Preliminary analyses suggest that, among those who support the use of the death penalty for adults, roughly half were willing to support the LWOP alternative, while half were not. The same holds true for those who supported the death penalty for juveniles. Furthermore, those death penalty supporters who opposed the LWOP alterative for both juveniles and adults tend to be wealthier, white, male and less religiously active. Those death penalty supporters who opposed LWOP for juveniles were religious moderates while those who supported LWOP for juveniles were more likely to define themselves as religiously conservative. Panel 266: Dimensions of Gangs and Gang Violence Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon C GANGS, ETHNICITY, AND PLACE: FORCES SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY RESPONSES TO YOUTH GANGS Chair: G. LarryMays, New Mexico State University PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY PROBLEMS, FEAR OF GANG CRIMES, AND RESULTING PROTECTIVE BEHAVIORS AMONG WHITES, LATINOS, AND VIETNAMESE Jodi Lane, University of Florida; James W. Meeker, University of California, Irvine Gangs were an important media and policy topic during the 1990s, but few studies have examined ethnic differences in perceived community problems, perceived risk, fear of gangs, and resulting behavioral precautions. Using AN OVA techniques, we examine these differences among 'Whites, Latinos, and Vietnamese. Results indicate that Vietnamese perceived the most problems and were most afraid, but Latinos were more afraid than Whites. Most people in all groups practiced avoidance behaviors but few turned to weapons to prevent gang-related victimization. Results confirm that minorities were more afraid and point to the importanceof focusing limited policy resources on populations most affected by gangs. GANG-BANGING COMES TO THE COUNTRY Sharon Tracy, Georgia Southern University While there is not question that law enforcement officers in most metropolitan areas are aware of the youth gang presence in their environment, little attention has been directed to the suburban areas of this country. In a 1999 report of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, there were nearly 26,000 gangs with approximately 840,500 gang members reported by law enforcement agencies. This number could be significantly higher given that many jurisdictions not only report gang activities differently, but do not use the same definition of "gang". Rural and suburban areas often "under report" this behavior as youth gang presence is 1relatively new in these jurisdiction. This paper reviews some of the current statistics available for non-metropolitan areas and reports and analyses information gathered by the author from local police and sheriffs' departments in Georgia. SURVEY OF PERCEIVED YOUTH GANG ACTIVITY IN CHARLES, SOUTH CAROLINA, 1990-2001 Deborah Smith, Charleston Southern University In a recent 30-year Office of Juvenile� Justice and Delinquency Prevention study of trends in the growth of youth gangs, Charleston, South Carolina was the only city in the southern United States to have reported the existence of youth gangs in the 1970s and 1980s, but not in the 1990s. Interestingly, respondents from adjacent cities did report gang activity during the 1990s, and Charleston County experienced record assaults of the type most frequently associated with youth gangs. In this exploratory study, the researcher attemptedto determine why the city of Charleston was reported gang-free in the 1990s while neighboring municipalities reported youth gang problemsdur ing the same time period. POLICING BY INJUNCTION: PROBLEM-ORIENTED DIMENSIONS OF CIVIL GANG ABATEMENT IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA Edward L. Allan, Anna Maria College Civil gang abatement refers to the use of civil injunctions to abate public nuisance activity by gangs in specific neighborhoods. Civil gang abatement has been promoted as a problem-oriented response incorporating the dimensions of flexibility and community involvement in the decision·-making process. This study explored these dimensions in the acquisition stage of the injunction process. The study found that the gang injunction initiatives were a flexible response to local gang activity. However, the ideal of the community as a decision-making partner should be tempered in the highly disorganized neighborhoods that are vulnerable to gang activity. Panel 267: Prisoner Reentry Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon D IMPEDIMENTS TO SUCCESS IN PRISONER REENTRY Chair: Dina R. Rose, Women's Prison Association; Michael Jacobson, John Jay College WHEN WOMEN COME HOME Dina R. Rose, Women's Prison Association Recent studies considering the impact of prisoner reintegration into the community focus exclusively on men. This paper considers the how reentry may be different for women and for the communities in which they reside. While the number of men released from prison each year far outweighs the number of women who come home annually, the implications of coercive mobility on communities with high concentrations of incarcerated women are potentially grave. The incarceration of women is more likely to disrupt family life. Consequently their return from prison may be more problematic as well. In the aggregate, then, high concentrations of incarcerated women impacts community levels of human and social capital directly through its impact on children and families living in these areas. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for reducing the unintended consequences of female incarceration and issues for further research. MODELING THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF RECIDIVISM AMONG DRUG OFFENDERS Kim KiDeuk, SUNY-Albany There have been few attempts to corroborate the theoretical and empirical aspects of criminal recidivism among drug offenders. By integrating the structural aspects of criminal recidivism and rehabilitation measures among drug offenders, this paper attempts to construct a conceptual framework on which further research on recidivism can be established in depth. Having employed nationally representative data on state prison inmates and sentenced federal inmates (n=4,816), the author explores the magnitude whereon socioeconomic and rehabilitative factors influence the criminal recidivism of drug offenders. The preliminary analysis suggests that drug treatments have a marginal amount of direct effects on recidivism among drug offenders, whereas the socioeconomic characteristics of drug offenders seem to be great importance in decreasing recidivism rates. Structural equation modeling was utilized for testing the recidivism model of drug offenders, and EM algorithm was adopted for handling incomplete data in the present study. LIVING WITH THE "EX-CONVICT" LABEL: THE STIGMA MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF FORMER PRISONERS Th omas P. LaBel, SUNY- Albany; Shadd Maruna, University of Cambridge Despite the growing assumption that dealing with the stigma of being labeled an "ex-con" is important for successful reintegration, few researchers have extensively explored the dimensions of stigma from the subjective perspective of former prisoners. This paper will discuss the construction of a questionnaire designed to measure how self-perceptions of stigma may effect the lives of former prisoners. Specific issues addressed include the extent to which former prisoners actually believe that they're stigmatized, the types of stigma management strategies utilized, and the differential negative impact of unresolved stigma on particular aspects of the self such as self-esteem and personal control. Panel 268: Prisons Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Tufts WOMEN AND PRISON ISSUES Chair: Jenifer Lee, Indiana University of Pennsylvania AN EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN OFFENDERS Georgia Spiropoulos, University of Cincinnati; Lisa Spruance, University of Cincinnati; Patricia Van Voorhis, University of Cincinnati; Michelle Schmitt, Virginia Commonwealth University While the success of cognitive behavioral programs with male offenders is well recognized in the correctional rehabilitation literature, the effectiveness of these programs with women offenders remains to be documented. This study evaluates the intermediate and longer-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral programs for women offenders at several institutions in a southeastern state. We compare three groups of women. Experimental groups received the Tayman and Parese Stop and Think program alone or received Stop and Think and the Hanson Pathfinders program, a treatment program specifically designed to be responsive to women offenders. Outcome measures to be reported include institutional behavior, coping skills (Emotional Quotient Inventory)and depression (CESD). A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE NATURE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN FEMALE CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES Tammy Castle, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Clemmer's (1940) classic book, Prison Community was the first to address the nature of prisoners' adjustment to confinement. Most of the early research on inmate subcultures focused exclusively on males until the 1960s and 1970s. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the current literature on the female inmate subculture, including recent assessment of whether the experiences of today's female inmates in prison are similar to those profiled in the classic studies-and which theories of prisonization have been supported by research. THE EXPERIENCES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE FEMALE PARTNERS OF MALE PRISONERS: EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN A BORDER COMMUNITY Mari Pierce, New Mexico State University; Lisa Bond-Maupin, New Mexico State University In a social and political context in which incarceration rates soar to all-time highs, increasing numbers of women and children connected to male prisoners face the stigma and the emotional and economic crises that often accompany imprisonment. As part of ongoing evaluation research on visitation and family outreach services at a state prison in southern New Mexico, this paper fo cuses on the experiences and perspectives of predominantly Latina/Chicana wives and partners of male prisoners. In particular, we present information on the economic impact of imprisonment, mutual support networks among these women, their experiences with visitation and navigating the correctional system, the impact of imprisonment on their relationships, and their perspectives on the efficacy of existing support services. "THE BEST JOB IN TOWN": ISSUES SURROUNDING CORRECTIONAL STAFF IN RU RAL PRISON FACILITIES Denise Huggins, University of Arkansas Historically, state prisons have been located in rural areas. Recruitment of personnel has been restricted to people living in close proximity to the prison, and the facility has often been viewed as the "best job in town." A culturally homogeneous staff, most of whom work at the prison for reasons other than their desire to have a professional career in corrections, has often created difficulties for the multiethnic inmate population, and for the facility itself. This paper will examine how these issues have contributed to inmate problems, as well as job dissatisfaction among staff, in three female units in Texas. Panel 269: Criminal Justice Training Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston Univ. POLICE ETHICS Chair: Stanley K. Shemock, N01wich University HOW EFFECTIVE IS TEACHING ETHICS TO POLICE OFFICERS? Sam S. Souryal, Sam Houston State University There is a strong movement to discuss ethics in police academies and during in-servicetr aining. However, trainees who have completed these courses suggest the effectiveness of this training may be in doubt. There are a number of possible reasons for this outcome. There is no universal definition of the area of ethics, instructors emphasize different and contradictory issues, trainees may return to an organizational culture which does not hold ethics in high esteem, the time devoted to teaching ethics is insufficient, and ethics training is not a top departmental priority. HUMAN RIGHTS AND POLICE TRAINING: THE MINAS GERAIS/BRAZIL MILITARY POLICE EXPERIENCE Rosania Rodrigues de Sousa, Policia Militar de Minas Gerais; Sergio Luiz Felix da Silva, Polfcia Militar de Minas Gerais; Fabio Manhaes Xavier, Policia Militarde Minas Gerais In 1999, Brazil and the International Red Cross decided to include the topic of human rights in the military police training courses. The objective was to give police officers theoretical and practical knowledge of the principles and fundamental rules of human rights. This initiative forced the police to consider moral values and humanity. It contributed to new techniques of police action, where the priority became negotiation, mediation, and decision-making in conflict situations. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND POLICE TRAINING: SHOULD PRO BONO BE PART IT? John Broderick, Stonehi/1 College William K. Muir began his classic study of police work by asking if the police experience corrupted officers or magnified their souls. It can do both. Police training and experience produces both tragic and cynical perspectives. This paper asks if pro bono public service during recruit training and the probationary period might benefit young officers, police agencies, and society by assisting with the development of a tragic perspective and professional attitudes. Panel 270: Social Change Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Boston College ISSUES OF SOCIAL CHANGE& POST 9/1 1 Chair: LaRonda S. Heimberger, Wa ldfm University MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR A POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE LaRonda s. Heimberger, Walden University The purpose of this paper is to educate, and train community leaders, specifically criminal justice, and emergency response leaders, in crisis management, volunteering, and motivational strategies. The paper analyzes and synthesizes motivational strategies from historical and current theories and practices. Since 9/1 1, issues have arose concerning Homeland security. Criminal Justice agencies, in particular, need to be leaders in the area of public policy and trends. Understanding and applying motivational strategies has to be in place in order to effect positive social change. TRUST DURING DISASTER RESPONSE: A SOCIAL BOND EXPLANATION Stacy Muffet, University of Akron For this paper, the author applied Social Control Theory, more specifically Hirschi's social bonding theory, to the relationships fo und during disaster responses. Research was conducted on two disaster responses in the past year. The research team gathered data by conducting focused interviews both on and off two unrelated disaster sites. Both disaster situations were located in rural areas. The results of our research illustrated there are trust factors, which exist among the relationships between emergency responders. These trust factors have shown a direct relationship with multi-agency on site cooperation. These trust factors have not been previously explained in Emergency Management literature. This paper attempts to break new ground in Emergency Management by explaining how this trust originates and evolves into better response relationships. DOMESTIC BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL TERRORISM: A POLICY ISSUE PAPER Shane Sandridge, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Modification of present domestic terrorism policy has become a critical policy issue since September 11, 2001 . This policy briefing paper recommends a focus on biological or chemical terrorism policies, with the allocation of federal funding. DEFINING "TERRORISM": CONTEXTS AND MEANING IN CONTEMPORARY MEDIA Autumn Mueller, University of Cincinnati; Cynthia Hamilton, University of Cincinnati The word "terrorism" has variable meanings. Terrorism is defined by the FBI as, "the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social goals." However, the word within popular culture has symbolic meaning, especially in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the US. This study examines contemporary use of the word "terrorism" and "terrorist" in the news media. Using data from a twelve-month content analysis of national news sources, this study chronicles the use of the word within the media. Our analysis suggests that the news media and political figures have shifted the use of "terrorism" from the "unlawful use of violence" to "any act of resistance by a non-governmental group or individual", thus using the symbolic power of the word for political mobilization. THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PATHOLOGIES OF TERRORISM Benn Prybutok, Montgomery County Community College Each movement is unique. However, all contemporary terrorist movements lie along the same psycho-social and ideological continua. Parallels are drawn between the American 'New Left' and European and Russian movements in the late 191h and early 20th centuries. All are associated in time with the occurrence of broader phenomena. Individualistic, subjectivist worldviews give rise dialectically to collectivist, authoritarian constructs . Crime waves are analyzed as precursors to political terrorism. The relationship is temporal, but the data also suggest causality. Random violent crime acts upon society with effects that are similar to those of political terror. The ideological rationale for a linkage between violent crime and terrorism is the doctrine of praxis. The critical behavioral linkage is the principle of relative deprivation. Disenchantment with class-based revolution gives rise to revolutionary nihilism. Nihilism lends itself to acceptance of terrorist ideology. Terrorist elements transmogrify into a "new" revolutionary class. This is inevitably corrupting. Fusion of modern terrorism with criminal enterprises is examined in context. The merger may be self-limiting. The enterprise may offer resources in the shortru n, but it will inevitably undermine ideological, populist, or religious appeal. "New" terrorism is analyzed as a logical outgrowth of urban terrorism, distinguished by nihilism and narcissism. Lacking in any grounding as part of a revolutionary process, it has no moral or ideological restraint. Workshop 271 : Corrections Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:30 Regis VICTIMS VOICES IN CONNECTICUT CORRECTIONAL SETTINGS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT AND DISCUSSION Moderator: Lynn Hunt Monahan, University of New Haven Pres nters: James J. Monahan, University of New Haven; Mario T. Gaboury, University of New Haven; Patricia A. Niesyn, Connecticut Department of Correction A 40-hour education program covering the impact of crime on victims and their families was offered to sentenced offenders in a statewide prison system. In the first phase of evaluating the program, questionnaire responses from 339 males, ranging in age from 21-45 years were examined. Results indicated that the program increased Ss knowledge of victims' plights. Age was a significant covariate, with younger offenders initially expressing less knowledge of victims' legal rights and less understanding of victim suffering, but following the education, changing in a positive direction to a greater degree than older inmates. Truthfulness was fo und to correlate with avoidance of victim blame. Roundtable 272: Student Roundtable Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 MIT PATHS TO LEARNING Moderator: Holly Dersham-Bruce, Dawson Community College Discussants: Angela Dodd, Dawson Community College; Robert Andreas, Dawson Community College; Kara Garrett, Dawson Community College; Malynda Lekang, Dawson Community College; Wa lter Hall, Dawson Community College; Justin Payne, Dawson Community College; Tara Swope, Dawson Community College This student roundtable discussion will present a first hand examination from community college students on the teaching styles they are exposed to, and the ones they feel work the best. Students will discuss their experiences of learning in the classroom, in hands-on situations with actual law enforcement agencies, and in compacted courses specializing in certain areas. The main focus will be what is most effective and what is not. Panel 273: Caribbean Crime and Criminal Justice Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Harvard RESPONSES TO VICTIM'S CONCERNS AND CRIME IN THE CARIBBEAN Chair: Ross Wolf, University of Central Florida THE IMPACT OF JOINT POLICE AND MILITARY PATROLS ON CRIME RATE IN TRINIDAD AND TABAGO Keith Carrington, New York College of Professional Studies This study examines the impact of joint police and military patrols on the crime rate in Trinidad and Tobago. Specifically, it looks at "Operation Anaconda", which was implemented by the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service in 2002. A time series analysis was used to examine the effect of the intervention on seven categories of serious crimes. The initial findings show that the zero-tolerance initiative had no impact on the rate of serious crimes in the country. THE VOICE OF THE VICTIM IN THREE CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES Mary-Ann Eastep, University of Central Florida Conversations with professionals in Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, related to the nature and scope of participation in the criminal justice systems, reveal that there is little difference in perceptions of level of victim participation in the three countries, even though there are slight diffe rences in public policy approaches. This paper examines perceptions of victim services, treatment of victims and priorities related to crime victims in these three Caribbean nations. PROACTIVE CHANGE TOWARD A TOURISM-ORIENTED POLICE IN SAINT LUCIA Ross Wolf, University of Central Florida Realizing the importance of tourism on economic stability in the region, tourism policing has become an important topic for governments, hotels, cruise ships, and the police. This paper examines the work of one country in the West Indies, the island of Saint Lucia, in a proactive quest to make the police more understanding of tourist concerns and to alleviate traveler concerns over crime. This paper highlights the steps and cooperative agreements that are forming to develop a stable criminal justice program that is friendly to tourists yet can still maintain order and discover and deter criminal activity. Roundtable 274: ACJS Committ on Accr ditation Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Nantuck t Moderators: Mary Parker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Barbara Hart, University of Texas, Tyler This roundtable will discuss the work of the ACJS Committee on Accreditation to date and the future of accreditation. Pan I 275: Dimensions of Technology Crime Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Hyannis CYBERCRIME: TRENDS IN CRIME AND ENFORCEMENT POLICIES Chair: Rob D'Ovidio, Temple University COMPUTER CRIME: A FORECAST OF TRENDS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER-RELATED CRIME Da vid L. Carter, Michigan State University; Andra J. Ka tz-Bannister, Wichita State University The prevalence of computer-related crime is increasing with the growth of computer capacity, lower costs of computer equipment, phenomenal global growth of networking, and willingness of criminals to take advantage of these trends. This emerging climate of crime is explored based on site visits and interviews of law enforcement and security officials in Europe, Asia and North America. The paper begins with a review of the relevant literature and a discussion of theory as applied to cybercrime. Forecasts explore the �1rowth and impact of computer crime on law enforcement operations, the growth of Internet fraud, the increasing frequency of virtual crimes against persons, the evolution of computer hacker groups as criminal enterprises, use of computers by organized crime groups, the growth of cyber-terrorism, increase of espionage involving theft of intellectual property and economic espionage, and use of technology "weapons". Rationales for the forecasts are discussed and illustrations are provided. ALL ACCESS INTERNET: AN EVOLUTION OF INTERNET PIRACY David Makin, University of Louisville This paper examines the increasing accessibility of motion picture piracy and the methods that are used to perpetuate this crime via the Internet. This paper contains case histories of individuals that have supplied this material and assisted in the inception of these methods, an experiment testing the amount of bandwidth used in relation to the location of the IP address, and what alternative measures must bt9 put into place to deter this crime from happening and evolving. TO VIEW OF NOT TO VIEW: DIGITAL EVIDENCE AND THE PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE Robert Moore, University of Southern Mississippi The courts have traditionally extended the same level of protection to a computer as that of a closed container or a filing cabinet. This comparison, however, has lead to debate recently in regards to whether the plain view doctrine should be applicable to searches of computers for digital evidence. It is the intent of this paper to examine recent trends in case law concerning this issue, as well as provide recommendations based on where the author believes the courts may be headed as technology continues to evolve. POLICING ON THE NET: THE EFFEC:T OF JURISDICTION RobertD'O vidio, Temple University Computer crime investigations are oftE!n hindered by the need to obtain evidence or apprehend suspects who reside outside a police department's jurisdiction. Law enforcement officials have, consequently, advocated increasing the authority that state and local judges have over out-of-state entities. The need to extend the reach of judicial authority remains, however, questionable, given that cross-jurisdictional cases have been investigated by police long before the advent of the computer. Using data from investigations conducted by the New York City Police Department, this paper examines whether computer crimes require the police to seek legal authority over out-of-state entities more often than crimes not involving computers. Recent legislative initiatives aimed at extending judicial authority across state lines will be discussed in light of the findings. Panel 276: Quantitative Research Methods Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5: 15 Orleans QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS OF CRIMINALITY Chair: Nicole L. Piquero, University of Florida TAXOMETRICS IN CRIMINOLOGY: AN ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOPATHY DATA Jean-Pierre Guay, Brandeis University; Raymond A. Knight, Brandeis University Questions about the structure of certain criminological constructs have led researchers to develop specific methods to examine theoretical latent structures. In this short presentation, a general introduction to Meehl's taxometrics is presented, and MAMBAC, MAXCOV-Hitmax, MAXEIG-Hitmax, and L-Mode analyses are discussed. The author examined the latent structure of Psychopathy in a large sample of violent non-sex offenders and serious sex offenders. In this case, confidence in the inference to taxonic or dimensional structures was provided by multiple consistency tests as well as by iterative simulation techniques. Implications for future research on psychopathy and on uses of taxometrics are discussed. IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF OFFENDING BEHAVIOR: A NEW APPROACH TO TYPOLOGIES Keith Soothi/1, Lancaster University; Brian Francis, Lancaster University This study presents a new approach to developing a typology of criminal activity. The distinguishing feature of the analysis is that it describes criminal activity over five-year periods rather than the conventional approach of summarizing a 'life-time ' of crime. The technique of latent class analysis enables clusters of offences to be identified. Hence, the methodology provides scope for assessing changes of criminal activity, as offenders grow older. Using the Home Office Offenders Index 1953 Cohort Data, the analysis identified a fixed number of types of criminal behavior. The patterns of offending varied markedly between males and females. TEMPORAL CHANGES IN OFFENDING BEHAVIOR -A GENERATIONAL EFFECT? Brian Francis, Lancaster University; Keith Soothi/1, Lancaster University This paper focuses on investigating whether, after controlling for age, changes in offending behavior assessed through conviction data are due to yearly variation in conviction rates, and whether there is a generational effect which also contributes to such changes. We analyze data from the UK Offenders Index, which provides conviction data for offenders born in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973 and 1978. The paper examines the theory of delinquent generations (Wilkins, 1960), which states that some cohorts are more delinquent than others. Recent authors have suggested that no cohort effect exists, and we provide new input into this debate. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF PEER DELINQUENCY FOR ONSET AND PERSISTENCE: THE CASE OF GENDER Nicole L. Piquero, University of Florida; Alex R. Piquero, University of Florida; Angela Gover, University of South Carolina; John MacDonald, University of South Carolina The role of delinquent peers in relating to criminal activity is well established. Unfo rtunately, little research has examined how delinquent peers relates to criminal activity across gender, and no research has examined how this relationship varies across the criminal career correlates of onset and persistence. In this paper, we use data from a longitudinal panel of adolescents to examine the relation between delinquent peers and both onset of-and persistence in-criminal activity. Our analysis pays particular attention to the extent to which these relationships vary across gender. WHERE DO THEY ALL COME FROM? AN ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL OFFENDING AT THE COUNTY LEVEL Allan L. Patenaude, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Joseph S. Madison, University of Arkansas at Little Rock There exists a paucity of analyses of sexual offending employing the county as the level of analysis. Indeed, most studies have explored sexual offending using the individual, city, or state as the level of analysis. This study explored the temporal and spatial distribution of felony sex offences in Arkansas and correlated the types and rates of sexual offending to the characteristics of the county (race/ethnicity, mean income, unemployment, rural/urban classification, etc.). Policy implications vis-a-vis locating programs and servicesare offered. Panel 277: Police and Community Issues Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Simmons POLICE AND SPECIAL POPULATIONS Chair: Karel Kurst-Swanger, SUNY- Oswego RESPONDING TO COMMUNITY NEEDS: SPECIALIZED POLICE SERVICES FOR VICTIMS Karel Kurst-Swanger, SUNY- Oswego; AlbertR. Roberts, Rutgers University The demands of policing in the twenty-first century have required the police to re-examine their ideology and approaches to crime reduction and prevention. Public attention to plight of crime victims has also influenced policing practices in the last several decades. As a result, police departments across the nation have developed specialized police services to meet the needs of victims and to improve their ability to respond to the crisis situations. This paper will summarize the results of a national survey of police departments in the United States detailing training, crisis intervention programs and policies, information and referral networks, and model special victim programs. THE VIEWS OF RURAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Eric Lambert, Ferris State University; Nancy Hogan, Ferris State University; Shannon Barton, Indiana State University; Terry Nerbonne, Ferris State University There is a growing body of literature that has focused on the social problem of domestic violence, including the perception of law enforcement officers on the subject. Much of this research has focused on the attitudes and perceptions of metropolitan law enforcement officers, as if domestic violence were endemic to urban areas only. Comparatively little research has been conducted on the attitudes and perceptions of rural law enforcement despite the rate of domestic violence in rural areas. A survey was conducted of the law enforcement areas in 6 rural Michigan counties concerning attitudes and perceptions towards domestic violence. A total of 170 usable surveyswere returned. The results of this survey will be presented and discussed. A COMPARISON OF POLICE OFFICER AND DEPUTY SHERIFF KNOWLEDGE OF EPILEPSY AND IT CONSEQUENCES M. Beth Bailey, Charleston Southern University Law enforcement officers have contact with all types of special populations, unfortunately not always with ideal results. Law enforcement officers and the public in general sometimes perceive individuals with epilepsy as deviant or criminal. This investigative study compares the training and personal and professional experiences of one shift each of a police department and a sheriff's departmentin South Carolina with individuals with epilepsy. WE KNOW EXACTLY WHERE THEY ARE ... SORT OF: INACCURAC IES IN THE CHILD SEXUAL OFFENDER REGISTRY J. Gayle Mericle, We stern Illinois University; Kenneth A. Clontz, We stern Illinois University In the controversy surrounding Child Sexual Offender legislation, proponents have consistently stated that such registration aids both the police and the public by providing information germane to law enforcement and community needs. Investigators, child welfare agents, school administrators, and other concerned citizens would benefit from having an accurate database supplying relevant facts about convicted child sexual offenders and their places of residence. This assertion begs the question of exactly how good is the information found in these registries? In an exploratory study, the Illinois State Police maintained database of Registered Child Sexual Offenders for the state of Illinois is checked for obvious missing and inaccurate data. The problems discovered and concerns raised by the gaps and discrepancies in the registry's information is the focus of this work. ENHANCING COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO REDUCE COMMUNITY FRICTION David L. Kent, Plymouth State College; Larissa Shepard, Plymouth State College; Nathan McCarthy, Plymouth State College; James Mazzuchelli, Plymouth State College A longitudinal study of the complementary nature of the public criminal justice system with the private judicial system of a college within a college community. A goal of a college community's criminal justice system is to reduce citizen complaints caused by college age perpetrators of violations and misdemeanors. By isolating the level of articulation between the public and private sectors when arrestees may be, or may not be, subject to sanctions under a private judicial system, and examining how individual or group behavior changes as measured by recidivism, an optimum mode articulation may emerge. Panel 278: Criminal Justice Training Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Wellesley SPECIALIZED TRAINING PROGRAMS Chair: LarryD. Andrews, Missouri We stern State College A GUIDE FOR IMPLEMENTING A PHYSICAL FITNESS MAINTENANCE TRAI NING PROGRAM IN A CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCY JeffLee, University of Southern Mississippi This paper discusses basic considerations for trainers who want to implement physical fitness maintenance programs in a criminal justice agency. These issuHs include the development of program goals, selling the program to administrators and officers, the type of leadership support necessary to ensure success, medical screenings as part of a fitness program, motivational strategies, as well as measurement and evaluation concerns. BIOMECHANICS OF LETHAL FORCE ENCOUNTERS William Lewinski, Minnesota State University; Ta mi Tucker Wilkins, Minnesota State University The biomechanics that both the officer and the citizen engage in during lethal force encounters is a significant, but misunderstood and understudied area. This paper encompasses two distinct areas of inquiry. The first area investigates the motion and speed of 13 actions that subjects engage in when shooting or seeming to shoot at law enforcement officers. The second area examines the officer's side of the shooting equation. Data relying upon volunteers from law enforcement agencies will be analyzed ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES IN SKI LL-BASED TRAINING Brian Johnson, Grand Valley State University; Frank Hughes, Grand Valley State University Many criminal justice programs provide "hands-on" or skill-based training to students and practitioners. Skill-based training requires delivery mechanisms that differ from traditional classroom teaching methods. When faced with students who have learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia, ADD, and ADHD), trainers need to rely upon specific techniques to ensure that learning has occurred. This presentation will provide recommendations on how to address and train students who have learning disabilities in skill-based courses. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT Ryan Baggett, Eastern Kentucky University; AnnMarie Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University; Kathryn Scarborough, Ea stern Kentucky University The advent of learning technologies has brought quality education and training materials to various groups and occupations. A specific technology, computer-based training (CBT), provides users with interactive training materials througha compact CD disk. CBT is becoming a popular training tool in law enforcement, but little research has been conducted regarding its effectiveness. This presentation will present an overview of the effectiveness of a CBT module as compared to traditional platform-based instruction for law enforcement training. Roundtable 279: Intimate PartnerViolenc e Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon E Escalation of Violence Moderator: Stephanie Holsonback, University of Louisville Discussants: Valerie Dorsey, Universityof Louisville; Jenny Edwards, University of Louisville This ro undtable will fo cus on the acceleration of violence in intimate relationships. Employing a database of approximately 10, 000 cases, discussants will consider the following characteristics: 1) point of contact with police officials and\or protective agencies and their outcome; 2) acceleration of violence in individual cases, characteristics of victims\perpetrators; 3) point of acceleration - when violence worsened; 4) child witnesses to violence and their involvement; and 5) open discussion on determining warning signs for acceleration of violence. Roundtabl 280: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon E CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULUM: WHAT DO STUDENTS THINK? Moderator: Dick T. Andzenge, St. Cloud University Discussants: Lee Gilbertson, St. Cloud State University; Derek Backus, St. Cloud State University; Jeff Cichosz, St. Cloud State University; Sarah Fritza, St. Cloud State University; Flora Myamba, St. Cloud State University The development of Criminal Justice as an academic discipline has attracted many students. Some students have reasonable expectations and understanding of the relatedness of the curriculum to their specific professional aspirations. Other students choose criminal justice as a major because they showed academic aptitude in a related introductory course, but are unsure about where it leads them. Criminal justice graduates find employment in non-criminal justice professions. Our curriculum must attempt to meet the needs of these diverse students. Criminal Justice faculty and students examine how these issues impact on both graduate and undergraduate curriculum. Roundtable 281 : Comparative International Criminal Justice Friday March 5, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon E & SENSITIVE ISSUES IN COMPARATIVE FIELD WORK Moderator: TimothyAu stin, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Discussants: Vickie Time, Old Dominion University; Aref AI-Khattar, California University of Pennsylvania; Yenli Yeh, University of Virginia College at Wise Discussants reflect on how their own comparative fieldwork often involves sensitive issues relevant to both theoretical topics and qualitative strategies. Included in the discussion are comparative projects that encompass Cameroon, China, and the Philippines. Also discussed is how perceptions of religion [Judaism, Christianity, Islam] and terrorism link with comparative studies and may also require delicate field work tactics. Discussion includes comparative research on foreign soil and also within the USA. Roundtable 282: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 4:00-5:15 Salon E TRANSITION FROM PRACTITIONER TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATOR Moderator: William J. Vizzard, California State University-Sacramento Discussants: Bruce Bikle, California State University-Sacramento; Michael McCrystle, California State University Sacramento; Roland Dart, California State University-Sacramento; James Poland, California State University-Sacramento; David Swim, California State University-Sacramento A panel of active criminal justice educators who have successfully made the transition from both corrections and law enforcement to criminal justice education will discuss options and strategies for making such a transition. The discussion will address both mid-career and post career strategies, Ph.D. options, job search strategies, interviewing, the tenure process, and adapting to university culture. The discussion will focus on practical knowledge necessary for evaluating the probability of success for such a transition, pursuing an advanced degree, selecting appropriate institutions for employment, and successfully completing the first years in a new career. Roundtable 283: Criminal Justice Education Friday March 7, 2003 2:30-3:45 Salon E THE PROCESS OF TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE UNDERGRADUATES Moderator: Brian J. Smith, We stfield State College Discussants: William Cook Jr. , Westfield State College; John Jones, We stfield State College; Judy McDonald, Westfield State College; Kim Tobin, Westfield State College This roundtable discussion will involve several significant process issues regarding teaching criminal justice undergraduates, including the fo llowing: how we can get students to fo llow the news, using technology in the non-traditional classroom, dealing with academic dishonesty in the internet age, interdisciplinary approaches to teaching introductory criminal justice courses, and teaching the death penalty. II SATURDAY- MARCH 8, 2003 II 8:00am -10:00am Registration University Hall 8:30am - 1:00pm Alpha Phi Sigma University Hall 8:30am - 1:00pm Employment Exchange University Hall Panel 284: Drugs and Alcohol Abus and Control Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon A EXPANDING THE USE OF ARRESTEE DRUG ABUSE MONITORING INFORMATION Chair: Dana E. Hunt, ABT Associates Inc. 