.- -$FOR ARMY ENGINEERS * PB 5-87-2(TEST)
Our jobsite-the world...and beyona * pc ;.>?,:*? c RZ,!,$,. ,, ':='-;;,& - 4. ,$:.2'.:>
Let's Improve Engineer Command and Support Relationships
by MA.J Nicholas .J. Hoechler Knginvers must t:~kea tnnrr;~ctive tcnt-know his !priority of effort. his only if dirert- or grnernl.support role in showing tlie niatiruvt'r corn- ,.oncept ot'ol~rriltion.his s('hcmc of rciatior~shipsilrrkept ahovr hrig:ide manilrr hr,\r. rt1pinrei.s can-and mancuvcr, his plan fordefbatingthe Iwel. <,annot-support Airl,and linttle. We enemy. Shape ;ill ei'fnrts 1.0 his gr~als, If wr bi:c~imemore proactive in must unrlr,i.stand tha different corn- 2. Allr~c;~teengineers based
FEATURES UNITED STATES ARMY 9 Salvadorans Rebuild Two Rridges ENGINEER CENTER by Joseph T Coiirg~ll AND FORT BELVOIR, VA 12 AVLR Assault Ford on the Han River by CPTJohn K~oenbi~rgh
13 Royal Engineers' Postwar Cleanup in the Falklands by I,TC Michni2l H. H. Broohr. I1E
COMMANDER/COMMANDANl Military Pipeline Operntions MC William Henry Reno 0.v LII'Tlt~bcrt MI Metz
Building a Water Line onTiger Island MANAGING EDITOR by CPTJi,,, Hi~lociiiand 1L'i' Michael Mnlsom Betty R. Craharn Army Well Drillers in the Rapid Deployment Force FEATURES EDITOR by I,TC Ilriicc A. Mnlson and CPTDac:id 0. Carberry Prnelope Sclim~tt Water in the Desert PHOTOGRAPHIC EDITOR by CPTMichael C;. ~l.lu,i,ieit PFC R~rhardM. Sanborrl Repairing Historic Gold Camp Road DESIGNER by lLTJef,fre>,P. Lee Jim Wilson Engineer Cellular Teams by CPTStruen R. Striningei
The Three-Phase Inspection System: The Corps Guarantee of By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Built-in Quality by CPT'i'horr~asP. K~vd CARL E. VlJONO For the Common Defense Grncfal. Unifcii Srarri Arm) by Priielopr Schrrtitt Cliirf of Staff Revising the Standard Pattern Minefield Official: hu CPT Wayne Whale? Space: The New High Ground for Engineers R. L. DILWORTH by MAJ Thomas C. Suermann Bjigaiiier Cerieial, United Stares Aiinv Trends in Engineer Officer Training The Aiijuranr General by MAJ Edioard Hayes and Penrlapc Schmitf
Discipline and Unit Performance by MAJ Charles G. Kershaw Photo and art for "Space: The New High Ground for Engirleers," courtesy of the DEPARTMENTS National Aeronautics and Inside Front Cover: Personal Viewpoint Space Administration, Lyndon 2 Clear the Way 22 Engineer Solution B. Johnson Space Center, 4 Bridge the Gap 32 Hotline Q & A Houston, Texas. 5 Engineer Update 45 Past in Review 18 Engineer Problem I
EiVGINEER (ISSN OOl(i-l9Ri30) is prepared quarterly by the U. S. CORRESPONDENCE, letters to rlie editor. manuscripts. photo^ Army Engineer School. Fort Belvoir. VA 22060. This publicntion graphs, official unit yequests toreceivecopics, and unitaddresschnnges pr~seotsprufessional information, it does not necessarily reflect the shnald be sent to ENGINEER. ATCN: AI'LA-TI)-P. Stup 291D. Fort official Army position, and it does nut cliangr or supersede any Helvoir. VA 22060-5241. Telephone: (703)664~30H2,AV 354~30R2. information presented in other official Army publications. Unless PERSONAL SUBSCRIPTIONS me available by contacting the otherwisestiited, whenever th~mt~sc~linegenderisused. both men and Superintendent of L)ocoments. ATTN: Chief. Mail List Bmnrh. Stop women are incliided. SSOM. Wnshington. I). C. 204112. Address changes for personal sub^ CONTENT is not cupsrighted Material may he reprinted if credit is scriptions should also be sent to the Superintendent of Documents. given to XNGINEEX and to the author. OFFICIAL DISTRIRUTIONis targeted toall engineerand engineer^ POSTMASTER: Second ('lasspostiigris paid atFortRelvoir, VA, and related units. additional mailing offices. Smd addressciianrc to EIVGIIVEER.ATZA~ TII~P,Stop 2911). Fort Helvoir, VA 22060~5BI.
Engineer 1 LEAR THE WAY by MG Richard S. Kern Outgoing Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School
We've covered a lot of ground...
