Harry S. Truman's recognition of Is knew some of them better than actual tion of Foreign Secretary Balfour in rael 35 years ago stands as one of the people I knew." He had shuddered at 1917 pledging to develop a Jewish great turning points in the world poli old Nebuchadnezzar's wickedness, homeland in Palestine. The immigra tics of the 20th century. Why did he do and thrilled at the readiness of Cyrus tion ceilings "made a scrap of paper it? The real motives behind his deci to let the Jewish exiles in Babylon re out of Balfour's promise," he said. sion have defied adequate explanation turn to Palestine and found their Sec He lent his name to various appeals through all the ensuing decades. ond Commonwealth 2,500 years which seemed humanitarian and patri It was a singularly personal act. The back. otic, without bothering to detect that entire foreign policy establishment of Truman was a 21-year-old their promoter was a militant Zionist the nation was opposed, and harassed bookkeeper in Kansas City when he outcast named Peter Bergson, secret the President with repeated warnings made his first Jewish friend. Eddie emissary of the underground Jewish that a Jewish state would threaten Jacobson was 14, a stockboy with a army in Palestine, the Irgun Tzvai United States national interests. flair for merchandising. Thrown to Leumi. Truman's association with the Truman's many critics, including gether in the World War I field artil Irgun was short-lived, for the careless the revered Secretary of State George lery, Lieut. Truman put Sgt. Jacobson Bergson made the mistake of criticiz C. Marshall, accused him of political in charge of the battery canteen. Their ing one of Truman's friends in print. opportunism, granting recognition in collaboration won respect in the regi Truman was swom in as Vice- a play for Jewish votes. Yet the Jewish ment, and after the war their President of the United States in Janu vote in 1948 was significant only in mercantile partnership survived in the ary 1945, to serve for only 82 days. three states—New York, Pennsylvania haberdashery business. Ignored by Roosevelt's inner circle, and Illinois—and Truman's strategists For all their professional and per he was tantalized by the one mission calculated that he could win the presi sonal intimacy, Truman never once in tentatively assigned him by the ailing dency, as he did, without them. vited Jacobson and his wife, Bluma, President: an inspection tour of the The actual drama of those days to dinner at the family home. The Wal Arab Middle East, to ferret out the three and a half decades ago is laces, family of Bess Truman, were prospects for the postwar settlement stranger than either apologists or crit "aristocracy in these parts," explained in that area. Late April might be a ics suppose. Now that the official ar Bluma Jacobson, "and under the cir good time for the vice-presidential chives of the three main players— cumstances the Trumans couldn't af tour, Roosevelt suggested. Britain, Israel and the United States— ford to have Jews at their house." Roosevelt died suddenly on April are open to view, it is evident how per Truman fell in with the local bigot 12, and the little-known machine poli sonal impulse directed decisions of ries at first, until he came up against tician from Missouri became Presi state, and that the central figure in the the Ku Klux Klan. Noting that Tru dent of the United States. Foreigners drama, Truman himself, scarcely un man's grandfather had been named and Americans alike wondered what derstood the step he was taking. Solomon—suspiciously Jewish- to expect of him; "coming from the sounding—Klan political opponents midwest I doubt whether the Presi In the American midwest that nur spread rumors that he was partly Jew dent has any connection and relation tured the 33rd president, the scattered ish. Truman retorted with the blunt- ship to Jews," commented David Jewish communities, aspiring mer ness that marked his public style: "I Ben-Gurion, head of the Palestinian chants and tradesmen held little am not Jewish, but if I were I would labor movement. prominence. But young Truman knew not be ashamed of it." The State Department wasted no all about the Jews of old. The big print Elected to the United States Senate time in putting the inexperienced new in the family Bible enticed him from through the ministrations of the chief executive on notice that Palestine the age of five, and by 12 he had read Pendergast machine of Kansas City, was a diplomatic minefield. Just six the Scriptures through twice. Truman arrived in Washington in No days into his presidency, the Depart "The stories in the Bible . . . were vember 1934, an outspoken supporter ment sent him a curt memorandum of to me stories about real people,'' Tru of President Roosevelt and his New warning. man reminisced in his old age. "I felt I Deal. He was determined to keep his "In those days nobody seemed to feet on the ground, he told the Elks think I was aware of anything," Tru This article is adapted from Peter Club: man recalled; even 25 years later the Grose's forthcoming book, Israel In "All this precedence and other memory was fresh of that "communi