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Noncommutative Uniform Algebras
Noncommutative Uniform Algebras Mati Abel and Krzysztof Jarosz Abstract. We show that a real Banach algebra A such that a2 = a 2 , for a A is a subalgebra of the algebra C (X) of continuous quaternion valued functions on a compact setk kX. ∈ H ° ° ° ° 1. Introduction A well known Hirschfeld-Zelazkoú Theorem [5](seealso[7]) states that for a complex Banach algebra A the condition (1.1) a2 = a 2 , for a A k k ∈ implies that (i) A is commutative, and further° ° implies that (ii) A must be of a very speciÞc form, namely it ° ° must be isometrically isomorphic with a uniformly closed subalgebra of CC (X). We denote here by CC (X)the complex Banach algebra of all continuous functions on a compact set X. The obvious question about the validity of the same conclusion for real Banach algebras is immediately dismissed with an obvious counterexample: the non commutative algebra H of quaternions. However it turns out that the second part (ii) above is essentially also true in the real case. We show that the condition (1.1) implies, for a real Banach algebra A,thatA is isometrically isomorphic with a subalgebra of CH (X) - the algebra of continuous quaternion valued functions on acompactsetX. That result is in fact a consequence of a theorem by Aupetit and Zemanek [1]. We will also present several related results and corollaries valid for real and complex Banach and topological algebras. To simplify the notation we assume that the algebras under consideration have units, however, like in the case of the Hirschfeld-Zelazkoú Theorem, the analogous results can be stated for none unital algebras as one can formally add aunittosuchanalgebra. -
Regularity Conditions for Banach Function Algebras
Regularity conditions for Banach function algebras Dr J. F. Feinstein University of Nottingham June 2009 1 1 Useful sources A very useful text for the material in this mini-course is the book Banach Algebras and Automatic Continuity by H. Garth Dales, London Mathematical Society Monographs, New Series, Volume 24, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2000. In particular, many of the examples and conditions discussed here may be found in Chapter 4 of that book. We shall refer to this book throughout as the book of Dales. Most of my e-prints are available from www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/jff/Papers Several of my research and teaching presentations are available from www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/jff/Beamer 2 2 Introduction to normed algebras and Banach algebras 2.1 Some problems to think about Those who have seen much of this introductory material before may wish to think about some of the following problems. We shall return to these problems at suitable points in this course. Problem 2.1.1 (Easy using standard theory!) It is standard that the set of all rational functions (quotients of polynomials) with complex coefficients is a field: this is a special case of the “field of fractions" of an integral domain. Question: Is there an algebra norm on this field (regarded as an algebra over C)? 3 Problem 2.1.2 (Very hard!) Does there exist a pair of sequences (λn), (an) of non-zero complex numbers such that (i) no two of the an are equal, P1 (ii) n=1 jλnj < 1, (iii) janj < 2 for all n 2 N, and yet, (iv) for all z 2 C, 1 X λn exp (anz) = 0? n=1 Gap to fill in 4 Problem 2.1.3 Denote by C[0; 1] the \trivial" uniform algebra of all continuous, complex-valued functions on [0; 1]. -
Uniform Algebras As Banach Spaces
The Erwin Schrodinger International Boltzmanngasse ESI Institute for Mathematical Physics A Wien Austria Uniform Algebras as Banach Spaces TW Gamelin SV Kislyakov Vienna Preprint ESI June Supp orted by Federal Ministry of Science and Transp ort Austria Available via httpwwwesiacat UNIFORM ALGEBRAS AS BANACH SPACES TW Gamelin SV Kislyakov June Abstract Any Banach space can b e realized as a direct summand of a uniform algebra and one do es not exp ect an arbitrary uniform algebra to have an abundance of prop erties not common to all Banach spaces One general result concerning arbitrary uniform algebras is that no prop er uniform algebra is linearly homeomorphic to a C K space Nevertheless many sp ecic uniform algebras arising in complex analysis share or are susp ected to share certain Banach space prop erties of C K We discuss the family of tight algebras which includes algebras of analytic functions on strictly pseudo con vex domains and algebras asso ciated with rational approximation theory in the plane Tight algebras are in some sense close to C K spaces and along with C K spaces they have the Pelczynski and the DunfordPettis prop erties We also fo cus on certain prop erties of C K spaces that are inherited by the disk algebra This includes a dis p cussion of interp olation b etween H spaces and Bourgains extension of Grothendiecks theorem to the disk algebra We conclude with a brief description of linear deformations of uniform algebras and a brief survey of the known classication results Supp orted in part by the Russian -
1. Introduction