'ADAM' DATA IN PUBLIC POLICY QUESTIONS Dana E. Hunt, ABT Associates Inc. ADAM data is an invaluable resource for looking at behavior related to arrests: numbers of arrestees for particular charges, drug use of those arrestees. However, with the redesign of ADAM in 2000, ADAM is now a valuable source of information about other characteristics of those arrestees --- rates of homelessness, use of drug treatment and mental health services. In fact, many of the arrestees in ADAM cannot be found in the traditional surveys on drug abuse like the NHSDA and OASIS. In this paper we discuss who might be under-represented in those other sources and how ADAM can provide data on other public health services issues. DRUG MARKET RESEARCH BY AN AFFILIATED 'ADAM'SITE Linda Truitt, ABT Associates Inc.; RobHrlWo rden, SUNY-Albany For NYS DCJS' Capital District Region Affiliated ADAM Program, ABT Associates and SUNY Albany demonstrated how ADAM forms the base of a monitoring system for stakeholders to assess interdiction, treatment, and other efforts. This project responds to a local advisory group's concerns about the prevalence of nonresident drug offenders, and the perception that retail drug trade and related criminal activity have roots in NYC. We developed a Drug Flow Addendum that solicits additional drug transaction and residency information, and complements standard ADAM and supplemental data (criminal incident and arrests, pretrial service interviews, OASAS prevalence and treatment, STRIDE, and interagency intelligence). USING 'ADAM' TO ESTIMATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HEAVY DRUG USERS IN EACH 'ADAM' COUNTY William Rhodes, ABTAssociates Inc.; Ryan King, ABT Associates Inc. The ADAM instrument was designed to support estimation of the prevalence of chronic drug users in the county based on an estimate of the number of chronic dru�J users detected in an arrestee population. Estimation requires the use of mathematical modeling and statistical theory. This session will briefly describe the logic behind estimation and present estimates for thirty five counties that have ADAM programs. DRUG MARKETS: THE TOTAL DOLLAR VALUE CONTRIBUTED BY ARRESTEES AND THE MARKET CONDITIONS SURROUNDING ARRESTEES' ACQUISITION OF DRUGS Michael Costa, ABT Associates Inc. The presentation reports total dollars contributed to three different drug markets (cocaine, heroin and marijuana) by arrestees within county-level catchment areas surrounding several major US cities. Using the ADAM probability sample and the weighting methodology, developed as part of that program, one can impute the total dollars from the data provided by the arrestees interviewed. Further, several of the key variable of these markets will be explored e.g. means of acquisition, marketplace conditions and frequency acquisition and use. Panel 285: Dimensions of Street Crime Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon B FIREARMS AND CRIME Chair: Stacy Moak, University ofLouisiana, Monroe GUN CRIME IN LOUISIANA Stacy Moak, University of Louisiana, Monroe; Harold Williamson, University of Louisiana, Monroe Project Safe Neighborhoods is a grant initiative through the U.S. Attorney's office designed to reduce gun violence through targeted prosecution and crime mapping. This paper addresses project efforts in 5 major cities that make up the western district of Louisiana: Shreveport, Monroe, Alexandria, Lafayette, and Lake Charles. Researchers are collecting data concerning all crimes committed with a firearm in the five areas. Data will be used to inform the U.S. Attorney about hot spots, repeat offenders, and probation violators to enable targeted prosecutions in problem area. MANDATORY MINIMUM FIREARM PENALTIES: A SOURCE OF SENTENCING DISPARITY? JillFarrell, University of Maryland This paper capitalizes on information about firearm use available in a standard guideline worksheet to study who is ultimately convicted of a mandatory minimum finearm penalty in the state of Maryland. During the ?-year period under study, I find that the mandatory firearm penalty is applied in only 37% of all eligible cases, and it is associated with an additional 41 months of prison time. The penalty is not applied randomly, but appears to be part of an organized effort to punish more serious offenders convicted of more serious offenses. Race and gender are also significant predictors of being convicted of this charge. It is possible that race and gender are only proxies for other unobserved characteristics, but this finding serves as an upper bound on the size of the gender and race effect in prosecutorial discretion, and demonstrates the potential for disparity in the charge bargaining stage of the sentencing process. GUN OWNERSHIP AND THE RISK OF HOMICIDE Mark D. Gorthy, Rochester Institute of Te chnology Extant research suggests that gun ownership or access is a risk factor for homicide. Absent from this research are controls for other risky behavior. Such behavior could confound the relationship between gun ownership and risk of death by homicide. A case control study is conducted to test whether gun ownership or access is a risk factor for homicide. The role of risky behavior such as excessive smoking or drinking, and whether these behaviors mediate any apparent risk of gun ownership, is determined by inclusion in the model. Panel 286: Capital Punishment Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Salon D MENTAL RETARDATION AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Chair: L.D. Andrews, Missouri Western State College BRIGHT LINES IN DARK CASES Kirsten Baxter, United Nations Office of Legal Affairs; Michael M. Kaune, St. Francis College In 2001, the United States Supreme Court determined that the execution of the mentally retarded was unconstitutional. Months later, it refused to grant certiorari in a juvenile death penalty case. This paper examines these decisions and American reluctance to dismantle its system of capital punishment in the face of ever-increasing international and domestic criticism. THE CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS OF THE DEATH PENALTY: INSANITY AND RETARDATION Helen McAninch, Drake Law School; Thomas McAninch, Scott Community College This paper will examine the application of the death penalty as it pertains to mental retardation and insanity. It will begin with an overview of death penalty jurisprudence, leading constitutional cases in Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, and the mens rea requirements for a sentence of death. The body of the paper will concentrate on insanity and mental retardation. The paper will trace the issue of whether it is constitutional to execute the insane beginning with early English common law, discussing the M'Naughten Case and concluding with Ford v. Wainwright. Finally, the paper will trace the issue of whether it is constitutional to execute the mentally retarded, focusing on Penry v. Lynaugh and concluding with the 2002 case of Atkins v. Virginia. ATKINS AFTERMATH: IDENTIFYING MENTALLY RETARDED OFFENDERS AND EXCLUDING THEM FROM EXECUTION Peggy M. To bolowsky, University of North Texas In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the United States Supreme Court held that the execution of mentally retarded offenders violates the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishment provision. At the time of the Atkins ruling, eighteen of the thirty-eight capital punishment states had state prohibitions of the execution of mentally retarded offenders and procedures to identify such offenders and exclude them from execution. The Atkins ruling required the remaining twenty capital punishment states to develop such procedures. This paper examines the various pre-Atkins state procedures and post-Atkins state responses, before identifying "model" attributes of procedures to identify mentally retarded offenders and exclude them from execution. Panel 287: Criminal Justice Education Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Tufts THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CLASSROOM Chair: Tamson Six, Loch Haven University of Pennsylvania JUSTICE WITHOUT BORDERS : THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF INTERNATIONALISM IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE GRADUATE CURRICULA Keith Haley, Tiffin University; Scott Blough, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction; Th eodore Ene, Tiffin University at the University of Bucharest; John D. Collins, Tiffin University International courts, multi-national investigations, extradition, the Internet, increases in legal and illegal immigrants, overseas deployment of U.S. justice officials, detention of foreign nationals, and terrorism all point to the need for today's criminal justice leaders to comprehend internationalism. This paper examines criminal justice graduate curricula at universities in several regions of the United States to determine the amount of content dealing with internationalism; discusses the implications of having and not having internationalism content; and proposes ways to include such content in graduate curricula. WHY SOME BLACK FOLKS STUDY CRIMINAL JUSTICE Michael Brown, Prairie View A & M University; Roshunda Brown, Prairie View A & M University; Adrien Clarke, Prairie View A & M University; lquetta Curry, Prairie View A & M University; Bridget Dew, Prairie View A & M University; Belinda Few, Prairie View A & M University; Sheronda Guyton, Prairie View A & M University; Charleston Hardy, Prairie View A & M University; Dennis Holmes, Prairie Vie w A & M University; Sharon Jones, Prairie View A & M University; Vivian Spikes, Prairie View A & M University; Kendric Stringfellow, Prairie View A & M University; Curtis Winston, Prairie View A & M University; Camille Gibson, Prairie Vie w A & M University This paper presents the findings of a survey of over 100 African-American students, largely undergraduate criminal justice majors. It describes the students' reasons for choosing criminal justice as a major and their aspirations for after receiving their degrees. Subjects also render perspectives on policing as a career choice. The findings have implications for both marketing criminal justice as a discipline for African-Americans and the recruitment of minorities into policing. TECHNOLOGY AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CLASSROOM: USING S.P.S.S. AND ONLINE COURT DOCKETS TO EVALUATE FELONY SENTENCING OUTCOME Daniel C. Dahlgren, Kent State University; Jennifer Jones, Kent State University; Sara Crottinger, Kent State University In Stark County Ohio, the Court of Common Pleas and area municipal courts have successfully posted their dockets to an online website. The names and docket numbers of all felony cases from 1999-2001 were obtained and used as the basis for evaluating disparity in sentencing patterns. Specifically, legal and extra-legal factors were used to predict sentences and consequent disparity. A course was designed around this project which included: identification of variables, setting S.P.S.S. program parameters, coding off an online source, entering data, and the presentation of results as some objectives and consequent assignments. A qualitative analysis consisting of intensive interviews of the students and classroom observation produced several concepts, patterns of interaction, and related themes within this educational context. ACADEMIC RIGOR AND THE EXAMINATION OF BEHAVIORAL PROFILING AND THREAT ASSESSMENT ISSUES: DEVELOPING A PEDAGOGICALLY SOUND AND ACADEMICALLY GROUNDED COURSE IN FORENSIC CRIMINOLOGY Ta mson Six, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania There is great criminal justice student demand for courses, which touch on topics of profiling, use of psychological principles in law enforcement investigative work, and threat assessment applications. Many different approaches to addressing media driven student demand for such coursework and unrealistic student professional aspirations ("I want to work as a profiler for the FBI.") have been implemented. Bridging the gap for students, created in part by media and popular press portrayal, between the actual use of psychological profiling principles in law enforcement professions and theoretically and academically grounded pedagogical course offerings remains a challenge fo r most criminal justice programs. This paper summarizes current trends in responding to those challenges by: 1) defining forensic criminology, 2) providing the results of a survey of how criminal justice programs have incorporated forensic criminological coursework, formally, into their curriculums, and 3) identifying problematic areas (lack of coverage, focal points, theoretical frameworks, and 'fit' with overall programs). Solutions to those problems are offered through presentation of a model course outline, developed and implemented by the presenter and based upon survey results. Panel 288: Criminal Justice Training Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Boston Univ. LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING CURRICULA Chair: Kenneth A. Clontz, Western Illinois University AN ANALYSIS OF TRAINING ABOUT HATE AND BIAS CRIMES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT Alexis J. Miller, Middle Tennessee State University; Robert Va n Der Velde, Auburn University, Montgomery Auburn University Montgomery, along with the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, offers law enforcement officers an online training course about hate crimes. The perceptions law enforcement officers have of what constitutes hate crimes are essential to the reporting of such crimes. This study addresses how this training changes law enforcement officers' perceptions of what constitutes hate crimes. Pre- and post-tests are given to officers to measure the effect of the training module. TRAINING JUVENILE AFTERCARE (PAROLE) OFFICERS: NATIONAL TRENDS AND PATTERNS Frances P. Reddington, Central Missouri State University; Betsy Wright Kreisel, Central Missouri State University; Kristine M. Butcher, Central Missouri State University This study examines the nationwide trends and patterns for juvenile justice aftercare (parole) specialists. A survey was sent to the training administrator of each state's youth correctional division. These administrators were asked to respond to a series of questions regarding training of aftercare specialists. Some of these issues concerned mandatory versus volunteer training, pre-service requirements, fundamental skills, in-servicetr aining, length of training, and topics included in the training curricula. CHANGES IN CURRICULUM FOR POLICE OFFICERS UNDERGOING DARE INSTRUCTOR TRAINING Michelle Scherb, Minnesota State University; Tami Tucker Wilkins, Minnesota State University The purpose of this exploratory study is to investigate police officer training course materials and the selection criteria to become a Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Training Instructor. One focal point is whether the changing DARE student curriculum is accompanied by corresponding lesson alterations for officers undergoing DARE Instructor Training. An ancillary concern focuses on whether the curriculum and instructors place an emphasis on drug resistance rather than on drug education and the effects of drug use. Workshop 289: Criminal Justice Training Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9 :45 Boston Colleg POLICE TRAINING FOR THE 215T CENTURY: THE PBL MODEL Mod rator: Gregory Saville, Center for Advanced Public Safety Research, University of New Haven; Chuck Genre, University of New Haven Roundtable 290: Criminal Justice Education Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Regis EXPANDING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE THROUGH CROSS DISCIPLINE EDUCATION Moderator: PearlJacobs, Sacred HeartUniversity Discussants: Linda Schain, Hofstra University; Rebecca Schain, Hofstra University The field of criminal justice is changing and expanding rapidly. The expansion of the field of criminal justice encourages and forces criminal justice educators to think outside the box. The roundtable will explore various means of integrating accounting principles and theory into criminal justice courses. Participants will discuss methods of explaining accounting principles to non accounting students. Another topic that will be explored will be the integration of appropriate accounting topics into criminal justice courses. Pan I 291 : Criminal Justice Programming Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 Harvard CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMMING Chair: EJ Williams, Fayetteville State University CROSSING ACADEMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL BORDERS: THE CREATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COLLABORATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM AMONGST A PRIVATE FOUR-YEAR, PUBLIC TWO-YEAR, AND PUBLIC FOUR-YEAR INSTITUTION Th eodore Shields, Charleston Southern University This paper will focus on discussing all of the pitfalls associated with designing and implementing a collaborative four-year Criminal Justice program amongst a private four-year, public two-year, and public four-year institution. The paper, as well as the presentation, will follow Charleston Southern University's Criminal Justice program at Myrtle Beach from its theoretical inception through its first semester of implementation. Charleston Southern's program, in conjunction with Harry-Georgetown Technical College and Coastal Carolina University, is designed to allow two-year, Associate's degree students a seamless transfer to the four-year degree. Moreover, it allows students to do this without relocating, or for the most part even changing campuses. The program represents the first four-year degree in Criminal Justice to be offered in the Grand Strand region of South Carolina ASSESSMENT: TOOLS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CORE COURSES AND PROGRAMS Deborah L. Laufersweiler-Dwyer, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Presently every criminal justice program must participate in the assessment process. Many of us are lost at determining which way might be best for our institution. Within this presentation, several examples of assessment techniques will be presented. The use of ClassroomAssessment techniques will be center to this presentation. Many programs have little experience with these forms of assessment and therefore have not utilized these techniques. Examples will be presented with their application to both program and core course assessment. ADMINISTRATION OR GENERALIST: IS THERE A QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASTERS DEGREES? Jana Bufkin, Drury University This paper examines over 150 masters degree programs in criminology/criminal justice in order to determine whether there are significant differences between programs in terms of program content. This work is premised on the idea that there are likely two basic types of programs available for students, degrees which provide a generalist understanding of crime theories and the criminal justice system versus programs more akin to public administration. Variability in program content based on these two distinctive degrees will be explored. IDEOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: FORCING A FUTURE TREND? EJ Williams, Fayetteville State University Absent the explanatory power of general theoretical principles, criminal justice educators are limited to subjectively describing the structure and function of our systems of criminal justice rather than explaining why these systems behave the way they do. Because of this, criminal justice lacks integrity as a legitimate academic discipline that seeks to meet the objectives of a liberal arts education. This paper explores the establishment of ideology as a first principle of criminal justice, derived from political philosophy and sociological theory. We examine ways to build upon this principle as a means of teaching criminal justice within the guise of the liberal arts tradition by guiding students toward a deeper understanding of the nature of our criminal justice systems and their place in larger society. Workshop 292: Innovations in Policing Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:4511 0:00-11:15 Hyannis UNCLE SAM WANTS YOU: OBTAINING A FEDERAL AGENCY INTERNSHIP Mod rator: Jack McDevitt, Northeastern University Present rs : Cynthia J. Lent, FBI; John Henry Campbell, St. Cloud State University; Cheryl Marsh, Naval Criminal Investigative Service; Michael Grace, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center In this workshop, managers of Federal agency internshipprograms will describe the qualifications, application procedures, and internship experience within each agency. A criminal justice professor and internship coordinator will address the importance of active involvement of faculty advisors. Approximately half of the workshop will be devoted to practical advice and demonstrations regarding preparing an application and presenting oneself through written and oral communication. Active participation of attendees will be encouraged, including discussion and suggestions from faculty advisors and internship coordinators. Students attending will benefit by gaining an understanding of the viewpoint of people selecting interns, particularly what impresses those people both negatively and positively. Workshop 293: Juvenile Justice Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45/1 0:00-1 1:15 Orl ans MURDER ON SUNDAY MORNING: THE VIDEO Moderator: Stanley Swart, University of North Florida This riveting two-hour video, aired in the USA as part of the HBO "America Undercover" series, won the 2002 Academy Award for "Best Documentary." Filmed as the case developed, it follows the tragedy of a 15-year-old boy tried as an adult for a brutal murder. It portrays the American justice system in a real and often unflattering light, and must be seen to the very end. It has had a significant impact worldwide, as an example of the common law justice system in action. A discussion will follow each of the two sessions. Panel 294: Critical Criminology Saturday March 8, 2003 8:30-9:45 W II sl y ISSUES IN CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY I Chair: Shahid A/vi, University of St. Th omas THE NEW CORPORATE SCANDALS: IDENTIFY CRIME IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM David R. Simon, University of North Florida and University of California, Berkeley; Michael A. Hallett, University of North Florida From Enron, World Com, Martha_Stewart, and Arthur Andersen, the corporate, and to some extent political, worlds have been rocked by an unprecedented wave of scandals involving shredded evidence, bogus assets, insider information, lying to employees and the public concerning corporate net worth, and a host of other deviant and/or criminal practices. Moreover, the nexus between government and corporate America have rarely been more nebulous or suspicious, with many an ex-board member from scandal ridden corporate firms going into government and many a politician directly accepting campaign contributions from scandal ridden corporate firms. The situation seems not to be accounted for by any extant criminological theory. This paper argues that what has arisen in within the political economy of the United States is the next extension of what C. Wright Mills termed "the higher immorality." That is, institutionalized deviant practices based on the corporate version of identity crimes, conspiracies, and institutionalized corruption have now become common practice in America, following on the heels of an ideology of deregulation and privatization of every conceivable industry from energy to prisons. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for resolving this new crisis of confidence within the American political economy. SOLVING THE PUZZLE OF THE MARIJUANA TAX ACT OF 1937 Michael C. Elsner, William Paterson University In putting forth a new theory that explains the origin of U.S. marijuana prohibition, this paper focuses on the heretofore unexamined relationship of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and its enigmatic director, Harry Anslinger, with the U.S. Department of State, the League of Nations, and the international law enforcement community. Supported by archival evidence gathered over the past decade, this theory reveals that U.S. marijuana control has served two historic and contemporary purposes: (1) to enable the U.S. to establish its hegemony abroad, and (2) to enable the domestic repression of ethnic minorities. This theory of U.S. marijuana prohibition is unique in that it places marijuana control within the framework of a larger U.S. drug control strategy, and it places drug control in a larger political context. FEW FREE SPACES AND LIMITED HUMAN CAPACITIES: REASONS FOR ACADEMIC JUSTICE AND DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION Th omas E. Reed, Eastern Kentucky University Guided by a frame conception of knowledge and psychosocial realism, this paper explains how limited human capacities and sparse free-voice spaces undermine democratic education. Research on literacy, morality, and scientific epistemology document human limitations in understanding dissonant information, a phenomenon that Kuhn labeled incommensurability and Margolis linked to learned mental habits. This paper identifies neglect of academic justice as another factor that handicaps democratic education within schools, professional organizations, and public fo rums. Transforming these institutions into real world free spaces requires academic justice, whistleblower protection, and educational excellence guided by scientifically valid, democratized prototypes of full persons and the ancient pnyx. Panel 295: Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Control Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon A DRUG COURTS: A FULL-TIME JOB FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chair: Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky TARGETING EMPLOYMENT TO INCREASE TREATMENT RETENTION: AN ENHANCEMENT TO KENTUCKY DRUG COURTS Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky While employment is often associated with greater drug treatment retention and successful treatment outcomes, employment assistance is generally not part of drug treatment, particularly for offenders (Platt, 1995; Schottenfeld et al., 1992). In addition to finding a job, a drug abuser may encounter difficulties maintaining employment related to poor work habits (Schottenfeld, et al, 1992). With the interest of Kentucky Drug Court judges and the need to enhance employment, an intervention was developed. This presentation overviews that intervention which includes individual and group sessions to obtain, maintain, and upgrade employment. EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMANT-RELATED PROBLEMS, AND DRUG USE AT DRUG COURT ENTRY Hope Smiley McDonald, University of Kentucky; Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky; Michele Staton, University of Kentucky; J. Matthew Webster, University of Kentucky; Allison Mateyoke-Scrivner, University of Kentucky; Matthew Hiller, University of Kentucky; Lisa Minton, University of Kentucky Employment has been described as important for treatment retention and preventing relapse (Mclellan, 1983; Platt, 1995). Hammer et al. (1985) reported a correlation between increased work activity and decreased substance abuse. This presentation profiles participants employed full-time prior to Drug Court and those who were not. Findings suggest that those employed full-time were more likely to have increased income from legitimate jobs, yet there were no differences in the types of employment. There were also few differences in drug use and criminal activity by employment status. Employment interventions need to be developed to enhance employment and reduce employment related problems. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYMENT AMONG SUBSTANCE ABUSING OFFENDERS AT DRUG COURT ENTRY Michele Staton, University of Kentucky; Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky; Allison Mateyoke-Scrivner, University of Kentucky; Hope Smiley McDonald, University of Kentucky; J. Matthew Webster, University of Kentucky; Matthew Hiller, University of Kentucky; Lisa Minton, University of Kentucky; Tara Russell, University of Kentucky Research has identified gender differences in employment related issues among substance abusers. Female substance abusers report less stable employment and increased employment barriers (i.e., Knight et al., 2001, Ross Lawrence, 1998). This presentation profiles employment, drug use, and criminal involvement among male (N=276) and female (N=1 24) substance abusers in drug court. Findings showed that males reported a more involved employment his&tory than females, earlier and more frequent drug use, and more extensive criminal histories. Substance abuse treatment providers in correctional settings should target gender-specific treatment planning to examine drug use and criminal involvement and their potential impact on employment. PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS AND PERCEIVED EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN DRUG COURT PARTICIPANTS J. Matthew Webster, University of Kentucky; Michele Staton, University of Kentucky; Allsion Mateyoke- Scrivener, University of Kentucky; Matthew L. Hiller, University of Kentucky; Th omas F. Garrity, University of Kentucky; Carl Leukefeld, University of Kentucky Employment has been identified as an important factor in decreasing drug use and crime among substance abusers (Platt, 1995). Many substance abusers, however, perceive a variety of barriers to their obtaining stable employment. These perceived barriers may be related, in part, to the higher rates of mental illness in both substance-abusing and criminal justice populations. This presentation examines the mental health and perceived barriers to employment of 400 Kentucky drug court participants. Results suggest a strong relationship between psychological problems and perceived barriers to employment, as well as differences between rural and urban substance abusers. Panel 296: Police Practice Strategy Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon B EXAMINING POLICE EFFECTI& VENESS Chair: Kevin M. Bryant, University of We st Florida POLICE PERCEPTION OF DRUG HOT SPOTS: A PARTIAL REPLICATION AND EXTENSION Kevin M. Bryant, University of We st Florida Ratcliffe and his associates have found that the relationship between hot spots of crime and police perception of high crime areas fluctuates by crime type. The present study builds on the work of Ratcliffe, Rengert, and their associates by examining the relationship between actual drug hot spots and police perceptions of drug hot spots in a medium-sized Southern (U.S.) community using GIS analysis and a perception survey of police officers. Preliminary findings indicate moderate correlation between actual drug hot spots and police-perceived drug hot spots. IF WE ONLY HAD MORE TIME! (THEN WE COULD REALLY DO SOMETHING ABOUT CRIME): ASSESSING POLICE OFFICER PERCEPTIONS OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG RELATED WORKLOAD Brad Myrstol, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Hillary Pearson, University of Alaska, Anchorage This paper examines police officer perceptions of workload dedicated to alcohol and/or drugs. A sample of patrol officers in a medium sized urban police department was first asked to provide their global perceptions of the extent to which their workload was composed of alcohol- and/or drug-related incidents. Approximately three months following the initial survey, patrol officers were then asked to record on an incident log questionnaire whether or not each incident they responded to across a seven day period was drug- and/or alcohol-related. If incidents were determined by an officer to be drug- and/or alcohol related, they were asked to record how they reached that determination. The data from each survey are analyzed and compared to assess the degree to which officers' global perceptions align with officer-reported incident-level data. TO MAP OR NOT TO MAP: DO CRIME MAPS HAVE ANY MEASURABLE IMPACT ON PATROL OFFICERS? Derek J. Paulsen, Eastern Kentucky University A popular strategy for applying Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to policing has been to provide patrol officers with crime maps. The presentation is designed to encourage officers to use maps to determine problem areas within their beats and to modify their patrol strategies accordingly. Despite the promise of crime maps and GIS in general, no research has evaluated the use of crime maps by patrol officers. This paper examines the effects of crime maps upon officers' perceptions of crime patterns and upon their subsequent patrol strategies. In addition, the paper discusses problems associated with the implementation and use of crime mapping , generally. SHERIFF'S DEPUTIES IN RELATION TO POLICE OFFICERS IN THE SOUTH: EXAMINING THEIR EFFECTS ON CRIME Brion Sever, Monmouth University Much recent research has focused on the relationship between police force size or spending and the crime rate. These studies have taken a variety of perspectives, but have not studied whether different types of law enforcement agencies have different impacts on the crime rate. This paper examines the influence upon county crime rates of variations in the percentage of police and sheritrs deputies across counties. The study will examine 150 counties in the South, and will focus only on the impact of the patrol officers of both agencies. Policy implications of the study are then discussed. Pan I 297: Prisons Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Salon D CORRECTIONAL STAFF JOB STRESS AND SATISFACTION Chair: Stephen Owen, Radford University A COMPARISON OF SELF-REPORT JOB SATISFACTION AMONG FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, AND JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL WORKERS: RECRUITMENT AMD RETENTION IMPLICATIONS Jamie Powers, Lamar University; Michael L. Jordan, Lamar University; Jennifer D. Frisbie, Lamar University; Anthony W. Simon, Lamar University; Jennifer Kerry Broussard, Lamar University This paper reports the results of one component of a large multi-stage, multi-year triangulated study that compares job satisfaction and employee recruitment and retention rates among 3 federal, 3 state, a county, and a juvenile correctional facility. All of these facilities are located in the same locale within the same county, permitting control for numerous exogenous variables compared to previous studies. Reported are findings that are predictably statistically significant as well as surprisingly not statistically significant. The results generate statistically supported recommendations for employment recruitment and retention policy and procedure change. THE IMPACT OF CENTRALIZATION AND FORMALIZATION ON CORRECTIONAL STAFF JOB SATISFACTION Eric Lambert, Ferris State University; Eugene A. Paoline Ill, University of Central Florida While there is growing literature on how prisons should structure themselves, most empirical research in this area has focused on the relationship between centralization and correctional staff job satisfaction. The impact of formalization has largely been ignored. Various forms of centralization and formalization are examined for their impact on correctional staffjob satisfaction and organizational commitment using survey responses from 270 staff at a Midwestern high-security state prison. LOCKED UP ON THE INSIDE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF INMATE VIOLENCE ON CORRECTIONAL OFFICER JOB STRESS Deborah J. Hartley, Sam Houston State University; Janet L. Mullings, Sam Houston State University; James W. Marquart, Sam Houston State University The study investigated causal factors related to correctional officer job stress and job satisfaction, such as assault and exposure to infectious disease within the workplace. Self-report questionnaires were distributed to 2,999 male and female correctional officers, representing each prison unit within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice-Institutional Division. The contextual nature of assault, gender differences, and psychological consequences of assault were examined. Factors that contribute to correctional officer stress were assessed using multiple regression analyses. Implications for this study include administrative reform within the prison system, as well as the implementation of stress management training for officers. THE EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND LOCUS OF CONTROL ON STRESS AMONG CORRECTIONAL SUPERVISORS Stephen Owen, Radford University This paper will examine the relationship between job satisfaction, locus of control, and stress among correctional supervisors. A survey was administered to a sample (n=329) of supervisors (ranks of lieutenant and above) working in correctional institutions. Reported levels of job satisfaction will be discussed. The effect of job satisfaction and locus of control on levels of perceived stress were assessed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results will be discussed with a focus on policy implications that may lead to lower levels of stress among correctional supervisors. Panel 298: Prisoner Re-entry Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Tufts WHAT WORKS IN PRISONER RE-ENTRY Chair: Richard P. Seiter RE-ENTRY SPONSORS: WHAT DO 12-STEP PROGRAMS SUGGEST FOR IMPROVING THE SUCCESSESS OF RE ENTRY? Todd Clear, John Jay College This paper applies the 12-step program principles to reentry. It fo rmulates the idea of change within a "powerlessness" framework, and identifies how the elements of 12-step recovery programs can be integrated as aspects of reentry planning. Limitations of the model are discussed. CHALLENGES OF PRISONER RE-ENTRY: FAMILY CONNECTIONS AND SOCIAL ASSETS Greasier Finney Hairston, University of Illinois at Chicago; James Rollin, University of Illinois at Chicago The large numbers of prisoners who are returning home each year has generated widespread interest in prisoner reentry issues. Federal and state monies are being made available to support reentry initiatives and reintegration programs are being developed by correctional agencies, social service organizations, and faith based institutions. The development of successful reintegration programs is a challenging endeavor, however, as many social, personal, and community factors impact post release success. This paper uses the 1997 survey of state prison inmates, and complementary data from qualitative studies, to examine individual and family factors relevant in reentry policies and programs. Findings from these studies indicate that prisoner's= family roles and relationships are complex; many of their social connections during imprisonment are sustained, though strained and their social asset building activities are varied, though restricted. Findings differ by race, gender, and criminal history and are often time at variance from commonly held views of prisoners and their families. Key ways that this research and other studies may be useful in shaping policies and programs in this rapidly developing field are identified. PRISONER RE-ENTRY: WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOESN'T, AND WHAT'S PROMISING Richard P. Seiter, Saint Louis University; Karen R. Kadela, Saint Louis University Over the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in prisoner reentry. This is due to a change in many factors surrounding the release of prisoners and their reentry. These changes include a modification of sentencing from the use of parole to determinate release with fewer ex-offenders having supervision in the community, an increased emphasis of surveillance rather than assistance for those under supervision, less community stability and availability of community social service support, and larger numbers in reentry. More releasees are being violated and returned to prison than ever before. Therefore, it is important to examine and identify prisoner reentry programs that work. The authors define reentry, categorize reentry programs, and use the Maryland Scale of Scientific Method to determine the effectiveness of program categories. The article concludes that many categories are effective in aiding reentry and reducing recidivism. Pan I 299: Criminal Justic Training Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-11:15 Boston Univ. POLICE SUPERVISION Chair: Jeffrey B. Bumgarner, Minnesota State University COMMUNITY POLICING SUPERVISION John M. Boa/, University of Akron The police supervisor's role in community policing is much more complex than in traditional policing. Acceptance of feedback and the promotion of innovative ideas are vital for both the supervisor's and the team's success. Community-policing supervisors need training in becoming better leaders, facilitators, and communicators. This paper is designed to provide an introduction into the problems supervisors face in this new and complex role. It offers training suggestions in the areas of leadership, facilitation, and employee development. LUCKY LOTTO: EDUCATING LAW ENFORCEMENT SUPERVISORS COST-FREE? Minerva Sanchez, Sam Houston State University This paper provides an overview of how a specific public agency in Texas is able to provide required Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Education classes and other leadership classes cost-free. It describes a variety of training programs specifically designed for upper-level police managers and taught by professors and other qualified instructors. This agency has been able to influence police managers in more ways than one. THE HUMAN RESOURCES FORMATION IN POLICE ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF THE JOAO PINHEIRO FOUNDATION IN BRAZIL Rosania Rodrigues de Sousa, Fundac;ao Joao Pinheiro; Ludmila Mendonca Lopes Ribeiro, Fundac;ao Joao Pinheiro; Eduardo Cerqueira Batitucci, Fundac;ao Joao Pinheiro; Sergio Luiz Felix da Silva, Fundac;ao Joao Pinheiro The Joao Pinheiro Foundation (FJP), a Minas Gerais state government institution, has worked with the military police (PMMG) since 1985 to develop a partnership in the area of training . The context is important because Brazil was beginning its redemocratization process at that time. The emphasis is on the fact that PMMG came to FJP, and not vice-versa. One objective of this partnership was to reform the military police because the authoritarian regime had placed the police organization in deep isolation. SUPERVISOR EVALUATIONS OF NEW POLICE OFFICERS William G. Doerner, Florida State University; Ronald D. Hunter, State University of West Georgia The literature surrounding the Field Training Officer Program concentrates on how police recruits navigate the post-academy in-service training period. Very little consideration is paid to how these rookie officers perform after they complete this training cycle, achieve solo status, and start working without a training officer. The present study represents an analysis of supervisor evaluations for rookie patrol officers. SEXUAL HARRASSMENT AND POLICE DISCIPLINE: WHO'S POLICING THE POLICE? Sue Carter Collins, Georgia State University This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the nature and severity of disciplinary actions taken by the Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission against policemen charged with sexually harassing policewomen. The paper begins with a discussion of the existence of sexual harassment within the police profession. This is followed by an analysis of the types of discipline imposed the Commission against Florida policemen. Central to the analysis are results from an exploratory study of cases in which the' Commission exercised jurisdiction during a five-year period between 1994 and 1999. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications and suggested directions for future research in this little explored area. Panel 300: Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Boston College VARIOUS CONSTITUTIONAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES Chair: Christopher E. Smith, Michigan State University EIGHTH AMENDMENT DOCTRINES, PRISON CONDITIONS, AND THE REAL WORLD Christopher E. Smith, Michigan State University This paper will examine the "deliberate indifference" standard for Eighth Amendment violations in prison conditions cases as established by Justice Scalia's opinion in the seminal case of Wilson v. Seiter. After describing the standards articulated in Scalia's opinion, those standards will be evaluated by applying them to an actual situation of a prison that lost its water supply when a water main broke in a nearby town and it took days for the water supply to be restored. The conditions that are produced and the attendant practical human consequences from such a seemingly "routine" event help to illuminate the practical impact of the standards established in Scalia's opinion. THE ROLE OF THE BRADY ACT IN REDUCING VIOLENT CRIME Richard L. Legault, SUNY-Albany; RobertA. Martin, Jr. , SUNY-Albany; Jason Zeliph, SUNY-Albany Previous studies examining the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act have been strongly criticized for their data and methodology. The potential effects of this act have yet to be fully analyzed or replicated. In order to replicate earlier analysis of the Brady Act, while answering criticisms of that analysis, the authors use Interrupted Time Series analysis of monthly Uniform Crime Report Data in the United States from January 1989 to December 1999 from the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD). The efficacy of the Brady Act is examined and policy recommendations are made. DOES THE JUDICIARY AND THE JUDICIAL PROCESS NEED SPECIAL PROTECTION? Richard J. Frey, SUNY-Brockport Sixty years ago in Bridges v. California, Justice Black and Justice Frankfurter argued about the nature of the judiciary in the context of protecting the trial process from threatening publicity. A similar debate occurred this past year in Republican Party v. Minnesota in the context of protecting judicial elections from campaign rhetoric damaging to the fair administration of justice. The resurfacing of justifications for rules to protect the judicial process different from those applicable to the executive and legislative branches has implications for how tensions between some of our fundamental constitutional values should be resolved. THE IMPACT OF DAUBERT ON FORENSIC SCIENCE HenryF. Fradella, The College of New Jersey; Lauren O'Neill, Th e College of New Jersey; Adam Fogarty, Th e College of New Jersey With its 1993 decision in Daubert v. Morrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , the United States Supreme Court altered the landscape for the admissibility of scientific evidence in federal courts. In the years that followed, Daubert was extended to all types of expert testimony. Daubert has had a profound impact on many types of forensic evidence, especially on the forensic sciences. Using both quantitative and qualitative content analysis, this study examines federal judicial opinions applying Daubert to various forensic scientific techniques, such as fingerprinting, polygraphing, and voice print analysis from the time Daubertwas decided by the Supreme Court through 2002. A typology of the ways in which Daubert has been applied in the forensic sphere is presented, and the policy implications for forensic science are explored. Workshop 301: Dimensions of Terrorism Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-1 1:15 Regis TH SEPTEMBER 11 ' FUNDAMENTALIST ISLAM AND TERRORISM Moderator: ArthurGa rrison, Delawam Criminal Justice Council This presentation will review the events of September 111h as well as the connection between Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism located both within and outside of the United States. The presentation will include a review of al Qaeda and rise of Osama bin Laden. Panel 302: Future Directions and Trends Saturday March 8, 2002 10:00-1 1:15 Harvard USING AND MISUSING POWER TO INFLUENCE THE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW Chair: Matthew B. Robinson, Appalachian State University THE POWER TO PERSUADE: PRESIDENTIAL INFLUENCE OVER CONGRESS ON THE PASSAGE OF PUBLIC LAWS Willard M. Oliver, Radford University The theory of presidential influence over Congress is used to predict the impact of presidential activity related to crime control policy. It is hypothesized that the more attention presidents give to the issue of crime, the more attention Congress will give the topic through the passage of public laws. Utilizing a time-series regression analysis of data collected from the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States and the Center for American Politics and Public Policy's database on public laws from 1948 to 1996, and controlling for other influences such as crime rates, media, and the economy, this study will attempt to predict the president's ability to win passage of public laws in Congress that are related to crime and drugs control policy. CRIMINALIZING NEGLIGENCE AND :STUPIDITY: BLURRING CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW IN LATE MODERN SOCIETY Peter B. Kraska, Eastern Kentucky University; Cindi Crabtree, Eastern Kentucky University Recent criminal justice practices signal an erosion of the traditional distinction between civil and criminal law. The most recognized example is civil asset forfeiture. However, more far-reaching changes may be on the horizon. This paper examines the movement to criminalize acts of stupidity, negligence, and accidents that lead to the unintentional harm of another person. Legislators, prosecutors, and police are increasingly defining behaviors that would traditionally be handled in the civil legal arena as acts of crime. The emergence of an intensified concern with "safety" in late-modernity society is argued as a central social force driving this trend. BEYOND SHAMING: CORPORATE SCANDALS, WHITE-COLLAR CRIME, AND THE TO UGHENING OF PENALTIES Kathy M. Simon, Appalachian State University In light of the recent corporate scandals, on-gong government investigations, and televised arrests (the so-called "perp walk") associated with individual and corporate malfeasance, there have been calls by stockholders, politicians, and the general public for tougher laws to re-define and deal with business-related misconduct. The purposes of this paper are to build upon previous preliminaryresearch that focused on how shaming as a type of penalty had been included in both civil and criminal statutes, why it had been included, and to illustrate how shaming had been used in actual cases. The paper examines some of the current cases for any use of shaming techniques, identifies specific proposals for changes in the law and what sectors of society suggest which policies, and speculates as to the future of extending the reach of white-collar crime laws. MANDATING PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION USE IN ORDER TO PREVENT VIOLENCE BY THE MENTALLY ILL James I. Graham, Lamar University; Jennifer Frisbie, Lamar University; Michael L. Jordan, Lamar University This paper reports the results of several recent studies that have analyzed the effectiveness of mandating prescription medication use by the mentally ill in order to reduce the use of violence by the mentally ill. Future legal and policy issues are raised which generate numerous hypotheses for future research. Pan I 303: Critical Criminology Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-11:15 W llesl y ISSUES IN CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY II Chair: Th omas Reed, Eastern Kentucky University DEMOCRATIC ETHICS, ACADEMIC JUSTICE, AND CONCRETE EXEMPLARS: A THIRD REPORT Th omas Reed, Eastern Kentucky University Previous papers framed the quality of academic justice as measurable by the degree to which shared university governance facilitates production of knowledge diversity and controls knowledge destruction. Building on frame concepts of knowledge and moral philosophy, this paper links academic justice to a system of ordered justice with ethical principles that include a critical incident, quality-control research agenda. This system revises Flanagan's principle of psychological realism and emphasizes the behavioral influence of stereotypes, prototypes, and concrete exemplars. Other elements include a concept of full persons with emotional intelligence and ideas from Kant, James Madison, Nazi Holocaust research, and the human rights movement. SOCIAL CLASS (RE)PRODUCTION AND STUDENT JUDICIAL SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION Matthew B. Johnson, University of Maine, Presque Isle This is an ethnographic piece of research exploring the relationship between the social class of a college's clientele, and the policy, procedure, and execution thereof in the administration of student judicial system. This paper is excerpted from a longer piece which considers the culture of student affairs offices from a social class analysis. Specific attention is paid to: 1) "first contact documentation" between student and administrator; 2) first contact interactions; 3) final resolutions of student judicial cases. A cultural typology of student affairs offices and student judicial systems is offered and it is argued that the typology is largely dependent on social class. The author worked for nine years as a student affairs administrator. A NEW THEORY OF CRIMINOLOGY Wa ng Mu, China University of Political Science and Law Criminologists have pursued the decrease and vanishment of crime extremely to such extent that they have inevitably plunged into the following mistakes: 1 . Deny the objective existence of criminal phenomena as a direct result of denial of the value of criminal phenomena. 2. Deduct the result of non-existence of crime from the ideal that crime should not be allowed to exist, and regard the deducting result as a theoretical premise of criminology in terms of fact and logic. Consequently, the research on the existence, development and change of criminal phenomena, and the research on the essence of criminal phenomena and its development and change which rely on the existence of crime as preconditions, are completely abandoned. Therefore, the criminal cause became the full and sole research content of criminology, which actually and originally should be the historical and logical starting point of criminal phenomena, in another word, the above research approach gives up the necessary research on the process of criminal phenomena, directly arriving at the terminal from the starting point. The author's conclusion is that the research approach or method obviously violates the basic cognitive rules, therefore, destroys the theoretical foundation for the building of criminology, and heavily and negatively impacts the development of criminology. Panel 304: Intimate PartnerViolenc e Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-11:15 Vermont PARTNER VIOLENCE: TEENAGERS, CO-EDS, AND ELDERS Chair: Albert R. Roberts, Rutgers University TEENAGERS IN TYRANNY: THE INCIDENCE AND IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON TEEN MOMS' STRESS IN POLICING: FOCUS ON FEMALE OFFICERS Kevin Corcoran, Portland State University Based on a sample of 286 pregnant adolescents, this presentation reports the results of an 18-month study. The study included assessments of recent domestic violence. There were fo ur assessments, one at the baseline of the study and 3 follow-ups occurring every 6 months. Findings include: a 15% to 31% incidence rate of domestic violence. Despite this, only about 9% of the sample called the police. The second major finding was the impact of domestic violence on attrition. Non victims attrited at a rate 4 times greater than women who are victims. These findings suggest that victims are less likely to attrite. VICTIMIZATION FROM HIGH SCHOOL TO COLLEGE: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Albert R. Roberts, Rutgers University This paper will present a study of primary aggressors and victims of date abuse, rape, and stalking among two samples of college students. The authors examined numerous factors, including age, race, SES, religiosity, type and extent of illegal drug use, number of abusive incidents and severity of abuse. The sample of 703 students was drawn from two universities: one a state university and the other a private catholic university in the Northeast. Victimization rates were assessed for the six month, two year and five year periods just prior to this study. This exploratory, retrospective study also examined recommendations from the victims and offenders for prevention and coping strategies. ELDER ABUSE FEMICIDES IN NEW YORK CITY Patricia Brownwe/1, Fordham University This is a study representing collaboration among the Fordham University Graduate School of Social service (GSSS), the New York City Department for the aging (OFTA), and the New York City Department of Health (DOH) to examine 315 elder abuse femicides in New York City. The study analyzes available data on homicides of women 50 years of age and older collected from 1990 to 1997 from the New York City Medical Examiner's Office in New York City by Dr. Susan Wilt, Assistant Commissioner, Health Promotion and Prevention Research, New York City Department of Health, and her team. The database includes elder abuse femicides perpetrated by intimates, strangers, and unknowns. The presentation will present an overviewof elder abuse femicides, including, profiles of victim/abuser dyads and crime scene data. Workshop 305: Quantitativ R s arch Methods Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-11:15 Vin yard USING DATA FROM THE FEDERAL JUSTICE STATISTICS PROGRAM Mod rator: Mark Motivans, Bureau of Justice Statistics The Federal Justice Statistics Program is a showcase statistical series developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics with the goal of assisting legislators, policy makers, and criminal justice practitioners in developing and implementing federal crime control strategies, evaluating legislative options, and evaluating the federal criminal justice system. Six federal agencies covering arrest and prosecution, pretrial release, adjudication, sentencing, appeals and corrections currently contribute data to the program. This workshop provides an overview of the data sets available from BJS, how to use the FJSP web site query page, and how to download and prepare an FJSP data set for analysis. ROUNDTABLE 306: Gender and Criminal Justice Saturday March 8, 2003 10:00-11:15 Salon e From I Love Lucy to Sopranos-Has the Portrayal of Women on TV Series Changed or Remained the Same? Mod rators: Marian Whitson, East Tennessee State University; Leatha Barnes, East Tennessee State University Discussants: Eddie Hom, East Tennessee Sate University, Kristin Peterson, East Tennessee State University, Rayshawn Wilson, East Tennessee State University, JillHamilton East Tennessee State University The roundtable whose members represent students in the graduate and undergraduate program of East Tennessee State University will explore and contrast the portrayal of Women in TV series over the past three decades. This discussion, although led primarily by Graduate Students, had its origin in an undergraduate Race, Gender, and Crime class. The discussion will examine the portrayal of women on such shows as I Love Lucy, Leave It To Beaver, Good Times, The Brady Bunch, Law and Order, Girlfriends, Ally McBeal, Crime Scene Investigators and the Sopranos, to name a view. Students and instructors of Gender related courses are urged to participate and voice their opinions. \I UPCOMING ACJS ANNUAL MEETINGS II March 9-13, 2004 + Riviera Las Vegas, Nevada March 15-19, 2005 + Sheraton Chicago Chicago, Illinois February 28-March 4, 2006 + Marriott Waterfront Baltimore, Maryland Please remember ... All meeting space is non-smoking + Attendees must wear nametags in the exhibit hall, breakout rooms, and to all food functions. Essentials of Criminal AvJustice,ailable Fourth May 2003! Edition Larry J. Siegel and Joseph J. Senna ©2004. ISBN: 0-534-61641-0. George R Cole and Christopher E. Smith Introduction to Law ©2004. ISBN: 0-534-61533-3. Casebound AvaEnforcementilable Now! and Criminal Justice, Seventh Edition Henry M. Wrobleski and Karen M. Hess ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-55280-3. Criminal Justicein Action: AvaTheilable Core, Mar Secondch 2003! Edition Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller ©2004. ISBN: 0-534-61623-2. Criminal Justice inAction, AvSecondailable Edition Now! Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-57243-X. Visit us on the Web! Casebound ISBN: 0-534-57248-0. Paperbound WhenThe Wadsworth you adopt a CriminalWadsworth Justice text, you Resource and your Center stu dents will havehtt accessp://cj.wadswo to a rich arrayrth.com of teaching and learning resources that you won't find anywhere else! • Instructor tools and convention/grant inf ormation Criminal Justice, • A direct link to Te rrorism:An Interdisciplinary SixthAvailable Edition Now! Perspective (Packaged with FREE bonus chapter!) • Crime and Technology Joel Samaha • The Criminal Justice Timeline ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-59490-5. • Are Yo u a Criminal? • What Americans Think • Discussion Forums • Hundreds of popular CJ linksincluding state-specific sites • A student Lounge with links to career and study tips • CJ in the News • And more! CRil\IINOLOGY CORRECTIONS Criminology: Theories, American Corrections, AvaPatteilablerns, March and Typologies, 2003! AvaSixthilable Edition Now! Seventh Edition To dd R. Clear and George F. Cole ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-59517-0. Larry J. Siegel ©2004. ISBN: 0-534-61578-3. Criminology, Eighth Edition AvaLarryilable J. Siegel No w! ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-52654-3. Lecture Series Each month, Wadsworth conducts a live Web event on a specifictopic featuring a Wadsworth criminal justice author. Each lecture focuses on a timely issue in Criminology: The Core crime and justice AvaLarryilable J, Siegel No w! intended to bring ©2002. ISBN: 0-534-51942-3 new perspectives to classroom and aca demic discussions. The events are conducted via conference call and a simultaneous online meeting program. The lectures, generally 30 minutes in length, are followed by a question and answer ses sion with the author. Join us on March 14th for our nextlecture featuring Scott Decker, author of Policing Gangs and Youth Violence. To learnmore about our Lecture Series, or to view past lectures, QUEN(�Y log on to http:/ /cj.wadsworth.com today! Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Available Now! JUVEN[Lf Practice, and Law, Visit our exhibit booth to learn more about DELINQUENCY Eighth Edition all of our titles, teaching and learning Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C. We lsh, and technologies, and services! Joseph J, Senna ORDER YOUR REVIEW COPY TODAY! ©2003. ISBN: 0-534-57808-X. Phone: 1-800-423-0563 • Fax: 1-859-64 7-5020 E-mail: [email protected] Mail: Thomson/Wadsworth Source Code 4WWACJS 1 Juvenile Delinquency: TheAvailable Core Now! 10650 To ebben Drive Independence, KY 41051 Larry J. Siegel ©2002. ISBN: 0-53451938-5. THOMSON • VVA DSVVORTH GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN CRIMINOLOGY At Indiana University of Pennsylvania (/UP) MA STER OF ARTS IN CRIMINOLOGY ASSISTANTSHIPS Full-time M.A. students are eligible for assistantships Indiana University of Pennsylvania offers a program that provide partial or full tuition waivers and a of study leading to a Master of Arts in Criminology. stipend. For over twenty-five years, the program has prepared students for administrative and research careers in REQUIRED COURSE OF STUDY the criminal justice system and related fields. The Criminology M.A. program also provides a solid Thirty-six semester hours are required for graduation fo undation for students planning to pursue doctoral from the M.A. in Criminology program. Students may studies. choose between a thesis and non-thesis curriculum. Courses are offered in criminological theory, research The thesis option requires that the student complete a methods, systems, management, legal issues and credit thesis and credit hours of approved elective ethics. Students may enroll in up to six credits of course work. The non-thesis option requires that the approved electives from other disciplines as well. student6 complete 6 hours of elective course work. 12 Doctor of Philosoehv in CRIMINOLOGY PROGRAM FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of theory and justice The Doctoral Program is designed to prepare students systems for an academic career through an integrated );> approach to the study of research, theory, justice Lectures, seminars, and workshops on a variety systems, and pedagogy. of pedagogical issues sponsored by IUP's );> Teaching Excellence Center PROGRAM FOCUS Competitive Assistantships/Fellowships );> IUP's Criminology Doctoral Program features a Exposure to a broad spectrum of methodological Prepari ng Future Faculty (PFF) approach designed to approaches, including quantitative and qual itative � expand doctoral education beyond research in a strategies in research design and analysis, specific content area. This strategy prepares future program evaluation, and policy studies professors for the challenges of educating the next generation of college and university students. Faculty members who are examining contemporary topics, including postmodern );> The PFF approach sets IUP's Criminology Doctoral approaches, new paradigm methods, and comparative criminology Program apartfrom others in the field. IUP emphasizes teaching excellence and the A supportive learning environment characterized teacher/scholar model, and opportunities for by plenty of faculty-student interaction );> );> teaching experience with a faculty mentor. An abundance of oak trees and old brick on a campus located in a vibrant small community � For more information about Graduate Programs in away from the stresses of city life, but close Criminology at /UP, visit us on the World Wide We b: enough (fifty miles Northeast of Pittsburgh) to http ://www. chss.iup.edu/cr/ enjoy the benefits of a major urban center Gaines and Peter B. Kraska DRUGS, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES SecondLarry K. Edition ISBN Mark Jones1-57766 -2 1 7-2 COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS ISBN Peter B.1- 5Kraska7766-26 1-X THEORIZING CRIMINAL JUSTICE ISBN Peter 1-57Manning766-228-8 THE NARCS' GAME: ORGANIZATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL LIMITSK. ON DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT Second Edition ISBN Meny1- Morash57766-24 and0-7 Pamela J. Schram THE PRISON EXPERIENCE: SPECIAL ISSUES OF WOMEN IN PRISON ISBN James1- 577Quinn66-202 -4 CORRECTIONS: CONCISE INTRODUCTION SecondF. Edition A ISBN David 1-Shieh57766-or and246-6 Stephen G. Tibbetts VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION: ESSENTIAL READ INGS ISBN 1-57766-223-7 If you would like complimentary review copies for possible course adop tion, stop by our booth, write (P. O. Box Prospect Heights, IL call or fax Please provide the fo llowing information: course title; annual enrollment;400, text(s) currently60070) in , use; (847next /634-008 date for1), text book(847 reconsider /634-950ati1).on. 1) 2) 3) 4) www.waveland.com The COMPSTA T Paradigm Management Accountability in Policing, Business and the Public Sector ISBN 1-889031-15-1 Softcover,by 298 l1 pagesincent $39 E..95 Henry, CPP, Ph.D. PERFECT FOR POLICE ADMINIS TRATION and MA NA GEMENT CLA SSES Foreword by: William J. Bratton, Former NYPD Police Commissioner Each chapter includes a summary, issues for discussion and debate, and recommended readings. Learn how overall crime in New York City plummeted more than 44 percent! Describes how the agency set about the task of reinventing itself. How the COMPSTA T interactive management process was used to effect change. Sets forth many of the specific steps agencies can follow to achieve crime reductions and to vastly improve the quality of life in their jurisdiction. • Shows how COMPSTA T management principles can be applied in the private security field and in other public and private sector organizations to achieve results. "'Vincent Henry, as sotnebody who was there frotn the beginning, has created the n1ost accurate accounting yet published of the "revolution ' that occurred within the NYPD . . . " Fonner NYPD Police Conunissioner, Willianz ]. Bratton About the Author Vincent E. Henry, CPP, Ph.D., recently retired from the NYPD, was previously Commanding Officer of the Education Support Section of the Police Academy. As a Sergeant, Special Assignment in the NYPD's Office of Management Analysis and Planning, he was part of the team involved in the creation of COMPSTAT. Prior to this assignment, he held a variety of uniformed, plainclothes investigative and supervisory positions. Vincent Henry became 1the firstAmerican police officerto be named a Fulbright Scholar, and he spent one year as Visiting Fellow at GriffithUniversit y's Centre for Australian Public Sector Management in Brisbane, Australia. In 1989, He taught as an Adjunct Professor in the C.J. Department ofLong Island University and St. John's University, and received his Ph.D. in Criminal Justice and an M.Phil. from John Jay College/CUNY. He holds B.A. and M.S. degrees (Summa Cum Laude) in Criminal Justice from C.W. Post. Presently Dr. Henry is an Associate Professor at Pace University in their Department of Criminal Justice. Desk Copy requests by phone M-F, 9-5 EST 1-800-647-5547 43-08 162nd Street Flushing, NY 11358 24 HourFax: : 718 539-0941 www.Loose leafLaw.com 800-647-5547 Call for a Catalog! OXFORD I G H E R [) l' c A T I () N R 0 l1 p H E G Criminal Justice Seventh Edition JAMES A. INCIARDI • Written by an internationally recognized scholar with experience in all phases of the criminal justice system • Presents a solid overview of the structure, processes, and problems of the criminal justice system in the U.S. • Allows instructors to fo cus either on the system as a whole or on areas of particular interest • Includes coverage of Supreme Court cases, home incarceration and electronic monitoring, civilian police review boards, and private police fo rces • Features new "Critical Thinking" and "Gender Perspectives" sections and updated data and research pp. 2001 736 cloth Elements of Criminal Justice Second Edition JAMES A. INCIARDI • Features current, significant research, including that of the author • Author's research in drug policy, substance abuse, and AIDS prevention is internationally recognized • Utilizes real-world illustrations and examples that offer a complete picture of criminal justice • Includes marginal glossaries, chapter summaries, discussion questions, and media resources pp. paper 1999 480 Computers, Ethics, and Society Th ird Edition Edited by M. DAVI D ERMANN and MICHELE S. SHAUF • Offers interdisciplinary readings on the ethical and social implications of computer technology • Considers technical, social, and philosophical issues • Examines topics including the work-related ramifications of automation, the ethical obligations of computer specialists, and the threats to privacy caused by increased computerization pp. paper 2002 256 Prices are subject to change and apply only in the US. To order, or for more OXFORD information, please call 1-800-451-7556. In Canada, call 1-800-387-8020. UNIVERSITY PRESS Visit our website at www.oup-usa . org/h ighered Introductory Criminal justice Research Methods BARKAN & BRYJAK HAGAN Fu ndamentals Criminal Justice Research Methods in Cri minal ISBN: o-205-29518-5 Available Summer 'oJ ' Justice and Criminology, 6/e ISBN: o-205-36677-5 BOYES-WATS ONof Crime and Justice: A Casebook Approach Deviance ISBN: o-205-29213-5 MCCAG HY, CAPRON & JAMI ESON FAGIN Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, Criminal Justice and Interest Groups, 6/e ISBN: 0-321-04950-o ISBN: o-205-34165-9 SHELDEN & BROWN REIMAN Criminal Justice in America: A C:ritical View The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, Jfe ISBN: o-205-37464-6 ISBN: o-205-38664-4 Available Summer 'o3! Introductory Criminology TH IO Deviant Behavior, ]fe CONKLIN ISBN: o-205-38883-3 Criminology, 8fe Available Summer 'o3! ISBN: o-205-381 77-4 Available Summer 'o3 t TH IO & CALHOUN Readings in Deviant Behavior, 3/e CONKLI N ISBN: o-205-38915-5 Why Crime Rates Fell Available Summer 'oJ ' ISBN: o-205-381 57-X Law Enforcement and Policing RENZETTI , CURRAN CA RR & MCCAM EY, SCARAM E LLA & COX Theories of Crime: A Reader Contemporary Municipal Policing ISBN: o-205-36101-3 ISBN: o-205-34105-5 juvenile Delinquency STEVENS Applied Commu nity Policing in the 21st Century BARTOLLAS ISBN: o-205-33222-6 Juvenile Delinquency, 6fe ISBN: o-205-36102-1 STEVENS Case Studies in Applied Com munity Policing ISBN: o-205-37760-2 Vo ices of Delinquency-a special supplement 21 thatAvailable offer sfr ee perwithsonal this accotext-unts of delinquency. Corrections ValuePack ISBN: o-205-38464-1 BARTOLLAS JACKSON & KNEPPER Invitation to Corrections (with Built-in Study Guide) Delinquency and Justice ISBN: o-205-31412-0 (2002) ISBN: o-801 3-3307-5 GILLESPIE Inside the Death Chamber: Exploring Executions ISBN: o-205-35257-X _· :.._ .. ··�� Criminal Procedure cmmm:l WO RRALL �·�·. �- � Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal ISBN: o-205-34280-9 Available Summer 'o3! Be sure to check out our newest products online at Stop by our booth to get your fr ee copy of the Allyn Bacon Te rrorism/Counter-Terrorism www.ablongman.comfcj Timeline Poster. & 0:> ' A www ALLYN & BACON Pearson Educat1on Company ablong man com New in Crime 8 Justice Studies from de Sitter Publications The Profits and Losses of Global Crime. Edited by John Walker This volume aims at compiling data on the proceeds of crime fr om a range of countries, and to identify and quantify the fa ctors that deter mine the profitability of crime committed for large-scale gain. Pages: 182 Paperback, $27.95 International Comparison of Crime and Victimization: The ICVS This volume presents findings from the four sweeps of the Interna tional Crime (Victim) Survey. Authors contribute to key issues regard ing the possibilities and limitations of international comparisons, sur vey methodology, fe ar of crime, attitudes towards punishment, social change and crime trends, and correlates of victimization. Save 30°/o ofT these Titles. - ACJS 2003 Conference Only - International Journal of Comparative Crime, Law, and Justice Criminology (OfficialJournal of the Canadian Society of Criminology) The International Journal of Comparative Crimi Crime, Law, and Justice is the official journal of nology (IJCC), published by de Sitter Publica the Canadian Society of Criminology. This tions, is a semi-annual publication issued in Janu peer-reviewed journal provides a national and ary-June, and July-December. Each number is global fo rum for divergent views on crime is about 150 pages in length. Its major objective is sues, including legislation, the practice of crimi to present theoretical, conceptual, and methodo nal law, law enforcement, justice, victimization, logical debates relating to issues of crime, corrup delinquency, corrections, transnational cnme, tion, victimization, criminal and social (in)justice, and much more. delinquency, and the effo rts to prevent crime and protect citizens across borders. The international board of editors is committed to the publication Save 30% off a yr Subscription to these of findings derived fr om original research, either Journals - ACJS I Conference Only - of an historical or contemporary nature. All arti 2003 cles are subjected to a comprehensive peer re [email protected] view. www.desitterpublications.com Visit us at Booth #139 ICPSR SUMMER PROGRAM IN QUANTITATI\'E METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH � � QJag ateway to kno wledg e June 23-August 15, 2003 The annual ICPSR Summer Program in Quantitative Methods is a comprehensive, integrated program of studies in research design, statistics, data analysis, and social methodology. Typical four-week courses include Regression Analysis, Bayesian Methods, Game Theory, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation. Shorter workshops include general topics such as Sp atial Analysis/GIS and Multilevel Models, as well as specific topics, such as Census and Aging/Gerontology. 2000 Quantitative Analysis of Crime and Criminal Justice Seminar This seminar introduces participants to major surveys sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and focuses on innovative applications of survey methods and incident-based data in criminal justice. Each participant will design and conduct a quantitative research project. Applicants must show evidence of intellectual interest in and commitment to this substantive area. Support for those admitted is provided by BJS. For more information, contact: ICPSR Summer Prog ram P. O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 06 USA email [email protected] phone (734) 998-9888 fax (734) 998-9889 .Jt:� -�;,.(.: Y#'NY# icpsr umich edu/sump rog Inter-universityCon sortium for Political and Social Research New lor spring Visit our booth in the exhibit hall to learn about our nearlv 100 Criminal Justice titles Corrections: ExploringCorr ections in America John Whitehead, Imagining Justice Joycelyn M. Pollock John P. Crank T. Michael C. Braswell & Death quest: An Introduction to the Theory and Controversiesin Practice of Capital White-CollarCrime Punishment in the edited by GaryW. Potter United States, 2nd Robert M. Bohm Coming soon Controversies in Juvenile Justice, 4th Victimology John T. Whitehead Steven P. Lab edited by Laura J. Moriarty Corrections in th& e Community, 3rd Edward J. Latessa Harry E. Allen Ethics in Crimi&nal Justice, 3rd Sam S. Souryal Controversies in Criminal Justice Research Controversies in edited by Richard Tewksbury Elizabeth Ehrhardt Mustaine CriticalCrim inology Controversies in Juvenile& Justice edited by Martin Schwartz Suzanne Hatty and Delinquency D. edited by Peter J. Benekos Alida Merlo & & V. Delinquency in Society, 51e Criminal justice: Robert M. Regoli An Introduction, 31e John D. Hewitt Freda Adler Gerhard Mueller William S. Laufer I 0. 'vV. I Introduction to American Policing Darl H. Champion Michael K. Hooper juvenile justice: A Guide to Crime and Criminology, 10/e Practice and Theory, 51e Sue Titus Reid Steve Cox John M. Conrad Jennifer M. Allen I I Police Administration, 21e Larry Gaines Criminal Investigation, Mittie D. Sutherland with "Making the Grade" Criminal Law John Angell Student CD-ROM, 8le for the Criminal justice John L. Worrall CharlesFree R. Swanson Neil C. Professional, 31e Chamelin Leonard Te rrito Norman Garland I I Criminology and theCOMING Corrections:THIS SUMMERCriminal Law, 61 e Criminal justice System, 51e A Critical Sue Titus Reid Approach, 21e Freda Adler The Criminal justice Gerhard W. Mueller Michael We lch System and Wo men: William S. Laufer Statistical Methods Offenders, Prisoners, 0. Victims, and Criminology, 51e for Criminology and Criminal justice, 2/e Workers, 3/e Freda Adler Gerhard W. Mueller Ronet Bachman Barbara Raffel Price William S. Laufer Raymond Paternoster Natalie Sokoloff 0. Bookmark us on the \Ne b at � \" isit 011 tl1e \\'eiJ at �e / or to request an examination copy call 1-800-338-3987; consult our Web site, send an e-mail to or write to FORMcGraw-Hill MORE HigherINFORMATION Education, Camp Processing & Control, P 0. Box 445, Hightstown, 08520-0445. www.mhhe.com/criminaljustice; [email protected]; NJ Roxbury Publishing Company New and Forthcoming Titles Include: Th e American Legal System: Foundations, Processes, Criminological Th eories: Introduction, Evaluation, and and Norms, by Albert P. Melone and Allan Kames. Application, Fourth Edition, by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers. Capital Punishment: Issues, Controversies, and Argu ments, by Raymond Paternoster and Robert Brame. Criminological Th eory: Past to Present (Essential Readings) , Second Edition, edited by Francis T. Cullen Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community, Second and Robert Agnew. Edition, by G. David Curry and Scott H. Decker. Contemporary Policing: Controversies, Challenges, and Essentials of Criminal Justice, by Stephen P. Lab, Marian Solutions (A n Anthology), edited by Quint C. Thurman and Williams, Jefferson E. Holcomb, William R. King, and Jihong Zhao. Michael E. Buerger. Controversies in Criminal Justice: Contemporary Images of Color, Im ages of Crime (R eadings) , Second Readings, edited by Scott H. Decker, Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Edition, edited by Coramae Richey Mann and Marjorie S. and Charles M. Katz. Zatz. Courts and Judicial Process, by Craig Hemmens and Todd In Th eir Own Wo rds: Criminals on Crime (A n Anthology), Lochner. Th ird Edition, edited by Paul Cromwell. Co urts, Law, and Justice: An Anthology, edited by Craig Th e Juvenile Justice System, by Joseph B. Sanborn, Jr. Hemmens and Todd Lochner. and Anthony W. Salerno. Crime and Society: An Introduction to Criminology, by A Lifefo r a Life, by inmate James Paluch; edited by Thomas Paul J. Mazerolle, Ruth Triplett, George Capowich, and Roger J. Bernard and Robert Johnson. Jarjoura. Life Wi thout Parole: Living in Prison To day, Th ird Criminal Evidence: An Introduction, by Craig Hemmens Edition, by inmate Victor Hassine; edited by Robert Johnson and John L. Worrall. and Thomas J. Bernard. Criminal Justice Case Briefs Series: Sign ificant Cases in Corrections, by Craig Hemmens, Katherine J. Bennett, Police and Society, Th ird Edition, by Roy R. Roberg, and Barbara A. Belbot. Kenneth Novak, and Gary Cordner. Criminal Justice Case Briefs Series: Significant Cases Prisons and Prison Life: Costs and Consequences, by in Criminal Procedure, by Craig Hemmens, John L. Worrall, Joycelyn M. Pollock. and R. Alan Thompson. The Social Organization of Law: An Introduction Criminal Justice Case Briefs Series: Significant Cases (Contemporary Readings), edited by Austin D. Sarat. in Ju venile Justice, by Craig Hemmens and Benj amin Steiner. Un derstanding Wo men and Crime, by Christine Rasche. Criminal Justice: Concepts and Issues (A n Anthology) , Wh ite-Collar Crime and Opportunity, by MichaelE. L. Fo urth Edition, edited by Chris W. Eskridge. Benson and Sally S. Simpson. Criminal Law: Th e Basics, by Frank A. Schubert. Wh o's Right? Wh ose Rights?: Contemporary Legal Debates in America, edited by Henry Pontell and Steve M. Criminal Procedure: A Process Approach, by W. Richard Rosoff. Janikowski and William C. Plouffe, Jr. Complimentary Copies Are Available For Classroom-Adoption Consideration P. O. Box 491 044, Los Angeles, CA 90049-9044 Vo ice: (31 0) 4 73-33 12 • Fax: (31 0) 4 73-4490 Etnail: roxbtny(l�roxbury.net • Website: \VW\v. roxbury.net Crime & Justice As a bridge between academia and International criminal justice practitioners, Worldwide News and Trends the NEW CJI covers the world: - examines every aspect of criminal justice systems v Academic Research - profiles groups, trends and legislation v Homeland Security & International Terrorism - excerpts books on important CJ topics v The Publisher's Pullout - provides practical information to apply in the field v Investigator's Notebook - viewpoints from academia, law enforcement and politics v Perspectives 20 Crime and Justice International is distributed to universities, liForbr morearies inf, ormation,and crimin contact:al jus OICJ,tice PO agenc Box 1819ies, Huntsin morevi lle, thanTexas 77342cou-1819ntr USAies. Phone: (936) 294-3634; Fax : (936) 294- 1638; Email: mail @oicj.org Hiss of Death Teaching Rrts NEW IN PA PERBACK nmerica·s �ove Rffair The New Jac�als c::: behind Oars rnith the Death Penalt� ..._ Edited by Rachel Ramzi Yousef. Osama a.=» John D. Bessler Marie-Crane Williams bin �aden. and the ...__. cloth • paper Foreword by BuzzAlexander Future oflerrorism c.n $47.50 $18.95 • Simon Reeve n:::::J $50.00 cloth $20.00 paper Justice Denied With a new epilogue a.=» by theautho r ..c::: Clemenc� Rppeals in Searching ...__. Death Penalt� Cases $1 8. 95 paper ..._ for a Demon CJ Cathleen Burnett The Media Construction Buried from the World cloth • paper :::::iii!::E $47.50 $18.95 of the Militia Movement Inside the Massachusetts Steven M. Chermak Rmerica Without State Prison.l829-1831 $50.00 cloth • $20.00 paper Edited with an introduction CJ ..._ the Death Penaltu by Philip F. Gura L..l.- States Leading the Wa� Woman-to-Woman Published by the -c.n John F.Gallih er, LarryW. Sexual Violence Massachusetts Koch, David Patrick Keys, Historical Society ·-a.=» Does She Call it Rape? andTeresaJ. Guess $30.00 cloth ...__. Lori B. Girshick $35.00 cloth .._.3 $45.00 cloth • $16.95 paper NORTHEASTERN a.=» Un iversity Press ::::iii!!:: Bostoll, ivlassachusetts Position Announcement Sam Houston State University College of Criminal Justice Due to the growth of the College of Criminal Justice, a search is in progress for as many as three fulltime tenure trackpositions to begin August, 2003. is open depending upon qualifications. A Ph.D. or terminal degree in criminal justice, criminology, law, psychology, or a closely related field Rank is required. Preference will be given to individuals with specialization in one or more of the fo llowing areas:policing, administration,law, statistics, information systems, andpublic policy. We are especially interested in candidates with active research agendas, potential or record of fundedre search activity, commitment to high quality teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, able to work with a diverse student body, dedication to service to the College, the profession, and the community. Candidates with practitioner-based experience are also invited to express interest. The College of Criminal Justice has a large undergraduate enrollment and offers BA and BS programs in criminal justice and victim studies. The College also offers the MA in Criminal Justice and Criminology, the MS Criminal Justice Management, and the MS in Forensic Science. The College has a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice and a joint JD/Ph.D. with the University of Houston Law School. We are also affiliated with the University's Ph.D. in Forensic Psychology. Consult our website for more information about the University, the College, and the community (www.shsu.edu). Interested individuals should send a letter of interest specifying the position in which they are interested, a current vita, examples of scholarship/publications, and a minimum of fo urreferen ces to Glen Kercher, Search Committee Chair, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341 -2296. Sam Houston State University is EEO/AAP employer. Dr. Graduate Programs in Criminal Justice The College of Criminal Justice offers a degree in Criminal Justice, a degree in Criminal Justice and Criminology, a Doctor of Philosophy a and a Master of Arts Master of Science in Criminal The Doctor of Philosophy and Master ofArts programs are designed primarily Justice Management, Master of Science in Forensic Science Master of Science in to prepare graduate students to conduct research in the various areas of criminological theory, crime Criminal Justice. control, correctional and police administration, and social rehabilitation. These programs are based on a multidisciplinary study of the behavioral sciences as they apply to these specialized areas. The Masters of Science degree programs are designed to provide graduates with the analytical tools necessary to diagnose, analyze, and solve day-to-day problems encountered by criminal justice professionals. Graduates from the College of Criminal Justice touch literally every fa cet of the criminal justice system by their contributions to the public and private sectors and by conducting research on all aspects of crime and crime control. Additional information about the doctoral program and other graduate and undergraduate programs may be obtained from: The College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Huntsville, TX 77341 -2296 Phone (936) 294-1647; Fax (936) 294-1653 http ://www.c jcenter.org An Equal Opportunity/Aff rrmative Action Institution Willan Publishing DOT. CONS Crime, Deviance and Identity on the Internet Ed. by Yvonne Jewkes p/b - h/b - CHANGING$29.95 ATT ITUDES$59.95 TO PUNISHMENT Ed. by Julian Roberts, Michael Hough p/b - h/b - PRISON$34 .95VIOLENCE $59.95 By Kimmett Edgar, lan O'Donnell and Carol Martin h/b - RETH$55.00INKING WHAT WORKS WITH OFFENDERS By Stephen Farrall h/b - ISLAM,$55.0 CRIME0 AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Ed. by Basia Spalek h/b - POLICING$49.95 AN D THE MEDIA By Frank Leishman and Paul Mason p/b - h/b - IDEO$2LOGY,7.50 CRIME$59.95 & CRIMIN AL JUSTICE Ed. by Anthony Bottoms, Michael To nry h/b, $55.00 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS Ed by Elmar Weitekamp, Hans-Jiirgen Kerner p/b - h/b - RESTO$39.95RATIVE JUSTICE$64.95 IN CONTEXT Ed by Elmar Weitekamp, Hans-Jtirgen Kerner p/b - h/b - REST$39.95ORATIVE JUSTI$64.95CE AND THE LAW Ed. by Lode Walgrave p/b - h/b - YOUTH$34.95 OFFE NDIN$59.95G AND RESTORAT IVE JUSTICE By Adam Crawford and Tim Newburn p/b - h/b - REST$29.95ORATIVE JUSTI$59.95CE READER By Gerry Johnstone p/b - h/b - $34.95Distrib uted$64 .95in North America by International Specialized Book Services NE Hassalo St. Portland (fax) www. isbs.com 5824 OR 97213 800-944-6190 503-280-8832 SOUTHWESTERNAS SOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE • • • NEW MEXICO • • TEX SWACJ Web Page-- www.c j .swt.edu/swacj/intro.htm ARKANSAS ARIZONA COLORADO OKLAHOMA AS Call for Papers "Academics and Agencies: Partners in Criminal Justice" The annual meeting of the Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice will be October 2-4, 2003 Hilton Ho uston Plaza, Ho uston, Texas (Abstracts are due to Program Chair by August 15) The Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice is a regional affiliate of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. It is composed of educators and practitioners from Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas who are committed to developing the highest standards in criminal justice education, training, practice, and research. Learn more about the Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice through visiting our web page: www.cj.swt.edu/swacj/intro.htm For meeting information please contact: To join SW ACJ please contact: Beth Pelz, Program Chair Chip Burns, Secretary Treasurer Department of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice University of Houston - Downtown Texas Christian UniversityI One Main Street TCU Box Houston, TX Fort Worth, TX 298710 [email protected] [email protected] 129 713-221 -8943 817-257-6155 AN IN VITATION FR OM THE NOR THEAS TERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES The Northeastern Association of the Criminal Justice Sciences cordially invites you to attend our mid-year business meeting to participate in a special event. NEA CJS will honor Fr eda Adler, Distinguished Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers Un iversity, recipient of the NEA CJS Regional Fe llows Award. · The Regional Fe llows Award is given to an individual who has made signijicant contributions to scholarship in criminaljustice through published works, scholarly papers, accomplishments in teaching, grants, and other related professional activities. Please join us fo r this special event on Thursday March 6th, at 4:00 pm in the Vineyard Room of the Marriott Cop ley Place. RETURN TO THE SEA NEACJS ANNUAL MEETING JUNE 5 � 7, 2003 PR OTECTION OF THE HOMELAND: THE ROLE OF THE AMERICAN CRIMINA L JUSTICE SYSTEM @ ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY BRISTOL, R.I. Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences www.neacjs.org David F. Owens 2003 Program Chair (315) 498-2670 Fax (315) 498-2522 CALL FOR PAPERS Midwestern Criminal Justice Association 2003 Annual Meeting October 2-4, 2003 Chicago, Illinois "Co unities, Crime, and Criminal Justice" mm Please send abstracts by September 2, 2003 to : James Frank, Program Chair Division of Criminal Justice University of Cincinnati PO Box 210389 Cincinnati, OH 4522 1-0389 513-556-5832 Submissions by E-mail (Microsoft Word) attachment preferred: [email protected] Best Western Inn of Chicago For Reservations: 312-787-3 100 Single or double room - $120.00! Centrally located! One block off Michigan A venue Students interested in entering The Outstanding Paper Competition need to send the paper by e-mail attachment to James Frank by September 22, 2003 Program website: http://www .geocities .com/midwestcj a/home.html PARTICIPANTS' DIRECTORY Abadinsky, Howard Albrecht, James F. Ameh, Robert K. Saint Xavier University Sam Houston State University University of New Brunswick 3700 West 103rd Street Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Department of Sociology Chicago, IL 60655 Management Institute of Texas Post Office Box 4400 (773) 298-3162 . (773) 298-3314 Criminal Justice Center Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 CANADA (936) 294-3322 . (936) 294-3926 (506) 458-7257 . (506) 453-4659 Acker, James R. [email protected] [email protected] University at Albany School of Criminal Justice Alino, General George Anderson, Tammy Draper Hall Philippines National Police University of Delaware 135 Western Ave c/o US Embassy Department of Sociology and Criminal Albany, NY 12222 Manila Justice (518) 442-5317 . (518) 442-5212 PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Sciences [email protected] 3222 Smith Hall Al-Khattar, Are£ Newark, DE 19716 Adams, Cynthia California University of Pennsylvania (302) 831-6232 Central Missouri State University Department of Justice Studies 300 Humphreys 250 University A venue Anderson, Sean E. Warrensburg, MO 64093 California, PA 15419-1394 Monmouth University (660) 543-4950 (724) 938-4424 • (724) 938-4265 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] alkhattar@cu p.edu McAllen Hall West Long Branch, NJ 07764 Adang, Otto Allan, Edward L. (732) 263-5650 . (732) 263-5148 P.O. Box 1201 Anna Maria College [email protected] 7301 BL Apeldoorn, 50 Sunset Lane THE NETHERLANDS Paxton, MA 01612-1198 Anderson, Gregory (31) 402260753 . (31) 402262693 (508) 849-3227 • (508) 849-3343 University College of the Fraser Valley [email protected] [email protected] Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education Aday, Ronald Allen, G. Frederick 33844 King Road Middle Tennessee State University Central Michigan University Abbotsford, British Columbis V2V 7B1, Post Office Box 132 Department of Sociology, Anthropology CANADA Murfreesboro, TN 37132 and Social Work 826-6004 • (604) 855-7558 (615) 898-2693 • (615) 867-3059 1149 West Vernon Park Place andersong@ucfv .bc.ca [email protected] Unit G (604) Chicago, IL 60607-3451 Andress, Robert Addington, Lynn A. (989) 774-1449 . (989) 744-1844 Dawson Community College American University [email protected] 300 College Drive Department of Justice, Law and Society Post Office Box 421 Ward Circle Building Allen, Harry E. Glendive, MT 59330 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest San Jose State University law_ enforcement_club @hotmail.com Washington, DC 20016-8043 Administration of Justice (202) 885-2902 • (202) 885-2907 62 Lakeview Drive Andrews, Larry D. [email protected] Palm Springs, CA 92264-5506 Missouri Western State College (760) 770-8012 • (760) 770-4072 Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Ahmad, Janice [email protected] Studies California State University, Los Angeles 4525 Downs Drive 184 Valley View Terrace Altermose, J. Rick PS204 Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Lamar University St. Joseph, MO 64507 (323) 343-4620 Department of Criminal Justice (816) 271-4219 . (816) 271-4138 [email protected] Box 10026 [email protected] Beaumont, TX 77710 Alarid, Leanne Fiftal (409) 880-8549 . (409) 880-2324 Andrews, Lisa University of Missouri at Kansas City [email protected] Sam Houston State Univesity Department of Sociology and Criminal College of Criminal Justice Justice Alvi, Shahid Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 5100 Rockhill Road University of St. Thomas (936) 294-1686 208 Haag Hall Department of Sociolgy [email protected] Kansas City, MO 64110 2115 Summt Avenue (816) 235-5706 . (816) 235-1117 Mail No. 4171 Andrus, Tracy [email protected] St. Paul, MN 55105 Prairie View University (651) 962-5638 . (651) 487-3462 School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology Albanese, Jay S. AIvi@tc internet.net Post Office Box 4017 National Institute of Justice Prairie View, TX 77446 International Center Amann, Art (936) 857-3808 Post Office Box 50484 Mercyhurst College Tracy [email protected] Washington, DC 20091-0484 Civil Institute (202) 616-1960 . (202) 307-6256 501 East 38th Street Andzenge, Dick T. [email protected] Erie, PA 16546 St. Ooud State University (814) 824-2164 . (814) 824-2182 720 Fourth Avenue, South [email protected] St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 (320) 654-5345 • (320) 255-2993 [email protected] Angel, Earl Ashton, Myoshi Bailey, M. Beth Eastern Kentucky University Florida International University Charleston Southern University Department of Correctional and Juvenile Biscayne Bay Campus Department of Criminal Justice Justice Studies Department of Criminal Justice 9200 University Boulevard Richmond, KY 40475 3000 NE 151st Street Charleston, SC 29423-8087 (859) 622-1155 . (859) 622-8650 North Miami, FL 33181 (843) 863-7193 . (843) 863-7198 [email protected] (305) 919-5895 • (305) 919-5848 [email protected] Antonio, Michael E. Askan, Yusuf Baker, Ralph Northestern University Turkish National Police Major Ball State University Criminal Justice Research Center Ankara, Department of Political Science 71 6 Columbus Avenue TURKEY Muncie, IN 47306 Boston, MA 02115 (765) 285-8786 • (765) 285-5345 (617) 383-5818 . (617) 373-5817 Athaide-Victor, Elizabeth [email protected] [email protected] Tiffin University Department of Forensic Psychology Baker, Thomas E. Antonopoulos, Georgios Tiffin, OH 44883 University of Scranton University of Durham (419) 448-3446 . (419) 443-5015 Linder and Mulbery Street 4 St. Aidan's Street 1 [email protected] Scranton, PA 18501 Middlesbrough TS1 4 NA, (570) 941-7455 . (570) 941-6369 UNITED KINGDOM Austin, Thomas L. (44) 7729179369 Shippensburg University Bakken, Tim [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice United States Military Academy at West 1871 Old Main Drive Point Applegate, Brandon Shippensburg, P A 17257 Department of Law University of Central Florida (717) 477-1770 . (717) 477-1236 West Point, NY 10996 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (845) 938-5544 • (845) 938-5541 Post Office Box 161600 [email protected] Orlando, FL 32816 Austin, Timothy (407) 823-3739 . (407) 823-5360 Indiana University of Pennsylvania Balboni, Jennifer M. [email protected] Department of Criminology Northeastern University Indiana, PA 15705 Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research Ardovini-Brooker, Dale J. (412) 357-5609 . (412) 357-4018 400 Churchill Hall Sam Houston State University austin@iu p.edu Boston, MA 02115 College of Criminal Justice (617) 373-4420 . (617) 373-8980 Campus Box 2296 Austin, James [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 George Washington University (936) 294-3631 • (936) 294-1653 Institute on Crime, Justice and Corrections Ballinger, Sherri [email protected] 10 G Street, Northeast Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Washington, DC 20022 622 State Street Armstrong, Gaylene Styve (202) 498-6321 Bowling Green, KY 42101 Arizona State University West [email protected] (270) 846-0945 Administration of Justice sgball2@uky .edu 4701 West ThunderbirdRoad Aytac, Onder Post Office Box 37100 University of North Texas Banks, Steven M. Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 Post Office Box 305130 The Bristol Observatory (602) 543-6679 . (602) 543-6658 Denton, TX 76203-5130 521 Hewitt Road [email protected] (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 Bristol, VT05443 (802) 453-7070 Armstrong, Todd Backus, Derek bristob@together .net Arizona State University West St. Cloud State University Department of Administration of Justice 720 Fourth Avenue, South Banks, Duren Post Office Box 37100 St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 Bannan, Rosemary S. (602) 543-6630 . (602) 543-6658 Baerga, Migdalia DePaul University [email protected] Administrative Office of the United States Department of Sociology Courts 990 West Fullerton Armstrong, David Office of Probation and Pretrial Services Chicago, IL 60614 Holden Police Department One Columbus Circle, Northeast (773) 325-4431 • (847) 475-5991 1420 Main Street 4-300 North [email protected] Holden, MA 01520 Washington, DC 20544 (508) 829-4444 . (508) 828-9175 (202) 502-1641 . (202) 502-1677 Banyard, Victoria L. [email protected] University of New Hampshire Arter, Micheal L. Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Baggett, Ryan K. 306 Connant Hall 906 Centennial Drive EasternKentucky University Durham, NH 03824 Indiana, P A 15701 Justice and Safety Center (603) 862-2869 . (603) 862-4486 (724) 357-5728 245 Stratton Building vlb@cisunix. unh.edu [email protected] 521 Lancaster A venue Richmond, KY 40475 (859) 622-8261 • (859) 622-8038 [email protected] Barbosa, Claudis Batitucci, Eduardo Cerqueria Benekos, Peter J. University of Minas Gerias Fundacao Joao Pinherio Mercyhurst College Center of Post-Graduation and Research in Alameda das Acasias 70 Sao Luis - Department of Criminal Justice Administration Pampulha 501 East 38th Street Rua Bueno Brandao Belo Horizonte Erie, PA 16546-0001 372 Apartment Minas Gerais 31275-150, (814) 824-2328 . (814) 824-2182 303-Floresta BRAZIL [email protected] Belo Horizonte, (55) 31-34489449 . (55) 31-34489441 BRAZIL [email protected] Benjamin, Julianna (55) 31-3279 5044 . (55) 31-3272 1157 University of Albany [email protected] Baugh, Susan 135 Western A venue Atkins House Draper Hall - 209A Barbrey, John W. 305 East King Street Albany, NY 12222 University of Tennessee York, PA 17403 (518) 442-5176 . (518) 442-5214 Department of Political Science (717) 848-5454 . (717) 852-9416 [email protected] 1001 McClung Tower Knoxville, TN 37996-0410 Baxter, A. Kirsten Bennett, Katherine (865) 531-7527 . (865) 974-7037 United Nations Armstrong Atlantic State University jbarbrey@u tk.edu Office of Legal Affairs Department of Criminal Justice, Social and CD2-400 Political Science Bargen, Cory New York, NY 10017 11935 Abercorn Street University College of the Fraser Valley (212) 963-2913 Savannah, GA 31419-1997 Department of Criminology and Criminal [email protected] (912) 921-5677 . (912) 921-5876 Justice [email protected] 33844 King Road Beach, Jessica Abbotsford, British Columbia V2S 7M8, Marion County Sherrif's Office Bensinger, Gad J. CANADA 100 High Street, Northeast Loyola University at Chicago Salem, OR 97308 Department of Criminal Justice Barker, Tom (503) 588-5094 820 North Michigan A venue EasternKentucky University [email protected] Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Criminal Justice and Police (312) 915-8568 • (312) 915-7650 Studies Beatty, Sonja [email protected] 467 Stratton Building Kent State University - Stark Campus Richmond, KY 40475 6000 Frank A venue, Northwest Berman, Jay S. (859) 622-4993 . (859) 622-1549 Canton, OH 44720-7599 22 FernwoodDrive [email protected] Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Beaver, Kevin M. (201) 200-3492 . (201) 796-7709 Barlow, David E. 5719 Signal Pointe Drive drj621 @aol.com University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Apartment 96 Criminal Justice Programs Cincinnati, OH 45247 Bernat, Frances Post Office Box 786 (513) 556-4718 Arizona State University West Mil waukee, WI 53201 bea verkm@email. uc.edu Department of Administration of Justice (414) 229-4110 . (414) 229-5311 4701 West Thunderbird Avenue barlow@u wm.edu Becker, Harold Glendale, AZ 85306 California State University at Long Beach (602) 543-6624 . (602) 543-6658 Barlow, Melissa Hickman Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 9421 Tiki Circle Department of Criminal Justice Huntington Beach, CA 92646 Biebel, Elizabeth Post Office Box 786 (714) 968-6034 . (714) 964-0944 Halifax Community College Milwaukee, WI 53201 [email protected] Criminal Justice Program (414) 229-6134 . (414) 229-5311 Post Office Drawer 809 [email protected] Becker, Paul Weldon, NC 27890 University of Dayton (252) 536-7277 Barnes, Leatha Department of Sociology, Anthropology beall [email protected] East Tennessee State University and Social Work Department of Criminal Justice and 300 College Park Bigler, Rose Johnson Criminology Dayton, OH 45469-1442 Olivete Nazarene University Johnson City, TN 37614 (937) 229-3014 . (937) 229-3900 Department of Criminal Justice (423) 439-5346 . (423) 439-4660 [email protected] One University A venue Bourbonnais, IL 60914-2271 Barton, Shannon Belbot, Barbara (815) 939-5381 • (815) 928-5571 Indiana State University University of Houston at Downtown [email protected] Department of Criminology Department of Social Sciences 200 North Seventh Street One Main Street Bikle, Bruce Terre Haute, IN 47809 Hoston, TX 77002 California State University at Sacramento (812} 237-2192 . (812) 237-2407 (713) 221-8983 . (713) 221-8144 School of Admin Justice [email protected] [email protected] Division of Criminal Justice 6000 J Street Bell, Jeannine Scramento, CA 95819-6085 Indiana University School of Law (916) 278-5706 211 South Indiana Avenue [email protected] Bloomington, IN 47405-7001 (812) 856-5013 • (812) 855-0555 [email protected] Bindas, Ken Block, Heidi J. Boone, Kathy Kent State University Metropolitan State University Indiana State University Trumbull Campus School of Law Enforcement and Criminal Department of Physical Education 4314 Mahoning Avenue Justice Arena Room C44 Warren, OH 44483 1450 Energy Park Drive Terre Haute, IN 47809 (330) 675-8868 • (330) 675-7676 Suite 100 (812) 237-4008 [email protected] St. Paul, MN 55108-5218 [email protected] (651) 649-5996 . (651) 642-0435 Birkbeck, Christopher [email protected] Borre, Karel Universidad de los Andes The University of Texas at Arlington Merida, Bloss, WilliamP. Department of Criminology and Criminal VENEZUELA The Citadel Justice Department of Political Science and Post Office Box 19595 Birzer, Michael L. Criminal Justice Arlington, TX 76019-0595 Washburn University 171 Moultrie Street (817) 272-2498 . (817) 272-5673 Department of Criminal Justice Charleston, SC 29409 kborre [email protected] 1700 SW College (843) 953-6786 • (843) 953-6993 Topeka, KS 66621 [email protected] Bosworth, Mary (785) 231-1010 ext. 1225 • (785) 231-1027 Wesleyan University [email protected] Blough, Scott E. Department of Sociology Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Middletown, CT 06459 Bishop, Donna Correction Northeastern University Bureau of Adult Detention Bouffard, Leana Allen College of Criminal Justice 1830 Alum Creek Drive North Dakota State University 400 B Churchhill Hall Columbus, OH 43209 Department of Sociology and 360 Huntington A venue (614) 752-1066 . (614) 728-1936 Anthropology Boston, MA 02115 [email protected] 402 Minard Hall (617) 373-3362 . (617) 373-8998 Fargo, ND 58105-5075 [email protected] Blount, WilliamR. (701) 231-8937 . (701) 231-1047 University of South Florida [email protected] Blackwell, Brenda Sims Department of Criminology Georgia State University 7209 Hammett Road Bouffard, Jeffrey A. Department of Criminal Justice Tampa, FL 33647-1206 North Dakota State University Post Office Box 4018 (813) 974-9704 • (813) 978-9744 Department of Sociology and Atlanta, GA 30329 [email protected] Anthropology (404) 651-3689 . (404) 651-3658 408 F Minard Hall [email protected] Blumberg, Mark Fargo, NO 58105 Central Missouri State University (701) 231-6563 . (701) 231-1047 Blair, J. Pete Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Michigan State University Warrensburg, MO 64093 School of Criminal Justice (660) 543-8836 . (660) 543-8306 Bowers, William J. 560 Baker Hall [email protected] Northeastern University East Lansing, MI 48824 Criminal Justice Research Center (517) 324-9465 Boal, John M. 716 Columbus Avenue jpblairl @attbi.com University of Akron Boston, MA 02115-0001 Department of Public Service (617) 373-5818 . (617) 373-5817 Blake, David Polsky Building [email protected] St. Bonaventure University Akron, OH 44325-4304 St. Bonaventure Friary (330) 972-7768 • (330) 972-5476 Boyd, Lorenzo M. St. Bonaventure, NY 14778 john41 @uakron.edu Old Dominion University (716) 375-2534 Department of Sociology and Criminal [email protected] Bohm, Robert M. Justice University of Central Florida 741 Batten Arts and Letters Building Blankenship, Michael B. Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Norfolk, VA 23529 Boise State University Studies (757) 683-3791 • (757) 683-5634 College of Social Sciences and Public Orlando, FL 32765 [email protected] Affairs (407) 823-5944 . (407) 823-5360 MS 1900 [email protected] Bratcher, Nicole 1910 University Drive Boise, ID 83725-1900 Bolton, Jr., Kenneth H. Brennan, Pauline (208) 426-4114 . (208) 426-4371 Southeastern Louisiana University University of North Carolina at Charlotte [email protected] SLU Box 10686 Department of Criminal Justice Hammond, LA 70402 9201 University City Boulevard Blevins, Kristie R. (985) 549-5964 . (985) 549-5961 Charlotte, NC 28223 University of Cincinnati [email protected] (704) 547-2766 . (704) 687-3349 Division of Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 210389 Bond, Brenda J. 600 Dyer Hall University of Massachusetts at Lowell Brewster, Dennis R. Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Center for Family, Work and Community Auburn University (513) 556-5933 • (513) 556-5930 600 Suffolk Street Department of Criminology [email protected] Lowell, MA 01854 7048 Haley Center (978) 934-4677 • (978) 934-3026 Auburn, AL 36849 [email protected] 844-2854 [email protected] (334) Brightman, Hank J. Brown, Kelly L. Brunet, James R. Saint Peter's College Indiana State University North Carolina State University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology Department of Political Science and Public 2641 Kennedy Boulevard Holmstedt Hall Administration Hilsdorf Hall Terre Haute, IN 47809 Campus Box 8102 Suite 405 (812) 237-2199 . (812) 237-8099 Raleigh, NC 27695 Jersey City, NJ 07306 [email protected] (919) 513-4331 • (919) 513-4338 (201) 915-9271 • (201) 332-4241 [email protected] [email protected] Brown, Alison McKenney Wichita State University Bryans, Sara Ward Brillinger, Paula S. School of Community Affairs University at Albany ElmiraCollege 1845 Fairmount School of Criminal Justice Department of Social and Behavioral 304 Lindquist Hall 135 Western Avenue Sciences Wichita, KS 67260-0135 Draper Hall One Park Place (316) 978-6677 . (316) 978-3626 Albany, NY 12222 Elmira, NY 14901 [email protected] (518) 442-5210 • (518) 442-5212 (607) 735-1850 sara ward@nyca p.rr .com [email protected] Brown, Roshunda Prairie View A & M University Bryant, Kevin Britz, Marjie T. Department of Criminal Justice University of West Florida The Citadel Post Offie Box 5434 Division of Criminal Justice and Legal Department of Political Science and Prairie View, TX 77446 Studies Criminal Justice (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 11000 University Parkway 171 Moultrie Pensacola, FL 32514-5750 Charleston, SC 29409 Brown, Elizabeth K. (850) 474-2871 • (850) 474-2334 (843) 953-5072 • (843) 953-5066 55 South Lake A venue kbryant@u wf.edu [email protected] Apartment 3 Albany, NY 12203 Buckenburger, Denise Brock, Deon (518) 432-9488 Kent State University, Stark Campus University of Texas at Brownsville [email protected] 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Department of Criminal Justice Canton, OH 44720-7599 80 Fort Brown Brownell, Patricia (304) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Brownsville, TX78520 Fordham University (956) 983-7095 • (956) 982-0206 Graduate School of Social Science Buerger, Michael E. [email protected] 113 West 60th Street Bowling Green State University 7th Floor Criminal Justice Program Brockett, Ramona New York, NY 10023 223 Student Health Center Northern Kentucky University [email protected] Bowling Green, OH 43403 Nunn Drive (419) 372-8905 . (419) 372-2400 Landrum Academic Center Brownfield, David [email protected] Room 217L University of Toronto at Mississanga Highland Heights, KY 41099 Department of Sociology Bui, Hoan N. (859) 572-1320 . (859) 572-6184 South Building 2101 University of Tennessee at Knoxville [email protected] 3359 Mississauga Road Department of Sociology Mississauga, Ontario 151 1C6, 901 McClung Tower Broderick, John J. CANADA Knoxville, TN 37996 Stonehill College (905) 828-3941 • (905) 569-4611 (865) 974-7020 . (965) 974-7013 Department of Sociology and Criminology [email protected] [email protected] 320 Washington Street North Easton, MA 02357-1135 Browning, Sandra Lee Bullers, Susan (508) 565-7133 . (508) 565-1417 University of Cincinnati University of North Carolina at Wilmington [email protected] Division of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology and Criminal Post Office Box 210389 Justice Brodt, Stephen Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Wilmington, NC 28406 Ball State University (513) 556-0262 • (513) 556-3303 (910) 962-7150 Department of Criminal Justice and [email protected] bullerss@uncw .edu Criminology North Quad Brownstein,Henry H. Bumgarner, Jeffrey B. Muncie, IN 47306 National Institute of Justice Minnesota State University (765) 285-5970 . (765) 285-5912 Drug and Crime Division Department of Political Science and Law [email protected] 810 Seventh Street, Northwest Enforcement Seventh Floor 109 Morris Hall Brown, Michael Washington, DC 20531 Mankato, MN 56001 Prairie View A & M University (202) 305-8705 • (202) 514-8200 (507) 389-1971 . (507) 389-2077 Department of Criminal Justice brownsth@ojp. usdoj.gov [email protected] Post Office Box 5434 Prairie View, TX 77446 Bruce, Alan S. Burek, Melissa W. (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 Quinnipiac University SaintAmbrose University Department of Sociology 518 West Locust 275 Mount Carmel A venue Davenport, lA 52803 CLA 1-336 (563) 333-6096 • (563) 333-6243 Harnden, CT 06518 [email protected] (203) 582-8458 • (203) 582-8709 [email protected] Burgess-Proctor, Amanda Kathleen Butler, Randall R. Camp, Damon D. Michigan State University Southwestern Adventist University Georgia State University School of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 560 Baker Hall Post Office Box 569 Box 4018 East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Keene, TX 76059 Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 (517) 432-7160 . (517) 432-1787 (817) 645-3921 ext. 654 • (817) 556-4726 (404) 651-2449 . (770) 578-1737 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Burke, Tod W. Butzin, Clifford A. Camp, Scott D. Radford University University of Delaware Federal Bureau of Prisons Department of Criminal Justice The Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies Office of Research and Evaluation 307 Adams Street 77 East Main Street 320 First Street, Northwest Box 6934 Newark, DE 19716-2582 Washington, DC 20534 Radford, VA 24142-6934 (302) 831-3307 (202) 616-7248 (540) 831-6657 . (540) 831-6075 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Byers, Bryan Campbell, John Henry Burnett, James T. Ball State University St. Cloud State University State University of New York Department of Criminology and Criminal Department of Criminal Justice Rockland Community College Justice 720 Fourth Avenue, South 145 College Road Muncie, IN 47306 Stewart Hall 242 Suffern, NY 10901 (765) 285-5979 . (765) 285-5912 St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 (845) 574-4287 . (845) 574-4430 [email protected] (320) 255-2985 • (320) 255-2993 [email protected] [email protected] Bynum, Tim Burns, Ronald "Chip" Michigan State University Can, Salih Hakan Texas Christian University School of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Department of Sociology and Criminal 560 Baker Hall College of Criminal Justice Justice East Lansing, MI 48824 Huntsville, TX 77340 Box 298710 (517) 353-4515 (936) 294-3327 . (936) 294-3926 Fort Worth, TX 76129 [email protected] [email protected] (817) 257-7470 . (817) 257-7737 r [email protected] Bynum, Nicole Cannady, Alison Northeastern University Indiana State University Burns, Peter F. Criminal Justice Research Center Department of Criminology Loyola University at New Orleans 716 Columbus Avenue Holmstedt Hall 6363 St. Charles Avenue Boston, MA 02115 Terre Haute, IN 47809 Box 53 (617) 373-5818 . (617) 373-5817 (812) 237-3039 . (812) 237-8099 New Orleans, LA 70118 [email protected] [email protected] (504) 865-2299 • (504) 865-2039 [email protected] Caeti, Tory J. Cannon, Joanna Bruni University of North Texas Florida State University Bums, Avon Department of Criminal Justice School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Matt Community College Post Office Box 305130 The Hecht House Criminal Justice Program Denton, TX 76203-5130 Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 Matt Memorial Building 2005 A (940) 565-4591 • (940) 565-2548 (850) 644-4050 . (850) 644-9614 Flint, MI 48503 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Calathes, William Cao, Liqun Burton, Catherine E. New Jersey City University Eastern Michigan University Georgia Southern University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology, Anthropology Department of Political Sciences 2039 Kennedy Boulevard and Criminology Statesboro, GA 30460 Jersey City, NJ 07305 Ypsilanti, MI 48197 (912) 486-7897 (201) 200-3492 . (201) 200-3482 (734) 487-4246 . (734) 487-7919 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Buss, Jack Calder, James D. Caputo, Gail Ferris State University University of Texas at San Antonio Rutgers University 2009 Arts and Sciences Commons Center of Public Policy Department of Sociology, Anthropology Big Rapids, MI 49307 501 West Durango Boulevard and Criminal Justice (231) 591-5639 . (231) 591-2540 DB 4.110 311 North Fifth Street [email protected] San Antonio, TX 78207 Camden, NJ 08102 (210) 458-2532 • (210) 458-2531 (856) 225-6143 . (856) 225-6602 Butcher, Kristine M. [email protected] [email protected] Central Missouri State University Department of Criminal Justice Callahan, Richard B. Carona, Anthony J. 300 Humphreys Virginia Department of Corrections Prairie View A & M University Warrensburg, MO 64093 Probation and Parole District #28 School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology (660) 543-4950 . (660) 543-8306 1208 Norwood Street Post Office Box 4017 kbutch21 @hotmail.com Radford, VA 24141 Prairie View, TX 77446 (540) 831-8136 (936) 857-4938 [email protected] [email protected] Carrington, Keith Cerrah, Ibrahim Childress, Jennifer H. St. John's University Institute for Security Sciences University of Cincinnati College of Professional Studies Polis Akademisi Division of Criminal Justice 8000 Utopia Parkway Guvenlik Bilimleri Enstitusu Post Office Box 210389 Jamaica, NY 11439 Anittepe, Ankara 06580, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (718) 990-2042 . (718) 990-1868 TURKEY (513) 556-2205 • (513) 556-3020 [email protected] [email protected] jennifer [email protected] Carter,David L. Chambers, De'Reassa Chilton, Bradley Stewart Michigan State University Hampton University University of North Texas School of Criminal Justice Adult Crime Victimization Project Department of Criminal Justice 560 Baker Hall 100 Phenix Hall Chilton Hall 359M East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Hampton, VA 23668 Post Office Box 305130 (517} 355-9308 . (517) 332-1055 (757) 727-5973 Denton, TX76203-5130 [email protected] (940) 369-8860 Champion, David R. [email protected] Carter, Andrea M. University of Pittsburgh - Bradford University of Arkansas at Little Rock Administration of Justice Chu, Doris 2026 East Peridot Place 300 Campus Drive University of Albany Apartmentl Bradford, PA 16701-3991 School of Criminal Justice Fayetteville, AR 72701 (814) 362-7636 . (814) 362-7529 135 Western Avenue (479) 442-9992 [email protected] Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] (518) 462-3124 • (518) 442-5212 Chan, Dan T.E. [email protected] Carter, Lisa National Chung-Cheng University Department of Criminology Cichosz, Jeff Carter, David E. Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi County Saint Cloud University University of Cincinnati Taiwan 621, 720 Fourth A venue, South Division of Criminal Justice REPUBLIC OF CHINA St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 Post Office Box 210389 (886) 2-2912-4120 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 [email protected]. tw Clark, Richard D. (513) 556-2305 • (513) 556-3303 John Carroll University da [email protected] Chandler, Redonna Department of Sociology National Institute on Drug Abuse 20700 North Park Boulevard Cartman, Obari 6001 Executive Boulevard University Heights, OH 44118 Hampton University Room 4222 (216) 397-4651 • (216) 397-4376 Adult Crime Victimization Project MSC 9565 [email protected] 114 Phenix Hall Bethesda, MD 20892-9565 Hampton, VA 23668 (301) 443-4060 . (301) 443-6815 Clark, Ill, John W. (757) 727-5973 [email protected] University of Alabama Department of Criminal Justice Castle, Tammy Chang, Chi-Lin Post Office Box 870320 Indiana University of Pennsylvania National chung-cheng University , Tawain Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 Department of Criminology 6F 158 Pei-Ei Road (205) 348-7795 • (205) 348-7195 G-1 McElhaney Hall Section 1 Hsin-tien [email protected] Indiana, PA 15705 Taipei County 231, (724) 357-1910 . (724) 357-401 8 TAIWAN Clarke, Adrien tlc1 [email protected] (886) 4-22634607 . (886) 4-22611155 Prairie View A & M University [email protected]. tw Department of Criminal Justice Catlin, Shelagh Post Office Box 5434 University at Albany Cheurprakobkit, Sutham Prairie View, TX 77446 School of Criminal Justice Kennesaw State University (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 135 Western A venue Department of Sociology, Geography and Albany, NY 12222 Anthropology Clawson, Heather J. (518) 591-8781 • (518) 442-5603 Kennesaw, GA 30144 Caliber Associates [email protected] (770) 420-4734 10530 Rosenhaven Street scheurpr@kennesa w .edu Suite 400 Cebulak, Wojciech Fairfax, VA 22030 Minot State University Chiabi, David (703) 385-3200 . (703) 385-3206 Rural Crime and Justice Center New Jersey City University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 500 University Avenue, West 2039 Kennedy Boulevard Clear, Todd R. Minot, NO 58707 Jersey City, NY 07305-1597 John Jay College of Criminal Justice (701) 858-3503 • (701) 858-3335 (201) 200-3492 Department of Law and Police Science [email protected] [email protected] 899 10th Avenue New York, NY 10019 Cena, Leslie Chiang, Chau-Pu (212) 237-8470 . (212) 237-8383 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research California State University at Stanislaus [email protected] 622 State Street Department of Sociology and Criminal Bowling Green, KY 42101 Justice (270) 846-0945 801 West Monte Vista Avenue [email protected] Turlock, CA 95382 (209) 467-5330 . (209) 467-5333 [email protected] Clontz, Kenneth A. Collins, Pam Cox, Ryan Western Illinois University Eastern Kentucky University Indiana State University Department of Law Enforcement and College of Law Enforcement 1100 Spruce Street Justice Administration Department of Justice Administration Apartment 17 403 Stipes Hall 521 Lancaster A venue Terre Haute, IN 47807 Macomb, IL 61455-1390 245 Stratton Building (812) 478-0067 (309) 298-2251 • (309) 298-2187 Richmond, KY 40475 rcox 1 @indsta te.edu [email protected] (859) 622-8106 • (859) 622-8036 [email protected] Cox, Terry C. Clouston, Dawn EasternKentucky University Kent State University, Stark Campus Conley, John A. 521 Lancaster Road 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest California State University at San 467 Stratton Building Canton, OH 44720-7599 Bernardino Richmond, KY 40475 College of Social and Behavioral Science (859) 622-1983 . (859) 622-1549 Cohen, Nigel J. 5500 University Parkway [email protected] The University of Texas - Pan American San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397 Department of Criminal Justice (909) 880-7500 . (909) 880-7107 Crabtree, Cindi 1201 West University Drive [email protected] Eastern Kentucky University Edinbur� TX 78541-2999 Department of Criminal Justice and Police (956) 381-2339 • (956) 381-2490 Cook, J r., William J. Studies [email protected] Westfield State College Richmond, KY 40475 Post Office Box 21 (859) 622-1980 • (859) 622-8259 Colaprete, Frank A. Storrs, CT 06268 Rochester Police Department (413) 572-5729 . (413) 572-8524 Craddock, Amy 43 Collenton Drive [email protected] Indiana State University Rochester, NY 14626 Department of Criminology (585) 428-7175 Corcoran, Kevin 231 Holmstedt Hall cola [email protected] Portland State University Terre Haute, IN 47809 Graduate School of Social Work (812) 237-3006 . (812) 237-240? Cole, Robert Post Office Box 751 [email protected] United States Department of Justice Portland, OR 97207-0751 Office of the Police Corps and Law Craig, Susan Enforcement Cordner, Ann Marie Kaplan College 810 Seventh Street, Northwest 641 Cooper Drive 6409 Congress A venue Washington, DC 20531 Lexington, KY 40502 Boca Raton, FL 33487 (202) 307-0467 . (202) 353-0598 (859) 335-6044 (561) 981-7200 . (561) 988-5559 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Coleman, Michelle Cordner, Gary Crank, John P. University of Cincinnati Eastern Kentucky University Boise State University Division of Criminal Justice College of Justice and Safety Department of Criminal Justice 423 Center Street 354 Stratton Building 1910 University Drive Apartment 1 Richmond, KY 40475-3102 Boise, ID 83725 Erlanger, KY 41018 (859) 622-2344 • (859) 622-6561 (208) 426-3886 • (208) 426-4371 (513) 556-1942 . (513) 556-3020 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Correia, Vanessa Crawley, William R. Collins, John D. University of West Florida Grand Valley State University Tiffin University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice School of Criminal Justice Building 85, 155 401 West Fulton Street 155 Miami Street 11000 University Parkway Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Tiffin, OH 44883 Pensacola, FL 32514 (616) 336-7143 (419) 448-3292 . (419) 443-5009 (850) 474-2336 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Crespo, Debra L. Collins, Sue Carter Costa, Michael The Sages College Georgia State University Abt Associates Department of Sociology and Criminal Department of Criminal Justice 55 Wheeler Street Justice Post Office Box 4018 Cambridge, MA 10238 45 First Street Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 (617) 349-2873 . (617) 349-2610 Troy, NY 12180 (404) 463-9419 . (404) 651-3658 (518) 244-2211 • (518) 244-4545 [email protected] Couch, John K. [email protected] Supreme Court of Florida Coiiins, Judith Office of the State Courts Administrator Crews, Gordon A. Michigan State University 900 South Duval Street 112 Tallassee Trail Security Management Program Tallahassee, FL 32399-1900 Jacksonville, SC 36265 540 Baker Hall (850) 413-0884 . (850) 414-1505 (256) 435-9577 East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 [email protected] [email protected] (517) 432-4236 . (517) 432-1787 [email protected] Critzer, John W. Cupples, Thomas Daigle, Leah E. SouthernConnecticut State University Wilmington College University of Cincinnati Department of Political Science Criminal Justice Program Division of Criminal Justice 501 Crescent Street 320 DuPont Highway Post Box 210389 New Haven, CT 06515 New Castle, DE 19720 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (203) 392-5670 • (203) 392-5670 (302) 328-9401 ext. 162 • (302) 328-5614 (513) 556-5937 . (513) 556-5937 [email protected] [email protected] daiglele@email. uc.edu Cronin, Shea Curley, Mazie Daku, Michael Northeastern University University of Memphis University of Alaska at Fairbanks Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research Department of Criminology and Criminal Department of Justice 400 Churchill Hall Justice Post Office Box 756425 Boston, MA 02115-5000 309 McCord Hall Fairbanks, AK 99775-6425 (617) 373-4420 . (617) 373-8980 Memphis, TN 38152 [email protected] (901) 678-2737 . (901) 678-5279 Dammer, Harry R. [email protected] The University of Scranton Crossland, Christine R. Department of Criminal Justice National Institute of Justice Curry, lquetta O'Hara Hall 810 Seventh Street, Northwest Prairie View A & M University Scranton, PA 18510-4650 Washington, DC 20531 Department of Criminal Justice (570) 941-5853 (202) 616-5166 . (202) 354-4080 Post Office Box 5434 [email protected] [email protected] Prairie View, TX 77446 (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 Daniel, Elycia S. Crottinger, Sara Sam Houston State University Kent State University, Stark Campus Curry, Georgette College of Criminal Justice 600 Frank Avenue, Northwest North Caolina Central University Huntsville, TX 77341 Canton, OH 44720-7599 Center for Criminal Justice Research and (936) 294-3638 . (936) 294-3638 (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 International lnitiatves [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Crowley, Joan E. Durham, NC Danner, Terry A. New Mexico State University (919) 560-5204 • (919) 560-5195 Saint Leo College Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 30001 Cutler, Christopher W. Post Office Box 6665 MSC 3487 St. Ambrose University Saint Leo, FL 33574-6665 Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001 Department of Criminal Justice (352) 588-8402 • (352) 588-8289 (505) 646-5376 • (505) 646-2827 518 West Locust Street [email protected] [email protected] Davenport, lA 52803 (563) 333-6175 . (563) 333-6243 Daoust, Sarah Cullen, Francis T. cutlerchristopherw�ambrose.sau.edu University of Cincinnati Darke, Katherine Department of Criminal Justice Cwiak, Carol National Institute of Justice Post Office Box 210389 North Dakota State University 810 Seventh Street, Northwest Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Department of Sociology and Washington, DC 20531 (513) 556-5834 • (513) 556-3303 Anthropology (202) 616-7273 • (202) 616-0275 [email protected] SU Station [email protected] Post Office Box 5075 Culp, Richard F. Minard 402 Dart, Roland C. 574 lOth Street Fargo, NO 58105-5075 California State University at Sacramento Apartment 1 (701) 231-5904 Department of Criminal Justice Brooklyn, NY 11215 [email protected] 6000 J Street (212) 237-8929 • (212) 237-8919 Sacramento, CA 95819 [email protected] Dabney, Dean (916) 278-7529 Georgia State Unviersity [email protected] Cunningham, William Scott Department of Criminal Justice University at Albany Post Office Box 4018 Das, Dilip K. School of Criminal Justice Atlanta, GA 30302 State University of New York 135 Western A venue (404) 651-0747 . (404) 651-3658 Redcay Building Draper Hall 241 [email protected] 101 Broad Street Albany, NY 12222 Plattsburgh, NY 12901 (518) 591-871 2 . (518) 442-5603 Dahlgren, Daniel C. (518) 564-3045 • (518) 564-3333 wc8747@cns vex.albany.edu Kent State University, Stark Campus [email protected] 6000 Frank A venue, Northwest Cunningham, Scott A. Canton, OH 44720-7599 DaSilva, Luiz Felix S. Tampa Police Department (330) 499-9600 ext. 53433 • (330) 494-6121 411 North Franklin Street [email protected] Davenport, Kenneth B. Tampa, FL 33602 AF-7291 (813) 276-3351 Dahlin, Laurie S.C.I. Mahanoy [email protected] Worcester State College 301 Morea Road 486 Chandler Street Frackville, PA 17932 Worcester, MA 01602 (508) 929-8094 . (508) 929-8094 ldahlin@worcester .edu Davies, Heather DeChamplain, Amanda M. Dershem-Bruce, Holly American University Grand Valley State University Dawson Community College 4001 North Ninth Street 221 Sunset, Northwest Department Social and Behavioral Sciences Apartment 327 Grand Rapids, MI 49504 300 College Drive Arlington, VA 22203 (616) 735-0713 • (616} 456-2510 Post Office Box 421 (703) 927-0185 [email protected] Glendive, MT 59330 [email protected] (662) 562-3259 . (406) 377-8132 DeKeseredy, Walter [email protected] Davila, Mario A. Ohio University Sam Houston State University Department of Sociology and DeSousa, Rodriguez R. National Institute for VictimStudies Anthropology 1315 Parkwood 287 Lindley Hall DeValve, Elizabeth Apartment 31 Athens, OH 45701 Sam Houston State University Huntsville, TX 77340 (740) 593-1376 . (740) 593-1365 College of Criminal Justice (936) 295-4650 . (936) 294-1496 [email protected] Post Office Box 2296 [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77341 del Carmen, Alejandro (936) 439-0469 Davis, Edward University of Texas at Arlington stdelq 11 @shsu.edu Department of Criminology and Criminal Davis, Gabrielle Justice DeVos, Edward University of Toledo Box 19595 College of Law Legal Clinic Arlington, TX 76019-0595 Dew, Bridget Toledo, OH 43606 (817) 272-2498 . (817) 272-5673 Prairie View A & M University (419) 530-4236 . (419) 530-2605 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 5434 DeLisi, Matthew J. Prairie View, TX 77446 Davis, James R. Iowa State University (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 John Jay College of Crimina Justice Department of Sociology Inwood Station 203A East Hall DiGiovanni, Clete Post Office Box 499 Ames, IA 50014-8212 National Naval Medical Center New York, NY 10034-0499 (515) 294-8008 • (515) 294-2303 (212) 567-9896 [email protected] Dodd, Angela [email protected] Dawson Community College Dempsey, John S. 300 College Drive Davis, Jacqueline Suffolk County Community College Post Office Box 421 University of Arkansas at Little Rock 465 West Hudson Street Glendive, MT 59330 17 Par Drive Long Beach, NY 11561 law_enforcement_club@ hotmail.com Apartment 12 (631) 451-4338 . (631) 451-4660 Little Rock, AR 72210 profjacks1 @aol.com Dodge, L. Mara (501) 569-3195 . (501) 569-3075 Westfield State College [email protected] Denehy, Kathleen Department of History Commonwealth of Massachusetts Box 132 Davis, Joseph J. Department of Corrections Westfield, IL 01086 Rochester Police Department 50 Maple Street (413) 572-5309 . (413) 562-3613 261 Child Street Suite 3 [email protected] Rochester, NY 14611 Milford, MA 01757 (585) 428-7270 (508) 422-3330 • (508) 422-3385 Dodson, Kimberly jd0157@cityofrochesster .gov [email protected] Indiana University Pennsylvania Department of Criminolgy Davis-Frenzel, Erika Denton, Ellen-ge 441 North Walk University of Nebraska at Omaha Hampton University Indiana, P A 15701 Department of Criminal Justice Adult Crime Victimization Project (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 6001 Dodge Street 114 Phenix Hall kddodson@adel phia.net DSC 208 Hampton, VA 23668 Omaha, NE 68182-0149 (757) 727-5973 Doerner, William G. (402) 554-2610 [email protected] Florida State University [email protected] School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Deosaran, Ramesh Tallahassee, FL 32306-1127 De Haan, Willem J. M. The University of the West Indies (850) 644-7372 . (850) 644-9614 University of Groningen St. Augustine Campus wdoerner@mailer .fsu.edu Department of Criminal Law and Crim. Centre for Criminology and Criminal Postbus 716 Justice Dogutas, Cernil 7600 AS Groningen, Department of Behavioral Sciences Kent State University THE NETHERLANDS Trinidad and Tobago, 1522-M Allerton Street (315) 363-5630 WEST INDIES Kent, OH 44240 [email protected] (868) 645-3232 ext. 3352 • (868} 645-1020 (330) 677-3275 [email protected] [email protected] Dean, Amanda University of Nevada, Las Vegas DerGarabedian, Rebecca Doherty, Stephen Department of Sociology NU College of Criminal Justice Wakefield Police Department B341 Wakefield, MA Las Vegas, NV 891 54 (702} 895-0372 • (702) 895-4800 deana2@unl v.edu Domingo, Jannette Drinovz, Richard Duva, Timothy John Jay College of Criminal Justice Delta Municipal Police Department The College of New Jersey Department of African-American Studies 4455 Clarence Taylor Crescent Department of Law and Justice 445 West 59th Street Delta, British Columbia V4K 3E1, Box 7718 New York, NY 10019-1104 CANADA Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 (212) 237-8757 . (212) 237-8099 (604) 946-4411 • (604) 946-5026 (609) 771-2271 • (609) 637-5141 [email protected] [email protected] Dwyer, Diane C. Domres, Trisha DuBose, Ashley State University of New York at Brockport State University of New York at Albany Mercyhurst College Department of Social Work School of Criminal Justice 501 East 38th Street, Box HP593 350 New Campus Drive 135 Western A venue Erie, PA 16546 Brockport, NY 14420 Draper Hall (814) 337-0454 (585) 395-2324 • (585) 395-2366 Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] [email protected] (518) 442-5210 . (518) 442-5212 [email protected] Duby, Rebecca Dye, Daniel Matt Community College Kent State University, Stark Campus Donnermeyer, Joseph F. Flint, MI 48503 6000 Frank A venue, Northwest Ohio State University Canton, OH 44720-7599 Department of Human and Community Dudley, Jocelyn (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Resource Development Hampton University [email protected] 204, 2120 Fyffe Road Department of Sociology Columbus, OH 43210-1067 Hampton, VA 23668 Eastep, Mary Ann (614) 292-9167 . (614) 292-7007 (757) 728-6913 University of Central Florida donnermeyer.1 @osu.edu [email protected] College of Health and Public Affairs Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Doraz, Walter Duffee, David E. Studies California State University at Stanislaus University at Albany Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Department of Sociology and Criminal School of Criminal Justice (407) 823-3598 . (407) 823-5360 Justice 135 Western Avenue, Draper Hall 225A [email protected] 801 West Monte Vista A venue Albany, NY 12222 Turlock, CA 95355 (518) 442-5224 • (518) 442-5212 Ebbe, Obi N. I. (209) 667-3030 . (209) 664-7034 [email protected] The University of Tennessee at [email protected] Chattanooga Dukes, Warren Department of Sociology, Anthropology Dortch-Okara, Barbara A. Saint Augustine's College and Geography Chief Justice for Administration and Criminal Justice Program 615 McCallie A venue Management Boyer Building Chattanooga, TN 37403-2598 Administrative Office of the Trial Court 1315 Oakwood A venue (423) 755-4437 . (423) 785-2251 2 Center Plaza Raleigh, NC 27610-2298 obi-ebbe@u tc.edu Suite 540 (919) 516-4222 . (919) 516-4917 Boston, MA 02108 [email protected] Edelbacher, Max (617) 742-8575 Federal Police of Vienna Duncan, Nancy C. Major Crime Bureau Dotremon, Delilah Hampton University RoBauer Lande 5 Dillard University Adult Crime Victimization Project Room 123 Department of Social Sciences 114 Phenix Hall A-1090, Vienna, 201 Gentilly Boulevard Hampton, VA 23668 AUSTRIA New Orleans, LA 71022-9985 (757) 727-5973 (43) 1-313-46-36002 . (43) 1-313-46-36008 [email protected] t D'Ovidio, Rob Dunlap, Angela G. Temple University University of Southern Mississippi Egan, Jean Department of Criminal Justice 122 Eastwood Drive NU College of Criminal Justice 116 Windermere Avenue Madison, MS 39110 Apartment D4 (601) 863-7915 Egger, Steven A. Wayne, PA 19087 [email protected] University of Houston, Clear Lake (610) 341-0397 School of Human Sciences and Humanities [email protected] DuPont, Ida 2700 Bay Area Boulevard Pace University Houston, TX 77058-1098 Downs, Raymond Department of Criminal Justice (281) 283-3416 . (281) 283-3408 National Institute of Justice 41 Park Row egger@cl. uh.edu 11th Floor Doyle, Marcia Green New York, NY 10038 Ehrhard, Susan Dean College (212) 346-1566 State University of New York at Albany 99 Main Street School of Criminal Justice Franklin, MA 02038 DuPont-Morales, M.A. Toni Draper Hall Pennsylvania State University 135 Western Avenue Drapela, Laurie A. Harrisburg Capital College Albany, NY 12222 Washington State University at Vancouver School of Public Affairs (518) 442-5836 . (518) 442-5212 14204 Northeast Salmon Creek Avenue 777West Harrisburg Pike se8501 @albany.edu Vancouver, WA 98686-9600 Room 118C (360) 546-9485 • (360) 546-9036 Middletown, P A 17057 drapela@vancou ver. wsu.edu (717) 948-6319 . (717) 948-6650 [email protected] Eijkman, Quirine Englebrecht, Christine Evans, Jr., Eugene J. Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens State University of New York at Albany Camden County College School of Human Rights Research School of Criminal Justice 115 Washington Avenue J anskerhof 3 135 Western Avenue Haddonfield, NJ 08033 3512 BK Utrecht, Albany, NY 12222 (856) 227-7200 ext. 4623 • (856) 374-4889 THE NETHERLANDS (518) 442-5176 [email protected] (313) 30-2538513 • (31) 30-2537168 ce3551 @albany.edu [email protected] Everett, Ronald Engram, Peggy A. National Institute of Justice Ekstrand, Laurie University of Houston-Downtown 810 7th Street, Northwest United States General Accounting Office One Main Street Washington, DC 20531 441 G Street, Northwest Suite 625 B (202) 616-9030 • (202) 616-0275 Room 2440 Houston, TX 77002 [email protected] Washington, DC 20548 (713) 221-8981 • (713) 221-2726 (202) 512-8777 . (202) 512-8692 [email protected] Faiella, Patrick J. [email protected] 174 Whitman Street Ennis, Melissa Post Office Box 694 Elechi, 0. Oko University of North Carolina at Wilmington Hanson, MA 02341 University of Wisconsin at Parkside Department of Psychology (508) 588-9100 ext. 1914 Department of Criminal Justice Wilmington, DE 28406 [email protected] 900 Wood Road Post Office Box 2000 Erdem, Mehmet Falcone, David N. Kenosha, WI 53141-2000 University of North Texas Illinois State University (262) 595-2486 • (262) 595-2471 Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Sciences [email protected] 302 Cardinal Drive Campus Box 5250 Apartment H-5 Normal, IL 61790-5250 Elover, Neal A. Denton, TX 76209 (309) 438-2002 • (309) 438-7289 The American Criminal Justice (940) 387-6273 [email protected] Administration 3442 Carriage Hill Circle Erenius, David Farrell, Sgt. Jeffrey Suite 203 511 Race Street Dover Police Department Randallstown, MD 21133 Perkasie, PA 18944 Dover, MA (410) 665-1992 (215) 453-0607 [email protected] [email protected] Farrell, Graham University of Cincinnati Elsner, Michael Erickson, Patricia E. Division of Criminal Justice 13 Oxford Street Canisius College Post Office Box 210389 Montclaire, NJ 07042 Criminal Justice Program Cincinnati, OH 45221 (973) 720-3562 . (973) 720-3522 16 Willow Wood Park, North (513) 556-2775 • (513) 556-3303 [email protected] Snyder, NY 14226 [email protected] (716) 839-1508 Emeka, Franklin [email protected] Fein, Karen R. Prairie View A & M University The Richard Stockton College of New School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology Erschler, Jeff Jersey Post Office Box 4017 Lynn University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Prairie View, TX 77467 Criminal Justice Program Post Office Box 195 (936) 857-3815 3601 North Military Trail Pomona, NJ 08240-0195 [email protected] Boca Raton, FL 33431 (609) 748-6837 . (609) 748-5559 (561) 237-7854 [email protected] Empie, Kristine [email protected] Minnesota State University Feinberg, Gary 820 South Minnesota A venue Esbensen, Finn-Aage St. Thomas University St. Peter, MN 56082 University of Missouri - St. Louis Department of Social Science and (507) 389-1561 . (507) 389-5615 Department of Criminology and Criminal Counseling [email protected] Justice 16400 Northwest 32nd A venue 8001 Natural Bridge Road Miami, FL 33054 Ene, Theodora St. Louis, MO 63121 (305) 628-6578 . (305) 628-6749 Tiffin University (314) 516-4619 . (314) 516-5048 [email protected] at the University of Bucharest [email protected] Faculty of Sociology and Social Work Feld, Barry C. St. Transilvaniei nr. Etajul 1 Espinosa, Dula J. University of Minnesota Law School Bucharest 70778, University of Houston at Clear Lake 35263 County Road 40 ROMANIA Department of Sociology Effie, MN 56639 (4021) 402-5455 . (4021) 402-5455 2700 Bay Area Boulevard (218) 743-3118 [email protected] Box 123 [email protected] Houston, TX 77058 Engel, Justin (281) 283-3310 . (281) 283-3408 Feldman, Richard State University of New York at Albany [email protected] United States Probation Officer School of Criminal Justice 250 West Pratt Street 135 Western Avenue Evans, Edward Suite 400 Albany, NY 12222 Baltimore, MD 21201 (518) 591-8760 . (518) 442-5603 (410) 962-4740 . (410) 962-3304 [email protected] [email protected] Fernandez, Robert A. Fisher, Bonnie S. Flynn, Edith E. Olympic College University of Cincinnati Northeastern University 1600 Chester Avenue Department of Criminal Justice College of Criminal Justice Bremerton, WA 98337-1699 Post Office Box 210389 32 Watertown Street (360) 475-7316 • (360) 475-7689 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Lexington, MA 02421 [email protected] (513) 556-5828 • (513) 556-3303 (781) 861-9108 . (781) 863-0793 [email protected] [email protected] Ferreira, Bertus R. East Carolina University Fisher, Joan Foglia, Wanda School of Social Work and Criminal Justice Solicitor General Canada, Senior Policy Rowan University Studies Analyst Department of Law and Justice Studies 204 Ragsdale Building Organized Crime Policy and Coordination 201 Mullica Hill Road Greenville, NC 27858-4353 Division Glassboro, NJ 08028-1701 (252) 328-4205 • (252) 328-4196 340 Laurier Avenue, West (609) 256-4500 ext. 3535 • (609) 256-4919 [email protected] lOth Floor [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1 A OP8, Ferrer, Arian CANADA Fontenot, Olufunke A. California State University at Long Beach (613) 993-6638 • (613) 990-3984 Georgia College and State University Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] School of Liberal Arts and Sciences 1250 Bellflower Boulevard Campus Box 48 Long Beach, CA 90840-4603 Fitzpatrick, Daniel Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490 (562) 985-1894 • (562) 985-8086 Northeastern University (478) 445-4441 . (478) 445-0873 Criminal Justice Research Center [email protected] Festa, Michael E. 716 Columbus Avenue Boston, MA 02115 Ford, Marilyn Chandler Few, Belinda (617) 373-5818 . (617) 373-5817 Volusia County Department of Corrections Prairie View A & M University [email protected] Caller Service 2865 Department of Criminal Justice Daytona Beach, FL 32120-2865 Post Office Box 5434 Flanagan, Timothy J. (904) 254-1534 . (904) 254-1560 Prairie View, TX 77446 State University of New York at Brockport [email protected] (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 350 New Campus Drive Brockport, NY 14420 Ford, Robert E. Feyerherrn, William (716) 395-2524 • (716) 395-2401 University of Central Flordia Portland State University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Division of Administration of Justice 1200 West International Speedway College of Urban and Public Affairs Flanagan, Nancy A. Boulevard Post Office Box 751 State University of New York at Buffalo Post Office Box 2811 Portland, OR 97207-0751 School of Nursing Daytona Beach, FL 32120-2811 (503) 725-4014 Buffalo, NY 14222 (904) 254-4412 . (904) 947-3127 [email protected] (716) 829-3255 [email protected] [email protected] Fields, Bobbie Forst, Linda University of North Carolina at Charlotte Flanyak, Chrisann Shoreline Community College Department of Criminal Justice Administrative Office of the19th Judicial 16101 Greenwood Avenue, North 9201 University City Boulevard Circuit Courts Seattle, W A 98133 Charlotte, NC 28223 18 North County Street (206) 546-4781 . (206) 546-5869 (704) 687-2009 . (704) 687-3349 Waukegan, IL 60085 [email protected] (847) 377-3600 • (847) 249-8442 Fields, Charles [email protected] Foster, J. Price Eastern Kentucky University 1631 Dunbarton Wynde Department of Criminal Justice and Police Fletcher, Robin Louisville, KY 40205 Studies University of Portsmouth (502) 852-8959 • (502) 852-5738 521 Lancaster A venue St. Georges Building 403 Stratton Building High Street Fradella, Henry F. Richmond, KY 40475-3102 Portsmouth, Hants, The College of New Jersey (606) 622-6555 . (606) 622-1549 ENGLAND Department of Law and Justice [email protected] (44) 23-92343982 Box 7718 [email protected] Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 Filimon, Nicholas S. (609) 771-2271 . (609) 637-5141 Grand Valley State University Fliege, George [email protected] 844 Richmond Street, Northwest Boise State University Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Department of Criminal Justice Francis, Brian (616) 291-4421 . (616) 365-1686 1910 University Drive Lancaster University [email protected] Boise, ID 83725 Centre for Applied Statistics (208) 426-3886 Fylde College Finckenauer, James [email protected] LA1 4YF, 389 Sayre Drive UNITED KINGDOM Princeton, NJ 08540 Flynn, Jack (44) 1524-593061 (973) 353-3301 . (973) 353-5896 State University of New York at Albany [email protected] [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Draper Hall 135 Western A venue Albany, NY 12222 (518) 442-5210 . (518) 442-5212 Francis, Simone Fryling, Tina M. Garland, Tammy S. Hampton University Mercyhurst College Sam Houston State University Adult Crime Victimization Project 501 East 38th Street College of Criminal Justice 100 Phoenix Hall Erie, PA 16546 Huntsville, TX 77341 Hampton, VA 23668 (814) 824-2352 . (814) 824-2182 (936) 294-3636 • (936) 294-3636 (757) 727-5973 [email protected] [email protected] Frank, James Fuller, Jason Garland, Brett E. University of Cincinnati Illinois State University 2000 North 8th Street Division of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Upper Apartment 600 Dyer Hall Campus Box 5250 Terre Haute, IN 47804 Post Office Box 210389 Normal, IL 61790-5250 (812) 235-9623 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (309) 438-7617 • (309) 438-7289 [email protected] (513) 556-5832 • (513) 556-3303 [email protected] [email protected] Garrett, Kara Fung, Roger Dawson Community College Frederick, George State University of New York 300 College Drive College at Buffalo Post Office Box 421 French, Laurence Armand 1300 Elmwood A venue Glendive, MT 59330 Justice Works University of New Buffalo, NY 14222 law_enfo [email protected] Hampshire (716) 878-4517 . (716) 878-3240 Post Office Box 553 [email protected] Garrison, Arthur H. Mimbres, NM 88049 Delaware Criminal Justice Council (505) 538-6422 • (505) 538-6529 Gabaldon, Luis Gerardo Carvel State Office Building [email protected] Universidad Catolica Andres Bello 820 North French Street Caracas, lOth Floor Frey, Richard VENEZUELA Wilmington, DE 19801 State University of New York at Brockport (302) 577-5030 • (302) 577-3440 Department of Criminal Justice Gaboury, Mario T. 350 New Campus Drive University of New Haven Garrity, Thomas F. Brockport, NY 14420 Department of Criminal Justice College of Medicine (585) 395-5501 • (585) 395-2366 300 Orange A venue Department of Behavioral Sciences [email protected] West Haven, CT 06516 122 College of Medicine Office Building (203) 932-7041 • (203) 931-6030 Lexington, KY 40536 Friday, Paul C. [email protected] (859) 323-6100 • (859) 323-5350 University of North Carolina - Charlotte tgarrit@pop. uky .edu Department of Criminal Justice Gamble, Thomas 9201 University City Boulevard Mercyhurst College Gary, Kelli Charlotte, NC 28223-0001 Department of Criminal Justice and Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (704) 687-4776 . (704) 687-3349 Psychology Criminal Justice Program [email protected] 501 East 38th Street Jim Leeds Road Erie, PA 16546 Ponoma, NJ 08240 Friedrichs, David 0. (814) 824-2325 . (814) 824-2182 [email protected] University of Scranton [email protected] Department of Sociology and Criminal Gavin, Patricia Justice Garase, Maria L. Anna Maria College 800 Linden Street Indiana University of Pennsylvania Department of Criminal Justice Scranton, PA 18510-4605 McElhaney Hall 50 Sunset Lane (570) 941-7467 . (570) 941-6485 441 North Walk Paxton, MA 01612 [email protected] Indiana, P A 15705 (508) 849-3377 • (508) 849-3343 (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 [email protected] Frisbie, Jennifer [email protected] Lamar University Geary, William R. Department of Sociology, Social Work and Garcia, Rebecca Widener University Criminal Justice One University Place Box 10026 Garcia, Luis 232 KLC Beaumont, TX 7771 0 Suffolk University Chester, P A 19013 (409) 880-8541 • (409) 880-2324 Department of Sociology and Criminal (610) 499-4529 . (610) 499-4603 [email protected] Justice 56 Temple Street Gebo, Erika Fritza, Sarah Boston, MA 02114 Westfield State College St. Cloud State University (617) 305-1970 . (617) 720-0490 Department of Criminal Justice 720 Fourth Avenue, South [email protected] Westfield, MA 01086 St. Ooud, MN 56301-4498 (413) 572-5310 • (413) 572-8524 Garcia, Venessa egebo@wisdom. wsc.ma.edu Fry, Caleb Kean University Dawson Community College Department of Public Administration Genre, Chuck 300 College Drive 311 Willis Hall University of New Haven Post Office Box 421 Union, NJ 07083 300 Orange Avenue Glendive, MT 59330 (908) 737-4302 . (908) 737-4305 West Haven, CT 06516 law_enforcement_ cl [email protected] [email protected] (203) 932-7377 [email protected] Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Gilbertson, Troy Golding, Dean B. California State University, Stanislaus Indiana University of Pennsylvania Temple University Department of Sociology and Criminal Department of Criminology 6 Meadow Lane Justice 411 North Walk Woodbury, NJ 08096 801 West Monte Vista Avenue G-1 McElhaney (856) 853-7363 • (856) 845-9295 Turlock, CA 95382 Indiana, P A 15705 [email protected] (209) 667-3229 . (209) 664-7034 (724) 349-9702 Goldman, Cathy [email protected] [email protected] Goldstein, Paul J. Getty, Carol P. Gilbertson, D. Lee University of Illinois at Chicago Park University St. Cloud State University Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice (M/C 923) 8700 Northwest River Park Drive 720 Fourth Avenue, South 1603 West Taylor Street Parkville, MO 64152 222-B Stewart Hall Room 985 (816) 741-2000 ext. 6336 • (816) 741-4911 Saint Cloud, MN 56301-4498 Chicago, IL 60612-4336 cgetty@mail. park.edu (320) 229-5771 (312) 996-6038 • (312) 996-0064 [email protected] [email protected] Giacomazzi, Andrew Boise State University Gillespie, Wayne Goncalves da Cruz, Marcus Vinicius Department of Criminal Justice East Tennessee State University University of Minas Gerais - UFMG Administration Department of Criminal Justice Joao Pinheiro Foundation - FJP 1910 University Drive Box 70555 Rua Rio Claro Boise, ID 83725-1955 Johnson City, TN 37614 245 Apto 302 - Prado (208) 426-4162 . (208) 426-4371 (423) 439-4324 . (423) 439-4660 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerias 30410-400, [email protected] [email protected] BRAZIL (55) 31-3335-9848 . (55) 31-3272-1157 Giblin, Matthew J. Gillespie, L. Kay [email protected] York College of Pennsylvania Weber State University Department of Behavioral Sciences Department of Criminal Justice Gonzales, Christine J. Country Oub Road 1206 University Circle Georgia State University York, PA 17405-7199 Ogden, UT 84408-1206 Department of CriminalJustice (717) 815-6409 (801) 626-6146 . (801) 626-6145 University Plaza [email protected] lgillispie1 @weber .edu Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 (404) 651-3515 . (404) 651-3658 Gibson, Camille Gilly, Thomas [email protected] Prairie View A & M University 61 rue du Fauborg School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology St. Martin Gordon, Jill A. Post Office Box 4017 Paris, 75010, Virginia Commonwealth University Houston, TX 77446 FRANCE 816 West Franklin Street (936) 857-3836 • (936) 857-3846 th_gilly@yaho o.fr Post Office Box 842017 [email protected] Richmond, VA 23284-2017 Glodde, Edward John (804) 828-1050 . (804) 828-1253 Gibson, Chris Youngstown State University jagordon@mail1 . vcu.edu University of Nebraska at Omaha One University Plaza Department of Criminal Justice Youngstown, OH 44555 Gorthy, Mark D. 60th and Dodge Streets (330) 941-3279 • (330) 941-7206 Rochester Institute of Technology Omaha, NE 68182 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice (402) 554-3348 93 Lomb Memorial Drive [email protected] Glymph, Jack Rochester, NY 14623 Benedict College (518) 442-5631 Gido, Rosemary L. Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Indiana University of Pennsylvania Columbia, SC 29204 Department of Criminology (803) 253-5252 • (803) 253-5065 Gosselin, Denise Kindschi G-1 McElhaney Hall Western New England College 441 North Walk Godenzi, Alberto Department of Criminal Justice and Indiana, PA 15705 Boston College Sociology (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 Graduate School of Social Work 1215 Wilbraham Road rgido@iu p.edu 140 Commonwealth Avenue Box 5188 McGuinn 132 Springfield, MA 01119 Giever, Dennis Chestnut Hill, MA02467 (413) 782-1749 . (413) 467-7843 Indiana University of Pennsylvania (617) 552-4020 . (617) 552-2374 [email protected] Department of Criminology alberto.gondenzi.1 @bc.edu 441 North Walk Gould, Laurie A. McElhaney Hall Goldberg, Julia University of Central Florida Room G-1 Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Indiana, PA 15705-1087 Golden, James W. Studies (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 University of Arkansas at Little Rock 117 Steamboat Court dgiever@iu p.edu Department of Criminal Justice Orlando, FL 32828 2801 South University A venue (407) 823-2603 • (407) 823-5360 Little Rock, AR 72204 [email protected] (501) 569-3195 . (501) 569-3075 [email protected] Gover, Angela R. Gray, Alison R. Gruberg, Martin University of South Carolina University of Delaware University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh Department of Criminologyand Criminal The Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies Department of Political Science Justice 77 East Main Street 800 Algoma Boulevard Columbia, SC 29208 Newark, DE 19716 Oshkosh, WI 54901 (803) 777-0562 . (803) 777-9600 (302) 831-6107 . (302) 831-3307 (920) 424-0146 • (920) 424-0739 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Grabowski, Michael J. Greaves, Elaine B. Gu, Joann Prairie View A & M University Youngstown State University Boston Police Department School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology Department of Criminal Justice Office of Research and Evaluation Post Office Box 4017 One University Plaza 1 Schroeder Plaza Prairie View, TX 77446 Youngstown, OH 44555 Suite N3119 (935) 857-3831 (330) 941-2273 • (330) 744-5130 Boston, MA 02120 [email protected] [email protected] (617) 343-6020 [email protected] Grace, Chief Justice Martha P. Greek, Cecil Edward W. Brooke Courthouse Florida State University Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan Administrative Office for the Juvenile School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Stonehill College Court 5369 Paddington Drive Department of Criminal Justice / D-102 24 New Chardon Street Tallahassee, FL 32309 320 Washington Street Post Office Box 9664 (850) 906-0340 . (850) 644-9614 North Easton, MA 02357 Boston, MA 02114 cgreek@mailer .fsu.edu (508) 565-1294 . (508) 565-1444 ( 617) 788--6550 [email protected] Greene, Jack R. Graham, James Northeastern University Guay, Jean-Pierre Lamar University College of Criminal Justice Brandeis University Department of Sociology,Social Work and Churchill Hall Department of Psychology, MS 062 Criminal Justice Boston, MA 02115 Post Office Box 549110 Box 10026 (617) 373-3327 . (617) 373-8723 Waltham, MA 02454-9110 Beaumont, TX 77710 [email protected] (514) 523-2292 (409) 880-8541 . (409) 880-2324 [email protected] [email protected] Greenleaf, Richard G. Western Oregon University Guillen, Tomas Gramckow, Heike Department of Criminal Justice Seattle University National Center for State Courts 345 North Monmouth A venue Department of Communications International Programs Monmouth, OR 97361 900 Broadway A venue 2425 Wilson Boulevard (503) 838--8358 . (503) 838-6335 Seattle, WA 98122-4340 Suite 350 [email protected] (206) 296-5342 . (206) 296-5997 Arlington, VA 22203 [email protected] (703) 841-5624 . (703) 841-0206 Griffin, Timothy [email protected]. us University of Nevada at Reno Gul, Zakir Department of Criminal Justice Kent State University Grant, Diana R. Reno, NV 89557-6114 Department of Justice Studies Sonoma State University (775) 784-61 14 . (775) 784-6201 926 Silver Meadows Boulevard Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Apartment 102 Administration Kent, OH 44240 1801 East Cotati A venue Groskin, Richard B. (330) 677-3146 . (330) 672-5394 Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Barton College [email protected] (707) 664-3962 School of Behavioral Sciences [email protected] Criminal Justice and Criminology Gul, Serdar Kenan cf o 3204 Edinburgh Drive Kent State University Grant, Heath Wilson, NC 27896-9308 Department of Justice Studies John Jay College of Criminal Justice (252) 399-6428 • (252) 399-6572 Kent, OH 44242 Criminal Justice Research Center [email protected] (330) 672-7880 . (330) 672-5394 204 West 96th Street [email protected] Apartment 3B Grosselfinger, Nancy New York, NY 10025 International League for Human Rights Gunnison, Elaine (212) 237-9411 • (212) 237-8644 Burgermeister Hovylaan 72E University of Nevada, Las Vegas [email protected] .edu 2552 AZ DenHaag, Department of Criminal Justice Netherlands 4505 Maryland Parkway Grant, Judith 011 31 650 974 167 Box 455009 Ohio University [email protected] Las Vegas, NV 89154-5009 Department of Sociology and (702) 895-0233 • (702) 895-0252 Anthropology Grossi, Elizabeth L. [email protected] 278 Lindley Hall University of Louisville Athens, OH 45701 Department of Justice Administration Gurer, Cuneyt (740) 593-1372 . (740) 593-1365 220 Brigman Hall Turkish National Police Academy [email protected] Louisville, KY 40292 Drug Enforcement Training Coordinator (502) 852-6567 • (502) 852-0065 for United Nations [email protected] Ankara, TURKEY Gutierrez, Ricky S. Hall, Daniel Harris, Christopher J. California State University at Sacramento University of Toledo University of Albany Division of Criminal Justice College of Health and Human Services School of Criminal Justice 6000 J Street Department of Criminal Justice 135 Western venueA Sacramento, CA 95819-6085 Mail Stop 119 Albany, NY 12222 (916) 278-5094 • (209) 745-7692 Toledo, OH 43606 (518) 485-2729 • (518) 485-2728 [email protected] (419) 530-2331 . (419) 530-2153 harris2181 @hotmail.com [email protected] Guttendorf, Charles M. Harris, Lillian Indiana University of Pennsylvania Hallett, Michael A. Criminal Justice Department of Criminology University of North Florida 3607 Jimmy Johnson Boulevard 2150 Lazor Street Department of Criminal Justice Apartment 1405 Apartment 112 4567 St. Johns Bluff Road, South Port Arthur, TX 77710 Indiana, PA 15701-3424 Jacksonville, FL 32224-2666 (409) 835-7842 . (409) 5652 (724) 465-4572 (904) 620-1644 . 620-2540 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (904) Harris, Christine Guyton, Sheronda Halsey, Christopher Pennsylvania State University at Prairie View A & M University Kent State University, Stark Campus Harrisburg Department of Criminal Justice 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Honors Program Post Office Box 5434 Canton, OH 44720-7599 C118 Olmstead Prairie View, TX 77446 (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Middletown, P A 17057 (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 (717) 948-6650 Hanna, Kiran [email protected] Haberfeld, Maria Bergen Community College John Jay College of Criminal Justice 400 Paramus Road Hart, Barbara Lane Department of Law and Police Science Paramus, NJ 07652 University of Texas at Tyler 899 Tenth A venue (201) 406-1454 Department of Social Sciences New York, NY 10019 [email protected] 3900 University Boulevard (212) 237-8381 • (212) 237-8383 Tyler, TX 75799 [email protected] Hanrahan, Kate (903) 566-7426 • (903) 565-5537 Indiana University of Pennsylvania bhart@mail. uttyl.edu Hagan, Frank E. Department of Criminology Mercyhurst College G-1 McElhaney Hall Harter, Carrie M. Department of Criminal Justice Indiana, PA 15705 Sam Houston State University 501 East 38th Street (412) 357-2720 • (412) 357-4018 National Institute for Victim Studies Erie, PA 16546 [email protected] College of Criminal Justice (814) 824-2265 . (814) 824-2182 Criminal Justice Center [email protected] Hanson, Robert A. Box 2296 Northern Michigan University Huntsville, TX 77341-22% Hairston, Creasie Finney Department of Criminal Justice (936) 294-1663 . (936) 294-1653 University of illinois at Chicago Marquette, MI 49855-4335 [email protected] Jane Addams College of Social Work (906) 227-2660 . (906) 227-1754 1040 West Harrison Street [email protected] Hartley, Deborah Suite 4010, MC309 Sam Houston State University Chicago, IL 60607-7134 Hardesty, Katherine College of Criminal Justice (312) 996-3219 . (312) 996-1802 Slippery Rock University Post Office Box 1442 [email protected] 004D Spotts World Culture Building Huntsville, TX 77342 Slippery Rock, PA 16057 (936) 294-3101 • (936) 294-4296 Haley, Keith (724) 738-2423 [email protected] School of Criminal Justice [email protected] 54 Towne and Country Drice Hartley, Richard D. Tiffin, OH 44833 Hardy, Charleston (419) 448-3431 . (419) 443-5009 Prairie View A & M University Harver,William E. [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Widener University Post Office Box 5434 Social Sciences Division Hall, Joe Prairie View, TX 77446 One University Place Lynn University (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 Chester, P A 19013 Criminal Justice Program (610) 499-4554 • (610) 499-4603 Boca Raton, FL 33431 Harper, Jr., Dee Wood [email protected] (954) 938-0066 Loyola University New Orleans [email protected] 6363 St. Charles A venue, Box 55 Haueter, Mark New Orleans, LA 701 18 Kent State University, Stark Campus Hall, Walter (504) 865-2161 • (504) 865-3883 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Dawson Community College [email protected] Canton, OH 44720-7599 300 College Drive (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Post Office Box 421 Harriott, Anthony D. Glendive, MT 59330 University of the West Indies Hayes, Hennessey law_enforcement_club@ hotmail.com Faculty of Social Sciences Griffith University 2C Myers Drive School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Kingston 8, Jamaica, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, WEST INDIES AUSTRALIA (876) 925-6344 . (876) 977-1509 (61) 7-3875-5781 • (61) 7-3875-5608 [email protected] [email protected] Haynes, Matthew Henriquez, Zelma Hill, Janice R. Boise City Legal Department John Jay College of Criminal Justice University of Missouri at St. Louis Juvenile Accountability Coordinator Department of Law and Police Science 8001 Natural Bridge Road Post Office Box 500 899 Tenth A venue Lucas Hall Boise, ID 83701-0500 New York, NY 10019 3rd Floor (208) 384-3870 • (208) 384-4454 (212) 237-8378 . (212) 237-8383 St. Louis, MO 63121 [email protected] zhenriquez@jjay. cuny .edu (217) 496-2482 . (314) 516-5048 [email protected] Hayslip, David Hensley, Christopher ABT Associates Morehead State University Hiller, Matthew 1110 Vermont Avenue, Northwest Dept. of Sociology, Social Work & Crim. University of Kentucky Washington, DC 20011 114 Rader Hall Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (202) 263-1721 Morehead, KY 40351 333 Bowman Hall (606) 783-2254 . (606) 783-5006 Lexington,KY 40506 He, Ni Phil [email protected] (859) 257-9062 . (859) 257-9060 University of Texas at San Antonio [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Herzog, Tiffany Durango Building,4.210 Salem State College Hinckle, Maryanne 501 West Durango Boulevard Department of Criminal Justice San Antonio, TX 78207 333 Meier Hall Hinduja, Sameer (210) 458-2623 • (210) 458-2680 Salem, MA 01970 Michigan State University [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Hewitt, John D. 560 Baker Hall Heimberger, Timothy Grand Valley State University East Lansing, MI 48823 Walden University School of Criminal Justice (517) 432-7160 . (517) 432-1787 1489 Timber Road 401 West Fulton Street [email protected] Mansfield, OH 44905 Grand Rapids, MI 49504 (419) 589-9952 . (419) 589-9952 (616) 336-7145 . (616) 336-7155 Hirsch, Phillip [email protected] [email protected] Prairie View A & M University School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology Heimberger, LaRonda Heyns, Terry Prairie View, TX 77446-4017 Walden University Lake Superior State University (936) 857-4938 . (936) 857-4941 1489 Timber Road Dept. of Criminal Justice and Fire Science Mansfield, OH 44905 650 West Easterday Avenue Hochstein, Lucy Edwards (419) 589-9952 • (419) 589-9952 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783 Radford University [email protected] (906) 635-2726 • (906) 635-2753 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 6934 Heitfield, Heather Radford, VA 24142-6934 Hickey, Thomas J. (540) 831-6163 . (540) 831-6075 Helms, Ronald University of Tampa [email protected] WesternWashington University 401 West Kennedy Boulevard Department of Sociology Tampa, FL 33606-1490 Hoff, Robert 526 Arntzen Hall (813) 253-3333 Ext. 3618 Schenectady County Community College Bellingham, WA 98225-9081 seaside24 [email protected] 78 WashingtonA venue (360) 650-7927 . (360) 650-7295 Schenectady, NY 12305-2294 [email protected] Hickman, Matthew (518) 381-1292 . (518) 346-0379 Bureau of Justice Statistics hoffrj@gw .sunysccc.edu Hemmens, Craig 810 Seventh Street, Northwest Boise State University Washington, DC 20531 Hoffman, Sandra Department of Criminal Justice (202) 353-1631 • (202) 616-1351 Michigan State University Administration [email protected] 540 Bake Hall 1910 University Drive East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Boise, ID 83725-1955 Hicks, April (517) 432-4236 . (517) 432-1787 (208) 426-3251 • (208) 426-4371 Dept. of Correct. & Juvenile Justice Studies [email protected] [email protected] Richmond, KY 40475 (859) 622-1155 . (859) 622-6650 Hoffman, Harry Hemond, Sr., David A. Minot State University Roger Williams University Higgins, George E. Department of Sociology School of Justice Studies West Virginia State College 500 University A venue, West One Old Ferry Road Department of Criminal Justice Minot, ND 58707 Bristol, Rl 02809 School of Professional Studies (701) 858-3284 (401) 254-3722 . (401) 254-3431 Box 37, P.O. 1000, Wallace Hall 422 [email protected] Institute, WV 25112 Hennessy, David (304) 766-3315 • (304) 766-3285 Hogan, Lorraine Schenectady CountyCommunity College [email protected] State University of New York at Albany Department of Business and Law School of Criminal Justice 78 Washington Avenue Hill, Christopher M. 135 West A venue Schenectady, NY 12305 Supreme Court of Florida Albany, NY 12210 (518) 381-1385 . (518) 346-0379 Office of the State Courts Administrator (518) 591-8760 . (518) 442-5602 hennesdj@gw .sunysccc.edu Supreme Court Building [email protected] 500 South Duval Street Tallahassee, FL 32399-1900 (850) 410-1520 . (850) 414-1505 [email protected] Hogan, Nancy Lynne Hostetter, Edwin C. Hughes, Marc Ferris State University McDaniel College Sam Houston State University School of Criminal Justice Department of Religious Studies College of Criminal Justice 625 Bishop Hall 2 College Hill Huntsville, TX 77341 1349 Cramer Circle Westminster, MD 21157 (936) 294-3068 . (936) 294-1653 Big Rapids, MI 49307 (410) 857-2560 • (410) 386-4629 [email protected] (231) 591-2664 . (231) 591-3792 [email protected] [email protected] Hughes, Frank Houston, James G. Grand Valley State University Holcomb, Jefferson E. Grand Valley State University School of Criminal Justice Bowling Green State University Department of Criminal Justice 401 West Fulton Street Criminal Justice Program 237-C De Vos Center, 401 Fulton Street 257C DeVos Center 223 Health Center Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Bowling Green, OH 43403 (616) 336-7131 • (616) 336-7155 (616) 336-7130 • (616) 336-7155 (419) 372-9540 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Huang, Wilson Huling, Brian Bennett Holden, Richard Valdosta State University Lane College Central Missouri State University Dept. of Sociology, Anthropology & CJ Jackson, TN 38301 Department of Criminal Justice Valdosta, GA 31698-0060 (731) 425-9431 . (731) 426-7553 300 Humphreys Building (229) 333-5486 • (229) 333-5492 [email protected] Warrensburg, MO 64093 [email protected] (660) 543-4950 . (660) 543-8306 Hull, Elizabeth holden@cmsu 1.cmsu.edu Huang, Shihlung Rutgers University Fayetteville State University Political Science Department Hollifield, Kimberly Department of Social Sciences Hill Hall, 7th Floor 1200 Murchison Road Newark, NJ 07102 Holmes, Dennis Fayetteville, NC 28301 (973) 353-5105 Prairie View A & M University (910) 672-1348 . (910) 672-1378 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 5434 Humphrey, Jack Prairie View, TX 77446 Huckabee, Robert G. Saint Anselm College (936) 857-4950 • (936) 857-4952 Indiana State University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology 100 Saint Anselm Drive Holt, Matthew A. Terre Haute, IN 47809 Manchester, NH 03102 Eastern Kentucky University (812) 237-2196 . (812) 237-8099 (603) 656-6003 . (603) 656-6198 248 Churchill Drive crhuck@isugw .indstate.edu [email protected] Apartment 6 Richmond, KY 40475 Hudson, Lakisha Hunt, Dana E. (859) 622-1978 Hampton University Abt Associates, Inc. [email protected] Adult Crime Victimization Project Cambridge, MA 10328 100 Phenix Hall (617) 349-2733 Holtfreter, Kristy Lynn Hampton, VA 23668 [email protected] Michigan State University (757) 727-5973 School of Criminal Justice Hunter, Ronald D. 560 Baker Hall Huebner, Beth M. State University of West Georgia East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Michigan State Universtiy Department of Sociology, Anthropology (517) 432-1109 . (517) 432-1787 560 Baker Hall and Criminology hoi [email protected] East Lansing, MI 48824 Carrollton, GA 30118-2110 (517) 347-7167 (770) 836-4301 • (770) 838-3036 Hoover, Larry T. [email protected] [email protected] Sam Houston State University Department of Criminal Justice Huelsmann, Andrea Hurwitz,Steven Post Office Box 2296 University College of the Fraser Valley Tiffin University Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice 155 Miami Street (936) 294-1636 . (936) 294-1684 33844 King Road Tiffin, OH 44883 [email protected] Abbotsford, British Columbia V2S 7M8, (419) 448-3284 . (419) 443-5015 CANADA [email protected] Hopper, Holly Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Huggins, Denise W. Husain, Saima 643 Maxwelton Court University of Arkansas Utrecht University Lexington, KY 40506 Department of Sociology and Social Work Janskerhof 3 (859) 257-5213 . (859) 323-1193 211 Old Main Utrecht 3512 BK, [email protected] Fayetteville, AR 72701 NETHERLANDS (501) 575-3776 3130253-8510 .3130253-7168 Horvath, Frank [email protected] [email protected] Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice Hughes, Tom "Tad" Huser, Sarah L. Baker Hall 512 University of Louisville Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi East Lansing, MI 48824 Department of Justice Administration Social Science Research Center (517) 355-2210 . (517) 432-1787 215 Brigman Hall 6300 Ocean Drive [email protected] Louisville, KY 40292 NRC 2005 (502) 852-0375 • (502) 852-0065 Corpus Christi, TX 78412 [email protected] (361) 825-3205 . (361) 825-3784 Hutchinson, Emily J. lsmaili, Karim Jarvis,John Central Missouri State University St. John's University Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Criminal Justice Division of Criminal Justice and Legal Academy HUM 300 Studies Quantico, VA 22135 Warrensburg, MO 64093 8000 Utopia Parkway (703) 632-1139 . (703) 632-1148 (660) 543-8902 • (660) 543-8306 Jamaica, NY 11439 [email protected] (718) 990-7436 . (718) 998-1868 Hutton, James [email protected] Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Gillette Company Roger Williams University Boston, MA Israel, Michael School of Justice Studies 1003 Elm A venue One Old Ferry Road Icli, Tulin Takoma Park, MD 20912-5839 Bristol, RI 02809-2921 University of North Texas (301) 270-5944 (401) 254-3722 . (401) 254-3431 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] [email protected] c/o Turkish National Police Academy Post Office Box 305130 lvkovich, Sanja Kutnjak Jensen, III, Carl J. Denton, TX 76203-5130 Florida State University Federal Bureau Investigations Academy (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 1100 Baytowne Drive, Apartment 24 Quantica, VA 22135 [email protected] Champaign, IL 61822-7937 (703) 632-1143 . (703) 632-1148 (217) 359-3789 . (217) 359-3789 [email protected] Iles, Gayle [email protected] University of Nebraska at Omaha Jipson, Arthur Department of Criminal Justice Jackson, Sherry University of Dayton Durham Science Center Bureau of Research and Data Department of Sociology, Anthropology 6001 Dodge Street Department of Juvenile Justice and Social Work Omaha, NE 68106 2737 Centerview Drive 300 College Park (402) 554-2610 . (402) 554-2326 Tampa, FL 32399 Dayton, OH 45469-1442 giles@mail1 . unomaha.edu (850) 921-2157 (937) 229-3014 . (937) 229-3900 [email protected] [email protected] Innes, Christopher National Institute of Justice Jackson, Mary S. Johnson, Devon Vail 81 0 7th Street, Northwest East Carolina Universtiy Harvard University Washington, DC 20531 Department of Criminal Justice Studies Department of Sociolgy (202) 307-2955 . (202) 616-0275 Ragsdale 200 A 1362 William James Hall [email protected] Greenville, NC 27858 33 Kirkland Street (252) 328-1448 Cambridge, MA 02138 Ioimo, Ralph E. (617) 495-8702 . (617) 496-5794 Auburn University Jacobs, Bruce [email protected] 1092 Old Ware Road University of Missouri at St. Louis Wetumpka, AL 36093 Department of Criminology and Criminal Johnson, Matthew (334) 244-3691 . (334) 514-8347 Justice University of Maine, Presque Isle [email protected] 3rd Floor Lucas Hall Department of Psychology, Social Work St. Louis, MO 63121 and Criminal Justice Ireland, Timothy 0. (317) 516-5032 181 Maine Street Niagara University [email protected] Presque Isle, ME 04769 Department of Criminology and Criminal (207) 764-3717 Justice Jacobs, Pearl [email protected] Timon Hall Sacred Heart University Niagara University, NY 14109 5151 Park Avenue Johnson, Brian R. (716) 286-8098 • (716) 286-8061 Fairfield, CT 06432 Grand Valley State University [email protected] (203) 381-7764 School of Criminal Justice [email protected] 401 West Fulton Street Ireland, Roderick L. 257C DeVos Center Supreme Judicial Court Jacobson, Michel Grand Rapids, MI 49504 Pemberton Square John Jay College of Criminal Justice (616) 336-7142 . (616) 336-7155 1300 New Courthouse Department of Law and Police Science [email protected] Boston, MA 02108 899 Tenth A venue (617) 557-1000 New York, NY 10019 Johnson, James B. (212) 237-8410 University of Nebraska at Omaha Irgang, Ed [email protected] Department of Political Science Matt Community College ASH 275K Flint, MI 48503 James, Keenan Omaha, NE 68182 North Carolina Central University (402) 554-3615. (402) 554-4860 Irwin, Darrell D. Center for Criminal Justice Research & [email protected] University of North Carolina at Wilmington International Initiatives Department of Sociology and Criminal Department of Criminal Justice Johnson, Tyler Justice Durham, NC Dawson Community College 601 South College Road (919) 560-5204 • (919) 560-5195 300 College Drive Wilmington, NC 28403-5978 Post Office Box 421 (910) 962-7420 . (910) 962-7385 Janikowski, Richard Glendive, MT 59330 irwind@uncw .edu 8445 Chippingham Drive