In preparing to leave the U.S. Army Engineer are fully capable of offering support essential to Center and School for my assignment as the maneuver commander. DCSENGRin USAEUR, I reviewed the goals Iset Improved training andE-Forcecan work only if in 1984.My first "Clear the Way" defined our task: our soldiers are properly equipped. Ihave seen the "to ensure the effectiveness of combat engineers M9 Armored Combat Excavator (ACE) through as members of the combined arms team on the testing and into production. New commercial con- AirLand Battlefield." I'm glad to say that we've struction equipment and small emplacement steadily progressed toward that goal. excavators (SEE) are also about to enter service. With a focus on warfighting effectiveness, Mechanization of Corps Engineer Battalions in several major actions haveevolved. Theseinclude Europe is nearing completion. VOLCANO and E-Force, equipment modernization, the Engineer TEXS development are proceeding. Command and Control System, and participation To ensure engineer responsiveness in AirLand in the Army Family of Vehicles. Battle, we have designed the Engineer Command E-Force embodies our major initiative: restruc- and Control System to become a vital part of the turing engineer forces to meet the challenge of Army's tactical command and control archi- AirLand Rattle. To date, we have redesigned tecture. We have been part of the Army's future engineer forces in the light divisions and corps look in developing Engineer variants for the Army and at echelons above corps. Current efforts focus Family of Vehicles. on getting concept approval of E-Force in close Further enhancing the cohesiveness of the Army combat heavy forces, thus bringing essential engineers, we have become part of the Engineer engineer support to maneuver commanders. Regimental System, thus strengthening bonds of The "challenging and realistic" engineer train- loyalty and commitment among engineers, and ing I hoped to see is here. The National Training emphasizing the kinship between Active and Center and our growing experience in Latin Reserve Components. America have strengthened our active and reserve My service as Engineer Proponent has been a forces. Training at NTC and in SOUTHCOM have great challenge. Like any job that never becomes demonstrated our valuable contribution to the boring, itis also a job that is never done. Ileave the Army's warfighting capability. Engineer School and Center knowing that General The Brigade Engineer has been recognized and Renoinherits the potential for a stronger engineer accepted as a key staff member. Engineer partici- force-and has a long road to travel with you to pation on all staffs in TAC, Main, and Rear Fort Leonard Wood and on your missions around command posts is now sought to improve maneu- the world. ver on the dirty, lethal AirLand Battlefield. In the past 3 years, we have captured some high During the past few years, we have increased ground. But this represents only our intermediate the emphasis we place on leadership training for objective. Give General Reno your supppt, and our officers. We are confident that EORC and together we will continue to strengthen our war- EOAC graduates who become task force engineers fighting capability. by MG William Henry Reno Incoming Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School
There's a challenging road ahead ...
As I assume command of the Engineer Center tions, and to field FMs 5-71-100,Engineer Opera- and School, I eagerly anticipate traveling with tions in Support of Close Combat Heavy Forces, you the "long road" General Kem speaks of in his and 5-71-101, Engineer Operations in Support of parting remarks. Our road map for the future Close Combat Light Forces, in the near future. outlines an exciting journey-it will be up to us to These manuals willincorporate the lessons we are advance toward planned milestones, and open learning at NTC and in Latin America, bringing new territory when opportunities arise. Let's look engineers to the threshold of a quantum leap at the landmarks before us: forward in combat effectiveness. E-Force implementation: Our immediate goal New equipment systems: Capable engineer is to field E-Force. We will work to get early support depends on powerful, effective engineer concept approval for the implementation of E- equipment. Several systems are on deck-I want Force in close combat heavy organizations. When to see them implemented soon. These include the it is fully fielded, E-Force will enable us to bring M9 armored combat earthmover (ACE), the small maneuver commanders optimal, flexible battle emplacement excavator (SEE), the VOLCANO support. scatterablemineemplacement system, the tactical Expanded training opportunities: We're explosive system (TEXS) for rapid antitank ditch- going to expand the training successes of the NTC ing, and the counter obstacle vehicle (COV). To in coming years. The Combat Maneuver Training enhance training, we aim to field improved mine Center at Hohenfels, West Germany, will offer effects simulators and to open the Battle Com- engineers in the European Theater the opportunity mand Training Center (BCTC) at Fort Leonard to carry out NTC-style maneuvers. The Joint Wood. Readiness Training Center at Fort Chaffee affords Transition to Fort Leonard Wood: We also a realistic training arena where light engineers look down the road toward a geographical land- can execute combined arms maneuvers in low mark-a new regimental home for the engineers. intensity conflict situations. We envision greatly improved engineer training To extract themaximum benefit from combined on a site that brings all engineer training together, arms training, we must work hard for realism, gives us ample maneuvering room, and offers scrutinize our performance, improve what's good, state-of-the-artfacilities. and fix what's broken. As I lead you in executing this complex and Publications: Current doctrine must support long-awaited move, keep this in mind: Our desti- thecontinuing evolution of theengineer force. You nation is not just a new place. Our goal is to move should soon becarrying the new FM5-34,Engineer ever closer to combat readiness-perfecting our Field Data, and the coordinating draft of FM 5- training, reorganizing the force, fielding new 116, Engineer Operations (Echelons Above Corps), equipment. If we do that, we'll reach our real completed under General Kem's proponency. We destination: Engineers as a fine-tuned combat plan to revise FM 5-100, Engineer Combat Opera- arm. Essayons. BRIDGE THE GAP by CSM Matthew Lee, Jr.,U.S. Army Engineer School
Accomplishments come to units that meet high expectations every day, doing it right the first time every time...
