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A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Apple Genetic Resources

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A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Apple Genetic Resources A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND USE OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES Paula Bramel and Gayle M. Volk CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................5 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................7 MALUS GENETIC RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................ 8 EX SITU CONSERVATION .......................................................................................................................................11 IN SITU CONSERVATION .......................................................................................................................................17 INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND SHARING .......................................................................................................19 UTILIZATION OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 20 EXCHANGE OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES ..................................................................................................... 21 VULNERABILITY OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 21 A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE EX SITU CONSERVATION OF APPLES ..................................23 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL STRATEGY ...................................................................................................... 23 STATUS OF MALUS COLLECTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONSULTATIONS WITH GENEBANK CURATORS AND USERS..............................................................................31 The development of this strategy would not have been possible without the contributions of many SUMMARY OF APPLE GENEBANK VISITS ............................................................................................................ 32 participants, including Yuan Gao, Turdiyev Timur, Satish Kumar, C. Thomas Chao, William Srmack, František Paprštein, Jiří Sedlák, Hilde Nybom, Gregor Osterc, Daniele Bassi, Joanie Cooper, Hiroyuki Iketani, Patrick SECURING LONG-TERM CONSERVATION AND USE OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES ......................................33 O’Mara, Thomas Sotiropoulos, Alois Bilavčik, Audrius Sasnauskas, Doron Holland, Matthew Ordidge, Bob PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR THE GLOBAL EX SITU CONSERVATION SYSTEM FOR MALUS ................................... 36 Bors, Carla Benelli, Nazeer Ahmed, Anna Shlyavas, Johan Kriel, Rajiv Dasanjh, Cheryl Hampson, Raffaele Testolin, Dilshad Bayramova, Markus Kellerhals, Fengzhi Liu, Pilar Errea, Tibor Szabó, Gordana Ðuric, Arnaud REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................38 Guyader, Stefano Tartarini, Laila Ikase, Monika Höfer, Serif Özongun, Zoya Kazlouskaya, Marc Lateur, Neveen ANNEX I: MALUS SPECIES AND HYBRIDS LISTED IN ONLINE CATALOGS AND Hassan, Rob van Treuren, Maraisa Crestani Hawerroth, Anna Zaremba, Kim Hummer, Cameron Peace, Ben Gutierrez, Kate Evans, Susan Brown, Greg Reighard, Raquel Sachet Perez, Trina Tonescu, Arnand Remay, COLLECTION INVENTORIES ............................................................................................... 48 Laurence Feugey, Charles-Eric Durel, Jim McFerson, Tal Issacson, Artem Sorokin, Mirza Musayev, Anna Pina, and Jorge Urrestarazu. Editorial support was provided by Aaron Wiggett and Luigi Guarino. AUTHORS Paula Bramel Scientific Adviser, Crop Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany; [email protected]. Gayle M. Volk USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 S. Mason St., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; [email protected]. 3 Detail from a painting by Bartolomeo Bimbi, known as Il Bimbi. The artist was commissioned by the Medici family at the beginning of the eighteenth century to produce a series of life-size paintings of various fruit, including these apples, which are carefully numbered to match the varietal names of the time. Contributed by Carla Benelli. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Worldwide, apples are amongst the most popular Taxonomically, the Malus genus is a member of fruits, particularly in temperate climates. They are the kingdom Plantae, phylum Magnoliophyta, consumed fresh, baked, and processed as juice, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, and family alcoholic cider, cider vinegar, sauce, and fillings. Rosaceae. Malus species are native to many Apples are often low in calories and usually are countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Malus rich in phytonutrients, flavonoids, antioxidants, currently includes 144 taxa according to the GRIN and polyphenolics. With their ability to retain Taxonomy for Plants; however, only 59 of these are quality after storage and their ease of shipping, officially recognized unique species. There are four they are produced in many temperate regions and Malus species native to North America, at least shipped throughout the world. Mainland China is two Malus species native to Europe, and at least the world’s largest producer of apples while Europe 31 Malus species native to Asia, with China as the and the Americas are the primary apple fruit center of diversity for Malus. Malus × domestica is exporters (as measured by export value). Europe believed to have been domesticated thousands and Asia are the primary importers (as measured of years ago in Central Asia. M. sieversii is likely by import value). Some countries produce and the main progenitor. Other species have been consume primarily their own fruit, whereas others introgressed into M. sieversii as it moved east are either primarily producers or consumers. and west. Europeans then took apple seeds and scions to the Americas, and a secondary center of The development of new apple cultivars with a diversity developed in North America. wider genetic base is dependent upon breeders having access to a diverse array of cultivars and Apples are traditionally conserved in field germplasm. Breeding programs may maintain collections as grafted cultivars. These collections their own collections, but often they acquire new are expensive, long-term investments that materials from public apple genebanks. Traditional have been established for a variety of different apple breeding is a complex process that involves purposes that include genetic studies, breeding, many years of crossing, multi-site field evaluation conservation, distribution, and public interest. trials, and consumer testing. Changing climatic National, state, provincial, and local genebanks, conditions, new disease pressures, and the need to botanical gardens, arboreta, private companies, produce fruit with fewer chemical inputs to meet and NGOs all host collections. Collections of consumer demand will result in the need for new apple genetic resources provide access to living apple cultivars with higher levels of resistance materials (in either tree or seed form) for use in or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in the taxonomy, physiology, molecular and evolutionary future. Meeting these challenges will depend on biology, horticulture, and breeding programs. having sufficient genetic diversity conserved in Apple breeders, orchardists, and nurseries have genebanks and in the wild. maintained germplasm collections for many years. 4 A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND USE OF APPLE GENETIC RESOURCES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Apples are amenable to in vitro culture as well as listed in Annex I of the Treaty. The aim of this cryopreservation as dormant buds or shoot tips. Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Seed from diploids can also be stored for the long Apple Genetic Resources is to secure the long-term term. Pollen can be desiccated and cryopreserved. conservation and use of apple genetic resources. All of these methods are used to complement field The strategy will serve as a framework to bring collections. Key wild species are also conserved in together stakeholders at all levels to build long- nature reserves and seed gardens. term support through greater awareness, increased capacity, greater community engagement, and There are a number of sources of information sustained funding. on conserved apple genetic resources within institutions and they are shared at national, The development of the global conservation regional, and international levels. Information strategy involved an initial background study, for many apple collections around the world is a survey of the status of major collections, available through Genesys, with data on 36,654 several expert consultations, and some site accessions from 91 institutions. Under the umbrella visits. The survey respondents indicated that the of the European Cooperative Program for Genetic current system for ex situ conservation includes Resources (ECPGR), efforts are being made to a large number of collections that are held by coordinate conservation institutions in Europe a wide range of governmental organizations, and globally, but results are being achieved universities, private companies, botanical gardens, slowly. Increased utilization of conserved genetic foundations, public parks, and individuals. Apple resources is now possible with the identification cultivars (including internationally
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