k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 353

Index

Note: Page references in italics refer to figures.

Aborted takeoffs, 164, 165, 166 contribution to pitch stability, 253, 253–260, 254, Absolute altitude, 17 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 Absolute temperature, 13 contribution to yaw stability, 271–276, 272, 273, Accelerate-go distance, 162, 163 274, 275, 276 Accelerate-stop distance, 162, 163 Aircraft structures Acceleration primary flight controls, 31–35, 32, 33, 34, 35 measurement of, 2 secondary flight controls, 35–37, 36 Newton’s second law about, 7 See also Structures, airfoils, and aerodynamic Adjustable pitch, 131 forces Advancing blade, 330, 331 Airflow separation, 55–56, 56 Adverse pressure gradient, 54, 55 Airfoils Adverse yaw, 276, 289, 289 aerodynamic force, 44–45 Aerodynamic center, 46 airfoil lift characteristics, 60–61, 61 k k Aerodynamic force (See also Lift) overview, 39, 44, 44–45 airfoil selection, 320–321, 321 in supersonic flight, 308 airfoil terminology, 38, 40 Aerodynamic heating, 313–314, 314, 315 classification of, 40–41 Aerodynamic pitching moments, 45, 45–46, 46. defined, 37 See also Pitching moments definitions, 39–40 Aerodynamics, overview, 1–12 design examples, 41 basic quantities for, 1–2 development of forces on, 42–44, 43, 44 energy, 8–9 geometry variables of, 40 equations, 11 high-speed subsonic airfoils, 299–300 equilibrium conditions, 6, 6 overview, 37–38 flight environment, 1 supersonic, 308, 308–310, 309 forces, defined, 2–3, 3,6 thin airfoil sections, 298–299 (See also friction, 9–10, 10 High-speed flight) linear motion, 7–8 See also Structures, airfoils, and aerodynamic mass, 3 COPYRIGHTED MATERIALforces moment, 5–6 Airplane Flight Manual (FAA), 252 Newton’s laws of motion, 6–7 Airplane reference axes, 248, 249, 250 power, 9 Airspeed, reducing, 156 rotational motion, 8 Airspeed measurement, 22–26 scalar and vector quantities, 4, 4–5, 5 air data computer and pitot-static sensing, 24 symbols, 10–11 calibrated airspeed, 23 work, 8 equivalent airspeed, 25, 26 Ailerons, 31, 32 groundspeed, 26 Aircraft components indicated airspeed, 23–25 353

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 354

354 INDEX

Airspeed measurement (cont’d) Arm, 6 pitot-static airspeed indicator, 23 Articulated rotor system, 329, 330 true airspeed, 25, 26 Asymmetrical thrust, 277, 277 See also Atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed Asymmetric loading, 275, 276 measurement Atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed Altitude measurement, 13–29 altitude change, variations in power-required airspeed measurement, 22–26, 23, 24, curve, 151–153, 152, 153 25, 26 altitude increase, 124, 124 (See also Angle of altitude measurement, 16–22, 18, 20, 21, 22 climb; Endurance; Straight and level flight; atmosphere properties, 13–16, 14, 16 specific range) equations, 27 change, 118–119, 121 symbols and abbreviations, 26–27 factors affecting takeoff performance, 169–170 , 319 landing equation, effect of altitude, 194–195 Automatic stabilization equipment (ASE), 245 variations with power and (propeller aircraft, , 340–341 basic performance), 137–138, 138, 139 Altitude measurement, 16–22 Balanced field length, 162, 163 absolute altitude, 17 Ballooning, 187–188 altitude, defined, 16 Banked turns, lift during, 65–66, 66 Bernoulli’s equation, 19–22, 21, 22 Basic performance. See Jetaircraftbasic continuity equation, 19 performance density altitude, 17–19, 20 Bernoulli’s equation, 19–22, 21, 22 indicated altitude, 16–17 Best angle of climb, 162 pressure altitude, 17–19, 18 k Best rate of climb, 162 k true altitude, 17 Blade flapping, 330, 332 See also Atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed Blade lead and lag (hunting), 332, 332 measurement Blade twist, 326 Angle of attack (AOA) Bouncing, 187–188 critical angle of attack, 50,56 Boundary layer, 15, 51–53, 52 defined, 39 Brake horsepower, 129 high angle of attack, 275 Braking, landing performance and, 191–194, in indicators, 49–51, 50 192, 193. See also Landing performance induced angle of attack, 76 Buffet, 304 overview, 39, 45 stall, 49, 50 Angle of climb Calibrated airspeed, 23 best angle of climb, 162 Camber changers, 62, 64 overview, 105–106, 106 Category system for aircraft, by FAA, 252, propeller aircraft, basic performance, 319, 320 140–141, 141 Center of pressure, 40, 44, 45 Antiservo tab, 37, 39 Centrifugal force, 229, 236, 241 Applied performance. See Jet aircraft applied CG position performance defined, 248 Approach to landing effect of CG position, 258 landing performance, 182–185, 183, See also Directional and lateral stability 184, 186 and control low-level wind shear during, 218–219, 220 Chord, 38 Area, measurement of, 2 Chord line, 38 Area rule drag reduction, 311 Circulation, 45