The Mind Of America, to be pub hooey accorded a senator isn't very cation from some of the 'striped- lished on November 1 by Alfred A. good for the Republic. The association pants' boys ... in effect telling me to Knopf. Mr. Grose is a Senior Fellow with dressed-up diplomats has turned watch my step, that I didn't really un and Director of Middle Eastern Stud the heads of more than one senator, I derstand what was going on over there ies at the Council on Foreign Rela can tell you." Something about diplo and that I ought to leave it to the 'ex tions. For many years he was a mats turned Truman off from the start. perts' . . . foreign correspondent and editorial Foreign policy was not his interest, "I had carefully read the Balfour writer for The New York Times, and but he knew his history. When Britain Declaration. I had familiarized myself he spent a year on the Policy Planning started restricting Jewish immigration with the history of the question of a Staff of the State Department. in 1939, Truman recalled the declara Jewish homeland and the position of
14/Moment the British and the Arabs. I was skep of the possible measures envisaged, tical, as I read over the whole record and one that found no favor in the up to date, about some of the views State Department. Even Winston and attitudes assumed by the 'striped- Churchill, who often expressed his pants boys.' " Some of them, Truman Zionist sympathies during his years as wrote, were plainly anti-Semitic. British prime minister, told the House of Commons that "the idea that the As the diplomats were preoccupied Jewish problem could be solved or with the geopolitics of the Arab world, even helped by a vast dumping of the Truman grew troubled by another as Jews of Europe into Palestine is really pect of the Palestine dilemma, the hu too silly to consume our time in the man fate of hundreds of thousands of House this afternoon." Jews left behind by Hitler's A small group of American Zionists Holocaust. spotted the opportunity which the "My only interest," Truman told an Harrison mission presented. For all his old Senate friend in a moment of can expertise in refugee matters, Harrison dor, "is to find some proper way to knew nothing of Jewish politics. take care of these displaced persons, Meyer W. Weisgal, American repre not only because they should be taken sentative of the Russian-born Zionist care of and are in a pitiful plight, but George C. Marshall leader, Chaim Weizmann, quietly because it is to our own financial inter suggested to Morgenthau that the new est to have them taken care of because envoy be accompanied by someone we are feeding most of them." "thoroughly steeped in the Jewish situ Buchenwald was liberated the day ation." He proposed the name of Jo before Roosevelt died, then four days seph J. Schwartz, European director later Bergen-Belsen, and Dachau on of the Joint Distribution Committee, April 29. The awful reality of Hitler's foremost among the voluntary organi Holocaust became vivid to Ameri zations in aiding the Jewish homeless. cans; seasoned war correspondents This was an inspired choice. could not suppress their anguish at the Schwartz's organization had been dis horror they described. Edward R. tinctly non-Zionist, sometimes even Murrow of CBS opened his live radio anti-Zionist, over decades past. No report from Dachau with the ominous one could suspect a partisan Zionist words, "I pray that you will believe influence on the American fact-find Eddie Jacobson, center, with Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld me." and Charles Kaplan at the White House. June 26, ing mission. Treasury Secretary Henry J. Mor- 1946. Yet Weisgal knew his man. Speak genthau, Jr., urged priority consider ing for himself and Weizmann, ation for the displaced persons' fate. Weisgal wrote confidentially that "al Lest Truman think he was concerned though Dr. Schwartz is on the staff of only as a Jew, Morgenthau persuaded the JDC, we have absolute faith in his the State Department to propose that a integrity and Zionist convictions." presidential emissary be sent on a Harrison arrived in Europe early in fact-finding tour of the DP camps. The July 1945. His first night in Munich, expert named was Earl G. Harrison, another influence bore down upon dean of the University of Pennsylvania him, as helpful to the Zionist cause as Law School, an authority on refugee Schwartz, but spontaneous in its ori matters with no prior interest in gin. A Jewish chaplain in the Ameri Zionism. can army named Abraham J. Klausner The Harrison mission the summer took it upon himself to call on the of 1945 had enduring impact upon presidential emmisary, and the two Truman's Palestine policy. More than men sat up the night long in earnest anything else that happened early in discussion. his presidency, it defined the,\issue for The Third Army command was try three years to come. ing to direct Harrison's itinerary away The DP fate was hopelessly em from the worst of the DP camps, but broiled in politics, and the answer was Klausner took Harrison in hand and not as clear at the time as it seems in showed him the full horrors of the retrospect. Jewish survivors in Europe. The Zionist solution—moving the Harrison's report to Truman, sub refugees to Palestine—was only one mitted late in August 1945, was scath-