FACTORIZATION IN COMMUTATIVE BANACH ALGEBRAS H. G. DALES, J. F. FEINSTEIN, AND H. L. PHAM Abstract. Let A be a (non-unital) commutative Banach algebra. We consider when A has a variety of factorization properties: we list the (ob- vious) implications between these properties, and then consider whether any of these implications can be reversed in various classes of commu- tative Banach algebras. We summarize the known counter-examples to these possible reverse implications, and add further counter-examples. Some results are used to show the existence of a large family of prime ideals in each non-zero, commutative, radical Banach algebra with a dense set of products. 1. Introduction Let A be a (non-unital) commutative Banach algebra. We wish to examine when A factors in a variety of senses. Our main results are counter-examples to a number of questions that have been raised. Indeed, we shall list seven such factorization properties, called (I)(VII), and note that each of these immediately implies the next one. We shall also, in x4, discuss two other `lo- cal' factorization properties, called (A) and (B) (where (A) ) (B)); these properties are relevant for Esterle's classication of commutative, radical Banach algebras that is given in [14]. We shall then discuss whether or not any of these implications can be reversed when we restrict attention to par- ticular classes of commutative Banach algebras. We shall show that several cannot be reversed, but we leave open other possible reverse implications. A summary in x6 describes our knowledge at the present time. We shall concentrate on two particular classes of commutative Banach algebras A: rst, on the case where A is semi-simple (so that A is a Banach function algebra), and in particular when A is a maximal ideal in a uniform algebra on a compact space, and, second, on the other extreme case where A 2010 Mathematics Subject Classication. -
Order Structure, Multipliers, and Gelfand Representation of Vector-Valued Function Algebras
ORDER STRUCTURE, MULTIPLIERS, AND GELFAND REPRESENTATION OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTION ALGEBRAS JORMA ARHIPPAINEN, JUKKA KAUPPI∗ AND JUSSI MATTAS Abstract. We continue the study begun by the third author of C∗-Segal algebra valued function algebras, with an emphasis on the order structure. Our main result is a characterization theorem for C∗-Segal algebra valued function algebras with an order unitization. As an intermediate step, we establish a function algebraic description of the multiplier module of arbitrary Segal algebra valued function algebras. We also consider Gelfand representation of these algebras in the commutative case. Introduction The concept of a Segal algebra originated in the work of Reiter on subalgebras of the L1-algebra of a locally compact group; cf. [19]. It was generalized to arbitrary Banach algebras by Burnham in [8]. A C∗-Segal algebra is a Banach algebra which is a dense (not necessarily self-adjoint) ideal in a C∗-algebra. Despite many important examples in analysis, such as the Schatten classes for instance, little has been known about the general structure and properties of C∗-Segal algebras. In particular, most results have relied on the additional assumption of an approximate identity. The multiplier algebra and the bidual of self-adjoint C∗-Segal algebras were described in [2, 14], and the form of the closed ideals of C∗-Segal algebras with an approximate identity was given in [6]. Recently, a new approach to Segal algebras was introduced in [5, 12], which allows a more detailed study of their structure and properties, particularly in the absence of an approximate identity ([5] the commutative case and [12] the noncommutative case). -
Function Representation of a Noncommutative Uniform Algebra
Function representation of a noncommutative uniform algebra Krzysztof Jarosz Abstract. We construct a Gelfand type representation of a real noncommu- tative Banach algebra A satisfying f 2 = f 2, for all f A: k k 2 1. Introduction A uniform algebra A is a Banach algebra such that (1.1) f 2 = f 2 , for all f A: k k 2 The commutative, complex uniform algebras constitute the most classical class of Banach algebras, one which has been intensely studied for decades. It is well known that any such algebra is isometrically isomorphic with a subalgebra of CC (X) - the algebra of all continuous complex valued functions de…ned on a compact set X and equipped with the sup-norm topology. Hirschfeld and Zelazko· [6] proved that the assumption that the algebra is commutative is super‡uous - commutativity al- ready follows from (1.1). Algebras of analytic functions serve as standard examples of complex uniform algebras. Commutative, real uniform algebras have also been studied for years [9]. Any such algebra A is isometrically isomorphic with a real subalgebra of CC (X) for some compact set X; furthermore X can be often divided into three parts X1;X2; and X3 such that A X1 is a complex uniform algebra, A X2 consists of complex conjugates j j of the functions from A X1 , and A X3 is equal to CR (X3). Any commutative, real uniform algebra can bej naturally identi…edj with a real subalgebra of df C (X; ) = f C (X): f ( (x)) = f (x) for x X C 2 C 2 n 2 o where : X X is a surjective homeomorphism with = idX . -