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 355

INDEX 355

Clean configuration, 31 Critical Mach number, 297 Climb Crosswind bursts, 217, 219 cruise-climb flight, 125, 125 Crosswind landing, 189, 189–190, 190, 277 delayed climb performance, 104 Crosswind takeoff, 172–173, 173, 277 lift during, 66–67, 67 Cruise-climb flight, 125, 125 steady-velocity climb performance, 104 See also Angle of climb; Climb performance; Deceleration (landing performance) Rate of climb braking action factors, 191–192, 192, 193 Climb performance braking techniques, 193–194 overview, 104–105, 106 forces on aircraft during landing, 190–191, 191 propeller aircraft, applied performance, overview, 179 153, 154 See also Landing performance variations of aircraft performance, 122 de la Cierva, Juan, 330 Clockwise rotation, 6 Delayed climb performance, 104 Coefficient of drag, 57 Density, 14–15 Coefficient of friction, 10 Density altitude, 17–19, 20 Coffin corner, 297 Descents, lift during, 66–67, 67 Collective bounce, 261 Detonation, 138 Compressibility correction chart, 25 Dihedral effect of sweepback, 287, 287 Compressibility drag, 71 Directional and lateral stability and control, Compressible flow, 295 269–294 Computational fluid dynamics, computer aided directional control, 276–279, 277, 278, design (CAD) and, 314–315 279, 280 k Configuration change directional stability and control, defined, 269 k overview, 118, 120 dynamic directional and lateral coupled effects, variations in power-required curve, 150–151, 151 288–293, 289, 290, 291, 292 See also Angle of climb; Endurance; Rate of equations, 293 climb; Straight and level flight; specific range lateral control, 288 Constant acceleration, 166 lateral stability and control, defined, 284 Constant speed, 131, 132 multi-engine flight principles, 280–283, 281, Continuity equation, 19 282, 283 Control, directional and lateral stability and. static directional stability, 269–276, 270, 271, See Directional and lateral stability 272, 273, 274, 275, 276 and control static lateral stability, 284, 284–288, 285, 286, Control, longitudinal stability and. See Longitudinal 287, 288 stability and control symbols, 293 Control effectiveness, 304–305 Directional divergence, 292, 292 Controllable pitch, 131 Directional stability and control, 269, 275 Control surface buzz, 304 Dirty configuration, 31 Control surfaces, high-speed, 311–312, 312 Dissymmetry of lift in forward flight, 330, Coordinated banked turn, effect on stall speed, 330–332, 331, 332 229–231, 231 Distance Coordinated level turns, uncoordinated versus, accelerate-go distance, 162, 163 65–66, 66 accelerate-stop distance, 162, 163 Corner speed, 233, 234 landing deceleration, velocity and, 190–194, Counterclockwise rotation, 6 191, 192, 193 Critical angle of attack, 56 measurement of, 2 Critical engine failure speed, 162 takeoff distance, 164 Critical field length, 162 Downburst, 216–217