law_enforcement_club@hotma il.com Cordova, TN 38016 (901) 678-3399 • (901) 678-5279 [email protected] Johnson, Matthew B. Jones, JohnJ. Karlgaard, Tammy N. John Jay College of Criminal Justice Westfield State College North Dakota State University 318 South Ridgewood Road Department of Criminal Justice 2585 Pacific Drive, South South Orange, NJ 07079-1436 Westfield, MA 01086 Fargo, NO 58103 (973) 731-2334 . (973) 763-9193 (413) 572-5726 . (413) 572-8524 (701) 239-7069 [email protected] j_jones@foma. wsc.ma.edu [email protected] Johnson, W. Wesley Jones-Brown, Delores Katz-Bannister, Andra J. Sam Houston State University John Jay College of Criminal Justice Wichita State University College of Criminal Justice Department of Law and Police Science Regional Community Policing Institute Post Office Box 2296 899 Tenth A venue 1845 Fairmount Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Suite 422-37 Wichita, KS 67260-0135 (409) 294-1674 . (409) 294-1653 New York, NY 10019 (316) 978-5896 • (316) 978-3345 [email protected] (212) 237-8390 • (212) 237-8383 [email protected] [email protected] Johnson, Kathrine A. Kaune, Michael University of West Florida Jordan, Michael L. St. Francis College Div. of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies Lamar University Department of Sociology and Criminal 1170 Martin Luther King Boulevard Department of Sociology, Social Work and Justice Building4, Room 463 Criminal Justice 180 Remsen Street Fort Walton Bbeach, FL 32547 Box 10026 Brooklyn Heights,NY 11203 (850) 863-6588 . (850) 863-0715 Beaumont, TX 77710 (718) 489-5435 [email protected] (409) 880-7718 . (409) 880-2324 [email protected] [email protected] .edu Johnson, Sr., William W. Keating, Erin M. 220 Rosalind A venue Jordan, Kareem L. Baldwin Wallace College Gloucester, NJ 08030-1606 Indiana University of Pennsylvania 207 Lang Hall (856) 456-0408 • (856) 456-3682 Department of Criminology Berea, OH 44017 [email protected] G-1 McElhaney Hall (440) 260-4717 441 North Walk Johnstone, Peter Indiana, P A 15705 Kedia, P. Ray East Carolina University (724) 357-2720 • (724) 357-4018 Grambling State University Department of Criminal Justice Studies [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice 230- A Ragsdale building Post Office Box J Greenville, NC 27858-4353 Jordan, James Grambling, LA 71245 (252) 328-4195 . (252) 328-4196 (318) 274-7814 . (318) 274-3101 [email protected] Ju, Qi Institute of Delinquency and Crime Kedia, Sushila Jones, Marlyn J. Prevention Grambling State University CaliforniaState University at Sacramento China Youth and Children Research Center Department of Criminal Justice Division of Criminal Justice N. 25, Xisanhuan Post Office Box J 6000 J Street North Road Grambling, LA 71245 Sacramento, CA 95819-6085 Beijing 100089, (318) 274-7814 . (318) 274-3101 (916) 278-7048 • (916) 278-7692 CHINA skedia@al pha.gram.edu [email protected] (86) 10-885-7233 . (86) 10-8856-8011 [email protected] Kellar, Mark A. Jones, Jennifer A. University of Houston - Downtown Kent State University, Stark Campus Kadela, Karen R. Department of Criminal Justice 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Saint Louis University One MainStreet Canton, OH 44720-7599 Department of Sociology and Criminal Room S621A (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Justice Houston, TX 77002 [email protected] 221 North Grand Boulevard (713) 221-8495 . (713) 221-2726 St. Louis, MO 63103 [email protected] Jones, Richard S. Marquette University Kaminski, Robert J. Keller, Kim Department of Social and Cultural Sciences 7408 Annanwood Court University of Texas at San Antonio Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 Annandale, VA 22003 Department of Criminal Justice (414) 288-3436 (202) 616-9135 • (202) 616-0275 501 West Durango [email protected] kaminski@ojp. usdoj.gov San Antonio, TX 78206 (210) 458-2688 . (210) 458-2680 Jones, Sharon Kane, Robert J. kkeller@u tsa.edu Prairie View A & M University American University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Justice, Law and Society Kellerman, Colleen E. Post Office Box 5434 4400 Mass Avenue, Northwest State University of New York at Albany Prairie View, TX 77446 Ward Circle Building, Room 270 School of CriminalJustice (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 Washington, DC 20016-8043 135 Western A venue (202) 885-6334 • (202) 885-2907 Draper Hall Jones, David M. [email protected] Albany, NY 12222 University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh (518) 442-5210 • (518) 442-5212 Department of Public Affairs Karjane, Heather 800 Algoma Boulevard Oshkosh, WI 54901 (920) 424-2492 • (920) 424-2391 jonesd@u wosh.edu Kelley, Laura Kidder, Louise Kleppinger, Shandell Boise State University Boise State University Department of Criminal Justice Kim, Ki Deuk Department of Criminal Justice Administration University at Albany 1910 University Drive 1910 University Drive School of Criminal Justice Boise, ID 83725 Boise, ID 83725-1955 135 Western Avenue (208) 426-1378 • (208) 426-4371 (208) 426-4114 . (208) 426-4371 Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] [email protected] Klerks, Peter Dutch National Police Academy Kelley, Thomas M. Kim, Jung-Mi De Kleiberg 15, Post Office Box 1201 Wayne State University Michigan State University Apeldorn 7301 BL, 40700 Woodward A venue School of Criminal Justice THE NETHERLANDS Suite 201 560 Baker Hall (31) 55-539-7000 . (31) 55-539-7100 Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304-5110 East Lansing, MI 48823 peter [email protected] (248) 644-4909 • (248) 644-0237 (517) 410-6967 . (517) 432-1787 [email protected] Kling, Ryan Kelly, Brandy Abt Associates, Inc. Hampton University King, Ryan S. 55 Wheeler Street Adult Crime Victimization Project 2615 42nd Street, Northwest Cambridge, MA 10328 114 Phenix Hall Apartment 205 (617) 349-2460 Hampton, VA 23668 Washington, DC 20007-3923 (757) 727-5973 (732) 933-1319 Klofas, John rscottking@starpower .net Rochester Institute of Technology Kent, David L. Department of Criminal Justice Plymouth State College King, William R. 93 Lomb Memorial Drive Department of Criminal Justice Bowling Green State University Rochester, NY 14623 17 High Street Criminal Justice Program (585) 475-2423 . (585) 475-6749 MSC 59 Room 223 Health Center [email protected] Plymouth, NH 03264 Bowling Green, OH 43403 (603) 535-2410 . (603) 536-2141 (419) 372-0373 • (419) 372-2400 Klueber, Sherilyn [email protected] [email protected] University of Louisville Department of Justice Administration Keough, Brian King, Kate 100 I Brigman Hall University at Albany SouthernIllinois University at Carbondale Louisville, KY 40292 Special Collections and Archives Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency (502) 852-2119 New Library Building 352 and Corrections saklue01 @gwise.louisville.edu Albany, NY 12222 Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 (518) 437-3934 (618) 453-6364 • (618) 453-6377 Knight, Raymond A. [email protected] .edu [email protected] Brandeis University Department of Psychology, MS062 Kepford, Lori King, John W. Waltham, MA 02454-9110 Pikeville College Baldwin - Wallace College (781) 736-3259 CP0 507 Department of Sociology [email protected] 147 Sycamore Street 170 Gibson Street Pikeville, KY 41501 Berea, OH 44017 Kordzek, Andrea (606) 218-5013 (216) 739-6252 . (440) 739-3518 State University of New York at Albany [email protected] jking@bw .edu School of Criminal Justice 135 Western Avenue Keveles, Gary N. King-Davis, Robin Albany, NY 12222 University of Wisconsin at Superior University of Central Florida (518) 402-5309 . (518) 442-5212 Department of History, Politics and Society Department of Criminal Justice and Legal [email protected] Sundquist Hall, Room 304 Studies Belknap and Catlin Post Office Box 161600 Koscheski, Mary Post Office Box 2000 Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Morehead State University Superior, WI 54880-4500 (407) 823-2603 Institute for Correctional Research (715) 394-8483 . (715) 394-8464 [email protected] and Training [email protected] 114 Rader Hall Klein, Uoyd Morehead, KY 40351 Khondaker, Mahfuzul Islam Louisiana State University at Shreveport (606) 783-2475 • (606) 783-5006 1524 Oakland Avenue Department of History and Social Sciences [email protected] 62 Regency Apartment 8700 Millicent way Indiana, P A 15701 Shreveport, LA 71115 Koseli, Mutlu (724) 349-2217 (318) 797-5123 • (318) 797-5122 University of North Texas [email protected] [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 305130 Kibitlewski, Joseph L. Klein, Ryan Denton, TX 76203-5130 InternationalCollege Western New England College (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 Department of Criminal Justice 215 Wilbraham Road 8693 College Parkway Springfield, MA 01119 Kramer, Patrick Room 217 (413) 796-4037 . (413) 796-1746 Dawson Community College Ft. Myers, FL 33919 [email protected] 300 College Drive (941) 482-0019 ext. 158 • (941) 482-1714 Post Office Box 421 [email protected] Glendive, MT 59330 law_en [email protected] Kramer, David Kusha, Hamid R. Lanzilatti, Amy L. Bergen Community College Texas A & M International University 8493 Stafford Drive 400 Paramus Road Department of Social Sciences Strongville, OH 44149 Paramus, NJ 07652 5201 University Boulevard (440) 884-2031 (201) 666-7644 . (201) 666-7650 Laredo, TX 78041-1900 [email protected] (956) 326-2618 • (956) 326-2464 Laster, J. Dennis [email protected] Central Missouri State University Kraska, Peter Department of Criminal Justice Eastern Kentucky University Kushner, Harvey W. Humphreys 300 Department of Police Studies Long Island University Warrensburg, MO 64093 521 Lancaster A venue Department of Criminal Justice (816) 543-8902 • (660) 543-8306 Stratton 467 Brookville, NY 11548-1300 [email protected] Richmond, KY 40475 (516) 299-2468 • (516) 299-3876 (859) 622-2011 • (859) 622-8259 [email protected] Lateano, Thomas A. [email protected] Kean University LaBel, Thomas 23 Wyman Court Kratcoski, Peter C. Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Kent State University Lahm, Karen F. (908) 737-4315 Department of Justice Studies Capital University [email protected] Stark Campus 225 Ruff Learning Center 6000 Frank Avenue, Northwest Columbus, OH 43209 Laughinghouse-Boyd, Kendria Canton, OH 44720-7599 (614) 236-6469 . (614) 236-6916 Hampton University (330) 633-5955 • (330) 244-3345 [email protected] Adult Criine Victiinization Project [email protected] 114 Phenix Hall Lall, Vidya Hampton, VA 23668 Kreisel, Betsy Wright University of The West Indies (757) 727-5973 Central Missouri State University Center for Criminology and Criininal Department of Criminal Justice Justice Laux, Anne HUM 300 St. Augustine Campus Mercyhurst College Warrensburg, MO 64093 Trinidad and Tobago, 501 East 38th Street (660) 543-8859 . (660) 543-8306 WEST INDIES Erie, PA [email protected] (868) 645-1020 (814) 824-2325 . (814) 824-2182 [email protected] Krimmel, John Lavery, Cathryn The College of New Jersey Lambert,Janet 804 Wolf's Lane Departmemt of Law and Justice Spouse Registration See Eric Lambert Pelham Manor, NY 10803 Post Office Box 7718 (203) 365-7507 Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 Lambert, Eric [email protected] (609) 771-3184 . (609) 637-5141 Ferris State University [email protected] School of Criininal Justice Lawrence, Richard 528 Bishop Hall St. Cloud State University Krozier, Jennifer Dennis 1349 Cramer Circle Department of Criminal Justice Indiana State University Big Rapids, MI 49307 720 Fourth Avenue, South Department of Criminology (231) 591-5013 . (231) 591-3792 St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 Holmstedt Hall, Room 229 [email protected] (320) 255-3974 • (320) 255-2993 Terre Haute, IN 47809 [email protected] (812) 237-2172 . (812) 237-8099 Land, Roger [email protected] Lake Superior State University Laxson, Beth School of Criminal Justice and Fire Science St. Cloud State University Kudlac, Chris 650 West Easterday Avenue Criminal Justice Studies Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783 720 Fourth Avenue, South Kuehnle, Kristen J. (906) 635-2868 • (906) 635-2753 222 Stewart Hall Salem State College [email protected] St. Cloud, MN 46301-4498 Department of Criminal Justice (320) 255-3016 • (320) 255-2993 333E Meier Hall Lane, Jodi lael0201 @stdoudstate.edu Salem, MA 01970 University of Florida (978) 740-9334 . (978) 542-6140 Center for Studies in Criininology and Law Lazar, Kiin [email protected] 201 Walker Hall Kent State University, Stark Campus Post Office Box 115950 6000 Frank A venue, Northwest Kunselman, Julie C. Gainesville, FL 32611-5950 Canton, OH 44720-7599 University of West Florida (352) 392-1025 ext. 212 • (352) 392-5065 Dept. of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies [email protected] LeBel, Thomas P. 11000 University Parkway State University of New York at Albany Pensacola, FL 32514 Lanier, Charles S. School of Criminal Justice (850) 857-61 97 . (850) 474-2334 University at Albany 26 Van Buren Street jkunselman@u wf.edu School of Criininal Justice Albany, NY 12206 135 Western Avenue (518) 453-3427 • (518) 442-5711 Kurst-Swanger, Karel Draper Hall [email protected] State University of New York at Oswego Albany, NY 12222 Department of Public Justice (518) 442-5631 • (518) 442-5716 446 Mahar Hall [email protected] Oswego, NY 13126 (607) 754-0669 . (607) 754-0669 [email protected] Leduc, Lisa Lemmon, John H. Lewis, John A. University of Maine at Presque Isle Shippensburg University Indiana University of Pennsylvania Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminology 181 Main Street 315 Shippen Hall 216 South 3rd Street Presque Isle, ME 04769 Shippensburg_ PA 17257 Indiana,P A 15701 (207) 768-9436 • (207) 768-9433 (717) 477-1599 . (717) 477-4087 (724) 465-4260 leducl@[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lee, Yung Hyeock Lent, Cynthia J. Lian�, Bin University of Toledo Federal Bureau of Investigation Academy Arizona State University Department of Criminal Justice National Center for the Analysis of Violent School of Justice Studies Mail Stop 119 Crime Tempe, AZ 85287-0403 Toledo, OH 13606 Quantico, VA 22135 (480) 965-7025 . (480) 966-9199 (419) 530-4648 . (419) 530-2153 (703) 632-4358 . (703) 632-4350 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lichtenber�, Illya Lee, Chang-Hun Leonardo, Arthur A. Montclair State University Michigan State University North American Association of Wardens Department of Sociology School of Criminal Justice and Superintendents 1 Normal Avenue 560 Baker Hall Post Office Box 11037 Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 East Lansing_ MI 48823 Albany, NY 12211-0037 (973) 655-7348 . (973) 655-5389 (517) 353-4643 . (517) 432-1787 (518) 786-6801 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Liddick, Donald Lee, Jenifer A. Lersch, KimMichelle University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg Indiana University of Pennsylvania 1150 Mt. Pleasant Road Department of Criminal Justice Leslie, Katherine Greensburg_ PA 15601 441 North Walk Chicago State University (724) 836-7065 G-1 McElhaney Hall Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Indiana, PA 15705 9501 South King Drive (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 Chicago, IL 60628 Linehan, James Timothy [email protected] (708) 868-0575 • (773) 995-3819 University of Houston 2219 Richmond Avenue Lee, Jeff Letman, Sloan T. Houston, TX 77098 University of Southern Mississippi Chicago State University (713) 528-1527 . (718) 528-2875 Box 5127 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] .com Hattiesburg_ MS 39406 9501 South King Drive (601) 266-4509 . (601) 266-4391 Chicago, IL 60628 Lingamneni, Jagan L. [email protected] (773) 995-2108 . (773) 995-3819 Governors State University [email protected] College of Arts and Sciences Leesber�, Maurits J. Department of Criminal Justice Leesberg Van Pelt Architects Leukefeld, Carl One University Parkway University of Kentucky University Park, IL 60466 Le�ault, Richard Center on Drug and Alcohol Research (708) 534-4585 . (708) 534-7895 State University of New York at Albany 643 Maxwelton Court [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Lexington, KY 40506-0350 135 Western A venue (859) 257-2355 . (859) 323-1193 Linnell, Deborah Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] Illinois State University (518) 442-5210 . (518) 442-5212 Department of Criminal Justice Sciences [email protected] Levine, James P. 420 Schroeder Hall John Jay College of Criminal Justice Normal, IL 61790 Leiber, Michael 899 Tenth A venue (309) 438-8278 University of Northern Iowa Suite 411 [email protected] Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology New York, NY 10019 Baker Hall (212) 237-8422 . (212) 237-8309 Liu, Jing Cedar Falls, lA 50614-0513 [email protected] State University of New York at Albany (319) 273-6928 . (319) 273-7104 School of Criminal Justice [email protected] Levison, Ryan 135 Western A venue Northeastern University Draper Hall Leinfelt, Fredrik H. Criminal Justice Research Center Albany, NY 12222 North Dakota State University 716 Columbus Avenue (518) 442-5210 • (518) 442-5212 Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology Boston, MA 02115 [email protected] 410 Minard Hall (617) 373-5818 . (617) 373-5817 Fargo, ND 58105 [email protected] Liu, Jian Hong (701) 231-5904 Rhode Island College fredrik.leinfelt@ndsu .nodak.edu Lewinski, William Department of Sociology - CL 451 Minnesota State University 600 Mount Pleasant A venue Lekan�, Malynda Department of Political Science and Law Providence, RI 02908 Dawson Community College Enforcement ( 401) 456-8681 • (401) 456-8665 300 College Drive 109 Morris Hall afs 101 @etal. uri.edu Post Office Box 421 Mankato, MN 56001 Glendive, MT 59330 (507) 389-2832 . (507) 389-6377 law [email protected] [email protected] Lofgreen, Victor Lovrich, Nicholas Madden, James University of Chicago Washington State University Lake Superior State University Social Science Research Computing Center 220 Northwest Brandon Drive Department of Criminal Justice 1155 East 60th Street Pullman, W A 99163 650 West Easterday Avenue Room 049 (509) 335-3329 • (509) 335-2362 Sault Ste Marie, MI 49783 Chicago, IL 60637 self@mail. wsu.edu (906) 635-2173 . (906) 635-2753 (773) 834-0149 . (773) 702-2101 [email protected] Lucas, Schannae Logan, Mark Washington State University Madruga, Heather Massachusetts Police Corps 728 Johnson Tower University of Massachusetts at Lowell 484 Shea Memorial Drive Pullman, WA 99163 Department of Criminal Justice South Weymouth, MA 02190 (509) 335-2544 Lowell, MA 01854 (781) 337-6311 • (781) 337-6245 [email protected] (978) 934-4108 • (978) 934-3077 [email protected] Lurigio, Arthur Magers, Jeffrey S. Long, Lydia M. Loyola University of Chicago Stephen F. Austin State University University of Houston at Downtown Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice 820 North Michigan Avenue 24 Austin Hallow Circle One Main Street Chicago, IL 60611 Nacogdoches, TX75965-2955 Suite 1 001-S (312) 915-7565 . (773) 792-1041 (936) 468-2061 • (936) 468-7215 Houston, TX 77002-1001 [email protected] [email protected] (713) 221-8016 . (713) 221-2726 long@dt. uh.edu Luthra, Parul Mahmoud, Mohamed Hanafi Pennsylvania State University at Police Science Academy Longmire, Dennis Harrisburg Post Office Box 1510 Sam Houston State University Honors Program Sharjah, United Arab Emirates College of Criminal Justice Olmstead C118 Counselor in the Highest Criminal Court Post Office Box 2296 Middletown, P A 17057 Ministry of Justice-EGYPT, Huntsville, TX 77341 (717) 948-6062 • (717) 948-6650 009716-573-4050 . 009715-797-4750 (409) 294-1651 • (409) 295-1653 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lutze, Faith Mahoney, Annette M. Loper, D. Kall Washington State University Hunter College - CUNY University of North Texas Criminal Justice Program School of Social Work Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 644880 129 East 79th Street Post Office Box 305130 Pullman, WA 99164-4880 New York, NY 10021 Denton, TX 76203-5130 (509) 335-2272 • (509) 335-7990 (212) 452-7491 (940) 369-8868 • (940) 565-2548 [email protected]. wsu.edu [email protected] [email protected] Lynch, James P. Makin, David Lord, Vivian B. American University University of Louisville University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Justice, Law and Society 109 Breckenridge Square Department of Criminal Justice School of Public Affairs Louisville, KY 40220 9201 University City Boulevard 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest (502) 852-2119 Charlotte, NC 28223-0001 Washington, DC 20016-8043 [email protected] (704) 687-2009 • (704) 687-3349 (202) 885-2957 [email protected] [email protected] Malatesta, Jo Anne State University of New York at Albany Louck, Amy S. Lyons, Horace School of Criminal Justice Wright State University Sam Houston State University Draper Hall 94 Loretta A venue Department of Criminal Justice 135 Western Avenue Fairborn, OH 45324 2215 Avenue I Albany, NY 12222 (937) 879-4924 Suite G27 (518) 442-5210 . (518) 442-5212 [email protected] Huntsville, TX 77340 (936) 435-0285 . (936) 291-1653 Mallicoat, Stacy Love, Sharon Redhawk [email protected] University of Colorado Pennsylvania State University at Altoona Department of Sociology Department of Criminal Justice and MacDonald, John M. University Campus Box 327 Sociology University of South Carolina Boulder, CO 80309-0327 3000 Ivyside Drive College of Criminal Justice (303) 402-9579 • (303) 492-8878 103 Cypress Columbia, SC 29208 [email protected] Altoona, PA 16601 (803) 777-7065 . (803) 777-3619 (814) 949-5781 [email protected] Mallory, Stephen L. srl11 @psu.edu University of Southern Mississippi Maddan, Sean Department of Criminal Justice Lovell, Rick 94 9 South 70th Plaza Box 5127 University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Suite 7 Hattiesburg, MS 39406 6147 North Shoreland A venue Omaha, NE 68106 (601) 266-4509 . (601) 266-4391 Whitefish Bay, WI 53217 (402) 554-3348 [email protected] (414) 962-9483 . (414) 229-5311 [email protected] [email protected] Manzi, Stephanie Picolo Marsh, Cheryl Mays, G. Larry Roger Williams University Naval Criminal Investigative Service New Mexico State University School of Justice Studies Attn: Code 10A2 Department of Criminal Justice One Old Ferry Road 716 Sicard Street, SE Post Office Box 30001 Bristol, RI 02809 Suite 2000 MSC 3487 (401) 254-3369 . (401) 254-3431 Washington Naval Yard Las Cruces, NM 88003 [email protected] Washington, DC 20388-5380 (505) 646-3955 • (505) 646-2827 (202) 433-9161 • (202) 433-9164 [email protected] Marcus, Michael H. [email protected] Circuit Court, Multnomah County, Oregon Mazzuchelli, James 1021 Southwest Fourth Avenue Marshall, lneke Haen Plymouth State College Courtroom 538 University of Nebraska at Omaha Department of Criminal Justice Portland, OR 97204 Department of Criminal Justice 17 High Street (503) 988-3250 • (503) 276-0961 Annex 37 MSC #59 [email protected] 60th & Dodge Streets Plymouth, NH 03264 Omaha, NE 68182-0001 (603) 535-2410 . (603) 535-2854 Mares, Dennis (402) 554-3898 . (402) 554-2326 j_mazzuchelli@mail. pl ymouth.edu 9004 Gedde A venue imarshall @mail.unomaha .edu Berkeley, MO 63134 McAninch, Helen (314) 428-4081 Martin, Kimberly Drake Law School so678@admiral. umsl.edu Georgia State University 1338 Lincoln Road Department of Criminal Justice Bettendorf, lA 52722 Marion, Nancy Post Office Box 4018 (563) 359-0043 University of Akron Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 Dancequeen11 @aol.com Department of Political Science (404) 651-3515 . (404) 651-3658 237 OlinHall [email protected] McAninch, Thomas Akron, OH 44720 Scott Community College (330) 972-5551 . (330) 972-8841 Martin, Jr., Robert A. 1338 Lincoln Road [email protected] State University of New York at Albany Bettendorf, lA 52722 School of Criminal Justice (563) 359-0043 Markel, Paul 135 Western Ave [email protected] MinotState University Albany, NY 12222 Rural Crime and Justice Center (518) 591-8715 . (518) 442-5716 McBride, R. Bruce 500 University A venue West [email protected] Utica College at Syracuse (701) 858-4296 . (701) 839-6933 312 Deperno [email protected] Martinelli, ThomasJ. Burrstone Road Wayne State University Utica, NY 13502 Markowitz,Michael W. 8900 East Jefferson Avenue (513) 792-3267 Widener University Suite 507 rmcbride@u tica. ucsu .edu 1 University Place Detroit, MI 48214-2960 Chester, P A 19013-5792 (810) 778-4990 . (810) 778-4992 McCartan, Lisa (610) 499-4365 . (610) 499-4603 [email protected] Le Moyne College [email protected] Division of Criminal Justice Maruna, Shadd Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology Marks, Monique Institute of Criminology 1419 Salt Springs Road University of Natal, Durban 7West Road Syracuse, NY 13214-1399 Department of Sociology Cambridge CB3 9DT, (315) 445-4594 • (315) 445-4540 Private Bag, X10 Dalbridge 4001, UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] SOUTH AFRICA 44 1223 763 101 .44 1223 353 356 [email protected] [email protected] McCarthy, Nathan Plymouth State College Marquart,James W. Mateyoke-Scrivner, Allison Department of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Center on Drug & Alcohol Research 17 High Street College of Criminal Justice 643 Maxwelton Court MSC #59 Post Office Box 2296 Lexington, KY 40506 Plymouth, NH 03264 Huntsville, TX 77341 (859) 257-5213 . (859) 323-1193 (603) 535-2410 . (603) 535-2854 (936) 294-1663 . (936) 294-1653 [email protected] [email protected]. plymouth.edu [email protected] Mathis, Stephen McCartney, L. Michael Mars, Joan Wheaton College Westfield State College University of Michigan at Flint Department of Philosophy Department of Criminal Justice Dept of Sociology, Anthropology & Norton, MA 02766 1000 Bay Road Criminal Justice (508) 286-3677 • (508) 286-3649 Amherst, MA 01002 Flint, MI 48502 [email protected] (413) 572-5310 . (413) 572-5612 (810) 762-3340 . (810) 762-3065 lmmccartney@wisdom. wsc.mass.edu jrmars@flint. umich.edu Matthews, Betsy EasternKentucky University McCarty,Dawn Marsh, Robert Department of Correctional and Juvenile Lamar University Boise State University Justice Studies Department of Sociology, Social Work and Department of Criminal Justice 521 Lancaster A venue Criminal Justice 1910 University Drive 105 Stratton Building Post Office Box 10026 Boise, ID 83725 Richmond, KY 40475 Beaumont, TX 7771 0 (208) 426-3451 • (208) 426-4371 (859) 622-8113 (409) 880-8549 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] McConnell, Elizabeth H. McGee, Zina McMorris, Michael A. Charleston Southern University Hampton University Ferris State University Department of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology School of Criminal Justice 9200 University Boulevard 246 Martin Luther King Hall 514 Bishop Hall Charleston, SC 29423-8087 Hampton, VA 23668 Big Rapids, MI 49307 (843) 863-7131 . (843) 863-7198 (757) 728-6913 . (757) 727-5131 (231) 591-2938 . (231) 591-3792 bmcconne@csuniv .edu [email protected] [email protected] McCormack, Jr., Robert McGinley, Tracy Goss McNally, Roger The College of New Jersey Bowling Green State University at Firelands State University of New York at Brockport Department of Law and Justice 307 West Hall Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 7718 Huron, OH 44839 350 New Campus Drive Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 (419) 372-0790 . (419) 433-9696 Brockport, NY 14420 (609) 771-3185 . (609) 637-5196 [email protected] (585) 395-2665 • (585) 395-2366 [email protected] [email protected] McKenna, Robert W. McCoy, Laura Roger Williams University McNeece, C. Aaron Richard Stockton College of New Jersey School of Justice Studies Florida State University Criminal Justice Program One Old Ferry Road School of Social Work 22 Commodore Court Bristol, RI 02809 University Center, Room 3406 Barnegat, NJ 08005 (401) 254-3715 . (401) 254-3431 Building C (609) 698-4714 [email protected] Tallahassee, FL 32306-2570 [email protected] (850) 645-4792 • (850) 644-9750 McKenzie, Douglas G. [email protected] McCrystle, Michael Grand Valley State University California State University at Sacramento School of Criminal Justice and Legal McShane, Marilyn D. 6000 J Street Studies University of Houston - Downtown Sacramento, CA 95864 249-C DeVoss Center Department of Criminal Justice (916) 278-6387 . (916) 278-7692 401 West Fulton Street One Main Street [email protected] Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6431 Suite 1001-S (616) 336-7138 Houston, TX 77002-1001 McDevitt, Jack [email protected] (713) 221-2757 . (713) 221-2726 Northeastern University [email protected] Center for Policy Research in Criminal McKenzie, Nikki Justice University of Portsmouth Meadows, Robert J. 400 Churchill Hall Justice Studies California Lutheran University 360 Huntingdon A venue 27, Pennycress, Locks Heath Post Office Box 434 Boston, MA 02115 Southampton, Hampshire S031 6SY, Moorpark, CA 93020 (617) 373-4420 • (508) 429-8980 ENGLAND (805) 493-3484 • (805) 493-3479 [email protected] 02392-843929 [email protected] [email protected]. uk McDonald, Judith A. Meehan, Nathan Westfield State College McKibben, Andre State University at Albany 38 Hangdog Lane Institut Philippe Pinel de Montreal School of Criminal Justice Somers, CT 06071 Montreal, Quebec H1C 1H1, 135 Western Avenue (413) 572-5552 CANADA Albany, NY 12222 jmcdonald@wisdom. wsc.ma.edu [email protected] (518) 591-8781 • (518) 442-5603 [email protected] McDonald, Hope S. McKinney, Jerry Douglas College of Medicine University of Great Falls Meeker, James Department of Behavioral Science Department of Criminal Justice University of California 122 College of Medicine Office Building Post Office Box 427 School of Social Ecology Lexington, KY 40536 Balsam, NC 28707 Irvine, CA 92697-7080 (859) 257-8247 . (859) 323-1193 (828) 452-7603 • (828) 586-3922 (949) 824-7306 • (949) 824-3001 [email protected] jaymac_ [email protected] [email protected] McDonald, Danielle McKinnon, Kristi M. Mele, Marie Indiana University of Pennsylvania University of Arkansas at Little Rock 97 Plymouth Avenue 31 Cactus Drive 2125 Landover Trail Maplewood, NJ 07040 Indiana, PA 15701 Conway, AR 72032 (973) 353-1300 . (973) 353-1228 (724) 354-2907 (501) 450-9270 . (501) 569-3195 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Melzer, Sharon McGarrell, Edmund F. McMillan, Charles Florida State University Michigan State University Dillard University 3909 Reserve Drive School of Criminal Justice Department of Social Sciences Apartment 134 College of Social Science 201 Gentilly Boulevard Tallahassee, FL 32311 560 Baker Hall New Orleans, LA 71022-9985 (850) 656-6840 East Lansing, MI 48824 [email protected] (517) 355-2193 [email protected] Memory, John Meyer, Jr., Fred A. Milson, Bonnie D. Lafayette State University Ball State University Lamar University Criminal Justice Program Department of Political Science Box 10026 1200 Murchison Road 4317 Castleton Court Beaumont, TX 77710 Fayetteville, NC 28301-4298 Muncie, IN 47306 (91 0) 672-1966 (765) 285-8794 . (765) 285-5345 Mimura, Susan [email protected] [email protected] Boise City Attorney 101 South Capitol Boulevard Memory, John M. Miller, Alexis J. Boise, ID 83702-5958 7 St. George Drive MiddleTennessee State University (208) 384-3870 • (208) 384-4454 Pinehurst, NC 28374 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (910) 295-5809 Administration [email protected] Post Office Box 238 Minor, Kevin Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Eastern Kentucky University Merianos, Dorothy E. (615) 898-5159 . (615) 898-5159 Department of Correctional and Juvenile University of Texas at Tyler [email protected] Justice Studies College of Arts & Sciences 521 Lancaster A venue 3900 University Boulevard Miller, Donald Stratton 105 Tyler, TX 75707 Kent State University at Stark Campus Richmond, KY 40475-3102 (903) 566-7414 . (903) 565-5537 6000 Frank Avenue NW (859) 622-2240 • (859) 622-6650 dmerianos@uttyler .edu Canton, OH 44720-7599 [email protected] Mericle, J. Gayle Miller, R. Robin Minton, Lisa Western lllinois University Drury University Administrative Office of the Courts Department of Law Enforcement & Justice Department of Criminal Justice 100 Mill Creek Park Administration 900 North Benton Frankfort, KY 40601 1 University Circle Springfield, MO 65802 (800) 928-2350 403 Stipes Hall (417) 873-7891 • (417) 873-6942 [email protected] Macomb, IL 61455-1390 [email protected] (309) 298-1928 . (309) 298-2187 Mizrahi, Stephanie [email protected] Miller, Mark Washington State University American Prosecutors Research Institute Department of Political Science Merlo, Alida 99 Canal Center Plaza Post Office Box 2144 Indiana University of Pennsylvania Suite 510 Johnson Tower 725-WSU Department of Criminology Alexandria, VA 22314 Pullman, WA 99165 441 North Walk (703) 519-1647 . (703) 836-3195 (509) 335-2544 . (509) 335-2362 McElhaney Hall, G-1 [email protected] [email protected] Indiana, PA 15705-1075 (724) 357-5610 . (724) 357-4018 Miller, J. Mitchell Moak, Stacy C. [email protected] University of South Carolina The University of Louisiana at Monroe Currell College of Criminal Justice Stubbs Hall 217 Merryman, Molly Columbia, SC 29208 Monroe, LA 71209 Kent State University (803) 777-6546 . (803) 777-9600 (318) 342-1404 . (318) 342-1458 Trumbull Campus [email protected] [email protected] 4314 Mahoning Avenue Warren, OH 44483 Miller, Holly Mock, Lois Felson (330) 675-7615 . (330) 675-7676 Sam Houston State University National Institute of Justice [email protected] College of Criminal Justice 810 7th Street, Northwest Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Washington, DC 20531 Messerschmidt, James W. (936) 294-1686 . (936) 294-1653 (202) 307-0693 • (202) 61 6-0275 University of Southern Maine [email protected] [email protected] Department of Criminology Post Office Box 9300 Miller, A very Moe, Angela M. Portland, ME 04104 University of Northern Iowa WesternMichigan University (207) 780-4753 • (207) 780-4987 Sociology, Anthropology & Criminology Department of Sociology [email protected] Cedar Falls 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5257 Metchik, Eric Millhoff, Patricia A. (616) 387-5257 . (616) 387-2882 24 Nottinghill Road University of Akron [email protected] Brighton, MA 02135 166 Q Polskys (978) 542-6953 . (617) 783-8544 Akron, OH 44325-4304 Mohammad, Fida emetchik@salemsta te.edu (330) 972-8267 State of University of New York at Oneonta [email protected] Department of Sociology Meyer, Jon' a Ravine Parkway, FH 402 Rutgers University Milovanovich, Zoran Oneonta, NY 13820 Department of Sociology Lincoln University (607) 436-2166 . (607) 436-2689 311 North Fifth Street Department of Sociology and [email protected] Camden, NJ 08102 Anthropology (856) 225-6207 . (856) 225-6602 Lincoln University, P A 19352 Momayezi, Nasser (610) 932-8300 ext. 3548 • (610) 932-1880 Texas A&M International University [email protected] College of Arts and Humanities Laredo, TX 78041 (956) 326-2465 • (956) 326-2464 [email protected] Monahan, Lynn Mom, Frank Muffett, Stacy University of New Haven Illinois State University University of Akron Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Akron, OH 44325-1904 300 Orange A venue Campus Box 5250 (330) 972-8317 West Haven, CT 06516 Normal, IL 61761-5250 (203) 932-7489 . (203) 931-6071 (309) 438-7853 • (309) 438-7289 Mullings, Janet L. [email protected] [email protected] Sam Houston State University College of Criminal Justice Monahan, James J. Morreale, Stephen A. Huntsville, TX 77341 University of New Haven HHS / OIG - Investigations (409) 294-1646 . (409) 294-4296 Department of Criminal Justice 58 Oregon Road [email protected] 300 Orange Avenue Southborough, MA 01772 West Haven, CT 06516 (617) 565-2637 . (617) 565-4186 Muraskin, Roslyn (203) 932-7279 stevebos@charter .net Long Island University at C.W. Post [email protected] 34 Julia Circle Morrison, Jennifer Middle Island, NY 11953 Monroe, Terrence L. Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi (516) 299-3146 . (516) 299-2640 Northeastern University Social Science Research Center [email protected] Criminal Justice Research Center 6300 Ocean Drive 716 Columbus Avenue NRC 2005 Murphy, Kevin J. Boston, MA 02115 Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Rutgers University (617) 373-5818 . (617) 373-5817 (361) 825-3205 . (361) 825-3784 Camden Campus [email protected] lOlA Memorial Avenue Morrow, Nina Palmyra, NJ 08065 Montanez, Deseree Hampton University (856) 304-3051 • (856) 757-5273 John Jay College of Criminal Justice Adult Crime Victimization Project [email protected] 19 Prospect Avenue 100 Phoenix Hall Staten Island, NY 10301 Hampton, VA 23668 Murphy, Rosemary (757) 727-5973 National Institute of Justice Moon, Byongook Department of Justice Michigan State University Morton, Danielle 810 7th Street, Northwest 1631 G Spartan Village Tiffin University Washington, DC 20531 East Lansing, MI 48823 155 Miami Street (202) 307-2959 . (202) 616-0275 (517) 355-9964 Tiffin, OH 44883 [email protected] [email protected] (419) 443-8306 [email protected] Muscat, Bernadette Mooney, Jennifer 2B Richland Lane Eastern Kentucky University Moskos, Peter C. A part�ent 207 437 Lenney Drive Harvard University Camp Hill, P A 17011 Apartment A 31-67 34th Street (717) 815-1914 . (717) 849-1649 Lexington, KY 40517 Astoria, NY 11106 [email protected] (859) 257-5213 . (859) 323-1193 (718) 956-1790 [email protected] [email protected] Mustaine, Elizabeth Ehrhardt University of Central Florida Moore, Jr., Robert E. Mosley, ThomasS. Department of Sociology 801 North 28th Avenue PH 403 Apartment 78 Motivans, Mark Orlando, FL 32816-1360 Hattiesburg, MS 39401 Bureau of Justice Statistic (407) 823-2206 . (407) 823-3026 ( 601) 266-4509 • 810 Seventh Street NW [email protected] [email protected] Washington, DC 20531 (202) 514-4272 . (202) 307-5846 Mutchnik, Rob Morash, Merry motivanm@ojp. usdoj.gov Indiana University of Pennsylvania Michigan State University Department of Criminology School of Criminal Justice Mu, Wang 207 Wilson Hall 560 Baker Hall China University of Political Science and Indiana, PA 15705-1075 East Lansing, MI 48824-1118 Law (724) 357-5604 (517) 355-2192 . (517) 432-1787 Dean of School of Criminal Justice [email protected] [email protected] 25 Xitucheng Road Haidian District Myamba, Flora Morgan, Etta F. Beijing 100088, St. Cloud State University Pennsylvania State University at CHINA 720 Fourth A venue South Harrisburg 86-10-6972231 • 86-10-6972236 St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 1 Wildwood Building [email protected] (320) 654-5345 • (320) 255-2993 Middletown, P A 17057 (717) 948-6615 . (717) 948-6320 Mueller, David Myers, Laura efm1 [email protected] Boise State University Sam Houston State University Criminal Justice Administration College of Criminal Justice Morgenbesser, Leonard Ira 1910 University Drive Post Office Box 2296 New York's Department of Corrections Boise, ID 83725-1955 Huntsville, TX77341 21 9 Tampa A venue (208) 426-2645 • (208) 426-4371 (936) 294-1654 . (936) 294-1653 Albany, NY 12208-1426 [email protected] [email protected] (518) 485-7364 . (5180 457-2689 [email protected] Myers, David Nerbonnet, Terry Nurge, Dana Indiana University of Pennsylvania Ferris State University San Diego State University Department of Criminology School of Criminal Justice Department of Public Administration G-1 McElhaney Hall 519 Bishop Hall 5500 Campanile Drive 441 North Walk 1349 Cramer Circle San Diego, CA 92182-4505 Indiana, PA 15705 Big Rapids, MI 49307 (619) 594-1165 . (619) 594-1165 (724) 357-5611 • (724) 357-4018 (231) 591-2836 . (231) 591-3792 [email protected] [email protected] p.edu N [email protected] Oberweis, Trish Myrstol, Brad Neubauer, David Southern illinois University 3211 Providence Drive University of New Orleans Department of Sociology Suite 306 Department of Political Science Box 1455 Anchorage, AK 99508 2200 Lakeshore Drive Edwardsville, IL 62026-1455 (907) 786-4885 . (907) 786-7777 New Orleans, LA 70148-0001 (618) 650-3292 [email protected] (504) 280-6465 • (504) 286-3838 [email protected] [email protected] Naik, Deepa O'Brien, Jeff University of North Carolina at Charlotte Nicholson, Donna Northeastern University Department of Criminal Justice Manchester Community Technical College Mentors in Violence Program 9201 Univeristy City Boulevard Department of Crirnnal Justice 716 Columbus Avenue Charlotte, NC 28223 60 Bidwell Street Suite 161 CP (704) 687-3349 Manchester, CT 06022 Boston, MA 02120 (860) 647-6339 . (860) 647-6031 (617) 373--4025 . (617) 373-4566 Nakama, Leigh [email protected] [email protected] State University of New York at Albany School of Criminal Justice Niesyn, Patricia O'Connor, Thomas R. 135 Western A venue Connecticut Department of Corrections North Carolina Wesleyan College Albany, NY 12222 Office of Victim Services 3400 North Wesleyan Boulevard (518) 591-8760 . (518) 442-5603 31 Cooke Street Rocky Mount, NC 27804 [email protected] Plainville, CT 06062 (252) 985-5166 . (252) 985-5109 (888) 869-7057 [email protected] N all a, Mahesh Michingan State University Nolan, James J. O'Hara, Patrick School of Criminal Justice West Virginia University John Jay College of Criminal Justice 560 Baker Hall Division of Sociology and Anthropology Department of Public Management East Lansing, MI 48824-1 118 316 Knapp Hall 445 West 59th Street (517) 355-2197 . (517) 432-1787 Morgantown, WV 26506 New York, NY 10019 [email protected] (304) 293--5801 • (304) 293-5994 [email protected] jim.nolan@mail. wvu.edu Nation, Denise Deon Okereke, Godpower 0. 4155 Fox Run Trail Noone, Diana Texas A&M University at Texarkana ApartmentlO National Institute of Justice Criminal Justice Program Cincinnati, OH 45255 810 7th Street, Northwest 2600 N. Robinson Road (513) 556-5932 • (513) 556-3033 Washington, DC 20531 Texarkana, TX 75501-5518 [email protected] (202) 616-4786 (903) 223--3163 • (903) 223--3121 [email protected] [email protected] Nave, Tim Mercyhurst College Nored, Lisa S. Oliver, Willard 501 East 38th Street University of Southern Mississippi Radford University Box 1473 Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Erie, P A 16546 Box 5127 Post Office Box 6934 (814) 824-3184 Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Radford, VA 24142 [email protected] ( 601) 266-4509 • ( 601) 266-4391 (540) 831-6334 . (540) 831-6075 [email protected] [email protected] Neiswender, John Washington State University Norris, Michael R. Olufokunbi, Delia 120 Northwest Ann Street Capital University Apartment 23 3097 Wolfe Drive Onwudiwe, Christian Pullman, WA 99163 Fairborn, OH 45324 Youngstown State University (509) 335-2544 (937) 228-5006 . (937) 228-4306 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] mnorris@ca pital.edu One University Plaza Youngstown, OH 44555 Nelligan, Peter Norton-Hawk, Maureen (330) 742-1788 . (330) 742-2309 California State University at Stanislaus Suffolk University [email protected] Department of Sociology and Criminal Department of Sociology Justice 56 Temple Street Onwudiwe, Ihekwoaba 801 West Monte Vista A venue Boston, MA 02114 University of Maryland at Eastern Shore Turlock, CA 95382 (617) 573-8491 • (617) 720-0490 Department of Criminal Justice (209) 667-3030 . (209) 664-7034 mhawks@suffolk. edu Post Office Box 3938 [email protected] Salisbury, MD 21802 (410) 651-6569 . (410) 651-8919 [email protected] Onyeozili, Emmanuel Ozguler, Mustafa Parker, Mary L. University of Maryland at Easternshore Turkish National Police University of Arkansas at Little Rock Department of Criminal Justice Emniyet Genel Mudurlugu Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box APK Daire Baskanligi South University Salisbury, MD Ankara, Turkey Little Rock, AR 3938 2801 [email protected] [email protected], rn1pa [email protected] (410) 651-6579 . (410) 651-8919 90-533-630-6385 .90-312-428-8120 (501) 569-3195 . (501) 569-3075 O'Rourke, Marvene Paik, Leslie Pascale, Carmen National Institute of Justice University of California, Los Angeles Hillside A venue Department of Justice Armacost A venue Hasbrouck Heights, NJ 7th Street NW Apartment 130 Washington, DC Los1260 Angeles, CA [email protected] 810 [email protected] (201) 727-1354 [email protected] 90025 Passas, Nikos (202) 514-9802 . (202) 307-6254 Palmiotto, Michael J. Temple University Orvis, Gregory Wichita State University Gladfelter Hall University of Texas at Tyler School of Community Affairs West Berks Street Department of Social Sciences Fairmount Street 529Philadelphia, PA University Boulevard Wichita, KS 1115 Tyler, TX 1845 • [email protected] mple.edu 3900 michael. palmiotto@wichi67260-0135 ta.edu (215) 204-8605 . (215) 204-3872 [email protected] yl.edu (316) 978-6524 (316) 978-3626 Patchin, Justin W. (903) 566-7458 . (903) 565-5537 Palombo, BernadetteJones Michigan State University Osofsky, Michael Louisiana State University, Shreveport Baker Hall Stanford University Department of History/Social Sciences East Lansing, MI Post Office Box One University Place 560 Stanford, CA Bronson Hall [email protected] 11757 Shreveport, LA (517) 432-7160 . (517) 432-1787 [email protected] 339• Patrick, Steve (504) 727-7327 . (504) 524-9784 [email protected] Boise State University Otu, Noel (318) 797-5343 (318) 797-5122 Department of Sociology University of Texas at Brownsville Pandiani, John A. University Drive Department of Criminal Justice Department of Mental Health Boise, ID Fort Brown South Main Street 1910 Brownsville, TX Waterbury, VT spatrick@boisest83725 ate.edu 80 • 103 (208) 385-3225 [email protected] 78520 J [email protected]. vt. us Pattavina, April (956) 544-8995 (956) 982-0206 (802) 241-2638 . (802) 241-3052 University of Massachusetts at Lowell Ouimet, Marc Pangle, Pamela Department of Criminal Justice University of Montreal The University of Tennessee at Broadway Street Department of Criminology Chattanooga Suite 2 Post Office Box Department 870Lowell, MA Station A McCallie Avenue [email protected] Montreal, Quebec6128 H3C 3J7, Chattanooga,3203 TN 01854-3044 CANADA 615 Paulsen, Derek J. 37403 EasternKentucky University [email protected] (423)Paoline, 425-4509 III, Eugene Stratton Building (514) 343-6228 University of Central Florida Lancaster A venue Owens, David Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Richmond,467 KY Onondaga Community College Studies 521 Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box [email protected] Onondaga Road Orlando, FL (859) 622-2906 Syracuse, NY 161600 Payne, Justin 4941 • epaoline@ma32816-1600il. ucf.edu Dawson Community College [email protected] .edu (407) 823-4946 . (407) 823-5360 College Drive (315) 498-2670 (315) 498-2264 Paparazzi, Mario Post Office Box Ozdogan, Ali The College of New Jersey 300Glendive, MT Turkish National Police & UNT Department of Law and Justice law_enforcement_ 421 club@ho tmail.com Post Office Box Post Office Box 59330 Cankaya, Ankara, Ewing, NJ Pealer, Jennifer TURKEY 28 7718 University of Cincinnati [email protected] Division of Criminal Justice [email protected] (609) 771-2288 . (609) 771-3885 Post Office Box 90-544-204-6099 . 