Momeiri/15 ing. "We appear to be treating the in eastern Europe and the Chinese man brushed aside all talk of the Jew Jews as the Nazis treated them except mainland. Even years later, as he ish vote, muttering to an old Senate that we do not exterminate them," wrote his memoirs, he liked to think friend, "I think a candidate on an anti- Harrison noted (Truman underlined that the United States exerted no pres Semitic platform might sweep the the passage). "They are in concentra sure on sovereign members of the country!" tion camps in large numbers under our world organization to influence their "The Jews are worried and military guard instead of SS troops. votes. The truth is otherwise. gloomy," reported the British em One is led to wonder whether the Ger Whether he knew it or not, and in bassy. On Tuesday, February 3, 1948, man people, seeing this, are not sup the final days the evidence is clear that a small group of friends met with posing that we are following or at least he did indeed know what was going some emissaries from Palestine over condoning Nazi policy." on, influential Americans in and out dinner at the home of Washington Then Harrison exceeded his man of government were using every lawyer David Ginsburg. Benjamin V. date to propose a political solution. means of persuasion at their disposal Cohen, back in private life after serv He had failed to detect the partisan to convince smaller countries far from ing as the respected Counselor of the maneuvering among various factions the scene that their vote for partition State Department, dropped in, along in the camps, in which the Zionists would be good for world peace—and with Robert Nathan, Oscar Gass, were often outnumbered by others good for their future economic and Richard Gilbert and other second- and who sought to return to their old political relations with the United third-level members of the New Deal. homes in Poland. At Bergen-Belsen, States. Speaking for the Jews of Palestine for instance, loyalists of the anti-Zion State Department experts, who were Moshe Shertok, soon to become ist Socialist Bund were struggling doubted from the start that partition foreign minister of Israel under the with their Zionist rivals for control of would be desirable, were over Hebraic ized name of Sharett, and the camps' internal organization at the whelmed by the politicians who saw Eliahu Epstein, who changed his sur time of Harrison's visit. Other camps Jewish votes in the prospect that the name to Elath when he became Israel's in the American Occupation Zone had Jews of Palestine might at last have a first ambassador to the United States. already come under control of Zionists state of their own. The dinner was a "purely social" from the Lithuanian ghettos, and Har On November 29,1947, the United affair—but over three hours of talk, rison took this as the general state of Nations General Assembly voted 33 to decisions were made. These sophisti affairs. He concluded flatly that "Pal 13 to partition Palestine between cated Jewish officials would have estine is definitely and preeminently Arabs and Jews. The 600,000 Zionists nothing to do with the flashy public the first choice." of Palestine accepted their assigned lobby of the Zionist organization. Truman saw in the Harrison report a mini-state, but the million or so Arab They knew their special role could be moving portrait of human beings, Palestinians refused the state offered more subtle, their targets for persua homeless, in desperate need of succor to them. Intercommunal warfare grew sion pinpointed with intimate and support. "The misery it depicted in intensity as the British colonial precision. could not be allowed to continue," he governors prepared to pull out by May Convinced of the compatibility of wrote. If Palestine is what they and leave the Holy Land to an uncer Zionism with American national in wanted, and no other country was tain fate. terests, they set out to show "responsi coming forward with resettlement of Scarcely was the UN vote cast ble figures in both political parties fers—least of all the United States— when second-echelon officers in the that it would be most unwise, from a then Palestine it should be. State Department moved to reverse strictly electioneering point of view, Over the ensuing 18 months, the United States' policy and withdraw to jettison the United Nations deci protests of the British and his own from the campaign for a Jewish state. sion" for partition. State Department failed to make a dent Truman, concerned only about the But a month of fine-tuned probing in Truman's humanitarian instinct. human plight (and the financial bur into the heart of American policy den) of hundreds of thousands of Jew making brought a sober conclusion. On February 25, 1947, the British ish refugees in Europe, tried to stay Support within the government for a government admitted the failure of its aloof. He let pass without comment future Israel was thin, they found; op pro-Arab policy in Palestine by turn the diplomats' first