Expectations. That word is a mouthful, one we We often meet those expectations as small units sometimes find is pretty hard to swallow. A major where NCO leadership is critical. Look at "Army lesson of modern times is that we shouldn't let Well Drillers in the Rapid Deployment Force," p. ourselves be put in a box by expectations. The 23, and "Engineer Cellular Teams," p. 30. These Army has found out that Americans of all races units perform highly specialized tasks. Their and origins and of both sexes can work together as NCOs have to be self-reliant experts, able to go good soldiers. That upset a lot of expectations. We ahead and do the job-anywhere, any time, under hear a lot about stress and learning to get your any conditions. Thesoldiersin these units must be expectations in line with what you can really do. well trained. Stressed-out leaders and followers can destroy Training works only if it is done by NCOs who themselves and a mission in a hurry. set high standards and lead by example (see Rut expectations have a positive side. This issue "Discipline and Unit Performance," p. 44). of ENGINEER offers evidence that high Training pays off only if you expect to get the most achievement goes to engineers who have high out of every event. "Repairing Historic Gold Camp expectations. The success stories on these pages Road," p. 27, and "Building a Water Line on Tiger aren'tjust about units thatexperienced thedrama Island," p. 19, are good examples of sustainment of a wartime deployment, or even about units engineering projects that let units find out if they participating in high-intensity training on are what they're expected to be-and how to cope maneuvers. Accomplishments also come to units with the unexpected. that meet high expectations every day, doing it And a word to all of you who know we can't right the first time, every time. always do the job "by the book"-When you can, We, the engineers, cannot afford to wait for war DO. Strengthen your unit's ability by practicing to get real training or even to wait for the next field at peak standards when you have enough time exercise. Training time for us is NOW-in the and the right resources. If your soldiers have the chow line, in formation, in the barracks. Hip- habit of producing excellent work (see "The Three- pocket training must be the tool that we use. We Phase Inspection System," p. 33, they won't be must continue tostudy and wait; the critical test is satisfied to do less than their best-even in tough sure to come. conditions. Here's what the Army expects of Erik'rlneers: Read "RoyalEngineers' Postwar Cleanup in the We're the people who know how to build whatever Falklands," p. 13. The author of that article needs to be built, and to do it right. We're the expected his NCOs to rebuild a wind-devastated pc~~plewho can crnss the gap in the road, knock airfield runway on their own. He wasn't dis- down the obstacle in the way. When we build, we appointed. That's the engineer tradition in the must build to standard: We're expected to be U.S. Army too. We know our jobs. We're ready for reliable. Commanders expect our makeshift solu- the unexpected. We don't disappoint the units we tions to be the best available. We must not fail support-we meet their expectations. It's the them. engineer way. Engineer YIJpdate School News - Noncommissioned Officer Academy [NCOAI
Academy Opens The Fort Belvoir Noncommissioned POIS focused primarily on the techn~calaspects of the Officer Academy began operation 1 April. 1987,in order to NCOs' function. "Our intention," said CSM Gibert, "is to comply with recent TRAOOC gu~delineswhich specify that emphas~zeleadersh~p and warfighting in a combat all NCO training must be conducted in an NCO academy. environment." Previously, advanced NCO training on Fort Belvoir was The academy's history will be a brief one. however, as conducted by the Directorate of M~litaryEngineering, and plans are already under way to move the courses taught at the administrative aspects were coordinated by the NCO the school to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Currently, only student detachment, according to CSM Frank Gibert, BNCOCs are held at Fort Wood's NCO Academy. The NCO Academy commandant. move is scheduled to begin in April. 1988. Before coming under the auspices of the academy, the Directorate of Combat Developments IDCDl
Idea Program Announced Have you ever found a necessary, test your Ideas in an operational environment problem with a f~eldedengineer system and thought you It IS a auick method to irnprove your equipment, organiza- had a good solution? Have you ever had a suggestion for a tion, or tralnlng change in organization or training that would make your lob Anyone may provide an engineer-related idea Just easier? Have you ever had a good engineer-related idea. clearly descr~beyour proposal in wr~tng[if necessary but you did not know how orwhere to get it adopted? OCO provide sketch1 and send it to- has initiated actions for a new program to help your ideas get tested and adopted. It will be called ESSAYONS. Commander ESSAYONS will provide a fast, low-cost. and informal U.S. Army Eng~neerSchool means for the Engineer Schooi to evaluate yourldeas and ATTN: ATZA-CTO [ESSAYONSI adopt them if they work. ESSAYONS is not intended to Fort Relvoir, VA 22060-5281 take the place of the Army Suggestion Program, because the Army Suggestion Program will evaluate your idea but Be sure to include your name, address. and AUTOVON may not test and adopt it. ESSAYONS will give your ~deas number for us to contact you in case we have questions the proper attention from the Engineer perspective, and. if regarding your ideas. Department of Military Engineering (DMEI