90-312-412-6612 Parent, Richard B. Cincinnati, OH Ozeren, Suleyman Simon Fraser University 210389 University of North Texas School of Criminology [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice University Drive (513) 556-2036 . (513) 556-2037 Post Office Box Burbaby, BC V5A Pearson, Peggi Cheri Denton, TX 8888CANADA Post Office Box 305130 1S6, Brookline, MO [email protected] [email protected] 563 (940) 565-4475 . (940) 565-2548 (604) 291-3213 . (604) 291-4140 [email protected] (417) 864-5898 Pearson, Hillary Peterson, Kristin E. Plecas, Darryl University of Alaska at Anchorage East Tennessee State University University College of the Fraser Valley 600 West 45th Avenue Department of Criminal Justice and Department of Criminology and Criminal Apartment 9 Criminology Justice Anchorage, AK 99503 Post Office Box 70,555 33844 King Road (907) 677-7831 Johnson City, TN 37614 Abbotsford, British Columbia V2S 7M8, [email protected] (423) 439-5346 . (423) 439-4660 CANADA [email protected] (604) 854-4553 Peat, Barbara [email protected] Inidana University at South Bend Petrocelli, Matthew School of Public and Enviromental Affairs Southern IllinoisUniversity Pochowsi, Peter Post Office Box 7111 Department of Sociology and Criminal Mil waukee Public School South Bend, IN 46634-7111 Justice Milwaukee, WI (219) 237-4549 . (219) 237-6514 Box 1455 (414) 345-6628 [email protected] Edwardsville, IL 62026 (618) 650-3296 Poland, James M. Pelz, Beth [email protected] California State University University of Houston at Downtown Department of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Pettier, Laura G. 6000 J Street One MainStreet Youngstown State University Sacramento, CA 95819 Suite S625 103 Windy Ghoul Drive (916) 278-6437 . (916) 278-7692 Houston, TX 77002 Beaver, PA 15009 [email protected] (713) 221-8943 . (713) 221-2726 (704) 617-6177 . (724) 775-3387 [email protected] [email protected] Policastro, Kelly Bergen Community College Peralta, Robert Phillipe-Pare, Paul cf o Criminal Justice Club American University Pennsylvania State University 400 Paramus Road Justice, Law and Society Department of Sociology Paramus, NJ 07652 4400 Massachusetts Avenue 211 Oswald Tower (201) 797-8485 Washington, DC 20016-8043 University Park, PA 16802 kell81281 @aol.com (202) 885-6223 rperal [email protected] Phillips, Keondra L. Polk, 0. Elmer Hampton University University of Texas at Arlington Perkins, Martina Department of Psychology Department of Criminology and Criminal City Legal Department Hampton, VA 23668 Justice Post Office Box 500 (757) 728-6913 Post Office Box 19595 Boise, ID 83701-0500 [email protected] Arlington, TX 76019 (208) 384-3870 . (208) 384-4454 (817) 272-3320 . (817) 272-5673 [email protected] Phillips, Lauren [email protected] Dillard University Perkins, David Department of Social Sciences Pollock, Joycelyn Southwest Texas State University 201 Gentilly Boulevard Southwest Texas State University Department of Criminal Justice New Orleans, LA 71022-9985 Department of Criminal Justice Hines Academic Center HAC 120 Room 120 Pilgrim, Rocky San Marcos, TX 78666 San Marcos, TX 78666 Boston College Law School (512) 245-7706 • (512) 245-8063 (512) 245-2174 . (512) 245-8063 885 Centre Street [email protected] [email protected] Newton, MA 02459 (617) 461-4738 Ponder, Bruce S. Perroncello, Peter [email protected] Allen - Ponder Associates Bristol County Jail 62 Lakeview Drive 226 Ash Street Piquero, Nicole Leeper Palm Springs, CA 92264-5506 New Bedford, MA 02740 University of Florida (760) 770--8012 • (760) 770--4072 (508) 996-6704 • (508) 999-7168 Center for Studies in Criminology and Law bponder 1 @aol.com [email protected] Post Office Box 115950 206 Walker Hall Pontell, Henry N. Perry, Alice E. Gainesville, FL 32611-5950 University of California at Irvine Indiana University (352) 392-1025 ext.206 • (352) 392-5065 Department of Criminology, Law and 541 Clover Terrace, West [email protected] Society Bloomington, IN 47404 2389 Social Ecology 2 Plante, Elizabethe G. Irvine, CA 92697-7080 Peters, Jr., John G. University of New Hampshire (714) 824-6153 . (714) 824-3001 436 Herr A venue Sexual Harassment and Rape Prevention hn pontel @uci.edu Millersville, PA 17551 Program (703) 740-1437 . (703) 740-1473 202 Huddleston Hall Pontzer, Daniel [email protected] Durham, NH 03824 Indiana University of Pennsylvania (603) 862-3494 . (603) 862-2996 988 Centennial Drive Peterson, Dana [email protected] Indiana, P A 15701 University at Albany (724) 357-2720 . (724) 357-4018 School of Criminal Justice [email protected] 135 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12222 (518) 442-5711 • (518)442-5212 [email protected] Potgieter, P.J. Queen, Cecil R. Reasons, Charles E. University of Zululand, Kwadlangeza Ferris State University Central Washington University Department of Criminal Justice 521 Bishop Hall Department of Law and Justice Private Bag X1001 1349 Cramer Circle Psychology Building 465 3886, SOUTH AFRICA, Big Rapids, MI 49307-2737 400 East 8th A venue [email protected] (231) 591-5865 Ellensburg, W A 98926-7580 [email protected] (509) 963-1779 . (509) 963-3205 Potter, Roberto Hugh [email protected] Center for Disease Control and Prevention Quick, Mary 2192 Desring Circle Georgia Southern University Redd, Margaret Atlanta, GA 30345 Justice Studies Program United States Court Certified Interpreter (404) 639-8011 Department of Political Science 116 McDowell Road [email protected] Stateboro, GA 30460 Lexington, KY40502 [email protected] (859) 266-6718 Pratte, Mary [email protected] University of Albany Quist, TheronM. School of Criminal Justice Baldwin-Wallace College Reddington, Fran 135 Western A venue Department of Sociology Central Missouri State University Albany, NY 12222 275 Eastland Road Department of Criminal Justice (518) 457-8542 • (518) 457-3232 Berea, OH 44017 Humphreys 300 [email protected] (440) 826-8545 . (440) 826-6804 Warrensburg, MO 64093 (660) 543-4961 . (660) 543-8306 Prescott, Samantha Rabe, Gary A. [email protected] The University of Tennessee at Minot State University Chattanooga Department of Criminal Justice Reed, John C. Department 3203, 615 McCallie Avenue College of Arts & Sciences Louisville Division of Police Chattanooga, TN37403 500 University West 633 West Jefferson Street (423) 425-4509 Minot, NO 58707 Louisville, KY 40202 (701) 858-3507 (502) 574-7660 Pritchard, Anita [email protected] Florida Atlantic University Reed, Winifred Department of Political Science Ragusea, Anthony S. National Institute of Justice 777 Glades Road Wright State University 810 7th Street, NW Boca Raton, FL 33431 School of Professional Psychology Washington, DC 20531 (561) 297-3212 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway (202) 307-2952 . (202) 616-0275 Dayton, OH 45435-0001 [email protected] Proper, Diana (937) 775-3407 State University of New York at Albany [email protected] Reed, ThomasE. School of Criminal Justice EasternKentucky University 135 Western Avenue Rainville, Raymond R. Department of Criminal Justice and Police Albany, NY 12222 Saint Peter's College Studies (518) 402-5301 • (518) 442-5212 Department of Sociology and Criminal Stratton 467 [email protected] Justice Richmond, KY 40475-3102 2641 Kennedy Boulevard (859) 622-1159 . (859) 622-1549 Puglisi, Stephanee M. Jersey City, NJ 07306 [email protected] Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (201) 915-9272 . (201) 915-4241 Criminal Justice Program [email protected] Regnier, Richard Box 4212 Jim Leeds Road Western New England College Pomona, NJ 08240 Ramdhanie, Ian K. 1215 Wilbraham Road (609) 626-3378 University of the West Indies Springfield, MA 01119 Centre for Criminology and Criminal (413) 796-4022 . (413) 796-1746 Pullem, Alan C. Justice [email protected] Pennsylvania State University at Harisburg St. Augustine Campus Honors Program Trinidad & Tobago, Regoli, Robert 777W. Harrisburg Pike, Olmstead 118 WEST INDIES University of Colorado Middleton, PA 17057 (868) 645-1020 Department of Sociology (717) 948-6062 • (717) 948-6650 iramdhanie@fss. u wi. tt Boulder, CO 80309-0327 [email protected] (303) 492-7088 Ramsey, Robert [email protected] Purdy, Paulette Indiana University East University of Houston - Downtown Criminal Justice Ren, Xin One Main Street, Suite S 625 2335 Chester Boulevard 408 Sandpiper Drive Houston, TX 77002 Middlefork Hall - Room 358 Davis, CA 95616 (713) 221-2746 . (713) 221-2726 Richmond, IN 47374 (916) 278-6381 • (916) 278-7692 [email protected] (765) 973-8222 ext. 327 • (765) 973-8508 [email protected] [email protected] Purkiss, Marcus Renauer, Brian C. Boise State University Rasor, Carol Post Office Box 751 Department of Criminal Justice Pinellas County Sheriff's Office Portland, OR 97207-0751 Administration 10750 Ulmeeton Road (503) 725-8090 . (503) 725-5162 1019 University Drive Largo, FL 33778 [email protected] Boise, ID 83725-1955 (727) 464-6190 . (727) 464-6548 (208) 426-4114 • (208) 426-4371 [email protected] [email protected] Rheins, Philemon Roberson, Cliff Rose, Dina R. United States Department of Labor Washburn University Women's Prison Association 6 Fountain Plaza, Suite 300 Post Office Box 2267 175 Remson Street Buffalo, NY 14202 Stafford, TX 77497 Brooklyn, NY 10012 (716) 551-5065 . (716) 551-4035 (713) 703-6639 (212) 237-8664 [email protected] [email protected] drose@wpaonline@org Rhoades, Philip W. Roberts, Dominique Rosenthal, Robert A. Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi Stonehill College Department of Criminal Justice Roberts, Albert R. Martin Institute 6300 Ocean Drive Rutgers University 320 Washington Street Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Administration of Justice Easton, MA 02357 (361) 825-2637 . (361) 825-6098 Livingston College Campus (508) 565-1230 . (508) 565-1417 [email protected] Lucy Stone Hall B-261 rosenthal @stonehill.edu 54 Joyce Kilmer Avenue Rhodes, William Piscataway, NJ 08854 Roskes, Erik Abt Associates Inc. (732) 297-6761 • (732) 297-4160 Springfield Hospital Center 55 Wheeler Street [email protected] Forensic Treatment Cambridge, MA 10328 6655 Sykesville Road (617) 349-2731 Roberts, Marilyn M. Sykesville, MD 21784 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency (410) 495-2100 ext. 3908 • (410) 795-7724 Ribeiro, Ludmila Mendonca Lopes Prevention eroskes@carr .org Fundacao Joao Pinheiro United States Department of Justice Alameda das Acacias 801 7th Street NW Rosoff, Stephen M. 70 Sao Luis - Pampulha Room 3141 Tech World North University of Houston at Clear Lake Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31275-150, Washington, DC 20531 Graduate Program in Criminal Justice BRAZIL (202) 616-9055 School of Human Resources [email protected] [email protected] Bayou Hall 2-116-3 2700 Bayou Area Boulevard Richards, Stephen C. Roberts, David Houston, TX 77058 Northern Kentucky University Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (281) 283-3368 Department of Sociology Post Office Box 598 LA 234 Camp Hill, P A 17001-0598 Ross, James J. Highland Heights, KY 41099 Buffalo State (859) 572-5525 . (513) 481-5105 Robinson, Matthew V. Department of Criminal Justice richards@nku .edu York College of Pennsylvania 1300 Elmwood A venue 13 Health Lane Buffalo, NY 14222 Richards-Ekeh, Kaylene Mt. Pocono, P A 18344 (716) 878-5133 . (716) 878-3240 California State University at Sacramento (570) 839-3296 Division of Criminal Justice [email protected] Ross, Lee E. 6000 J. Street University of Wisconsin at Parkside Sacramento, CA 95819-6085 Robinson, Matthew B. Department of Criminal Justice (916) 278-6505 . (916) 278-7692 Appalachian State University 900 Wood Road [email protected] Department of Political Science and Post Office Box 2000 CriminalJustice Kenosha, WI 53141-2000 Ricketts, Melissa Whitener Hall (262) 595-3416 • (262) 595-2471 West Virginia State College Boone, NC 28608-2107 [email protected] Post Office Box 1000 (704) 262-6560 • (704) 262-2947 Campus Box 37 [email protected] Ross, Debra Institute, WV 25112 Buffalo State College (304) 766-3311 Rodriquez, Ill, Joseph P. Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] du The University of Texas at Arlington 1300 Elmwood A venue Arlington Police Department Buffalo, NY 14222 Ritter, Susan Department of Criminology and Criminal (716) 878-6138 • (716) 878-3240 University of Texas at Brownsville Justice [email protected] 2454 Price Road #276 Box 19595 Brownsville, TX 78520 Arlington, TX 76019-0595 Roth, Fred (956) 544-8993 ext. 6569 • (956) 982-0206 (817) 272-3318 . (817) 272-5673 Marshall University [email protected] Department of Sociology and Rollins, James Anthropology Rivers, David University of lllinois at Chicago 1 John Marshall Drive Florida International University Jane Addams College of Social Work Huntington, WV 25701 Biscayne Bay Campus 1040 W. Harrison Street, MC 309 (304) 696-2795 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] [email protected] North Miami, FL 33181 Roscoe, Thomas Roth, Mitchell R. Roach, R.P. Center for Adult Probation Sam Houston State University Marion County Sherrif's Office 73 Ryan Terrace College of Criminal Justice 100 High Street NE Torrington, CT 06790-3830 Huntsville, TX 77341-2296 Salem, OR 97308 (860) 489-7816 (936) 294-1649 . (936) 294-1653 (503) 588-5094 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]. us Rubenser, Lorie Sabol, William J. Sasse, Scott W. Sui Ross State University Center on Urban Poverty and Social University of Nebraska at Kearney . Department of Criminal Justice Change Department of Criminal Justice Box C-12 Case Western Reserve University 2216 Founders Hall Alpine, TX 79832 10900 Euclid Avenue Kearney, NE 68849-5040 (915) 837-8166 . (915) 837-8273 Cleveland, OH 44106-7164 (308) 865-8566 . (308) 865-8567 [email protected] (216) 368-0206 • (216) 368-5158 [email protected] [email protected] Ruiz, Jim Saum, Christine Pennsylvania State at Harrisburg Sacco, Lisa N. University of Deleware School of Public Affairs State University of New York The Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies 777 West Harrisburg Pike University at Albany 77 East Main Street Middletown, P A 17057 School of Criminal Justice Newark, DE 19716 (717) 944-8191 • (717) 948-6320 Draper Hal, 135 Western A venue (302) 831-3307 [email protected] Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] (518) 442-5210 . (518) 442-5212 Rush, Jeffrey P. Savage, Joanne The University of Tennessee at Salinas, Patti Ross American University Chattanooga Southwest Texas State University Department of Justice, Law and Society School of Social and Community Services Department of Criminal Justice School of Public Affairs Department 3203 12515 Mellow Meadow Drive 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest 615 McCallie A venue Austin, TX 78750 Washington, DC 20016-8043 Chattanooga, TN 37403 (512) 21 9-5798 ext. 239 (202) 885-2974 (423) 755-4509 . (423) 785-2228 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Salvatore, Christopher Saville, Gregory J. Russell, Tara Widener University University of New Haven Center on Drug & Alcohol Research 615 Old Schoolhouse Drive Center for Advanced Public Safety 643 Maxwelton Court Springfield, P A 19064 Research Lexington, KY 40506 (215) 880-5777 Forensic Science Building (859) 257-8247 . (859) 323-1193 [email protected] 300 Orange A venue [email protected] New Haven, CT 06516 Samuels, Lorraine (203) 932-7377 Russell, Stephen Prairie View A & M University [email protected] 302 Sycamore Hall School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology Bloomington, IN 47405 Drew Memorial Complex Scarborough, Kathryn (812) 855-2601 Suite 213 Eastern Kentucky University [email protected] Prairie View, TX 77446-4017 521 Lancaster A venue (936) 857-4938 . (936) 857-4941 Richmond,KY 40475 Ryan, Joseph [email protected] (606) 622-1464 . (606) 622-8038 Pace University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice and Sanchez, Minerva A. Sociology Sam Houston State University Scarpitti, Frank 861 Bedford Road College of Criminal Justice University of Delaware Choate House 1803 A venue I Department of Sociology and Criminal Room 122N Huntsville, TX 77340 Justice Pleasantville, NY 10570 (936) 294-3323 • (936) 294-3926 College of Arts and Sciences (914) 773-3814 . (914) 773-3785 [email protected] 3222 Smith Hall J [email protected] Newark, DE 19716 Sandridge, Shane (302) 831-2495 Ryan, Kevin F. 719 Philadelphia Street [email protected] Vermont Bar Association Apartment 302 Director of Programs and Publications Indiana, PA 15701 Schafer, Joseph 35 Court Street (724) 465-1052 Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Montpelier, VT 05601-0100 sbs4332@a tt.net Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency (802) 223-2020 . (802) 223-1573 and Corrections [email protected] Sandys, Marla Mailcode 4504 Indiana University at Bloomington Carbondale, IL 62901-4504 Ryan, Patrick J. Department of Criminal Justice (618) 453-6376 • (618) 453-6377 1172 Oove Road 302 Sycamore Hall [email protected] Hobart, NY 13788 Bloomington, IN 47405 (607) 538-1400 . (607) 538-1400 (812) 855-5892 • (812) 855-5522 Schain, Linda [email protected] [email protected] Hofstra University 30 Virginia Lane Ryder, Judith Santana, Shannon Thornwood, NY 10593 Rutgers University University of Cincinnati (914) 741-2080 . (914) 769-2387 NCCD Library Division of Criminal Justice [email protected] 123 Washington Avenue Post Office Box 210389 Newark, NJ 07102 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Schain, Rebecca [email protected] (513) 556-5830 • (513) 556-3303 30 Virginia Lane santansa@email. uc.edu Thornwood, NY 10593 (914) 741-2080 [email protected] Scheidegger, Arnie R. Schrock, Jennifer Sellars, Besangie Charleston SouthernUniversity National Institute of Justice Hampton University 9200 University Boulevard 810 7th Street, Northwest Adult Crime Victimization Project Post Office Box 118087 7th Floor 100 Phenix Hall Charleston, SC 29423-8087 Washington, DC 20531 Hampton, VA 23668 (843) 863-71 91 • (843) 863-7198 [email protected] (757) 727-5973 [email protected] [email protected] Schwartz, Martin D. Scheider, Matthew 2401 Calvert Street, NW Senjo, Scott United States Department of Justice Suite 816 Weber State University Office of Community Oriented Policing Washington, DC 20008 Department of Criminal Justice Services (740) 593-1366 . (740) 593-1365 1206 University Circle 1100 Vermont Avenue, Northwest [email protected] Ogden, UT 84408-1206 Washington, DC 20530 (801) 626-7851 • (801) 626-6145 (202) 633-1221 . (202) 633-1386 Scmidt, Eric D. ssenjo@weber .edu [email protected] Scott, Donald Seredycz, Michael Schemmel, D�niel Jon University of Evansville University of Nebraska at Omaha UnitedStates Department of Justice Law Politics and Society Department of Criminal Justice Community Oriented Police Services 1800 Lincoln A venue Durham Science Center 1100 Vermont Avenue Evansville, IN 47722 6001 Dodge Street Washington, DC 20530 (812) 488-1038 . (812) 479-2282 Omaha, NE 68182-0149 (202) 514-8289 [email protected] (402) 554-2792 • (402) 554-2326 [email protected] Scherb, Michelle L. Scully, Kristen 5109 590th Avenue Florida State University Sever, Brion Kiester, MN 56051 634 West Call Street Monmouth University (507) 294-9988 Tallahassee, FL 32306 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] (850) 644-4050 . (850) 644-9614 400 Cedar A venue [email protected] West Long Branch, NJ 07764 Schlegel, Kip (732) 708-9279 . (732) 263-5148 Indiana University Sears, Richard W. [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Wright State University 302 Sycamore Hall School of Professional Psychology Severance, Theresa Bloomington, IN 47405 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway Eastern Connecticut State University (812) 855-0889 . (812) 855-5522 Dayton, OH 45435-0001 Department of Sociology [email protected] (937) 775-3407 83 Windham Street sears.1 [email protected] Willimantic, CT 06226 Schlief, Shelly (860) 465-4656 . (860) 465-4610 State University of New York at Albany Sedelmaier, Christopher M. [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University 135 Western A venue School of Criminal Justice Shawn, Nicholas Albany, NY 12222 123 Washington Street (518) 442-3326 • (518) 442-5603 Newark, NJ 07102-3092 Shepard, Larissa [email protected] [email protected] Plymouth State College Department of Criminal Justice Schlosser, Lee Ayers See, Eric 17 High Street Southern Oregon University Youngstown State University MSC 59 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard Department of Criminal Justice Plymouth, NH 03264 Ashland, OR 97520 One University Plaza (603) 535-2410 • (603) 535-2854 (541) 552-6505 . (541) 552-6439 Youngstown, OH 44555 I_shepard @mail . plymou th.edu [email protected] (330) 742-3279 . (330) 742-2309 [email protected] Shernock, Stanley Schneide11, Carrie A. Norwich University State University of New York at Albany Sefferino, Mindy R. Department of Justice Studies Department of Political Science Wright State University 158 Harmon Drive 135 Western Avenue 5322 Leatherwood Drive Northfield, VT05663 Milne Hall West Chester, OH 45069 (802) 485-2370 • (802) 485-2252 Albany, NY 12222 (513) 942-7705 [email protected] (518) 442-5255 . (518) 442-5298 [email protected] [email protected] Sherrill, George R. Seiter, Richard P. Holden Police Department Schreck, Christopher J. 12 Southcote Road 1420 Main Street illinois State University St. Louis, MO 63144 Holden, MA 01520 Department of Criminal Justice Sciences (314) 567-4956 (508) 829-4444 . (508) 829-9175 419D Schroeder Hall [email protected] [email protected] Campus Box 5250 Normal, IL 61790-5250 Seklecki, Richard Shively, Michael (309) 438-3221 • (309) 438-7289 Minot State University Northeastern University [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice College of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 128 360 Huntington A venue Max, ND 58759-0128 Boston, MA 02115 (701) 858-4364 • (701 )858-3335 (617) 373-8274 [email protected] Shoemaker, Donald Six, Tamson L. Smith, Ezzie Virginia Tech University Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Dillard University Department of Sociology 154 Manhasset Drive Department of Social Sciences 560 McBryde Hall Port Miatilda, PA 16870 201 Gentilly Boulevard Blacksburg, VA 24061-0137 (570) 893-6212 . (814) 235-7063 New Orleans, LA 71022-9985 (540) 231-8971 • (540) 231-3860 tsix@lhu p.edu [email protected] Smith, Brian J. Skelton, David T. Westfield State College Shook, Lyle L. Indiana State University Department of Criminal Justice Auburn University at Montgomery Department of Criminology Westfield, MA 01086 Department of Justice and Public Safety Holmstedt Hall 214 (413) 572-5761 Post Office Box 244023 Terre Haute, IN 47809 [email protected] Montgomery, AL 36124 (812) 237-2196 • (812) 237-8099 (334) 244-3692 crskel @isugw .indstate.edu Smith, Beverly A. [email protected] illinoisState University Slaby, Ron Criminal Justice Studies Sieh, Edward W. Harvard University 423 Schroeder Hall St. Cloud State University Education Development Center Campus Box 5250 Criminal Justice Studies 55 Chapel Street Normal, IL 61790-5250 257 B Stewart Hall Newton, MA 02548 (309) 438-7645 • (309) 438-7289 720 Fourth Avenue, South (617) 618-2315 . (617) 244-3436 [email protected] St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498 [email protected] (320) 529-1517 . (320) 255-2993 Smith, Christopher E. [email protected] Slate, Risdon N. Michigan State University Florida Southern College School of Criminal Justice Silva, Sergio Luiz Felix da Department of Criminology and Sociology 530 Baker hall [email protected] .br 111 Lake Holingsworth Drive East Lansing, MI 48824 Lakeland, FL 33801 (517) 353-0735 . (517) 432-1787 Simlot, Rupendra (863) 680-4339 . (863) 616-6407 [email protected] Richard Stockton College of New Jersey rsla [email protected] Criminal Justice Program Smith, Deborah Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Sloan, III, John J. Charleston Southern University Jim Leeds Road, Post Office Box 195 University of Alabama at Birmingham 710 Simmons Avenue Ponoma, NJ 08240-0195 Department of Justice Sciences Summerville, SC 29483 (609) 748-6034 . (609) 748-5559 1530 3rd Avenue South (843) 851-0296 . (843) 863-7198 [email protected] OBIS Room 101 [email protected] Birmingham, AL 35294-2060 Simon, Leonore M.J. (205) 975-5701 • (205) 934-2067 Smykla, John Ortiz Post Office Box 3624 [email protected] University of South Alabama Johnson City, TN37602 Department of Political Science and (423) 439-8662 . (423) 283-9090 Small, Kevonne M. Political Justice [email protected] Caliber Associates Humanities Building 10530 Rosehaven Street Room 226 Simon, David Suite 400 Mobile, AL 36688 University of North Florida Fairfax, VA 22030 (251) 460-7161 Department of Political Science (703) 385-3200 • (703) 385-3206 jsmykla@jaguar 1.u sou thal.edu Public Administration [email protected] 4567 St. John's Bluff Road, South Snell, Clete Jacksonville, FL 32224 Smith, Steven Prairie View A & M University (904) 620-2977 • (904) 620-2979 Gavilan College School of Juvenile Justice and Psychology [email protected] 5505 Santa Teresa Boulevard Drew Memorial Complex Gilroy, CA 95020 Post Office Box 4017 Simon, Kathleen M. (408) 848-4879 Prairie View, TX 77446-4017 Appalachian State University [email protected] (409) 857-4938 . (409) 857-4941 Dept. of Political Science & Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 32107 Smith, Tony R. Boone, NC 28608-2107 Saint Anselm College Sokoloff, Natalie (828) 262-6313 • (828) 262-2947 100 Saint Anselm Drive John Jay College of CriminalJustice [email protected] Post Office Box 1615 Department of Sociology Manchester, NH 03102-1310 2417 Briarwood Road Simsek, Yilmaz (603) 641-7178 . (603) 656-6198 Baltimore, MD 21209 University of North Texas [email protected] (410) 542-7864 . (410) 466-0006 Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] Post Office Box 305130 Smith, Shamayne Denton, TX 76203 North Dakota State University Song, John (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 Department of Sociology and State University of New York College at Anthropology Buffalo Singer, Simon 402 Minard Hall Department of Criminal Justice Northeastern University Fargo, ND 58105 1300Elmwood Avenue College of Criminal Justice (701) 231-8657 . (701) 231-1047 Buffalo, NY 14222 360 Huntington A venue [email protected] (716) 878-4517 . (716) 878-3240 Boston, MA 02115 [email protected] (617) 373-7446 [email protected] SoothiJJ, Keith Stalans, Loretta J. Stohr, Mary K. Lancaster University Loyola University at Chicago Boise State University Department of Applied Social Science Department of Criminal Justice Department Criminal Justice Cartmel College 820 North Michigan Avenue Administration Lancaster University LA1 4YL, Chicago, IL 60611-2196 1910 University Drive UNITED KINGDOM (773) 915-7567 . (773) 594-0277 Boise, ID 83725 k.soothill @lancaster .a c. uk [email protected] (208) 426-1378 . (208) 426-4371 [email protected] Sorensen, Jonathan Starks, Brian Fitchburg State College Benedict College Stojkovic, Stan Department of Behavioral Sciences Department of Criminal Justice University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 160 Pearl Street 1600 Harden Street Helen Bader School of Social Welfare Fitchburg, MA 02452 Columbia, SC 29204 Post Office Box 786 (978) 665-3608 . (978) 665-3616 (803) 806-3259 . (803) 255-1722 Mil waukee, WI 53201-0786 [email protected] [email protected] (414) 229-6038 . (414) 229-5311 [email protected] Souryal, Sam Staton, Michele Sam Houston State University University of Kentucky Stokes, Larry College of Criminal Justice Center on Drug & Alcohol Research Savannah State University Post Office Box 2296 643 Maxwelton Court Department of Social and Behavioral Huntsville, TX 7734 1 Lexington, KY 40506 Sciences (936) 294-1643 . (936) 294-1653 (606) 257-8247 . (606) 257-9060 3219 College Street [email protected] [email protected] Savannah, GA 31404 (912} 356-2186 Sousa, Rosania Rodrigues de Stearman, Kelli D. stokesl@tigerpaw .savstate.edu [email protected] 7769 Lyle Drive Riverdale, GA 30296-1541 Stolz, Barbara Southerland, Mittie (859) 625-1085 United State General Accounting Office Murray State University [email protected] 2800 Quebec Street Department of Social Work, Criminal Apartment 1010 Justice, and Gerontology Steinbock, Marcia Washington, DC 20008 101 South Applied Science 305 Plantation Drive (202) 512-8819 . (202) 51 2-8692 Murray, KY 42071-3345 Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 [email protected] (270) 762-6290 • (270) 762-3469 (609) 786-4740 . (856) 786-4746 [email protected] [email protected] Stone, William E. Southwest Texas State University Spader, Dean J. Steiner, Benjamin Department of Criminal Justice University of South Dakota Boise State University HAC 120 Criminal JusticeStudies Criminal Justice Administration San Marcos, TX 78666 414 East Clark 1910 University Drive (512) 245-2174 . (512) 245-8063 Vermillion, SD 57069 Boise, ID 83725-1955 [email protected] (605) 677-5708 . (605) 677-6302 (208) 454-7407 [email protected] [email protected] Stringfellow, Kendric Prairie View A&M University Spencer, David Steinmann, Rick M. Department of Criminal Justice Southwest Texas State University Lindenwood University Post Office Box 5434 Department of Criminal Justice 209 South Kings Highway Prairie View, TX 77446 San Marcos, TX 78666 St. Charles, MO 63301-1695 (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 (636) 949-4516 . (636) 916-8255 Spikes, Vivian [email protected] Stuccio-Lendy, Donna M. Prairie View A&M University Onondaga Community College Department of CriminalJustice Steketee, Martha 4941 Onondaga Road Post Office Box 5434 Syracuse, NY 13215 Prairie View, TX 77446 Stevens, Timothy (315} 498-2341 (936} 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 [email protected] Stevens, Dennis J. Spohn, Cassia Salem State College Sturges, Judith E. University of Nebraska at Omaha 352 Lafayette Street Pennsylvania State University at Fayette Department of Criminal Justice Salem, MA 01970 One University Drive 60th and Dodge Streets (978) 542-7128 Uniontown, PA 15401 DSC 242 [email protected] (430) 724-4253 Omaha, NE 68182 [email protected] (402) 554-3591 • (402) 554-2326 Stockner, Jeffrey [email protected] Tiffin University Suggs, Jon Christian School of Criminal Justice St. Jean, Peter K.B. 155 Miami Street Sullivan, Anne University of Chicago Tiffin,OH 44883 Salem State College Departmenet of Sociology (419) 448-3321 Department of Criminal Justice 1126 East 59th Street [email protected] 352 LaFayette Street Chicago, IL 60637 Salem, MA 01970 (773) 702-8677 . (773) 702-4849 (978) 542-6485 [email protected] [email protected] Sullivan, Larry Tartaro, Christine Teske, Raymond John Jay College of Criminal Justice 66 0ub Place Sam Houston State University Sealy Library Galloway, NJ 08205 College of Criminal Justice 899 Tenth A venue (609) 748-6035 • (609) 748-5559 Huntsville, TX 77340-2296 New York, NY 10019 [email protected] (936) 294-1667 (212).237-8265 . (212) 237-8221 [email protected] Tatum, Becky Tessitore, Laura University of Houston - Clear Lake 205 Orchard Street Sun, Key School of Human Sciences and Humanitites Apartment 1E Central Washington University 2700 Bay Area Boulevard East Rutherford, NJ 07073 2510 Woods Drive, Apartment L Houston, TX 77058 (201) 729-1877 Steilacoom, WA 98388 (281) 283-3417 . (281) 283-3408 [email protected] (253) 964-6260 • (253) 964-6733 [email protected] [email protected] Tewksbury, Richard Tatum, Kimberly M. University of Louisville Suzuki, Yumi University of West Florida Department of Justice Administration State University of New York at Albany Div. of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies 204 Brigman Hall School of Criminal Justice (850) 857-6197 Louisville, KY 40292 135 Western Avenue [email protected] (502) 852-6567 • (502) 852-0065 Albany, NY 12222 ratewk01 @gwise.louisville.edu (518) 442-5176 Taxman, Faye S. saluki01 @yahoo.com University of Maryland Teymur, Samih Department of Criminology and Criminal University of North Texas Swan, Robert Justice Department of Criminal Justice Portland State University 5411 Knox Road. Suite 301 cf o Robert Taylor Post Office Box 751-JUST College Park, MD 20740 Post Office Box 305130 Portland, OH 97207-0751 (301) 405-4403 . (301) 405-4404 Denton, TX 76203-5130 (503) 725-5162 [email protected] (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 [email protected] Swart,Stanley L. Taylor, David B. University of North Florida Niagara University Thibault, Edward Department of Sociology, Anthropology Post Office Box 1446 402 West Broadway and Criminal Justice Niagara University, NY 14109-1446 Fulton, NY 13069-2103 3315 Pickwick Drive South (716) 286-8087 . (716) 286-8061 (315) 593-8183 Jacksonville, FL 32257-5412 [email protected] drthibaul [email protected] (904) 620-1654 . (904) 620-2540 [email protected] Taylor, Robert W. Thimamontri, Colonel Preecha University of North Texas Thailand National Police Swim, David H. Department of Criminal Justice cf o US Embassy CaliforniaState University at Sacramento Post Office Box 305130 Bangkok, Division of Criminal Justice Denton, TX 76203-5130 THAILAND 6000 J Street (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 Sacramento, CA 95819-6085 [email protected] Thomas,Matthew 0. (916) 278-7495 . (916) 282-6885 California State University at Chico [email protected] Taylor, Terrance J. Department of Political Science Georgia State University Chico, CA 95929-0455 Swope, Tara Department of Criminal Justice (530) 898-6041 Dawson Community College MSC2A1235 [email protected] 300 College Drive, Post Office Box 421 33 Gilmer Street, SE Unit 2 Glendive, MT 59330 Atlanta, GA 30303-3082 Thompson, R. Alan (406) 232-3134 (404) 651-1379 . (404) 651-3658 University of SouthernMississippi law_enforcement_ club@ho tmail.com [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 5127 Symonds, Peter B. Taylor, Lisa D. Hattiesburg, MS 39406-5127 FBI - Retired Benedict College ( 601) 266-6038 • ( 601) 266-4391 8309 Grayson Grove Department of Social Sciences [email protected] Montgomery, AL 36117 MSC 115, 1600 Harden Street 353-0223 Columbia, SC 29204 Thompson, Carol [email protected] (803) 253-5252 . (803) 255-1722 Texas Christian University (334) Department of Sociology and Criminal Symons, Megan Taylor, Christopher Justice Washinton State University Indiana University of Pennsylvania Box 298710 110 NW Dillon 1302 Oakland A venue, 211 Essex House Fort Worth, TX 76129 Pullman, WA 99163 Indiana, PA 15701 (817) 257-7470 (509) 335-2544 (724) 465-4672 [email protected] [email protected] Thornton, William E. Loyola University at New Orleans Talarico, Susette M. Terry, Karen J. Department of Criminal Justice University of Georgia John Jay College of Criminal Justice 6363 St. Charles A venue Department of Political Science Department of Law and Police Science Box 55 Baldwin Hall 899 Tenth A venue New Orleans, LA 70118 Athens, GA 30602-1615 New York, NY 10011 (504) 865-2134 • (504) 865-3883 (706) 542-2057 . (706) 542-1912 (212) 237-8040 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Thurman, Quint Toothaker, Bonnie Turner, Philip C. Southwest Texas State University Mount Wachusett Community College University of Louisville Department of Criminal Justice 605 Townsend Harbor Road Southern Police Institute 601 University Drive Lunenburg, MA 01462 2301 South 3rd Street San Marcos, TX 78666 (978) 582-6360 • (978) 582-6471 Louisville, KY 40292 (512) 245-3341 • (512) 245-8063 [email protected] (502) 852-6561 • 852-0335 [email protected] [email protected] Torres, Angela (502) Tickle, Valerie Tweddale, Amanda Delaware Criminal Justice Council Tracy, Sharon Department of Criminal Justice Georgia Southern University Tzeng, Shuping Carvel State Office Building Department of Political Science State University of New York at Albany 820 North French Street Post Office Box 8101 Ora per Hall - 209C lOth Floor Statesboro, GA 30460 135 Western Avenue Wilmington, DE 19801 (912) 681-5699 . (912) 681-5348 Albany, NY 12222 (302) 577-5030 . (302) 577-3440 [email protected] Uildriks, N.A. Tierney, Nancy Trate, Kirk Robert Onderzoekschool Rechten van de Mens Northeastern University Pennsylvania State Police School of Human Rights Research Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research 23 Larchwood Road Janskerhof 3 Boston, MA 02115 Reading, PA 19610 3512 BK Utrecht, (617) 373-3327 (610) 373-5170 . (610) 373-5171 [email protected] [email protected] Uludag, Sener Kent State University Time, Victoria Travis, III, Lawrence Department of Justice Studies Old Dominion University University of Cincinnati 1252 Dean Court 430 Delaware Avenue Department of Criminal Justice Apartment 101 Apartment 312 Post Office Box 210389 Kent, OH 44240 Norfolk, VA 23519 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 (330) 676-9593 (757) 683-6100 (513) 556-5837 . (513) 556-3303 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Unnever, James D. Tipple, Nancy Tregea, Bill Radford University Youngstown State University Adrian College Department of Sociology and Department of Criminal Justice 110 South Madison Street Anthropology One University Plaza Adrian, MI 49221 0220 Young Hall Youngstown, OH 44555 (517) 264-3965 . (517) 264-3827 Post Office Box 6948 (330) 742-3279 . (330) 742-2309 [email protected] Radford, VA 24142 [email protected] (540) 831-5130 Trevino, A. Javier [email protected] Tobin, Kimberly Wheaton College Westfield State College Department of Sociology Unnithan, N. Prabha Department of Criminal Justice Norton, MA 02766 Colorado State University 333 Western Avenue (508) 286-3656 . (508) 286-3640 Department of Sociology Westfield, MA 01085 [email protected] College A venue and Pitkin Street (413) 572-5634 . (413) 572-8524 Fort Collins, CO 80523 ktobin@wisdom. wsc.ma.edu Truitt, Linda (970) 491-6615 . (970) 491-2191 Abt Associates Inc. [email protected] Tobolowsky, Peggy 55 Wheeler Street University of North Texas Cambridge, MA 10328 Uwazie, Ernest Department of Criminal Justice (617) 349-2583 CaliforniaState University at Sacramento Post Office Box 305130 Department of Criminal Justice Denson, TX 76203 Trulson, Chad 6000 J Street (940) 565-4085 • (940) 565-2548 Sam Houston State University Sacramento, CA 95819-6085 [email protected].