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 356

356 INDEX

Drag, 71–93 maneuvering performance, 242–243 coefficient of drag, 71, 72 overview, 11 drag reduction, 88–90, 89 pitching moments, 251 equations, 91 propeller aircraft: applied performance, 157 ground effect, 77–80, 78, 79, 80 propeller aircraft: basic performance, 146 induced drag, 71–77, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 rolling moment, 284, 284–285, 285 laminar flow airfoils, 81, 81–82 takeoff performance, 175 lift to drag ratio, 87–88, 88 yawing moment, 269–270, 270 overview, 71 Equilibrium, 6, 6, 245 parasite drag, 71, 82–84, 83, 84, 85, 86 Equivalent airspeed, 25, 26 symbols, 90–91 Equivalent shaft horsepower, 130 total drag, 85–86, 86, 87 Expansion waves, 307, 307, 308 Drag divergence, 301 Drag rise Mach number, 301 Feathered angle, 328 Dutch roll, 292, 292 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Dynamic directional stability, 269 aircraft category system of, 252, 319, 320 Dynamic hydroplaning, 197, 197–199, 198 Airplane Flight Manual, 252 Dynamic longitudinal stability, 246, 247, Flying Handbook, 338, 343 260–261, 261 Feet (measurement unit), 2 Dynamic rollover, 341–343 Field elevation, pressure altitude versus, 18 “Five-digit” series, 41 Elevator/stabilator, 33–34, 34, 35 Fixed pitch, 130, 130–131, 131 Elevator trim stall, 208 Fixed slot, 64,65 k Endurance Flaps k overview, 107, 111 definitions and types of, 35–37, 36 propeller aircraft, applied performance, 154–155 effect of, on final approach, 186 propeller aircraft, basic performance, 143, 144 flaps extended speed, 162 variations of aircraft performance, 122 Flight envelope, 231–233, 232, 233 Energy,8–9 Flight environment, overview, 1 Energy adders, 62, 65 Flight Levels (measurement), 16–17 Energy maneuverability, 227, 240 Flight maneuvers, lift during, 65–67, 66, 67. Engine, 288 See also Lift Engine inlets, supersonic, 312–313, 313, 314 Flight path velocity, 39 Engine nacelles Flow reversal, 54 longitudinal stability and, 254, 257 Force, 2–3, 3,6 yaw stability and, 272 Force divergence Mach number, 301–302 Equations Forces on rotor system, 321–323, 322, 323 atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed “Four-digit” series, 40–41 measurement, 27 Friction Bernoulli’s equation, 19–22, 21, 22 defined, 9–10, 10 continuity equation, 19 landing performance, 191, 191–192, 192, 193 directional and lateral stability and control, 293 Frise-type ailerons, 33 drag, 91 Frost, effect on slow-speed flight, 221, 221–222 high-speed flight, 316 Fuel flow, 100, 101, 102, 102, 103, 104 jet aircraft applied performance, 125 Fully articulated rotor system, 329, 330 landing performance, 194–196, 196, 199–200 Fuselage lateral stability and control, 293 longitudinal stability and, 254, 264 lift, 57, 58–60, 59,67 pitching tendency and, 264 longitudinal stability and control, 266 yaw stability and, 272