Training Developments DME is developing field circu- Beginn~ngin FY 88. DME will offer weekend courses in lars for engineer operation at echelons above corps and for horizontal constr~icton,theater of operations IT01 struc- airbase damage repair. Both will be fielded in late fall 1987. tures. TO utilities, and construction management. Each The OME IS also developing the ARTEP Mission Training will be offered twlce per year. Check the school course Plan for the englneer battalion Icombatl [heavy]. The catalog for exact dates. coordinating draft should be fielded in the winter of 1987 for field comment. Directorate of Military Logistics [DML)
Mast Syitems Group Course The 52010 Rrdnch of The course 1s open to Act~veArmy and Reserve Com- DML recently began teaching the direct support/general ponent Specialists 4. corporals, and sergeants assigned or support Hydraul~c-pneumaticMast Groups RepalrerlC-91 on orders to a duty position that requires the awarding of Course During the 1 %day course, students are trainedin AS1 C-9. Active Army personnel must have at least 10 the operation of the mast groups systems, DS/GS maln- months of active duty service time remaining after com- tenance procedures, DS/GS troubleshooting of mast pleting the course. For more information about the course groups and related test equipment, and the use of or enrollment requirements, contact SFC Tucker. DML soeciaiized tools Operations Branch, AV 354-2314/1036. ngineer Update
Directorate of Evaluation and Standardization KlOESI
Lessons Learned Bulletin The Lessons Learned Bul- If your unit is not receiving The LessonsLearnedBulle~, letin summarizes experience gained from worldwide contact SFC Kovak at I7031 664-41 72 or AV 354-41 72. training exercises. An updated bulletin is published each quarter and distributed to active, reserve, and National Engineer Orientation Team 1EOTI EOT is currently Guard engineer units [company level and above). DEHs, scheduling visits for FY 88. If you would like tosee the EOT districts, and major commands. presentation or have them schedule a visit with your To assist the Engineer School in collecting relevant activity or active duty or reserve component, contact: lessons learned, field units need to provide after-action Commandant, U.S Army Eng~neerSchool. ATTN: ATZA-ES reports IAARl from their training exercises and information ISFC Rexrodel, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5271 or call (7031 concerning doctrine, equipment, and material. Information 664-41 72/1124 or AV 354-4172/1124. and AAR's should be sent to: Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School. ATTN: ATZA-ES, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5271 Department of Combined Arms School [DCAI
Engineer Histories Available on Video The Oepart- histories of engineers in the mountains of Italy and in the ment of Combined Arms, the ~.~.~rmyEngineer School, initial Rhine River crossings during World War II and and the Historical Division. OCE, have jointly sponsored a engineers in the Korean War. series of oral histories now available on video tape. Titles Video tapes of these oral histories are available for loan. include "Engineers in the Battle of the Bulge" and "Engi- Write to ATZA-TA-C, ATTN: Management Branch. U.S. neers in the New Guinea Campaign 1942-1944." Army Engineer School. Fort Belvoir. VA 22060-5341 or Three more presentations soon will be available. including call AV 354-3993. Engineer School Secretary [ESSI
Publication Cutback The Engineer School, lhke all students to turn in texts after completing a course and TRAODC schools, faces current and projected funding restricts our ability to satisfy individual field requests for contraints for print~ngand distribution of student mate- locally printed material and DA publications. We regret the rials. The current mandate is to reduce the number of inconvenience. coples by 15 percent from last year. This policy requires Directorate of Training and Doctrine (DOTDI
Individual Training Plans Revised A major priority Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook Available The within DOT0 this fiscal year is to revise all individual Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook. which replaced TM trainlng plans [ITPI for engineer occupations. ITPs lay out 5-765. Electric Power Transmission and Distribution. for strategies and methods used in training. During the first all personnel holding the 52G MOS, is still available. two quarters of FY 87, the Engineer School completed To order the book for your unit, send the property book revision of 15 ITPs. Eiahteen" will be revised durintl the officer's name, Department of Defense activity codes, and third and fourth quarters. document number to: Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School, ATTN: ATZA-TD-P-CR. Stop 291D, Fort Belvoir, General Engineering Manual in Distribution Units VA 22060-5291. should have recelved FM 5-104, General Engineering. After init~aldistribution, units must purchase copies through distribution. FM 5-104 provides a doctrinal basis from the publisher, McGraw Hill Bookcompany. New York. for planning and executing general engineering in the theater of operations. It is primarily concerned with support to noncommitted forces within the Corps and communication zone areas. lngineer -Regimental News - Corps Distinguished Members
On 10 February 1987, letters were forwarded to Concern~ngselection criteria for Distinguished Mem- engineer commanders soliciting nominations for Distin- bers. the committee determined that active officers and guished Members of the Corps. Nominations received enlisted should not be eligible for nomination by their before the 30 March deadline were reviewed by the respective untts. It further determined that any indiv~dual Regimental Advisory Committee and forwarded to the serving in a cha~n-of-commandposltion above a nominating Ch~efof Engineers for zpproval. Since there had not been unit, or a currently servlng Chief of Engineers or Corps adequate time for most units to complete thew nomina- Command Sergeant Malor, should not be eligible until tions, he decided to await more nominations before further reassignment or retirement. considerat~on.He did, however. approve the committee's With the nomination procedure firmly in