•mt.edu 1301 Route 1-45, Apartment 310 (916) 278-6282 . (916) 278-7692 Huntsville, TX 77340 u [email protected] Toggia, Pietro (409) 294-3633 . (409) 294-1653 Kutztown University of Pennsylvania [email protected] Vallee, L. M. Michel Department of Criminal Justice Carleton University Old Main, Room 27 Turer, Ahmet Department of Sociology and Kutztown, PA 19530 University of North Texas Anthropology (610) 683-4736 • (610) 683-4383 Department of Criminal Justice 1125 Colonel By Drive [email protected] Post Office Box 305130 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Denton, TX 76203-5130 CANADA Tomaszewski, E. Andreas (940) 565-4475 • (940) 565-2548 (613) 520-2600 ext. 2606 • (613) 520-4062 Ohio University michel_ [email protected] Department of Sociology and Turner, Kelly "K.B." Anthropology University of Nebraska at Omaha Van Der V elde, Robert 209 Lindley Hall Department of Criminal Justice Auburn University Montgomery Athens, OH 45701 1100 Neihardt Complex Department of Justice and Public Safety (740) 593-1383 . (740) 593-1365 540 North 16th Street Post Office Box 244023 [email protected] Lincoln, NE 68588 Montgomery, AL 36124-4023 (402) 472-9607 . (402) 472-6758 [email protected] [email protected] VanBrocklin, Porche Ventura, Lois A. Wahidin, Azrini 92 North Portage Path University of Toledo University of Kent at Canterbury Apartment 5 Department of Criminal Justice School of Social Policy Akron, OH 44303 College of Health and Human Services Sociology and Social Research (330) 865-5885 Toldeo, OH 43606 Kent Canterbury CT2 7LR, [email protected] (419) 530-2660 . (419) 530-2153 UK [email protected] 44 1227 824277 Vander Kooi, Gregory P. Ferris State University Verkay, Brian Wakefield, Bill 1349 Cramer Circle 283 Malcolm A venue University of Nebraska at Omaha Bis 520 Garfield, NJ 07026 Department of Criminal Justice Big Rapids, MI 49307 (973) 340-4937 05242 (231) 591-2458 [email protected] Omaha, NE 68182 [email protected] (402) 554-3568 . (402) 554-2326 Vessel, Valencia william_ [email protected] Vanderwall, David Dillard University Kent State University Department of Social Sciences Walfield, Rachel Stark Campus 201 Gentilly Boulevard Salem State College 6000 Frank Avenue NW New Orleans, LA 71 022-9985 Department of Criminal Justice Canton, OH 44720-7599 333 Meier Hall (330) 499-9600 ext. 53364 Victor, Michael Salem, MA 01970 University of Texas at Tyler Van diver, Margaret Department of Social Sciences Walker, Michael illinois State University 3900 University Boulevard John Jay College of Criminal Justice Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Tyler, TX 75799 899 Tenth Avenue 401 Schroeder Hall (903) 566-7399 • (903) 565-5537 New York, NY 10019 Normal, IL 91790-5250 [email protected] (309) 438-2729 • (309) 438-7289 Walker, Jeffery T. Vigeant, Michael University of Arkansas at Little Rock Van diver, Donna Western New England College Department of Criminal Justice illinois State University 1215 Wilbraham Road, Box 1746 2801 South University Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Springfield, MA 01119 Little Rock, AR 72204-1099 401 Schroder Hall (413) 796-4447 . (413) 782-1746 (501) 569-3083 . (501) 569-3075 Normal, ll 61790-5250 [email protected] jtwalker@ualr .edu (309) 439-2729 • (309) 438-7289 [email protected] Vito, Gennaro F. Walker, Rhonda University of Louisville Lamar University VanHouten, Amy C. Department of Justice Administration Department of Sociology, Social Work SUNY University at Albany 203 Brigman Hall and Criminal Justice School of Criminal Justice Louisville, KY 40292 Box 10026 Draper Hall (502) 852-6509 • (502) 852-0065 Beaumont, TX 77710 135 Western A venue gfvito01 @gwise.louisville.edu (409) 880-7838 . (409) 880-2324 Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] .edu (518) 442-5210 • (518) 442-5212 Vizzard, William J. Callifornia State University at Sacramento Wallace, Donald Varano, Sean Patrick Division of Criminal Justice Central Missouri State University Northeastern University 6000 J Street Department of Criminal Justice College of Criminal Justice Sacramento, CA 95819 Humphreys 300 405 Churchill Hall (916) 278-7048 . (916) 278-6213 Warrensburg, MO 64093 Boston, MA 02115 [email protected] (660) 543-8913 . (660) 543-8306 (617) 373-7065 [email protected] s. [email protected] Vogel, Brenda L. California State University at Long Beach Wallace, Lisa Hutchinson Vaughn, Michael S. Department of Criminal Justice University of Alaska at Fairbanks Georgia State University 1250 Bellflower Boulevard Department of Justice Department of Criminal Justice Long Beach, CA 90840-4603 501 C Gruening Post Office Box 4018 (562) 985-1894 . (562) 985-8086 Post Office Box 756425 Atlanta, GA 30302-4018 [email protected] Fairbanks, AK 99775-6425 (404) 651-3688 . (404) 651-3658 (907) 474-5715 [email protected] Voigt, Lydia [email protected] Loyola University Vazquez, Salvador Department of Academic Mfairs Walsh, William F. Idaho State Police 6363 St. Charles A venue University of Louisville 700 Stratford Post Office Box 30 Southern Police Institute Meridian, ID 83634 New Orleans, LA 70118 Louisville, KY 40292 salvador. [email protected]. us (504) 865-3034 (502) 852-6561 • (502) 852-0335 [email protected] wfwalsOl @louisville.edu V enaglia, Jean St. Ambrose University Wagner, Sue Walsh, Jeff 518 West Locust Mott Community College John Jay College CUNY Davenport, lA 52803 Department of Social Sciences 301 East 85th Street, Apartment 3 (563) 333-6096 Mott Memorial Building New York, NY 10028 [email protected] Room 2005 A (212) 237-8000 ext. 2660 Flint, MI 48503 JA [email protected] Walsh, Patrick D. Webb, Elizabeth M. West, Angela D. Loyola University at New Orleans Moraine Valley Community College University of Louisville 103 LeFleur Drive 10900 South 88th Avenue Department of Justice Administration Flidell, LA 70460 Palos Hills, IL 60465 Brigman Hall 200 (504) 464-4506 . (504) 468-3552 (708) 974-5227 . (708) 974-0185 Louisville, KY 40292 [email protected] [email protected] (502) 852-0377 • (502) 852-0065 [email protected] Wan�, Hsiao-Ming Webster, Brandon University of Houston-Downtown University of Cinncinnati Whelan, David C. Department of Criminal Justice Division of Criminal Justice Western Carolina University 1 Main Street Post Office Box 210389 Department of Criminal Justice Room 1087-S Cincinnati, OH 45221 Belk 418A Houston, TX 77002 (513) 556-3033 • (513) 556-3303 Cullowhee, NC 28723-9646 (713) 221-8691 • (713) 221-2726 brandon_ [email protected] (828) 227-2174 . (828) 227-7705 [email protected] [email protected] Webster, J. Matthew Warchol, Greg Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Whetstone, Thomas NorthernMichigan University 643 Maxwelton Court University of Louisville Department of Criminal Justice Lexington, KY 40506 Department of Justice Administration Marquette, MI 49855 (859) 323-5507 . (859) 323-1193 208 Brigman Hall (906) 227-2660 . (906) 227-1754 [email protected] Louisville, KY 40292 (502) 852-0331 • (502) 852-0065 Warin�, Elin Weiss, Michael Scott whetstone@louis ville.edu Department of Sociology University of New York at Albany 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West 241-5 Lucas Lane White, John Bronx, NY 10468 Voorhees, NJ 08043 Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (718) 960-7820 • (718) 885-1863 (718) 852-3093 Department of Social and Behavioral [email protected] [email protected] Sciences JimLeeds Road Warner, Darren Weissin�er, George Pomona, NJ 08201 Michigan State University New York Institute of Technology (609) 652-4614 . (609) 748-5559 School of Criminal Justice School of Allied Health and Life Sciences john. [email protected] 560 Baker Hall CIBC66-325 East Lansing, MI 48823 Post Office Box 9029 Whitson, Marian H. (517) 433-1217 Central Islip, NY 11722-9029 East Tennessee State University [email protected] (631) 348-3062 . (631) 348-3061 Department of Criminal Justice and [email protected] Criminology Watkins, Adam 2109 Hickory Springs Road 850 Longacre Drive Welch, Michael Johnson City, TN37604 Apartment C Rutgers University (423) 434-9066 • (423) 434-4208 University City, MO 63132 215 Clinton Street [email protected] [email protected] Hoboken, NJ 07030 (732) 445-4699 • (732) 445-9068 Whitworth, Keith Watson, Phillip [email protected] Texas Christian University Ferris State University Department of Sociology and Criminal 506 Bishop Hall Wells, Ross Justice Big Rapids, MI 49307 Dawson Community College Fort Worth, TX 76129 300 College Drive (817) 257-7470 Watson, Rita Leona Post Office Box 421 Youngstown State University Glendive, MT 59330 Wiatrowski, Michael Department of Criminal Justice law_enfo rcement_ [email protected] Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency One University Plaza Prevention Youngstown, OH 44555 Wells, L. Edward Research and Program Planning Division (330) 629-9017. (330) 941-7206 Illinois State University 810 7th Street, Northwest [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Washington, DC 20531 401 Schroeder Hall (202) 514-8822 Weaver, Robert Campus Box 5250 [email protected] Normal, IL 61790-5250 Weaver, Greg (309) 438-2989 • (309) 438-7289 Wiinamaki, Lizabeth Ann AuburnUniversity [email protected] Juniata College Department of Sociology Criminal Justice Program 7030 Haley Center Wells, James 1700 Moore Street Auburn, AL 36849-5209 EasternKentucky University Huntingdon, PA 16652 (334) 844-5040 • (334) 844-2851 College of Law Enforcement (814) 641-3671 • (814) 641-3695 [email protected] 103 Stratton Building [email protected] 521 Lancaster A venue Webb, Vincent J. Richmond, KY 40475-3102 Wilcox, Pamela Arizona State UnivE�rsity West (859) 622-1158 . (859) 622-6650 University of Kentucky 4701 West ThunderbirdRoad [email protected] Department of Sociology Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 1531 Patterson Office Tower (602) 543-6623 . (602) 543-6612 West, Lambert Lexington, KY 40506-0027 [email protected] Mott Community College (859) 257-6890 . (859) 323-0272 Flint, MI 48503 pwroun1 @uky.edu Wilkins, Tamara Tucker Wilt, John Blaine Worden, Robert E. Minnesota State University at Mankato Danville Community College University at Albany 109 Morris Hall Department of Criminal Justice School of Criminal Justice Mankato, MN 56001-8400 1008 South Main Street 135 Western Avenue (507) 389-1118 . (507) 389-6377 Temple Building, Room #105 Albany, NY 12222 tamara. [email protected] Danville, VA 24541-4004 (518) 442-5217 . (518) 442-5212 (434) 797-8468 • (434) 797-8449 [email protected] .edu Williams, E. J. jwilt@acc. vccs.edu 713 Prestige Boulevard Workley, David Fayetteville, NC 28314-5298 Winokur, Kristin Parsons Youngstown State University (910) 672-1972 . (910) 672-1378 Florida State University Department of Criminal Justice [email protected] School of Criminology and Criminal Justice 1 University Plaza HEC 321 Youngstown, OH 44544 Williams, Katherine Tallahassee, FL 32306 (330) 941-3279 . (330) 742-3543 Loyola University of Chicago (850) 644-1594 . (850) 644-9614 575 West Madison St., Apartment 4812 [email protected] Worrall, John Chicago, IL 60661 California State University at San (312) 775-7382 • (312) 915-6373 Winslow, Robin M. Bernardino [email protected] Roger Williams University Department of Criminal Justice 150 Washington Street 5500 University Parkway Williams, July Nicole Providence, RI 02903 San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397 3812 Hawthorne Avenue (401) 254-3849 . (401) 254-3560 (909) 880-7741 • (909) 880..7025 Sheffield Lake, OH 44054 [email protected] [email protected] (440) 949-2811 Winston, Curtis Wright, John Paul Williams, Zaynah Prairie View A&M University University of Cincinnati Hampton University Department of Criminal Justice Division of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology Post Office Box 5434 600 Dyer Hall Hampton, VA 23668 Prairie View, TX 77446 ML 0389 (757) 728-6913 (936) 857-4950 . (936) 857-4952 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0386 [email protected] (513) 556-5827 • (513) 556-3303 Winston, Craig N. john. [email protected] Williamson, Harold E. St. Ambrose University The University of Louisiana at Monroe 518 West Locust Street Wright, Richard Criminal Justice Program Davenport, lA 52803 University of Missouri at St. Louis Stubbs Hall 217 (319) 344-0472 Department of Criminology and Criminal Monroe, LA 71209 [email protected] Justice (318) 342-1440 . (318) 342-1458 3rd Floor Lucas Hall [email protected] Withrow, Brian St. Louis, MO 63121 Wichita State University (314) 516-5034 Williamson, Dana 1845 Fairmount [email protected] Mott Community College Wichita, KS 67260-0135 Flint, MI 48503 (316) 978-6539 • (316) 978-3626 Wright, Richard G. brian. [email protected] Education Development Center Willis, Cecil Children's Safety Network University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wolf, Ross 55 Chapel Street Dept. Sociology, Anthropology & CJ University of Central Florida Newton, MA 02458 601 South College Road Department of Criminal Justice and Legal (617) 618-2333 . (617) 965-6325 Wilmington, NC 28403-5978 Studies [email protected] (910) 962-3785 • (910) 962-7385 Post Office Box 16100 [email protected] Orlando, FL 32816-1600 Wylupski, Warren (407) 823-5351 • (407) 823-5360 University of New Mexico Wilson, Deborah G. [email protected] 5171 Mesa Del Oso NE University of Louisville Albuquerque, NM 87111 Department of Justice Administration Wong, Kam C. (505) 468-4385 • (505) 468-5075 2301 South 3rd Street University of Wisconsin [email protected] Louisville, KY 40292 Department of Public Affairs (502) 852-0370 • (502) 852-0065 800 Algoma Boulevard Xavier, Fabio Manhaes [email protected] Oshkosh, WI 54901-8655 [email protected] (920) 424-7304 • (920) 424-2319 Wilson, Basil wong@u wosh.edu Xie, Min John Jay College of Criminal Justice SUNY University at Albany 899 Tenth A venue Woodberry, Larry School of Criminal Justice New York, NY 10009 Matt Community College Draper Hall, 135 Western A venue (212) 237-8801 . (212) 237-8623 Flint, MI 48503 Albany, NY 12222 [email protected] (518) 442-5210 • (518) 442-5212 Wooldredge, John Wilson, Jeremy University of Cincinnati Yacoubian, Jr., George S. The University of Toledo Division of Criminal Justice McFarland and Associates, Inc. 2801 West Bancroft Street Post Office Box 210389 8601 Georgia A venue HHS, Mailstop 119 Cincinnati, OH 41201 Suite 601 Toledo, OH 43606 (513) 556-5838 Silver Spring, MD 20910 (419) 530-2330 . (419) 530..2153 john. [email protected] (301) 562-5332 . (301) 588-6192 jeremy. [email protected] [email protected] Yasar, Murat Young, John Lap Ping Zeliph, Jason University of North Texas The University of Hong Kong State University of New York at Albany Department of Criminal Justice Welcome Lab School of Criminal Justice Post Office Box 305130 Department of Medicine 430 Second Street Denton, TX 76203-5130 Queen Mary Hospital Apartment 1 (940) 565-4475 . (940) 565--2548 HONG KONG Schenectady, NY 12306 [email protected] [email protected] Yayla, Ahmet S. 302 Cardinal Drive Young, Xan Zhang, Yan Apartment H5 Michigan State University Denton, TX 76201 Youngblood, Steve School of Criminal Justice (940) 565--1685 Park University 560 Baker Hall [email protected] 8700 NW River Park Drive East Lansing, MI 48824 Parkville, MI 64152 (517) 432-1109 Yeh, Yenli (816) 741-2000 ext. 6321 [email protected] The University of Virginia's College at Wise Department of Social and Behavioral Yu, Gaoneng Zhang, Changrong Sciences Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies Fujian Modem Criminology Research Smiddy Hall, One College A venue 805 West Pennsylvania Avenue Institute Wise, VA 24293 Urbana, IL 61801 Department of Research (540) 328-0174 . (540) 328-0247 benyu @staff. uiuc.edu 102 Liu He Road yy9e@mail. wise. virginia.edu Building 2, Suite 701 Zalman, Marvin Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, 350005 Yim, Youngyol Wayne State University CHINA Metropolitan State University Department of Criminal Justice 372-2663 . 372-8396 Department of Criminal Justice 656 West Kirby 1450 Energy Park Drive Detroit, MI 48202 Zhao, Jihong Suite lOOA (313) 577-6087 . (313) 577-9977 University of Nebraska at Omaha St. Paul, MN 55108-5218 [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice (651) 642-5420 . (651) 642-0435 60th and Dodge Streets [email protected] Zambrano, Kristina M. Annex 37 Texas A & M University at Corpus Christi Omaha, NE 68182-0149 Young, Chief Judge William G. Department of Criminal Justice (402) 554-2610 . (402) 554-2326 United States District Court 6300 Ocean Drive for the District Court of Massachusetts Corpus Christi, TX 78412 Ziegler, Stephen J. John Joseph Moakley U.S. Courthouse (361) 825-3206 • (361) 825--3784 Washington State University One Courthouse Way, Suite 5710 [email protected] 350 Northwest Dillon Street Boston, MA 02210 Pullman, W A 99163 (617) 748-9152 Zastany, Robert A. (509) 335-2544 . (509) 335--7990 Adminstrative Office of the 19th Judicial [email protected] Young, Gay Circuit Johnson County Community College 18 North County Street Ziev, Matthew Administration of Justice Department Waukegan, IL 60085 Salem State College 12345 College Boulevard [email protected] Department of Criminal Justice Overland Park, KS 66210 333 Meier Hall (913) 469-8500 ext. 3491 • (913) 469-2585 Salem, MA 01970 [email protected] PARTICIPANTS' INDEX A Baggett, Ryan 247, 278 Blough, Scott 95, 287 Bailey, M Beth 89, 277 Blount, William R. 10, 157 Abadinsky, Howard 54 Baker, Ralph 148 Blumberg, Mark 154 Acker, James R. 188 Boal, John M. 299 Adams, Cynthia 86, 189 Baker, Thomas E. 263 Bakken, Tim 153, 195 Bohm, Robert M. 165 Adams, Harold 111 Balboni, Jennifer M. 245 Bolton, Kenneth H., Jr. 213 Adang, Otto M.J. 246 Bond, Brenda J. 140 Aday, Ronald H 19 Banks, Duren 78, 112 Banks, Steven M. 112 Bond-Maupin, Lisa 268 Addington, Lynn A. 91 Ahmad, Janice 78 Bannan, Rosemary S. 102 Boone, Kathy 135 Banyard, Victoria L. 66 Borre, Karel 117 Alarid, Leanne Fiftal 15, 29 Barbosa, Claudius 64 Bosworth, Mary 73, 203 Albanese, Jay 16, 43, 74, 130 Albrecht, James F. 87, 237 Barbrey, John W. 5, 87 Bouffard, Jeff 236 Bargen, Cory 137, 237 Bouffard, Leana Allen 239 Alino, George, 24 Bowers, William J. 3, 175, 188 Al-Khattar, Aref 281 Barker, Tom 35 Barlow, Melissa Hickman 8 Bowles, Roger 212 Allan, Edward L. 266 Barlow, David 8 Boyd, Lorenzo M. 65, 221 Allen, Frederick G. 108 Bratcher, Nicole 209 Allen, Harry E. 222 Barnes, Leatha 144 Barton, Shannon 116, 277 Brennan, Pauline 80 Altemose, J. Rick 213 Alvi, Shahid 294 Batitucci, Eduardo Cerqueira 299 Brewster, Dennis R. 124 Brightman, Hank J. 247 Amann, Art 148 Baugh, Susan 264 Brillinger, Paula 42 Ameh, Robert Kwame 21 Baxter, A. Kirsten 286 Brock, Deon 10 Ammar, Nawal 119 Beach, Jessica 201 Beatty, Sonja 95 Brockett, Ramona 53, 108 Anderson, Greg 76, 238 Anderson, Sean E. 62 Beaver, Kevin M. 62 Broderick, John 269 Bebawy, Nadia 144 Brodt, Steve 115, 233 Anderson, Tammy 143, 208 Andreas, Robert 272 Beck, Victoria Simpson 95 Broussard, Jennifer K. 297 Andress, Robert 167 Becker, Harold 114 Brown, Elizabeth 181 Andrews, Larry D. 105, 277, 286 Becker, Paul 145,205 Brown, Cari 214 Andrews, Lisa 135 Belbot, Barbara 48 Brown, Kelly L. 189 Andrus, Tracy 59 Bell, Jeannine 77 Brown, Michael 287 Andzenge, Dick T. 21, 280 Benekos, Peter J. 74, 202 Brown, Roshunda 287 Angel, Earl 200 Benjamin, Julianna 224 Browne-Marshall, Gloria 108 Antonio, Michael E. 3, 175, 188 Bennett, Katherine 48 Brownwell, Patricia 304 Antonopoulos, Georgios A. 59, 151 Bennett, Lee 163 Brownfield, David 251 Appiahene-Gyamfi, Joseph 21 Bennett, Richard R. 114 Browning, Sandra Lee 59 Applegate, Brandon K. 102, 265 Bensinger, Gad J. 117 Brownstein, Henry H. 80 Ardouini-Brooker, Dale J. 191 Berman, Jay 72, 259 Bruce, Alan S. 82, 153 Armstrong, David 97 Bernat, Frances 219 Brunet, James R. 25 Armstrong, Gaylene Styve 85 Biebel, Elizabeth 137 Bryans, Sara Ward 188, 240 Armstrong, Todd 197 Bigler, Rose 181 Bryant, Kevin 205, 296 Arter, Michael 109, 129 Bikle, Bruce 282 Buckenburger, Denise 172 Ashton, Myoshi 143 Bindas, Ken 226 Buerger, Michael E. 76 Askan, Yusuf 241 Bing, Robert 70 Bufkin, Jana 291 A thai de-Victor, Elizabeth 122 Birkbeck, Christopher 229 Bui, Hoan N. 204, 249 Austin, James 103,116 Birzer, Michael L. 93 Bullers, Susan 11 Austin, Timothy 281 Bishop, Donna 123 Bumgarner, Jeffrey B. 299 Austin, Tom 138 Blackmore, John 127 Burek, Melissa W. 174 Aytac, Onder 156, 241 Blackwell, Brenda Sims 182 Burgess-Proctor, Amanda K. 223 Blair, J. Pete 210 Burke, Tod 121, 196 Blake, David 183 Burnett, James T. 65 Blankenship, Michael B. 61, 165 Burns, A von 47 B Blevins, Kristie R. 133, 265 Burns, Peter 238 Backus, Derek 280 Burns, Ronald (Chip) 101 Baerga, Migdalia 198 Burton, Catherine 151 Bush, Mike 144 Buss, Jack 261 Block, Heidi J. 124 Butcher, Kristine M. 288 Bloss, William P. 25, 168 Butler, Randall R. 11 Clouston, Dawn 95 Da Silva, Sergio Luiz Felix 269, 299 Butzin, Clifford A. 236 Cockman, Jamie 11 Davenport, Kenny B. 20 Byers, Bryan 205 Cohen, Nigel 1 Davies, Heather 158 Bynum, Nicole 3 Colaprete, Frank A. 30, 67 Davila, Mario A. 7 Bynum, Timothy S. 223, 237 Cole, Maurice 196 Davis, Edward 173 Cole, Robert 168 Davis, Gabrielle 92, 207 Coleman, Michelle 133 Davis, Jacqueline 50 Collins, John D. Davis, James R. 144 Davis-Frenzel, Erika 172 Cadigan, Robert 111 Collins, Judith 125, 287 Collins, Pam 247 Dean, Amanda 113 Caeti,c Tory J. 220 Collins, Sue Carter 81 DeChamplain, Amanda M. 27 Calathes, William 94 Calder, James 54 Conley, John 74 de Guzman, Melchor C. 230 Cook, Jr., William 283 de Haan, Willem J. M. 23, 75 Callahan, Richard 4 Camp, Damon D. 217 Corcoran, Kevin 304 DeKeseredy, Walter 154, 253 Cordner, Annmarie 278 del Carmen, Alejandro 11, 117 Camp, Scott D. 31 Cordner, Gary 137, 194 DeLisi, Matt 4, 32 Campbell, John Henry 292 Correia, Vanessa 27 Dempsey, John S. 37, 65 Can, Hakan 64, 234 Denehy, Kathleen 40, 160 Cannady, Alison 110 Costa , Michael 284 Cannon, Joanna Bruni 199, 218 Couch, John K. 12,49 Denton, Ellen-ge 192 Cox, Ryan 9 Deosaran, Ramesh 63 Cao, Liqun 234 Caputo, Gail A. 10, 201 Cox, Terry C. 138 DerGarabedian, Rebecca 209 Caputo, Tullio 10 Crabtree, Cindi 302 Dershem-Bruce, Holly 167, 228, 255, 256, 272 Carlsen, Stephanie 211 Craddock, Amy 236 Carona, Anthony 118 Craig, Susan 176 De Sousa, Rosania Rodrigues 269, 299 Carrington, Keith 273 Crank, John P. 217 DeValve, Beth 198 Crawley, William R. 4, 172, 223 De Vos, Edward 78 Carroll, Leo 45 Carter, Andrea M. 149 Crespo, Debra L. 188 Dew, Bridget 287 Carter, David E. 144 Crews, Gordon 123 DiGiovanni, Clete 229 Carter, David L. 63, 275 Critzer, John W. 8 Dodd, Angela 272 Carter, Lisa 103 Cronin, Shea 245 Dodge, Mara 73, 86, 203 Cartman, Obari 192 Crossland, Christine R. 80 Dodson, Kimberly A. 129 Castellano, Thomas 115 Crottinger, Sara 287 Doerner, William G. 299 Castle, Tammy 129, 268 Crowley, Joan E. 69, 119 Dogutas, Cemil 60 Catlin, Shelagh E. 36, 217 Cullen, Francis T. 62, 102, 133, 265 Doherty, Stephen 10 Cebulak, Wojciech 239 Culp, Richard 176 Domingo, }annette 77 Cerrah, Ibrahim 231 Cunningham, Scott 67 Domres, Trisha 188, 240 Chaires, Robert 115, 227 Cunningham, Wm. Scott 183 Donnermeyer, Joseph F. 135 Chambers, De'Reassa 192 Cupples, Thomas 67 Doraz, Walter 19 Champion, David R. 9 Curley, Mazie S. 232 Dorsey, Valerie 255, 279 Chan, Dan 94, 205 Curry, Georgette 90 Dortch-Okara, Barbara A. 225 Chandler, Redonna 31 Curry, Iquetta 287 Dotremon, Delilah 170 Chandler-Ford, Marilyn 70, 257 Cutler, Christopher W. 249 D' Ovidio, Rob 275 Chang, Chi-Lin 94 Downs, Raymond 229 Cheeseman, Kelly 119 Drapela, Laurie A. 202 Cheurprakobkit, Sutham 51, 104 D Drillock, Andrew 152 Chiabi, David 21,35 Dabney, Dean 107, 233 Drinovz, Rich 140 Chiang, Chau-Pu 134 Dahlgren, Daniel C. 17, 95, 172, 287 DuBose, Ashley 90 Childress, Jennifer H. 135 Dahlin, Laurie 140 Duby, Rebecca 47 Chilton, Bradley 55 Daigle, Leah E. 62, 133 Dudley, Jocelyn 91, 138 Chu, Doris 197 Daku, Mike M. 219 Duffee, David E. 183 Cichosz, Jeff 280 Dammer, Harry 114 Dukes, Warren 49 Clark, John W. III 146 Danner, Terry A. 249 Dumond, Doris A. 223 Clark, Richard D. 196 Daniel, Elycia S. 124 Dumond, Robert W. 223 Clarke, Adrien 287 Daoust, Sarah 119 Duncan, Nancy C. 28, 192 Clawson, Heather J. 106 Darke, Katherine 66 Dunlap, Angela 177 Clear, Todd R. 38, 70, 116, 159, 298 Dart, Roland 282 DuPont, Ida 13 Clontz, Kenneth A. 277, 288 Das, Dilip K. 114, 176, 213, 221 DuPont-Morales, M. A. Toni 213, 222 Durna, Tuncay 126 Festa, Michael E. 127 Gavin, Patricia 97 Duva, Timothy 206 Few, Belinda 287 Geary, William R. 91, 238 Dwyer, Diane. C. 49, 219 Feyerherm, William 159 Gebo, Erika 102, 258 Dye, Daniel 172 Fields, Bobbie 172 Genre, Chuck 289 Fields, Charles 234 Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. 134 Filimon, Nicholas S. 83 Getty, Carol 181 E Finckenauer, Jim 43, 130 Giacomazzi, Andrew 157, 217 Eastep, Mary-Ann 273 Fisher, Bonnie S. 62, 135, 265 Giblin, Matthew J. 217 Ebbe, Obi N. I. 64, 114 Fisher, Joan 16 Gibson, Camille 138, 287 Edelbacher, Max 114 Fisher-Giorlando, Marianne 15 Gibson, Chris 135 Edwards, Jennifer 255, 279 Fitzpatrick, Daniel 3 Gibson, Mary 203 Edwards, Terry D. 194, 257 Flanagan, Nancy A 116 Gido, Rosemary L. 129, 176, 223, 260 Egan, Jean 209 Flanagan, Timothy 74 Giever, Dennis 233 Flanyak, Chrisann 206 Gilbert, Michael J. 101 Egger, Steven A 210 Ehrhard, Susan 188, 232 Fletcher, Robin 60 Gilbertson, Lee 280 Eijkman, Quirine 64 Fleury-Steiner, Benjamin 175 Gilbertson, Troy 141 Ekstrand, Laurie 41 Fliege, George 217 Gillespie, L. Kay 52 Elechi, Oko 164 Flint, Gail A 92 Gillespie, Wayne 144 Flynn, Edith E. 19 Gilley, Thomas 109 Elover, Neal A 117, 149 Elsner, Michael 294 Flynn, Jack 188 Glezman, Pam 163 Emeka, Franklin 77 Fogerty, Adam 300 Glodde, Edward John 192 Empie, Kristine M. 141 Foglia, Wanda 175 Glymph, Jack 105 Ene, Theodore 287 Fontenot, Olufunke A 164 Godenzi, Alberto 253 Engel, Justin 183 Ford, Robert E. 104 Goldberg, Julia 111 Englebrecht, Christine 181 Forst, Linda 37, 163 Golden, James W. 50 Foster, J. Price 89, 108 Golding, Dean B. 238 Engram, Peggy A 91 Ennis, Melissa Fradella, Henry F. 121, 206, 300 Goldman, Cathy 143 Erdem, Mehmet 263 Francis, Brian 276 Goldstein, Paul J. 39 Erenius, David 238 Francis, Simone 192 Gon<;alves da Cruz, Marcus Vinicius 64 Erickson, Patricia E. 198 Frank, James 265 Gonzales, Christine 217 Erickson, Steven K. 198 Frederick, George Allen 108 Gordon, Jill A. 26 Ernst, Uwazie 164 Fremouw, William 125 Gorthy, Mark D. 285 Erschler, Jeff 95 French, Laurence Armand 28, 215 Gosselin, Denise K. 163, 257 Esbensen, Finn-Aage 251 Frey, Richard G. 300 Gould, Laurie 176 Espinosa, Dula J. 153 Friday, Paul C. 14, 80, 172 Gover, Angela 276 Evans, Eugene J., Jr. 180 Friedrichs, David 94 Grabowski, Michael J. 118, 210, 212 Evans, Gene 128 Frisbie, Jennifer D. 12, 148, 297, 302 Grace, Michael 292 Evans, Thomas D. 24 Fritza, Sarah 280 Grace, Martha P. 225 Everett, Ronald 31 Fry, Caleb 167 Graham, James 302 Fryling, Tina M. 81 Gramckow, Heike P. 206 Fuller, Jason 36 Grant, Diana R. 134 F Fung, Roger 23 Grant, Heath 13 Grant, Judith 154, 253 Fagelson, David 178 Gray, Alison R. 236 Faiella, Patrick J. 65 Greaves, Elaine B. 20 Falcone, David N. 36, 51 G Greek, Cecil 220 Farrell, Amy 194 Gabaldon, Luis Gerardo 229 Green, Ashleigh 211 Farrell, Jeffrey 209 Gaboury, Mario 271 Greene, Jack 97 Farrell, Graham 144, 224 Gamble, Thomas J. 12 Greenleaf, Richard G. 201 Farrell, Jill 285 Garase, Maria L. 27 Griffin, Timothy 20 Fein, Karen R. 15 Garcia, Luis 34 Griffith, Janet 78 Feinberg, Gary 231, 234 Garcia, Rebecca 119 Groskin, Richard 120 Feld, Barry C. 123, 199 Garcia, Venessa 26 Grosselfinger, Nancy 211 Feldman, Richard 198 Garland, Tammy S. 124 Grossi, Elizabeth 194, 255 Felson, Richard 182 Garrett, Kara 272 Gruberg, Martin 110, 206 Fernandez, Robert 37 Garrison, Arthur H. 28, 150, 301 Gu, Joann 34 Ferreira, Bertus 162, 224, 252 Garrity, Thomas F. 295 Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan 131 Ferrer, Arian 265 Gary, Kelli 2 Guay, Jean-Pierre 99, 215, 276 Hickey, Thomas J. 105 Ireland, Timothy 0. 220 Guillen, Tomas 181 Hickman, Matthew 245 Irwin, Darrell 11 Gul, Serdar Kenan 64 Higgins, George E. 9 Ismaili, Karim 135, 197 Gul, Zakir 60 Hill, Christopher M. 12, 49 Israel, Michael 17 4 Gunnison, Elaine 62 Hill, Janice R. 17, 78 Ivkovich, Sanja Kutnjak 234 Gurer, Cuneyt 241 Hiller, Matthew L. 295 Gutierrez, Ricky S. 51 Hinckle, Maryanne 173 Guttendorf, Charles 134 Hinduja, Sameer 216 I Guyton, Sheronda 287 Hirsch, Phillip 174 Jackson, Mary S. 139 Hochstein, Lucy 146 Jackson, Sherry 12 Hoff, Robert 180 Jacobs, Bruce 196 Hoffman, Harry 239 Jacobs, Pearl 290 Haberfeld, Maria (Maki) 77, 114 Hoffman, Sandra 125 Jacobson, Michel 267 Hagan,H Frank 94 Hogan, Lorraine 183 Jahic, Calma 130 Hairston, Creasier Finney 298 Hogan, Nancy 116 James, Keenan 90 Haley, Keith 95, 287 Holcomb, Jefferson E. 222 Jang, Hyunseok 199 Hall, Daniel 53 Holden, Richard N. 184 Janikowski, W. Richard 55, 165 Hall, Joe 247 Holland, Robert 230 Jarvis, John 158 Hall, Walter 272 Hollifield, Kimberly 144 Jeffrey, Michelle J. 102 Holmes, Dennis 287 Hallett, Michael A. 143, 144, 294 Jenkins, Jeffrey A. 229 Holsonback, Stephanie 255, 279 Halsey, Christopher 17 Jensen, Car 158 Hamilton, Cynthia 270 Holt, Matthew 27 Jiao, Allan Y. 248 Holtfreter, Kristy 90 Hamilton, Jill 306 Jipson, Arthur1 205 Hanna, Kiran 44 Homant, Robert J. 216 Johnson, Brian 278 Hoover, Larry T. 137, 254 Hanrahan, Kate 242 Johnson, Devon Vail 265 Horn, Eddie 32 Hanson, Bob 186 Johnson, James B. 206 Hardesty, Katherine 181 Horvath, Frank 210 Johnson, Katherine 110, 208 Hardy, Charleston 287 Hostetter, Edwin C. 131 Johnson, Mathew B. 8, 185, 303 Harriott, Anthony D. 142 Houston, James 113 Johnson, Tyler 167 Huang, Shihlung 51 Harris, Christine 2 Johnson, Wesley 58 Huang, Wilson 104 Harris, Christopher 36, 217 Johnson, William W., Sr. 128, 180 Huckabee, Robert G. 4, 227 Harris, Lillian Annette 12 Johnstone, Peter 23, 162, 252 Hudson, Lakisha 192 Harper, Dee W. 75 Jones, David M. 57 Hart, Barbara 69 Huebner, Beth M. 223 Jones, Jennifer 287 Huelsmann, Andrea 76, 238 Harter, Carrie M. 157, 251 Jones, John 283 Huggins, Denise 268 Hartley, Deborah J. 297 Jones, Marlyn J. 33 Hartley, Richard D. 89 Hughes, Chris 108 Jones, Richard S. 103, 116 Hughes, Frank 278 Harver, William E. 110 Jones, Sharon 287 Haueter, Mark 17 Hughes, Tad 57 Jones-Brown, Delores 8, 20 Hull, Elizabeth 174 Hayes, Hennessey 200 Joplin, Jerry 121 Huling, Brian Bennett 17 Haynes, Matthew R. K. 118 Jordan, James 173 Hayslip, David 109 Humphrey, Jack 102 Jordan, Kareem L. 26, 129 Hunt, Dana E. 152, 284 He, Ni (Phil) 51 Jordan, Michael L. 12, 297, 302 Heck, William P. 214 Hunter, Ronald D. 299 Joseph, Janice 93, 148, 195, 260 Hurwitz, Steven 122 Heitfield, Heather 103 Ju, Qi 202 Heimberger, LaRonda S. 270 Husain, Saima 248 Heimberger, Timothy E. 246 Huser, Sarah 196 Hutchinson, Emily J. 233 Helms, Ronald 51 K Hemmens, Craig 48, 190, 227 Hutton, James 209 Kadela, Karen R. 298 Hemond, David A., Sr. 229 Hutton, Shawn 125 Kakar, Suman 53 Hwang, Eui-Gab 98 Hennessy, David 180 Kaminski, Robert J. 229 Henriquez, Zelma 190, 260 Icli, Tulin 156 Kane, John 125 Hensley, Christopher 29, 223 Iles, Gayle 23 Kane, Robert 5, 126 Herzog, Tiffany 83 Innes, Christopher 31, 187 Karjane, Heather 78 Heyns, Terry 6 Ioimo, Ralph E. 171 Karlgaard, Tammy 63 Hicks, April 200 Irgang, Ed 47 Kathiwala, Penelope 242 Hicks, Wendy 126 Ireland, Roderick L. 225 Katz-Bannister, Andra J. 63, 275 Kaune, Michael 4, 286 Lall, Vidya 142 Lord, Vivian B. 80, 173 Keating, Erin M. 197 Lambert, Eric 116, 261, 277, 297 Louck, Amy S. 185 Kedia, Ray 85 Lambert, Janet 261 Lovell, Rickie 166 Kedia, Sushila 85 Land, Roger 6 Lovrich, Nicholas 51 Kellar, Mark 113 Lane, Jodi 266 Lucas, Schannae 137 Keller, Kim 105 Lanier, Charles S. 175, 188 Lurigio, Arthur 118 Kellerman, Colleen E. 188 Lanzilatti, Amy L. 197 Luthra, Parul 27 Kelley, Laura 99 Laster, Dennis J. 233 Lutze, Faith E. 72, 99 Kelley, Thomas M. 189 Lateano, Thomas 100, 218 Lynch, James 159, 262 Kelly, Brandy 192 Laufersweiler-Dwyer, Deborah L. 291 Lyons, Horace 59 Kent, David L. 277 Laughinghouse-Boyd, Kendria 192 Keough, Brian 188 Laux, Anne 12 Kepford, Lori 46 Lavery, Cathryn 13 M Kercher, Glen 199 Lawrence, Richard 157 MacDonald, John 276 Keveles, Gary N. 17, 242 Laxson, Beth 233 Maddan, Sean 89, 104 Khondaker, Mahfuzul 151 Lazar, Kim 95 Madden, James 6 Kibitlewski, Joseph 184 LeBel, Thomas P. 267 Madison, Joseph S. 276 Kidder, Louise 147 LeClair, Daniel P. 111 Madruga, Heather 34 KiDeuk, Kim 267 Leduc, Lisa 154 Magaletta, Phil 119 Kim, Beom J un 199 Lee, Chang-Hun 197, 248 Magers, Jeffrey S. 36, 67 Kim, Jung-Mi 197 Lee, Jeff 25, 278 Mahmoud, Mohamed Hanafi 35 King, John W. 142 Lee, Jenifer A 242, 268 Mahoney, Annette M. 142 King, Kate 99 Lee, Soo J ung 199 Makin, David 275 King, Ryan 284 Lee, Yung Hyeock 248 Malatesta, J o Anne 188 King, William R. 104 Leesberg, Maurits, J. 179 Mallicoat, Stacy L. 198 King-Davis, Robin 102 Legault, Richard L. 57, 87, 300 Mallory, Stephen 25 Klein, Lloyd 89, 177 Leiber, Michael J. 200 Manzi, Stephanie Picolo 88 Klein, Ryan 246 Leinfelt, Fredrik H. 210 Marcus, Michael H. 155 Kleppinger, Shandell 184 Lekang, Malyanda 272 Mares, Dennis 86 Klerks, Peter 54 Lemmon, John 138 Marion, Nancy 174 Klofas, John 77, 103 Lent, Cynthia J. 292 Markel, Paul 239 Klueber, Sherilyn 106, 255 Lentz, Susan 115, 227 Markowitz, Michael W. 110 Knight, Raymond 276 Leonardo, Arthur 40, 160 A A Marks, Monique 98 Kocher, Jr., Charles J. 128 Lersch, Kim Michelle 208 Marquart, James W. 7, 119, 157, 251, 297 Kordzek, Andrea 232 Leslie, Katherine 204 Mars, Joan 142, 186 Koscheski, Mary 223 Letman, Sloan T. 204 Marsh, Chery 292 Koseli, Mutlu 241 Leukefeld, Carl 295 Marsh, Robert L. 118 Kramer, David 180 Levey, Lynn 78 Marshall, Ineke1 Haen 22 Kramer, Patrick 167 Levin, Brian 153 Martin, Kimberly 217 Kraska, Peter 32, 302 Levine, James P. 262 Martin, Robert A., Jr. 57, 87, 300 Kratcoski, Peter C. 114, 172 Levison, Ryan 3 Martinelli, Thomas J. 67, 140 Kreisel, Betsy Wright 86, 288 Lewinski, William 278 Maruna, Shadd 267 Krimmel, John 140, 161 Lewis, John A. 11 Mason, Rich 128 Krozier, Jennifer Dennis 135 Liang, Bin 231 Mateyoke-Scrivner, Allison 295 Kuck, Sarah 152 Lichtenberg, Illya 57, 229 Mathis, Stephen 131 Kudlac, Chris 258 Liddick, Don 152 Matthews, Betsy A 200 Kuehnle, Kristen J. 71 Lim, Helen Ahn 151 Mays, G. Larry 113, 266 Kunselman, Julie C. 91, 93, 110, 123, Linehan, James Timothy 54 Mazzuchelli, James 277 235 Lingamneni, J agan 145 McAninch, Helen 286 Kurst-Swanger, Karel 277 Linnell, Deborah 237 McAninch, Thomas 286 Kusha, Hamid R. 28 Liu, Jianhong 14 McBride, R. Bruce 259 Kushner, Harvey 28 Liu, Jing 240 McCartan, Lisa 62 Kwartner, Phylissa 223 Lofgreen, Victor 237 McCarthy, Bernard J. 176 Logan, Mark 168 McCarthy, Nathan 277 Long, Lydia M. 73 McCartney, Michael L. 258 Longmire, Dennis 165 L McCarty, Dawn 148 Lahm, Karen 103 Loper, D. Kall 84 McConnell, Elizabeth 74 McCormack, Robert 114 Mohammad, Fida 63 McCoy, Candace 254 Momayezi, Nasser 28 Oberweis, Trish 84 McCoy, Laura 83 Monahan, James 271 0O'Brien, Jeff 66 McCoy, Tana 212 Monahan, Lynn Hunt 271 O'Connor, Tom 84 McCrvstle, Michael 282 Monroe, Terrence L. 3 O'Hara, Patrick 77 McD;vitt, Jack 173, 245, 292 Montanez, Deseree 78 O'Rourke, Marvene 43, 106 McDonald, Danielle 129, 172 Moon, Byongook 202, 211 Okereke, Godpower 0. 81, 164 McDonald, Hope S. 295 Moore, Robert 275 Oliver, Willard 86, 302 McDonald, Judy 258, 283 Morash, Merry 202, 249 Olivero, Michael Morgan, Etta 107 McDonough, Jill 111 Olufokunbi, Delia 78 McCarrell, Edmund F. 257 Morgenbesser, Leonard I. 40, 160 O'Neill, Lauren 300 McGee, Zina T. 91, 138 Morn, Frank 14 Onwudiwe, Christian C. 164 McGinley, Tracy 125 Morreale, Stephen A. 18, 140 Onwudiwe, Ihekwoaba 152, 164 McKenna, Robert 182 Morrison, Jennifer 196 Onyeozili, Emmanuel 239 McKenney Brown, Alison 175 Morrow, Nina 192 Orvis, Gregory Philip 117 McKenzie, Douglas G. 216 Morton, Danielle 122 Osofsky, Michael, J. 198 McKenzie, Nikki 118 Moskos, Peter 32, 87 Otu, Noel 251 McKibben, Andre 99 Mosley, Thomas S. 199 Ouimet, Marc 22, 212 McKinney, Jerry 15 Motivans, Mark 145, 305 Owen, Stephen 121, 297 McKinnon, Kristi M. 50 Mu, Wang 303 Owens, David 37, 74, 259 McMillan, Charles 170 Mueller, Autumn 270 Ozdogan, Ali 156 McMorris, Michael A. 14 Mueller,David 157 Ozeren, Suleyman 156 McNally, Roger B. 49, 219 Muffett, Stacy 270 Ozguler, Mustafa 140 McNeece, C. Aaron 12 Mullings, Janet L. 7, 119, 157, 251, 297 McShane, Marilyn D. 74, 233 Muraskin, Roslyn 72, 108 Meadows, Robert 93 Murataya, Rodrigo 211 Meagher, Patrick 178 Murphy, Kevin J. 149 Paik, Leslie 50 Meehan, Nathan 90 Murphy, Rosemary 109, 166 Palmiotto,p Michael J. 93, 98, 237 Meeker, James W. 266 Muscat, Bernadette T. 15, 264 Palombo, Bernadette Jones 93, 138 Mele, Marie 182 Muschert, Glenn 186 Pandiani, John A. 112 Melzer, Sharon 16 Mustaine, Elizabeth Ehrhardt 92, 203 Pangle, Pamela 140 Memory, John M. 96 Mutchnik, Rob 74 Paoline III, Eugene A. 297 Merianos, Dorothy 154 Myamba, Flora 21, 280 Paparazzi, Mario 161, 176 Mericle, J. Gayle 246, 277 Myers, David 109 Pare, Paul-Phillipe 182, 212 Merlo, Alida V. 202, 257 Myers, Laura 242 Parent, Rick 140 Merryman, Molly 226 Myrstol, Brad 296 Parker, Mary 148, 168, 274 Messerschmidt, James W. 204 Pascale, Carmen Metchik, Eric 146 44 Passas, Nikos 120 Meyer, Fred 148 N Patchin, Justin 102, 216 Meyer, Jon' a 191 Nakama, Leigh 183 Patenaude, Al 191, 276 Miller, Alexis J. 107, 288 Nalla, Mahesh 98, 200 Patrick, Steven 118 Miller, A very 200 Naik, Deepa 80 Pattavina, April 34 Miller, Donald 95 Nation, Denise D. 264 Paulsen, Derek J. 213, 296 Miller, Holly A. 135, 201, 223 Nauyokas, Ruth 111 Payne, Justin 167, 272 Miller, Mark 7 Nave, Timothy K., Jr 52 Pealer, Jennifer A. 133, 265 Miller, J. Mitchell 135, 205 Neiswender, John 137 Pearson, Hillary 296 Miller, R. Robin 59 Nelligan, Peter J. 19 Pearson, Peggi C. 7 Millhoff, Patricia A. 52, 193 Nerbonnet, Terry 277 Peat, Barbara 79, 259 Milovanovich, Zoran 231 Neubauer, David 50, 242 Pelz, Beth 69 Milson, Bonnie D. 213 Nicholson, Donna J. 197 Peralta, Robert 11 Mimura, Susan Lynn 118 Niesyn, Patricia 271 Perkins, David B. 17 Minor, Kevin I. 103, 200 Nolan, III, James J. 245 Perkins, Martina 118 Minton, Lisa 295 Noone, Diane 80 Perroncello, Peter 44, 160 Mizrahi, Stephanie 117, 132 Nored, Lisa 25, 104 Perry, Alice E. 242 Moak, Stacy C. 219, 285 Norris, Michael R. 229 Peters, Jr., John G. 36 Mock, Lois 43, 187 Norton-Hawk, Maureen 34 Peterson, Dana 183, 251 Moe, Angela M. 143, 182 Nurge, Dana 90 Peterson, Kristin E. 143 Petrocelli, Matthew 84 Regnier, Richard 246 Salvatore,Christopher 110 Pettier, Laura G. 2, 192 Reinstein, John 254 Samuels, Lorraine A. 174 Phillips, Kendra L. 91, 138 Reitzel, John 194 Sanchez, Minerva 299 Phillips, Lauren 170 Ren, Xin 14, 106 Sandridge, Shane 9, 270 Pierce, Greg 256 Renauer, Brian 109 Sandys, Marla 165 Pierce, Mari 268 Rheins, Philemon 20 Santana, Shannon A. 265 Pilgrim, Rocky Leann 265 Rhodes, Philip W. 215, 249 Sasse, Scott 249 Piquero, Alex 194, 276 Rhodes, William 284 Saum, Christine A. 236 Piquero, Nicole L. 276 Ribeiro, Ludmila Mendonca Lopes Savage, Joanne 204 Pisani, Angelo L. 53 299 Saville, Greogry 289 Plante, Elizabethe G. 66 Rice, Steve 194 Scarborough, Kathyrn 278 Plecas, Darryl 76, 137, 237, 238 Richards, Stephen C. 103, 107, 116 Scarpitti, Frank R. 236 Pochowsi, Peter 166 Richards-Ekeh, Kaylene 33 Schaefer, Melissa 126 Poland, James 282 Ricketts, Melissa L. 9 Schafer, Joseph A. 115, 134 Policastro, Kelly 44 Ritter, Susan 10 Schain, Linda 290 Polk, 0. Elmer 137 Rivers, David 144 Schain, Rebecca 290 Pollock, J oycelyn 70, 163 Roach, R.P. 201 Scheidegger, Arnie R. 124 Pompa, Lori 147 Roberson, Cliff 93, 201 Scheider, Matthew 60 Ponder, Bruce S. 222 Robert, Dominique 95 Schemmel, Daniel Jon 20 Pontell, Henry 120, 125 Roberts, Albert R. 250, 277, 304 Scherb, Michelle 288 Pontzer, Daniel 184 Roberts, David 181 Schlegel, Kip 43 Potgieter, P.J. 98 Roberts, James 211 Schlief, Shelly 36 Potter, Hillary 92, 235 Roberts, Marilyn M. 50 Schlosser, Lee Ayers 76, 183 Potter, Roberto Hugh 29, 55 Robinson, Mathew B. 115, 208, 235, Scmidt, Eric D. 191 Powers, Jamie 297 302 Schmitt, Michelle 268 Pratt, Travis 103 Robinson, Matthew V. 217 Schneider, Carrie A. 240 Pratte, Mary 36 Rockholz, Peter 45 Schreck, Chris 135 Prescott, Samantha 1 Rodriguez III, Joseph P. 137 Schrock, Jennifer 16 Pritchard, Anita 98 Rollins, James 298 Schwartz, Martin D. 66, 154, 253 Proctor, Jon L. 189 Roscoe, Tom 258 Scott, Donald 145 Proper, Diane 232 Rose, Dina R. 38, 159, 267 Scully, Kristen 38 Prybutok, Benn 270 Rosenmerkel, Sean P. 119 Sears, Richard W. 210 Puglisi, Stephanee M. 90 Rosenthal, Robert A. 131 See, Eric 63 Pullem, Alan C. 247 Roskes, Erik 198 Sedelmaier, Christopher M. 110 Purkiss, Marcus 201 Rosoff, Stephen 125 Sefferino, Mindy R. 185 Ross, Debra E. 238 Seiter,Richard P. 298 Ross, James J. 49, 222 Seklecki, Richard 239 Ross, Jeffrey Ian 107, 136 Sellars, Besangie 192 Q Queen, Cecil R. 88 Ross, Lee E. 53 Senjo, Scott R. 4 Quick, Mary 192 Roth, Frederick P. 21 Seredycz, Michael 85 Quist, Theron M. 197 Roth, Mitchel 234 Sever, Brion 296 Rubenser, Lorie 92, 143 Severance, Theresa A. 82 Ruiz, Jim 65 Sharp, Tracy 125 Rummings, Jana 194 Shaw, Nicholas 89 R Rush, Jeff 1, 140, 236 Sheppard, Larissa 277 Rabe, Gary A. 239 Russell, Steve 101 Sherrill, George R. 97 Ragusea, Anthony S. 210 Russell, Tara 295 Shernock, Stanley K. 205, 269 Rainville, Raymond R. 243 Ryan, Joseph 237 Sherwood, Wally 209 Ramdhanie, Ian K. 33 Ryan, Kevin 174 Shields, Theodore 291 Ramsey, Robert J. 265 Ryan, Patrick 37 Shively, Michael 152 Rasor, Lt. Carol E. 157 Ryder, Judith 38 Shoemaker, Donald 172 Reasons, Charles E. 79 Shook, Lyle 60 Redd, Margaret 146 Shreve-Neiger, Andrea 125 Reed, John C. 1 Sieh, Edward W. 233 Reed, Thomas E. 294, 303 Sabol, William 159 Simlot, Rupendra 60, 260 Reed, Winifred 187 Sacco,s Lisa N. 188 Simon, Anthony W. 297 Reddington, Frances P. 86, 288 Salinas, Patti Ross 154 Simon, David R. 294 RedHaw k-Love, Sharon 199 Simon, Kathy 302 Sullivan, Ann 71 Trulson, Chad 58 Simon, Leonore M.J. 32, 215 Sullivan, Larry 79, 151 Turer, Ahmet 241 Simsek, Yilmaz 241 Sumner, Jennifer M. 103 Turner, K. B. 206 Singer, Simon I. 183 Sun, Key 264 Turner, Phillip C. 1 Six, Tamson 287 Supancic, Michael 230 Tweddale, Amanda 223 Skelton, David 4, 105 Suzuki, Yumi 224 Tzeng, Shuping 224 Skuutnak, Sanja 114 Swan, Robert 109 Slaby, Ron 66 Swart, Stanley L. 292, 293 Slate, Risdon N. 198 Swim, David H. 1, 230, 282 Sloan, John 236 Swope, Tara 167, 272 Uildriks, N. A. 68, 246 Small, Kevonne 106 Symonds, Peter B. 1 Uludag,u Sener 76 Smith, Beverly A. 60 Symons, Megan 224 Unnever, James D. 62 Smith, Christopher E. 300 Unnithan, N. Prabha 189 Smith, Brian J. 283 Ursitz, Lisa 250 Smith, Deborah 266 T Uwazie, Ernest 164 Smith, Ezzie 170 Talarico, Susette 55 Smith, Shamayne 236 Tartaro, Christine 110, 113 Smith, Steven 258 Tatum, Becky 20 Smith, Tony R. 62 Tatum, Kimberly M. 91 Valenti, James M. 227 Smith-Rupe, Carol 92 Taxman, Faye 236 Vallee,v Michel 10 Smykla, John 0. 236 Taylor, Christopher 199 VanBrocklin, Porsche 240 Snell, Clete 17 4, 221 Taylor, David B. 220 Vanderkooi, Greg 88 Soltan, Karol 178 Taylor, Dorothy 260 Van Der Velde, Robert 288 Sonderstrom, Irina 119 Taylor, Lisa D. 7 Vanderwall, David 17 Song, John H. 23 Taylor, Robert W. 156, 241 Vandiver, Donna M. 12 Soothill, Keith 276 Taylor, Terrance J. 251 Vandiver, Margaret 165, 188 Sorensen, Jon 265 Temkin, Anatoly 111 VanHouten, Amy C. 89, 188 Souryal, Sam S. 35, 269 Terry, Karen 59 VanReenen, Piet 231, 263 Southerland, Mittie 70, 74, 163 Teske, Raymond Jr. 12 VanVoorhis, Patricia 268 Spader, Dean J. 108 Tessitore, Laura 44 Varano, Sean P. 237 Spencer, David 132 Tewksbury, Richard 107, 223 Vaughn, Michael S. 81, 217 Spikes, Vivian 287 Teymur, Samih 156 Vazquez, Salvador 184 Spiropoulos, Georgia 268 Thibault, Edward 65 Venaglia, Jean 174 Spohn, Cassia 149 Thimamontri, Preecha 24 Ventura, Lois A. 92 Spruance, Lisa 268 Thomas, Matthew 0. 238 Verdet, Paule 111 St. Jean, Peter K. B. 33, 75 Thompson, Alan 25, 58, 104 Verkay, Brian 44 Stalans, Loretta 182 Thompson, Carol 101 Vessel, Valencia 170 Starks, Brian C. 118 Thomson, Michael J. 61, 127 Vickers, Dianne 211 Staton, Michele 295 Thornton, William E. 75 Victor, Michael 22 Stearman, Kelli 200 Thurman, Quint 60, 70, 257 Vigeant, Michael 83 Steinbock, Marcia 221 Tierney, Nancy 10 Vito, Gennaro, F. 194 Steiner, Benjamin 99, 202 Time, Vickie 281 Vizzard, William J. 282 Steinmann, Rick M. 235 Tipple, Nancy L. 90, 192 Vogel, Brenda L. 265 Steketee, Martha 78 Tobin, Kim 283 Voigt, Lydia 75 Stevens, Dennis J. 71, 76, 248 Tobolowsky, Peggy M. 286 Stevens, Timothy 262 Todish, Barbara A. 185 Stinchcomb, Jeanne B. 235 Toggia, Pietro 35 Wagner, Sue 47 Stockner, Jeffrey 122 Tomaszewski, E. Andreas 62 wWahidin, Azrini 19 Stohr, Mary K. 70, 184 Toothaker, Bonnie 228, 255 Wakefield, William 85, 104, 172 Stojkovic, Stan 40, 160 T opalli, Volkan 196 Walfield, Rachel 71, 83 Stokes, Larry 185 Torres, Angela 223 Walker, Jeffery 48, 221, 244 Stolz, Barbara Ann 130, 141 Tracy, Sharon 134, 266 Walker, Michael 77 Stone, William E. 215 Trate, Kirk 67 Walker, Rhonda 148 Stringfellow, Kendric 287 Travis, Lawrence 95, 166, 257 Wallace, Lisa Hutchinson 157, 219 Stuccio, Donna 65, 163 Tregea, William 169 Wallace, Don 132 Sturges, Judith 181 Trevino, A. Javier 131 Walsh, Jeff 13 Suggs, Jon Christian 262 Truitt, Linda 284 Walsh, Patrick 224 Walsh, William F. 140 Williams, July Nicole 197 Yacoubian, George S. Jr. 99, 264 Wang, Hsiao-Ming 101, 113, 205 Williams, Katherine 118 Yasar, Murat 195, 241 Warchol, Greg 186 Williams, Zaynah 91, 138 Yayla, Ahmet 241 Waring, Elin 38 Williamson, Dana 47 Y eh, Y enli 42, 281 Warner, Darren 22, 239 Williamson, Harold 285 Yim, Y oungyol 93 Watkins, Adam M. 5 Willis, Cecil L. 264 Young, Gay 228, 255 Watson, Philip 261 Wilson, Basil 262 Young, John Lap Ping 202 Watson, Rita Leona 2 Wilson, Deborah G. 239, 255 Young, William G. 225 Weaver, Greg S. 222 Wilson, Fred G. 244 Young, Xan 78 Weaver, Robert 119 Wilson, Jeremy M. 135 Youngblood, Steve 181 Webb, Elizabeth M. 228, 255 Wilson, Rayshawn 306 Webb, Vincent 74 Wilt, John 228, 255, 256 Webster, Brandon 224 Winkelhake, R.J. 194 Webster, J. Matthew 295 Winokur, Kristin P. 12 Zalman, Marvin 55 Weiss, Michael Scot 242 Winston, Craig N. 249 Zambrano,z Kristina M. 196, 249 Weissinger, George 23, 195 Winston, Curtis 287 Zastany, Robert A. 206 Welch, Michael 153 Winslow, Robin 88 Zdanowicz, Mary 244 Wells, L. Edward 51 Withrow, Brian L. 88 Zedlewski, Edwin 187 Wells, James B. 103, 200 Wolf, Ross 273 Zeliph, Jason 57, 87, 300 Wells, Ross 167 Wong, Kam C. 14, 246 Zhang, Changrong 23 West, Angela 29, 85, 92, 194, 255 Woodberry, Larry 47 Zhang, Yan 14, 249, 250 West, Lambert 47 W ooldredge, John 20 Zhang, Zhiwei 31 Westerman, Amanda 255 Worden, Robert E. 36, 217, 284 Zhao, Jihong (Solomon) 51, 60 Whelan, David 5, 16 Workley, David 63 Ziegler, Stephen 17 Whetstone, Thomas S. 1 Worrall, John 48 Ziev, Matthew 83 White, John H. 215 Wright, John Paul 62 White, Michael 143 Wright, Richard G. 2, 78 Whitson, Marian 306 Wylupski, Warren 177 Whitworth, Keith 101 Wiatrowski, Michael D. 98 Wiinamaki, Lizabeth Ann 37 Xavier, Fabio Manhaes 269 Wilcox, Pamela 62 Xie, Min 188 Wilds, Michael 214 X Wilkins, Tarni Tucker 278, 288 Williams, E.J. 291 y The Academy of Criminal JusticeSciences has officially adopted and reaffirms their policies as follows: No member of the Academy shall, on the grounds of race, color religion, gender, age, handicap, national origin, marital status, sexual orientation, pregnancy, or veteran status be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to, discrimination in this organization. No member shall be subject to sexual harassment in ACJS related programs and activities. Sexual harassment includes, but is not limited to, physical or verbal abuse of a sexual nature including graphic comments about an individual's body, sexually degrading remarks used to describe an individual, or unwelcome propositions and physical advances of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment also includes the threat or insinuation that lack of sexual submission will be used as a basis for decisions affecting or interfering with an individual's organizational standing. It is the policy of the Academy that minorities and women shall be involved and encouraged to participate as active members in all activities of ACJS, including policy and decision making. No one participating in the ACJS Annual Meeting shall have on his or her person a weapon of any type. The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences is a professional organization supporting affirmative action to ensure equal opportunities in programs, activities and employment, regardless of race, religion, national origin, age and gender. By attending an Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' meeting, attendees agree to comply with the Academy's Code of Ethics. DISCLAIMER: THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES IS ABSOLVED OF ANY LIABILITY (ACCIDENTS, ETC.) AT FUNCTIONS HELD DURING THE ANNUAL MEETING WHERE ALCOHOL IS SERVED.