Structural Features of the Real and Rational Numbers ENCYCLOPEDIA of MATHEMATICS and ITS APPLICATIONS
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS FOUNDED BY G.-C. ROTA Editorial Board P. Flajolet, M. Ismail, E. Lutwak Volume 112 The Classical Fields: Structural Features of the Real and Rational Numbers ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS FOUNDING EDITOR G.-C. ROTA Editorial Board P. Flajolet, M. Ismail, E. Lutwak 40 N. White (ed.) Matroid Applications 41 S. Sakai Operator Algebras in Dynamical Systems 42 W. Hodges Basic Model Theory 43 H. Stahl and V. Totik General Orthogonal Polynomials 45 G. Da Prato and J. Zabczyk Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions 46 A. Bj¨orner et al. Oriented Matroids 47 G. Edgar and L. Sucheston Stopping Times and Directed Processes 48 C. Sims Computation with Finitely Presented Groups 49 T. Palmer Banach Algebras and the General Theory of *-Algebras I 50 F. Borceux Handbook of Categorical Algebra I 51 F. Borceux Handbook of Categorical Algebra II 52 F. Borceux Handbook of Categorical Algebra III 53 V. F. Kolchin Random Graphs 54 A. Katok and B. Hasselblatt Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems 55 V. N. Sachkov Combinatorial Methods in Discrete Mathematics 56 V. N. Sachkov Probabilistic Methods in Discrete Mathematics 57 P. M. Cohn Skew Fields 58 R. Gardner Geometric Tomography 59 G. A. Baker, Jr., and P. Graves-Morris Pade´ Approximants, 2nd edn 60 J. Krajicek Bounded Arithmetic, Propositional Logic, and Complexity Theory 61 H. Groemer Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics 62 H. O. Fattorini Infinite Dimensional Optimization and Control Theory 63 A. C. Thompson Minkowski Geometry 64 R. B. Bapat and T. -
Arxiv:Math/0203199V1 [Math.FA] 19 Mar 2002
Amenability for dual Banach algebras Volker Runde Abstract ∗ We define a Banach algebra A to be dual if A = (A∗) for a closed submodule A∗ of A∗. The class of dual Banach algebras includes all W ∗-algebras, but also all algebras M(G) for locally compact groups G, all algebras L(E) for reflexive Banach spaces E, as well as all biduals of Arens regular Banach algebras. The general impression is that amenable, dual Banach algebras are rather the exception than the rule. We confirm this impression. We first show that under certain conditions an amenable dual Ba- nach algebra is already super-amenable and thus finite-dimensional. We then develop two notions of amenability — Connes-amenability and strong Connes-amenability — which take the w∗-topology on dual Banach algebras into account. We relate the amenability of an Arens regular Banach algebra A to the (strong) Connes-amenability of A∗∗; as an application, we show that there are reflexive Banach spaces with the approximation property such that L(E) is not Connes-amenable. We characterize the amenability of inner amenable locally compact groups in terms of their algebras of pseudo-measures. Finally, we give a proof of the known fact that the amenable von Neumann algebras are the subhomogeneous ones which avoids the equivalence of amenability and nuclearity for C∗-algebras. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 43A10, 46B28, 46H25, 46H99 (primary), 46L10, 46M20. 1 Introduction arXiv:math/0203199v1 [math.FA] 19 Mar 2002 Amenable Banach algebras were introduced by B. E. Johnson in [Joh 2], and have since then turned out to be extremely interesting objects of research. -
Mathematical Work of Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and Its Impacts
Tusi Advances in Operator Theory (2020) 5:1297–1313 Mathematical Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s43036-020-00089-z(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Group ORIGINAL PAPER Mathematical work of Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and its impacts 1 2 3 Rau´ l E. Curto • Jean-Pierre Gazeau • Andrzej Horzela • 4 5,6 7 Mohammad Sal Moslehian • Mihai Putinar • Konrad Schmu¨ dgen • 8 9 Henk de Snoo • Jan Stochel Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 / Published online: 8 June 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020 Abstract In this essay, we present an overview of some important mathematical works of Professor Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and a survey of his achievements and influence. Keywords Szafraniec Á Mathematical work Á Biography Mathematics Subject Classification 01A60 Á 01A61 Á 46-03 Á 47-03 1 Biography Professor Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec’s mathematical career began in 1957 when he left his homeland Upper Silesia for Krako´w to enter the Jagiellonian University. At that time he was 17 years old and, surprisingly, mathematics was his last-minute choice. However random this decision may have been, it was a fortunate one: he succeeded in achieving all the academic degrees up to the scientific title of professor in 1980. It turned out his choice to join the university shaped the Krako´w mathematical community. Communicated by Qingxiang Xu. & Jan Stochel [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article 1298 R. E. Curto et al. Professor Franciszek H. Szafraniec Krako´w beyond Warsaw and Lwo´w belonged to the famous Polish School of Mathematics in the prewar period. -