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 357

INDEX 357

Gear operating speed, 162 transonic flight, 301–305, 302, 303, 304 General turning performance Horizontal stabilizer, 256, 257 effect of coordinated banked turn on stall speed, Horsepower 229–231, 231 brake horsepower, 129 equations, 242–243 defined, 9 load factors on aircraft in coordinated equivalent shaft horsepower, 130 turn, 229, 230, 231 shaft horsepower, 129 maneuver speed, 233–235, 234, 235 thrust horsepower, 129 overview, 227–229, 228, 229 Hovering flight, 324–326, 325, 326 radius of turn, 235–238, 236, 237 Hunting, 332, 332 rate of turn, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 Hydroplaning hazards, 197, 197–199, 198 vertical loop, 238–242 Hypersonic flight, 295 V−G diagram (flight envelope), 231–233, 232, 233 Ice, effect on slow-speed flight, 221, 221–222 Gliding flight, 179–182, 181, 182 Improper landing performance, 185–190, 187, Ground effect, 77–80, 78, 79, 80, 326–328, 189, 190 327, 328 Improper liftoff, 171–174, 173, 174 Ground minimum control speed, 164 Inches of mercury, 13 Groundspeed, 26 Incompressible flow, 295 /rotodyne, 319–320 Indicated airspeed, 23–25 Gyroplanes, 319 Indicated altitude, 16–17 Gyroscopic precession, 334 Induced angle of attack, 76 Induced drag, 71–77, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 k Headwind bursts, 217 Inertia, 7 k Helicopter Flight Training Manual (Transport Infinite wing, 74, 75 Canada), 339 In-flight minimum control speed, 162 Helicopter Flying Handbook (FAA), 338, 343 In ground effect, 326, 327 Intentional slips, 277 helicopter control, 334–336, 335, 336 Interference drag, 82, 84 helicopter power-required curves, 336–338, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 337, 338 15–16, 16 overview, 319 “I-series,” 41 See also Rotary-wing flight theory High angle of attack, effect of, 275 High coefficient of lift devices, 61–65, 62, Jet aircraft applied performance, 117–127 63, 64, 65 equations, 125 Higher density altitude, 14–15 overview, 117 “High Flight” (Magee), 1 variations in the thrust-required curve, 117–120, High forward speed problems, 333, 333–334 118, 119, 120, 121 High-life devices. See High coefficient of variations of aircraft performance, 121–125, 123, lift devices 124, 125 High-speed flight, 295–317 Jet aircraft basic performance, 95–115 equations, 316 equations, 113 high-subsonic flight, 297–301, 298, 299, 300, 301 fuel flow, 100, 101, 102, 102, 103, 104 overview, 295 items of aircraft performance, 104–111, 105, speed of sound, 295–297, 296 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 supersonic flight, 305, 305–315, 306, 307, 308, overview, 95 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315 principles of propulsion, 96–100, 99, 100 symbols, 316 specific fuel consumption, 101–102, 102

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 358

358 INDEX

Jet aircraft basic performance (cont’d) equations, 57, 58–60, 59,67 summarized, 112–113 during flight maneuvers, 65–67, 66, 67 symbols, 113 high coefficient of lift devices, 61–65, 62, 63, thrust-available-thrust-required curves, 103, 105 64, 65 thrust-available turbojet aircraft, 100, lift to drag ratio, 87–88, 88 100–101, 101 momentum theory of lift, 320 thrust-producing aircraft, 95–96, 96, 97, 98 overview, 49 Reynolds number, 53, 54 Kinetic energy, 9, 19 stall, 56–57 symbols, 67 translational lift, 337, 337–338 Laminar flow, 40, 51, 52 Lift-off, 164 Laminar flow airfoils, 41, 81, 81–82 Linear motion, 7–8, 166–167, 168 Laminar flow control, 90 Load factor Landing climb, 183 on aircraft in coordinated turn, 229, Landing performance, 179–201 230, 231 deceleration, velocity, and distance, 190–194, overview, 228, 231, 235 191, 192, 193 Longitudinal stability and control, 245–267 equations, 199–200 airplane reference axes, 248, 249, 250 hydroplaning hazards, 197, 197–199, 198 definitions, 245–246, 246 improper landing performance, 185–190, 187, 189, 190 dynamic longitudinal stability, 246, 261 landing equations, 194–196, 196 260–261, overview, 179, 180 equations, 266 k k prelanding performance, 179–185, 181, 183, longitudinal control, 264–265, 265 184, 186 oscillary motion, 246–248, 247, 248 symbols, 199 overview, 245 Lateral stability and control pitching tendencies in a stall, 261–263, 262, 263, defined, 284 264, 265 lateral control, 288 stability, 245 static lateral stability, 284, 284–288, 285, 286, static longitudinal stability, 248–260, 251, 252, 287, 288 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 symbols and equations, 293 symbols, 266 See also Directional and lateral stability and Lower density altitude, 15 control Laws of motion (Newton), 6–7 Mach cone, 310, 310 Leading edge devices, 37 Mach number Leading edge radius, 38 critical Mach number, 297 Leakage drag, 83 force divergence Mach number, 301–302 Lift, 49–69 overview, 41, 125, 295, 297 adverse pressure gradient, 54, 55 See also High-speed flight aerodynamic force and, 44 Mach tuck, 302–304, 303, 304 airflow separation, 55–56, 56 Magee, John Gillespie, 1 airfoil lift characteristics, 60–61, 61 Magnus effect, 45 angle of attack indicator, 49–51, 50 Maneuvering performance, 227–244 boundary layer theory, 51–53, 52 effect of coordinated banked turn on stall speed, defined, 3, 40 229–231, 231 dissymmetry of lift in forward flight, 330, energy maneuverability, 227, 240 330–332, 331, 332 equations, 242–243