undermining position was strong. ing the entire problem over to the new move on December 5, an embargo on On March 6, Zionist representatives United Nations. An international all military shipments to either side. in Washington sent a terse cable to committee proposed that the former This ban hit the Zionists far harder Ben-Gurion, leader of the Jewish British-mandated territory be than the Arabs, but for all the political community in Palestine, urging that partitioned into two states, one for the pressure that would later arise, Tru he take a unilateral step: Ignore the Arabs, the other for the Jews, joined man made no move to lift the embargo diplomats, declare the State, establish together in an economic union. until well after the election. a Jewish administration over whatever Truman did not follow the endless The American Zionists, their pub parts of Palestine were under Jewish debates up at the UN over this issue. lic lobbying machine in high gear, control—in effect, "enforce partition His plate was full with the growing were "getting under Truman's skin," by our own means." menace of Communist expansionism one rabbi triumphantly declared. Tru This was bold advice. Arab and
16/Moment Jewish militias were fighting it out in White House without an appointment. almost daily skirmishes and terrorist This was not unusual. Jacobson often attacks; for all the moral weight of the dropped in on his World War I UN, would anyone recognize a Jewish buddy—and the Zionists of the mid state? west had long since seen to it that he As shrewd political operators who would know just what to say if the had sharpened their skills in the New question of Palestine ever came up. Deal, these insiders sensed the mood Jacobson's influence on Truman of the public—Christian as well as has become a mythology in modern Is Jewish. A private poll taken in March rael. It has also been debunked by the revealed that fully half of American professional Zionist lobbyists who Protestants, and almost as many saw any credit assigned to Jacobson Catholics, would support a Jewish as detracting from their own efforts. state. But on this one occasion, no one can be in doubt that the role of Jacobson For all their connections, this group was decisive. could hardly penetrate to the most in He persuaded Truman, who had timate exchanges between the Presi closed his door to all other Zionist pe dent and his closest aides. On March titioners, to receive the elder states 6, the very day of the telegram to Ben- man of Jewish nationalism, Chaim Gurion, Truman received a memoran Weizmann. Truman and Weizmann dum from his Special Counsel, the spent 45 minutes alone together on man who helped him on his most sen March 18. The meeting was held in to sitive political problems, Clark M. tal secrecy, not only without public Clifford. announcement but without even notice Clifford had reviewed all the advice to the Department of State. from the foreign policy experts, but What was actually said at the meet he sensed the contrary mood of the ing was less important than that the public. "The policy of the United contact was made, the creation of a States must be to support the United mood of amiability between two men, Nations settlement of the Palestine is a mood that would dominate the con sue," Clifford concluded. "It is un cern of the President of the United thinkable that it should fail to back up States when the crisis erupted not 24 that decision in every possible way." hours later. Clifford knew the kind of princi pled talk that appealed to Truman. Truman took wife Bess and daughter "Let me say that the Palestine prob Margaret to a concert of the Don lem should not be approached as a Cossack choir at Constitution Hall that Jewish question, or an Arab question, evening. The next morning up at UN or a United Nations question," he ar headquarters, the American represen gued. "The sole question is what is tative, Warren Austin, sought recog best for the United States of nition in the Security Council to America." declare a reversal of United States' Abandoning a UN decision for par policy. tition would put this country "in the ri He had every reason to believe that diculous role of trembling before he was acting with the full authority of threats of a few nomadic desert the President, based on a routine posi tribes. . . . Why should Russia or tion paper proposing that if partition Yugoslavia or any other nation treat us seemed unworkable, the United with anything but contempt in light of States would favor an international our shilly-shallying appeasement of trusteeship over Palestine—without a the Arabs." Jewish state. It had all seemed tech Clifford's arguments were precisely nical and contingent when Truman ap those worked out by the dinner guests proved it 11 days before. at the Ginsburgs a month earlier. Other Without warning to the world, or concerned citizens were also quietly even to the President, the United at work. States stopped the momentum to Jew On Saturday morning, March 13, ish statehood dead in its tracks—and Eddie Jacobson of Kansas City flew to just one day after Truman had given Washington and walked in to the assurances to that interesting old man,