On the Structure of the Power Graph and the Enhanced Power Graph of a Group
On the structure of the power graph and the enhanced power graph of a group Ghodratollah Aalipour Saieed Akbari School of Mathematical Science Department of Mathematical Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Sharif University of Technology Rochester, NY 14623, USA. Tehran, Iran. [email protected] s [email protected] Peter J. Cameron Reza Nikandish School of Mathematics and Statistics Department of Basic Sciences University of St Andrews Jundi-Shapur University of Technology St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK. Dezful, Iran. [email protected] [email protected] Farzad Shaveisi Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science Razi University Kermanshah, Iran. [email protected] Submitted: Sep 28, 2016; Accepted: Jul 17, 2017; Published: Jul 28, 2017 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05C25, 05C69, 20D60 Abstract Let G be a group. The power graph of G is a graph with the vertex set G, having an edge between two elements whenever one is a power of the other. We characterize nilpotent groups whose power graphs have finite independence number. For a bounded exponent group, we prove its power graph is a perfect graph and we determine its clique/chromatic number. Furthermore, it is proved that for every group G, the clique number of the power graph of G is at most countably infinite. We also measure how close the power graph is to the commuting graph by introducing a new graph which lies in between. We call this new graph the enhanced power graph. For an arbitrary pair of these three graphs we characterize finite groups for which this pair of graphs are equal. -
Non-Cyclic Graph of a Group, E.G., the Non-Cyclic Graph of Any Non Locally Cyclic Group Is Always Connected and Its Diameter Is Less Than Or Equal to 3
NON-CYCLIC GRAPH OF A GROUP A. Abdollahi ∗ and A. Mohammadi Hassanabadi Department of Mathematics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran. NON-CYCLIC GRAPH OF A GROUP Abstract. We associate a graph ΓG to a non locally cyclic group G (called the non-cyclic graph of G) as follows: take G\Cyc(G) as vertex set, where Cyc(G)= {x ∈ G | hx, yi is cyclic for all y ∈ G}, and join two vertices if they do not generate a cyclic subgroup. We study the properties of this graph and we establish some graph theoretical properties (such as regularity) of this graph in terms of the group ones. We prove that the clique number of ΓG is finite if and only if ΓG has no infinite clique. We prove that if G is a finite nilpotent group and H is a group with ΓG =∼ ΓH and |Cyc(G)| = |Cyc(H)| = 1, then H is a finite nilpotent group. We give some examples of groups G whose non-cyclic graphs are “unique”, i.e., if ΓG =∼ ΓH for some group H, then G =∼ H. In view of these examples, we conjecture that every finite non-abelian simple group has a unique non-cyclic graph. Also we give some examples of finite non-cyclic groups G with the property that if ΓG =∼ ΓH for some group H, then |G| = |H|. These suggest the question whether the latter property holds for all finite non-cyclic groups. 1. Introduction and results arXiv:0708.2327v1 [math.GR] 17 Aug 2007 Let G be a group. -
Function Representation of a Noncommutative Uniform Algebra
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 136, Number 2, February 2008, Pages 605–611 S 0002-9939(07)09033-8 Article electronically published on November 1, 2007 FUNCTION REPRESENTATION OF A NONCOMMUTATIVE UNIFORM ALGEBRA KRZYSZTOF JAROSZ (Communicated by N. Tomczak-Jaegermann) Abstract. We construct a Gelfand type representation of a real noncommu- tative Banach algebra A satisfying f 2 = f2, for all f ∈ A. 1. Introduction A uniform algebra A is a Banach algebra such that (1.1) f 2 = f2 , for all f ∈ A. The commutative, complex uniform algebras constitute the most classical class of Banach algebras, one which has been intensely studied for decades. It is well known that any such algebra is isometrically isomorphic with a subalgebra of CC (X), the algebra of all continuous complex-valued functions defined on a compact set X and equipped with the sup-norm topology. Hirschfeld and Zelazko˙ [6] proved that the assumption that the algebra is commutative is superfluous—commutativity already follows from (1.1). Algebras of analytic functions serve as standard examples of complex uniform algebras. Commutative, real uniform algebras have also been studied for years [9]. Any such algebra A is isometrically isomorphic with a real subalgebra of CC (X)forsome compact set X;furthermore,X can often be divided into three parts X1,X2, and X3 such that A|X1 is a complex uniform algebra, A|X2 consists of complex conjugates of the functions from A|X1 ,andA|X3 is equal to CR (X3). Any commutative, real uniform algebra can be naturally identified with a real subalgebra of df CC (X, τ) = f ∈ CC (X):f (τ (x)) = f (x)forx ∈ X , 2 where τ : X → X is a surjective homeomorphism with τ = idX .Inthecase of real uniform algebras the condition (1.1) no longer implies commutativity; the four-dimensional algebra of quaternions serves as the simplest counterexample.