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 359

INDEX 359

general turning performance, overview, 227–229, Oblique shock waves, 306, 306–307 228, 229 Oscillary motion, 246–248, 247, 248 load factors on aircraft in coordinated turn, 229, Out of ground effect, 326, 327 230, 231 Overrotation, dangers of, 173–174 maneuver speed, 233–235, 234, 235 Owner’s Handbook for the Cherokee,81 radius of turn, 235–238, 236, 237 rate of turn, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 Parasite drag, 71, 82–84, 83, 84, 85, 86 vertical loop, 238–242 Partial hydroplaning, 197–198 V−G diagram (flight envelope), 231–233, Performance. See Jet aircraft applied performance; 232, 233 Jet aircraft basic performance Maneuver speed, 233–235, 234, 235 Pilot-induced oscillation, 260 Mass, 3, 7 Pitching moments Maximum braking energy speed, 164 aerodynamic pitching moments, 45, 45–46, 46 Maximum camber, 38 contribution of aircraft components to pitch Maximum thickness, 38 stability, 253, 253–260, 254, 255, 256, 257, Mean aerodynamic chord, 72 258, 259, 260 Mean camber line, 38 defined, 33 Measurement, system of, 2 equation, 251 Mechanical energy, 8 nose-up pitch following stall in swept-wing Mechanics, 1 aircraft, 263–264 Microburst, 216 in a stall, 261–263, 262, 263, 264, 265 Millibars, 13 Pitot-static airspeed indicator, 23, 24 Minimum power required point, 143 Porpoising, 188, 189 k Moment, 5–6 Positive directional stability, 269 k Moment arm, 5 Positive dynamic stability, 246, 248 Momentum theory of lift, 320 Positive static stability, 245, 247, 248, 252 Motion Potential energy, 9, 19 laws of, 6–7 Potential energy of position, 9 rotational motion, 8 Pounds (measurement unit), 2 Multi-engine flight principles, 280–283, 281, Power 282, 283 altitude change, variations in power-required curve, 151–153, 152, 153 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics defined, 9 (NACA), 40–41, 42 helicopter power-required curves, 336–338, 337, National Aeronautics and Space Administration 338 (NASA), 40 minimum power required point, 143 Negative directional stability, 269 power curves, 125 Negative dynamic stability, 246, 247 power producers, 129 Negative static directional stability, 269 power-producing engine/propeller combination, Negative static stability, 245 129–130 Neutral directional stability, 269 power-required curves, 133–138, 135, 136, 137, Neutral dynamic stability, 246, 247 138, 139 Neutral static stability, 246 power settling, settling with power, and vortex Newton’s laws of motion, 6–7 ring state, 338–339, 340, 341, 342 Non-turbocharged reciprocating engines, 138 profile power required, 337 Normally aspirated engines, 138 See also Horsepower; Stalls; Thrust Nose-down classification, 6 Powered-life aircraft, 320 Nose-up classification, 6 Power-off stalling speed, 164, 183