Moment/17 Dr. Weizmann. state were declared, and if the United Truman woke up on Saturday, Nations remained stalled in its search March 20, 1948, to banner headlines: for a compromise, the President of the "Reversal. . . Ineptitude . . . Weak United States would recognize the ness ... the League of Nations . . . new state immediately? loss of American prestige ..." The move was typical of Truman, a "The State Department pulled the statement of personal integrity and in rug from under me today," he wrote in tent, uncluttered by bureaucratic op his diary. "Isn't that hell? I am now in tions and provisos. It was the word of the position of a liar and a double- one amiable citizen to another, one crosser." from Independence, Missouri, the Truman's concerns were not those other from Pinsk, in the Russian Pale of policy—the "striped-pants boys" of Settlement. In the context in which could take care of all that. His anguish it was given, it was as binding as an was that he had unwittingly misled a act of state. kindly old gent who had sat in his of Truman never notified the State De fice just one day before the bomb partment of his promise. burst. Weizmann kept silent, as in That same Saturday moming, who structed, but word of the President's should call at the White House but intent began filtering out. One visitor
Judge Samuel I. Rosenman, an old Ben Cohen asked what would happen if the Jews New Dealer and political operator proclaimed their sovereignty in Jeru coming to brainstorm Truman's presi salem. "I would recognize the State, dential campaign strategy. Truman of course," Truman replied. But what asked if Rosenman, a non-Zionist weight could be given to an offhand Jew, knew how to get in touch with comment by the President, when a "the little doctor" and could reassure whole array of diplomats and generals him that the President had not inten and other statesmen was lined up tionally deceived him? against Jewish statehood? Weizmann received the message By the last week of the British Man with relief, but his thoughts were else date, with no sign of weakening in Zi where. He was concerned with the onist resolve to declare the state, and life-and-death situation facing the with Arab armies poised to invade the Jewish community in Palestine, war moment the British withdrew, Truman raging, survival a matter of morning could avoid confronting the issue no to night. longer. He had already made his per If the Jews of Palestine were about sonal promise to recognize the Jewish to proclaim the long prophesied Jew State, but unless he could bring Secre ish state, and defend it with their tary of State Marshall along he would lives, would the United States and risk a serious political defection. other powers grant recognition? The crucial meeting was set for 4 Over the next few weeks, p.m., Wednesday, May 12, and from Ben-Gurion reading the Declaration of Indepen Weizmann and Rosenman held some dence of the Slate of Israel. May 14, 1948. the start things went badly. Marshall most discreet discussions, and himself sat silently, but his State De Rosenman raised the recognition partment aides argued vehemently for question with Truman. restraining the Zionists in the name of On April 23, Weizmann received American strategic interests, with an urgent request for a meeting with only Clifford to present the case for Rosenman in New York. Both men immediate recognition of the Jewish were aged and infirm, but Rosenman state. was immobilized with gout and liter At one point Marshall even ques ally could not move from his chair. tioned why a political advisor like Would Weizmann be willing to call Clifford should be present at a foreign upon him at the Essex House hotel, on policy meeting, provoking Truman to Central Park South? snap back, "Mr. Clifford is here at my Rosenman relayed Truman's sincere personal request." concern. "I have Dr. Weizmann on Then he reverted to banter to try my conscience," the President had breaking the ice. "Well, General," said. Would the judge tell Weizmann Truman said, "it sounds to me as if in the highest secrecy that if a Jewish even you might vote against me in No-
18 /Moment vember if I go ahead to recognize." Jewish state promptly." Lovett re claimed. "I am Cyrus, I am Cyrus!" George C. Marshall was not a man to membered the words, and put them The actual record of those spring banter. "Yes, Mr. President, if I were down in a formal memo for the De days of 1948 does not quite bear out to vote at all, 1 might do just that." partment's files. They became the au Truman's inflated memories. And That was a low blow. In jest, per thoritative basis of the diplomats' with some sheepishness, he admitted haps, or possibly in all seriousness, case that Truman had acted only to years later, "Those Israelites have Marshall was threatening to break po grab the Jewish vote. placed me on a pedestal alongside of litically with Truman. This was not Clifford returned to the White Moses." All the evidence suggests what the underdog from Missouri House confidently and prepared the that Truman viewed his recognition needed in May 1948, just months be formalities. An official