place, units may recommendation to designate all living, former Chiefs of agar begin consideration of Oist~nguishedMembers. Each Engineers and Corps of Engineers Command Sergeant unit may nominate one officer and/or enlisted each year. Majors as D~stinguishedMembers. Honored at Fort Later this year. letters will be forwarded to all engineer Belvo~r'sannual Engineer Dinner on 8 May were- commanders, soliciting nominations in preparation for the LTG Joseph K. Bratton IRetI 1986 Engineer Dinner, where new selectees will be LTG William F. Cass~dyIRetl recognized. LTG Emerson E. ltschner IRetl Commanders having difficulty tracing unit histories may LTG John W. Morris IRetl arrange for unit representatives to visit the History Office CSM Willlam Leach IRetl of the Office of the Chief of Engineers to conduct research. LTG Fred J. Clarke IRetI, the Corps' Honorary Colonel [also Units needing this assistance should contact Mr.Charles a former Chief]. participated with the current Ch~ef,LTG Hendericks. Staff Historian. at 12021355-3564. Questions Elvin R. Heiberg, in the designation presentation regarding the overall selection process may be directed to ceremonies. CPT Jeff Korcan, Corps Adjutant, atthe Engineer School's These new Otst~nguishedMembers jo~nGeneral Bryce Personnel Proponency Office. I7031 664-2287/3760 C. Clarke IRetl, who was named the Corps' first Oistin- IAV: 354-2287/37601. gu~shedMember earlier this year. -Career Notes - Commissioned Officers Branch
Captain's PromotionBoardto Meet MILPERCEN will Other than Regular Army [OTRAI officers in the "first convene a Captain's Promot~onand Conditional Voluntary tlme considered" zone for promotion to captain, who Indefinite ICVII board on or about 9 September, 1987 desire to remain on active duty past their obligated Zones of cons~derationfor promotion to captain conslst of voluntary IOBVI date, must apply for CVI status for all 1st lieutenants with the following dates of rank cons~derationby the September CVI board. Officers cannot apply for CVI after they have been selected for captain. Above the zone: 860331 and earlier Officers who choose not to apply for CVI when they are in Promotion zone: 860401 thru 861 121 the "first time considered" zone for captain will not be permitted to apply at a later date. Applications should be All eligible officers should review their Official Military submitted in original and one copy through the chain-of- Personnel Record [OMPFI and their Officer Record Brief command, IAW AR 135-215, to arrive NLT 3 Aug 87 at [OR61 prior to the convening of the board. Administra- the Combat Support Arms Career Management Division, tive and procedural questions may be directed to the MILPERCEN, Attn: DAPC-OPE-P, 200 Stovall Street, Officers' Promotion Sectlon. MILPERCEN. DAPC-MSP-0, Alexandria. VA 22332-0400. AV 221-781 5. 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria. VA 22332-0400, AV 221-9340. NCO and Enlisted Soldiers Branch
Appealing Your Enlisted Evaluation Report Officials For additional information concerning appeals, contact at HQ Department of the Army belleve that NCOs are not the agency listed below which is responsible for your using the Army's Appeal System when they believe they component: were rated inaccurately or unfa~rly.Last year only 336 appeals reached the Army Deputy Ch~efof Staff for Active Duty Commander Personnel Enllsted Special Review Board IESRBI. which 1s NCOs U.S. Army Enlisted Records and the Army's prlmary authority for ruling on appeals based Evaluation Center on claims of Inaccurate or unlust evaluation. There are ATTN: PCRE-RE-A more than 277,000 actlve duty NCOs. Only five Reserve Fort Benjam~nHarrison, IN 46249-5301 Component NCO appeals reached the board. Appealing is not an act of futllity. In 1986 full or partial Reserve US. Army Reserve Fersonnel Center rel~efwas granted on 38 percent of all appeal cases NCOs ATTN: DARP-PRE-A completed. The guidelines for appeals are coritained in 9700 Page Boulevard Chapter 4 of AR 623-205. En1istedEvaluaf;on Reporting St. Louis. MO 63132-5200 Systems,to which Appendix G has recently been added to provlde more definitive guidance for their constructton. Nat~onal Chief. National Guard Bureau The staff fudge advocates and your personnel servlces Guard NCOs ATTN. NGB-ARP-E center can also help you. Washington, 0 C. 20310-2500 -News 6 Notes -
New Mine-Clearing Developments On 6 April 1987, After revlewing reports of past designs, Aardvark devel- the Belvoir Research and Development and Engineering oped a flat1 that wetghs less costs less. requlres less IRDGEI Center awarded a $2,185,000 production con- power. lasts longer, and provldes a better beat pattern tract for the Army's new Cleared Lane Marking System than its predecessors. The Aardvark uses less power to (CLAMS1 to BMY Corporation of York. Pennsylvania. dr~veits flails. although it employs more chains per foot of CLAMS will be used to help veh~cledrlvers follow safe rotor than older designs. The tip welght has been matched paths cleared through mlnefields Mounted on the rear of with the flaillng speed to produce a better pattern of the lead m~nefield-breachingvehicle, it d~spensescolored cotitact w~ththe ground. During trials, one Aardvark flat1 flags that can he seen easlly dur~ngtheday. Lightst~cksare cleared charges of up to 3.6 kilograms of explosive w~th provided for night operations. v~t-tuallyno damage. A devlce attached to the veh~cle'sodometer controls The design evaluated by the center weighs 13'12 tons- the dispenser.dropping themarkei~satconstantintervals. 