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 360

360 INDEX

Prelanding performance, 179–185, 181, 183, propeller aircraft, applied performance, 154 184, 186 propeller aircraft, basic performance, 141–142, Premature liftoff, 173, 174 142 Pressure, measurement of, 2 variations of aircraft performance, 122 Pressure altitude, 17–19, 18 Rate of turn, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 Primary flight controls Reference speed, 183 ailerons, 31, 32 Refusal speed, 164 elevator/stabilator, 33–34, 34, 35 Region of reversed command, 210, 210–212, 212 frise-type ailerons, 33 Relative wind, 39 modern transport category control Resultant vector, 4 surfaces, 32 Retreating blade, 330, 331 rudder, 34–35, 35 , 333, 333–334 Profile drag, 83 Reverted rubber (steam) hydroplaning, 199 Profile power required, 337 Reynolds number, 53, 54 Prony brake, 129 Rigid rotor system, 328–329, 329 Propeller aircraft: applied performance, Roll, ailerons and, 31 149–159 Rolling moment equations, 157 equation, 284, 284–285, 285 overview, 149 roll due to yawing, 289 variations in aircraft performance, 153–156, 154, Root chord, 72 155, 156 Rotary-wing flight theory, 319–344 variations in power-required curve, 149–153, airfoil selection, 320–321, 321 150, 151, 152 autorotation, 340–341 k Propeller aircraft: basic performance, 129–148 dissymmetry of lift in forward flight, 330, k equations, 146 330–332, 331, 332 items of aircraft performance, 139–145, 140, dynamic rollover, 341–343 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 forces on rotor system, 321–323, 322, 323 overview, 129 ground effect, 326–328, 327, 328 power available, 129–131, 130, 131 helicopter control, 334–336, 335, 336 power-required curves, 133–138, 135, helicopter power-required curves, 336–338, 136, 137, 138, 139 337, 338 propulsion principles, 131–133, 132, 134 helicopters, overview, 319 symbols, 145 high forward speed problems, 333, 333–334 Propulsion principles hovering flight, 324–326, 325, 326 overview, 96–100 momentum theory of lift, 320 propeller aircraft, basic performance, 131–133, overview, 319–320 132, 134 power settling, settling with power, and vortex propulsion efficiency, 99–100, 100 ring state, 338–339, 340, 341, 342 thrust, 96, 99 rotor systems, 328–329, 329, 330 thrust development, 323–324, 324 Rotation, 164 Quantities, measurement of, 1–2 Rotational motion, 8 Rotor head control, 335, 335–336 Radius of turn, 235–238, 236, 237 Rotor system, forces on, 321–323, 322, 323 Rain, effect of, 220–221 Rotor systems, 328–329, 329, 330 Rankine (absolute temperature), 13 Roundout, improper, 185–187 Rate of climb Rudder, 34–35, 35 best rate of climb, 162 Rudder-fixed–rudder-free stability, 275, 275 overview, 107, 108, 109, 110 Runway surface and slope, 171, 172, 195