request for rec decision as only a tentative and tacti fore a presidential election in which ognition was required; the Zionist cal step. he looked like a sure loser. representative in Washington, Eliahu "The correct solution," he wrote a Truman ended the meeting, autho Epstein, had no instructions from Pal friend on the very day of recognition, rizing the State Department to con estine but he acted, without hesitation, would be a single state of Palestine in tinue the diplomatic efforts at the UN. on his own responsibility. which Jews and Arabs would share But he gave no further clue about what All he needed was advice in the for power, "and, I think, eventually we he would himself decide on May 15. mal drafting of such a weighty mes are going to get it worked out just Direct confrontation was not Mar sage. He asked for help from an that way." shall's style, certainly not confronta American friend of the Ginsburg cir tion with his commander-in-chief, and cle, Ben Cohen, and they drafted the Between the Jews of Palestine, who on an issue which he so little under letter together. had brought their state into being, and stood. It was his undersecretary, Rob Alerted that the official request was the Jews of the United States whose ert A. Lovett, who had been handling on its way, Clifford's staff started pre importunings had so angered the the Palestine matter, and as Lovett paring the official announcement. For President, was that other Jewish com thought about the meeting it dawned a final check of the legalities, they munity, the survivors of the Holocaust on him that Clifford had been speaking passed the text by a former colleague whose squalid state of homelessness with an air of authority, as if he alone more experienced than they in draft was Truman's emotional concern knew the President's mind was already ing documents of state, the same Ben throughout. made up. Cohen. Chaplain Oscar M. Lifshutz, US Lovett telephoned Clifford the next Thus it was that Benjamin V. Cohen Army, was about to begin his Sabbath morning to convey his uneasiness. He helped draft both sides of the ex services for the refugees at the and the others at State would be talk change that confirmed America's rec Riedenberg DP camp, near Salzburg, ing it all out among themselves that ognition of Israel. Saturday morning. May 15. Unan day, he said. Perhaps it would be a Lower-ranking diplomats were in nounced, up drove a jeep from Army good idea if the two of them, just despair at the sudden announcement headquarters, bringing a senior staff Lovett and Clifford, had a private little of American policy. A telephone call officer, a Colonel Long. "Chaplain," lunch on Friday. from Washington pulled America's the colonel began, "I'm a Protestant, Clifford recognized the crucial UN delegate. Warren Austin, off the but I feel that I too have given a help opening, and as they sat down to floor of the General Assembly. Austin ing hand in bringing these children of lunch at the 1925 F Street Club Friday listened in silence to the information Israel to freedom. I want to be able to noon, the presidential aide made it as brusquely relayed to him, and found tell my children how I once helped a easy as he could for the Secretary of himself unable to return to his col people to find its home." At the colo State. There would be no need for leagues. Without informing anyone of nel's gesture, two American MPs ad Marshall to retract his Wednesday ad the news, he walked to his limousine vanced to the flagpole, lowered the vice, but by 6:00 that evening (mid and went home. American flag, folded it in regulation night in Tel Aviv) the circumstances triangle, saluted and handed it to their would be different. "There would be A year or so after the Jewish State colonel. Long marched over to the no government or authority of any came into being, its chief rabbi paid leader of the Jewish camp inmates, sa kind in Palestine," Clifford said. "Ti an official call on Truman. The digni luted, and handed him the flag. "We tle would be lying about for anybody tary of Israel blessed the President want you to remember us," he said. to seize and a number of people had with the words, "God put you in your Unable to speak, the Jewish survi advised the President that this should mother's womb so you would be the vor took the flag and signalled a fellow not be permitted." ^ instrument to bring about Israel's re inmate who had a large bundle under Lovett listened in ever fuller under birth after 2,000 years." his arm. It was a homemade flag of Is standing of the imminence of the act. And several years later, Jacobson rael. Two DPs fixed the new flag to Timing was "of the greatest possible introduced Truman to some Jewish the halyard and pulled it to the top of importance to the President from a do scholars as "the man who helped cre the flagpole. Refugees and American mestic point of view," Clifford ad ate the State of Israel." The story had soldiers sang together the Jewish an mitted; "the President was under gone to Truman's head: "What do you them, "Hatikvah," and "America the unbearable pressure to recognize the mean, 'helped create,' " he ex Beautiful." *
Moment/19