10 tons for a prime mover and 3% tons for the flall unit. Units are scheduled for delivei-y between Novetnber 1987 Mounted on a custom-bullt, half-track vehlcle, the flail unit and Febriiary 1988. is a 10-foot-wide rotor wlth 72 to 79 chains having disc- The Belvoit R06E Center also has evaluated foreign shaped strlker tips. Other features Include automatic "flall" technology to determine its effect~venessand suit- contouring and depth control, retractable sidearms for air ability for clearing safe paths through minefields. transport, an armored cab, and an optional rotor with 60 A vehicle designed by Aardvark Mine Ltd, of Aberdeen- heavy chalns for use agalnst brirled antitank mines. shire. Scotland, was tested by the US. Army Armor and Data from these tests will be used to destgn a flail EnglneerBoardat Fort Knox. Kentucky, toobtaln data that system providrng a path as wide as the vehicle selected to could eventually result in a tank-wldth vehicle mine clearing perform as its prime mover. system for combat engineers Salvadorans Rebuild by Joseph T. Cowgill TWOBridges El Salvador's people have Rio Lempa crossings destroyed tinued ambushes, and harassment been at war for 8 years, The Rio Lernpa runs through failed to halt transportation alto- struggling with a guerrilla country hotly contested in El gether, but caused significant prob- insurgency that has alternately Salvador's civil war. Flowing south lems on the routes served by the raged and smoldered. Lives and along the Honduran border, the river bridges. To provide a roadway of homes have been destroyed, and the crosses thecountry on its way to the sorts, the government routed traffic population of this tiny but strate- Pacific, severing the eastern third of across a hydroelectric power plant gically located country system- El Salvador from the west. Two dam near Cuscatlan, and converted atically terrorized. bridges over the river-Puente San a railroad hridge to make a roadway Like many Central American Marcos and Puente Cuscatlan-are at San Marcos. Both these nations, El Salvador has largely the sole links between eastern and crossings-one of them on the Pan undeveloped rural areas and a western El Salvador. American Highway-were restricted fragile transportation network. The Salvadoran Army, realizing to alternating one-way traffic. Guerrilla forces have focused many theimportance ofthese bridges, had of their destructive efforts on the manned them with light security El Salvador seeks nation's precious infrastructure, forces. But the small guard contin- Bailey bridges making movement and communica- gents were easily circumvented by For more than three years after tion difficult wherever they can. This the rebels. In late 1982, they the destruction of the bridges, the is the story of one guerrilla attempt managed to plant demolitions and Salvadoran government tried to to disrupt travel in El Salvador and blow up both spans, making theRio construct other crossings on the Rio how U.S. Army Engineers helped to Lempa a major barrier. Lempa. These effortswere hampered make sure the effort failed. The guerrillas' sabotage, con- because the Salvadoran Army had Salvadosan workers prepare a Railey hridge span at Cuscatlan. converted its engineer units to equipment, cranes, pile drivers, had language of mathematics. Thus, he infantry-combating the guerrillas to be procured. literally sketched the building se- was a top priority. This left recon- Pile driving hegan in April, but quence for the bridges and drew structionin the handsof arelatively seasonal rains impeded site prepa- pictures to recommend solutions to inexperienced civil works ministry. ration. High waters and swift cur- construction problems. Weather and river conditions also rents repeatedly washed away the thwarted reconstruction work. causeways that were needed for pile Salvadorans construct Attempts were made topush earthen emplacemmt. Because of river bed San Marcos Bridge causeways into the river, reducing conditions at Cuscatlan, the last set Assisted by the Engineer School its normal 600- to 1,000-foot widths of piles couldn't he driven in the advisor. 100 Salvadorans set to work to distances that could be easily planned location. Subsurface prob- on the San Marcos Bridge. The bridged. Rut heavy rains and lems also forced a change in the workers were farmers, construction rushing water soon destroyed these location of farbank abutments. As ti laborers, steel workers-and one structures. result, the Cuscatlan Bridge's man with Railey bridgeconstruction The most feasible solution, the planned length nearly douhled, experience. On the first 10-hour day government finally concluded, reinforcingchords had to be used on onlv the roller layout, launching would he to span the river with the far bank span, and the final nose, and 10 feet of bridge were Bailey bridges on piers. Through length of the bridge-usually drter- completed. Training-and the vivid coordination with U.S.agencies. El mined in the design stage-remained urgings of the host country super- Salvadorohtained someused Bailey unresolved almost to the day the visor-swiftly improved produc- hridge sets from the United States. first hridge hit the far bank. tivity, and 10-hour days soon ended To make thesetsserviceable,civilian with 100 to 120 feet of bridge con- workers removed paint and rust, USAES assists in structed and launched. primed, painted, and lubricated designing bridges Construction problems were major parts. Through USAID, El Salvador numerous. Inexperienced Salvn- The refurbished hridge equipment requested assistance in constructing doran workers left leveling bolts out was then moved to the two sites by the Bailey bridges, and acquired the of pile piers 3 and 4. Engineers truck-a 2-hour drive from San services of a technical assistant from substituted an epoxy filler, allowing Salvador on hostile roads. Bridging Branch, the U.S. Army it to cure for a day before extending Engineer School. the launching nose to pier 3. Army engineers In a 3-day site visit, the advisor Crews had to he diverted from preparc the sites determined correct quantities of bridge construction: one to clean Mobile District, U.S. Army Corps components, equipment, and man- and lubricate parts that arrived on of Engineers, were called upon in power, and set up the huilding site covered with paint, another to early 1986 to supervise the design, sequence. On this occasion and correct prohlems caused hy wrong- fabrication, and construction of steel throughout the project, the advisor sized locally made chess. Gaps p~lepiers at both sites. This phaseof communicated with his Spanish~ between pieces of chess were the project took several months-all speaking counterparts by drawing hammered into the hutton stringers, materials wereimported, and heavy diagrams and using the universal and hent pin lugs were repaired. 