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 361

INDEX 361

“Sabre Dance” (overrotation example), 174 Stagnation point, 22 Scalar quantity, 4–5 Stalled airfoil, 49, 50 Secondary flight controls Stalls flaps, 35–37, 36 accelerated stall, 208–209 leading edge devices, 37 angle of attack (AOA), 49, 50 overview, 35 cross-control stall, 209 spoilers, 37 defined, 50, 56–57, 203–204 trim systems, 37 nose-up pitch following stall in swept-wing Seconds (measurement unit), 2 aircraft, 263–264 Seesaw (semi-rigid rotor system), 329, 329 pitching tendencies in a stall, 261–263, 262, Semi-rigid rotor system, 329, 329 263, 264, 265 “7-series,” 41 power-off/power-on stalls, 207–208, 208 Shaft horsepower, 129 retreating blade stall, 333, 333–334 Sideslip angle, 269 stall patterns, 204–206, 205, 206 “6-series,” 41 stall recovery, 206–207, 209 Skin friction drag, 82 Standard pressure, 13, 14 Slipstream rotation, 276, 277 Standard rate turn, 238 Slow-speed flight, 203–225 Static directional stability, 269–276, 270, 271, aircraft performance in low-level wind shear, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276 218–221, 219, 220 Static longitudinal stability, 248–260 ice and frost, 221, 221–222 contribution of aircraft components to pitch low-level wind shear, 216, 216–218, 217, 218 stability, 253, 253–260, 254, 255, 256, 257, overview, 203, 204 258, 259, 260 k region of reversed command, 210, 210–212, 212 graphic representation of, 251, 251–252, 252 k spins, 212–216, 213, 214, 215 overview, 248–251 stalls, 203–209, 205, 206, 208, 209 pitching moment equation, 251 wake turbulence, 222, 222–224, 223, 224 static stability, defined, 245–246, 246 Specific fuel consumption, 100–101, 101–102, 102 Static pressure, 13 Specific range Static stability, 245–246, 246 overview, 107–110, 111 Steady-state flow, 19 propeller aircraft, applied performance, 155, Steady-velocity climb performance, 104 155–156, 156 Steep turns, 57 propeller aircraft, basic performance, 143–144 Stick-fixed stability, 259 total range, 111, 113 Stick-fixed-stick-free stability, 259–260, 260 variations of aircraft performance, 122–124, 123 Stick-free stability, 259 wind effect on, 110–111, 112 Straight and level flight wind effect on, for propeller aircraft, basic defined, 104 performance, 144–145, 145 propeller aircraft, applied performance, 153 Speed of sound, 295–297, 296 propeller aircraft, basic performance, 139 Spins variations of aircraft performance, 121 aerodynamic characteristics of, 213–215, Streamlined flow, 40 214, 215 Structures, airfoils, and aerodynamic forces, 31–48 spin recovery, 215–216, 276 aerodynamic center, 46 spin warning, 212, 213, 214 aerodynamic force, 44, 44–45 Spiral divergence, 290, 292 aerodynamic pitching moments, 45, 45–46, 46 Spoilers, 37 aircraft structures, 31–37, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Stability, defined, 245. See also Directional and airfoils, 37–41, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 lateral stability and control; Longitudinal development of forces on airfoils, 42–44, 43, 44 stability and control symbols, 46

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 362

362 INDEX

Subsonic flow, 295, 296 takeoff distance, 164 Supercharged/turbocharged reciprocating engines, takeoff safety speed, 164 137–138, 139 Taper ratio, 72 Supercritical airfoil, 41, 299, 299 Teetering hinge (semi-rigid rotor system), 329, 329 Supersonic flight, 305–315 Temperature aerodynamic forces in, 308 inversion, 217–218, 218 aerodynamic heating, 313–314, 314, 315 measurement, 13–14 airfoils, 308, 308–310, 309 See also Weather area rule drag reduction, 311 Thrust computational fluid dynamics and CAD, defined, 3 314–315 principle of, 96, 99 defined, 295 thrust-available-thrust-required curves, 103, 105 expansion waves, 307, 307, 308 thrust-available turbojet aircraft, 100, high-speed control surfaces, 311–312, 312 100–101, 101 oblique shock waves, 306, 306–307 thrust development, 323–324, 324 overview, 305–306 thrust horsepower versus, 129 supersonic engine inlets, 312–313, 313, 314 thrust stream turbulence, 222 sweepback, 310–311, 311 variations in thrust-required curve, for jet wing planform, 310, 310–311 aircraft applied performance, 117–120, Swash plate, 335, 335–336 118, 119, 120, 121 Sweep angle, 72 See also Jet aircraft applied performance; Jet Sweepback, 300, 310–311, 311 aircraft basic performance; Thrust-producing Symbols aircraft k atmosphere, altitude, and airspeed measurement, Thrust-producing aircraft k 26–27 overview, 95–96 directional and lateral stability and control, 293 power curves and, 125 drag, 90–91 thrust-required curve, 96, 98 high-speed flight, 316 turbofan engine, 95, 98 jet aircraft basic performance, 113 turbojet engine, 95, 97 landing performance, 199 Time, dynamic stability and, 246 lift, 67 Time, measurement of, 2 longitudinal stability and control, 266 Torque, 5, 327 overview, 10–11 Total airplane propeller aircraft: basic performance, 145 longitudinal stability and control, 258, 259 structures, airfoils, and aerodynamic forces, 46 yaw stability and, 273 takeoff performance, 174 Total drag, 85–86, 86, 87 Total dynamic hydroplaning, 198–199 Tailwind bursts, 217 Total pressure port, 22 Takeoff, low-level wind shear during, 218, 219 Total range, 111, 113 Takeoff performance, 161–177 Total thrust, 323, 324 aborted takeoffs, 164, 165, 166 Transition altitude, 17 definitions important to, 161–164, 162, 163, 165 Translating tendency, 327, 328 equations, 175 Translational lift, 337, 337–338 factors affecting, 168–171, 171, 172 Transonic flight, 295, 301–305, 302, 303, 304 improper liftoff, 171–174, 173, 174 Transport Canada, 339 linear motion, 166–167, 168 Trim systems overview, 161 antiservo tabs, 37, 39 symbols, 174 defined, 37 takeoff decision speed, 164 trim tabs, 38

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 363

INDEX 363

True airspeed, 25, 26 Weight, defined, 3 True altitude, 17 Weight change Tuckunder, 302–304, 303, 304 effect on specific range, 122–124, 123 Turboprop engines, 137 factors affecting takeoff performance, 169 Turbulence effects, 219 jet aircraft applied performance and, 117, Turbulent flow, 40, 51, 52. See also Lift 117–118, 118 Turns, lift during, 65–66, 66 landing equation, effect of weight change, 194 variations in power-required curve, 149–150, 150 Vector quantity, 4, 4–5, 5 See also Angle of climb; Endurance; Rate of Vector resolution, 5 climb; Straight and level flight; specific range Velocity Wind defined, 4 effect on specific range, 110–111, 112, flight path velocity, 39 144–145, 145 hovering blade velocity, 325, 325 factors affecting takeoff performance, 170, 171 landing deceleration, distance and, 190–194, 191, landing equation, effect of wind, 195, 196 192, 193 Wind shear measurement of, 2, 22 aircraft performance in low-level wind shear, power available versus (for propeller aircraft, 218–221, 219, 220 basic performance), 136–137 low-level wind shear, overview, 216, 216–218, steady-velocity climb performance, 104 217, 218 Venturi tube, pressure change, 19, 21 Wings Vertical loop, 238–242 airflow over wing section, 297–298, 298 Vertical tail, 273, 273, 288 (See also High-speed flight) k Vertical wing position, 286 contribution of, to yaw stability, 271 k V−G diagram (flight envelope), 231–233, overview, 71–72 232, 233 pitching tendency and, 263–264 Viscosity, 15 wing area, 72 Viscous hydroplaning, 199 wing dihedral, 286, 286, 287 Vortex (vortices), 222, 222–224, 223, 224 wing planform, 310, 310–311 Vortex generators, 54, 63, 64, 301 wing span, 72 , 338–339, 340, 341, 342 wing sweepback, 287 wingtip vortexes, 73–76, 74, 75, 76, 77, 89 See also Drag Wake turbulence, 222, 222, 222–224, 223, 224 Work, defined, 8 Weather heavy rain, 220–221 ice and frost, 221, 221–222 Yawing moment low-level wind shear, 216, 216–221, 217, 218, contribution of aircraft components to yaw 219, 220 stability, 271–276, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276 temperature inversion, 217–218, 218 equation, 269–270, 270

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 364

k k

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 365

k k

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 366

k k

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 367

k k

k k Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Dole bindex.tex V1 - 10/14/2016 12:59pm Page 368

k k

k