'l'hr dan~ag<. 'I 1 re .., t*he-a Han.. River Cross the water where you assistant division commander and Bridges may sink into a clay or silt choose, and make thehattle gave the order to initiate. bottom, lowering their surfaces yours. Here's how the To prepare for the mission, the below the crossing vehicles' fording Orange F'orce(2d Infantry Division) end curbs were removed from the depth. Bottom suction may render used a surprise crossing to defeat AVLBs and safety poles were fahri- bridges unrecoverable. Extensive the Blue Force in 19R2's joint ROK- cated. The first launcher drove into shore preparation is needed when US Exercise, TEAM SPIRIT. Con- the river and launched its bridge at banks are steep or high. Bridges vinced that a flank attack on Blue maximum fording depth. Before the must he retrievable from the near Force would turn the tide, Orange bridge completely submerged, the shore. Force maneuver commander, divi- AVLB commander placed A-foot All this means that a thorough sion engineer, and assistant division safetypolesin the riverbottom along reconnaissance must be conducted. engineer planned to cross the South the sidesofthe bridge. After the first The division engineer and maneuver Han River and drive west. launcher retreated, a second came commander must ensure the benefits They decided to move a mechan- forward, launched its bridge, and outweigh the risks. AVLR crews ized hrigade across a major water formed an interlock by overlapping must train on land to perfect the ohstaclc. No fords or fixed bridges the first bridge ;I feet. In this way, 5 overlappingtechniques. Clearly, the were available. The few prepared, AVLBs spanned 300 feet. use of this assault ford is heavily deep-water crossing points had been dependent on METT-'P. used by the enemy. To surprise the The attack Rut like all specialized tools, the enemy, AVI,R assets of the divis- The third morning, the battalion hasty AVLB overlapping assault ional float bridge company (6 bombarded the far shore. Under ford can be the perfect instrumentin launchers with 8 bridges) would cover of smoke, 37 armored vehicles the right circumstances-it can let construct a hasty AVLRoverlapping crossed the overlapping assault ford the maneuver force commander ex- assault ford at an unexpected site. with only one minor mishap. This ploit enemy weakness. surprise maneuver allowed Orange Emplaeing the assault ford Force to defeat Blue Force in detail. CPTJohn Rivenburgh is a Senior Two days hefore the attack, E The findings of the river recon- Team Leader in EOAC Division of Company, 2d Engineer Battalion, naissance proved to be more than the Engineer School. He has also used SCUBA teams, G-man recon- adequate for the mission. The 5 served as Commander, E Company, naissance boats, and shoreline ob- AVLBs were recovered without 2d Engineer Battalion; and Project servation to determine the feasibility damage to bridges or launchers. Engineer, Albuquerque District, of the assault ford. The findings The hasty AVI,R overlapping COE. CPT Rivenburgh holds a BS were less than ideal (sandy-silty- assault ford is not suitable for all in Civil Engineering from Clarkson rocky bottom; 5.5-foot depth, and 5- river conditions-it workshest when University, an MS in Civil Engi- foot.per.second current), but the a ford's only limitingfactorisdepth. neering from the Uniuersity of river bottom was flat. The battalion A rocky hottom can cause point Connecticut, andis a registeredpro- commander consulted with the loading and damage the bridges. fessional engineer in Virginia. Royal Engineers' Postwar Cleanup in the Falklands by LTC Michael H. H. Brooke, RE "When the bullets stop, airfieldmat training- we could only meant commuting daily by small there will be a cry for Engi- do this in the United States. The boat, in weather that was potentially neers to get the situation morning after I received our orders, ferociousandalways unpredictahle. back on its feet. Move your Squadron my Troop Staff Sergeants (F.7 Gradually, however, we established by sea to the South Atlantic, and he Platoon Sergeant equivalent) were a Squadron EiQ in the Falkland prepared to fight if necessary. Your with me at Heathrow Airport. on Islands Defense Force Drill Hall, tasks are- their way to the U.S. Marine Corps' which had been used by the Argen- * Reopen Stanley Airfield. Kogue Field, Cherry Point, NC. If tinians during their occupation of Clear mines/explosives. " the squadron's NCOs could gain the islands. Restore water supply and essen. proficiency in laying AM-2. I The aftermath i~fconflict was tial services to Port Stanley. thought we had a good chance of everywhere evident. Ten thousand Construct company base camps success. After 4 days of intensive Argentine prisoners nf war, some of for the infantry guard force." training at Bogue Field, the men them ill or injured, had not yet all were ready to train the rest of the hcen rcpntriatcd. Wc were not able Mobilizing squadron. to sheller them, hut we managed to Such were the orders I received Meanwhile in the United provide them food, water, and medi- just 10days before3 Fieldsquadron Kingdom, the squadron began to cal assistance until British hospital sailed for the Falkland Islands on preparc forthe possibility of combat. ships hegan to transport them hack June 19, 1982. My first job was to All ranks reclassified on their per- to the mainland ahout 10days later. prepare the squadron to meet the sonill weapons, and found ways to Parts of Port Stanley and its chilllenge. increase our potential firepower.The environs were infested with land The Squadron had recently re- .5-inch Rrowning machine guns mines and booby traps. Water was turned from a construction project were taken out of our Ferret Scout scarce, since the town's main in Kenya, so we were well organized Cars, which wouldn't be going with pumping station had bcen hit by for deployment. Our tradesmen's us to the South Atlantic. artillery fire. Darnaged ships skills in electrical work and car- By the time the NCO contingent staggered in the harbor, their pentry were at their best. returned from the United States, supplies and munitions waiting to We had little knowledge, however, preparations were reasonahly well be unloaded or scuttled. of the Aluminum Mat Grade 2 (AM- in hand. The Quartermaster (QM) 2) of which Stanley Airfield's main had uhtained the necessary stores Restoring Port Stanley runway would hr rehuilt, and no and engineer equipment. The Our most urgent task was to expertise whatevrr in constructing squadron had been augmented with restore basic utilities. A militury Portakahins and Pakaway additional technical specialists in water point was substituted for the Buildings (portable prefabricated construction trades, power genera- damaged main pumping station. quarters and storage facilities), or tion, and quality control. Squadron Though we had almost no spares for operating rock drills and rock personnel were completing their the pumping engines, our Sappers crushers. These gaps in training private arrangements for leaving soon managed to hring production would have to be closed quickly. the country. to the million-gallon mark. Key personnel needed immediate The Squadron sailed from Meanwhile, the town of Port training, particularly on the un- Southampton on the appointed day, Stanley was systematically cleared familiar commercial equipment that hound for theFalkland Islands 8,000 of mincs and hoohy traps. Sappers we would be using. I dispatched miles away. The precious :I weeks of trained for operations in Northern Squadron Officers. NCOs, and transit time was spent in weapons Ireland conducted the search, Sappers to all thecivilian firms who training, physical training, and dividing the town into small grids would supply our equipment. Each familiarization with AM-2. and painstakingly combing each was responsible for returning to the square for hoohy traps and mines. squadron with operating knowledge A complex job of a system, and the ability to pass it We arrived in Port Stanley on a Rebuilding Stanley Airfield on to the troops who would use it. wintry July 11. Initially, there was With 50 Field Squadron, we set Our primary challenge was AM-2 no accommodation ashore. This aboutone~~fourprimnryobjectives- Hundred mph winds can roll light-weight aluminum airfield mat into a giant tortilla. Panels, visible at edges. are 10 feet by 1 foot and weigh 80 pounds each. rebuilding Stanley Airfield. Ini- The goal at Port Stanley was to struction across the islands for the tiiills. we had expccted the airfield improve the airfield surface so that Battalion Guard Force. Our first job to be pitted with deep craters after it rould accept Phantom F-5fighters, was to unload several ships, a task the Royal Air Force bombing raids thus releasing the aircraft carrier made difficult by lack of suitable by Vulcan hombers. It proved, how^ Invincible from her standoff lighterageand stevedoreexperience. ever, that all hut two craters had station. Because the strip was too However, engineers have always been illusions. The Argentinians short for high-speed fighter aircraft, been an adaptable breed, and we had used large irregularly shaped we also installed runn7ayhydraulic managed our job with ingenuity, sheets of vinyl to create a pattern arrestor gear. Day and night, rain inventiveness-and cooperation that-from the air-looked like and storm, theSappers labored, and with the port squadron. cratering on the runway surfaces. it was a sweet moment to watch the Where there had been grassy These "craters" were simply moved first jet land safely. areas, Portakabinsbegan sprouting aside when Argentine aircraft were Hut there was lit,tle time for cele- from theearth. Each cabin provided about to land. bration. Soon after the cornmis- accommodation for 10 soldiers. Even though the job to be done sioned offirers had moved on to Again, high winds quickly ripped proved less lleroic than wc at first supervise other construction opera^ the first cabins from their founda- believed, we found it Herculean tions, the light-weight aluminum tions, but engineers stabilized and enough. Grading theairfield surface airfield mat at Port San Carlos, provided floor-level insulation for and filling the craters to strict specifically designed for Harrier the buildings by stacking sandbags quality control specifications Operations, aas attacked hy fero- attheground line andliterally tying required full support of quarrying cious 100-mile-an-hour winds and the Portakabins down with guy and rock.crushing operations, with torn away from its moorings. The wires attached with Spanish wind- which the squadron was not junior NCOs who had heen left in lasses. Thesarne technique was used familiar. Clcarly, this aspect of charge of this forward operating to secure the portable lavatories. engineer support is a critical element base did a superb job of supervising The camps were constructed by in many repair and rehabilitation the repairs, which were completedin field troops operating more or less johs. I carried away the conviction just 3 days. independently. Thc Squadron's that cleanup units must he fully junior leadership flexed its muscles prepared to carry out and support Constructing the garrison unsupervised, providing housing for quarrying and rock-crushing opera- When we left50 Field Squadron to agarrisnn guard forceof l'hinfantry tions-otherwise the effectiveness of continue expanding the airfield,we battalions, 2 artillery batteries, and the mission will be impaired. turned our attention to camp con- elements of the RAF. These facilities Portakabin kits arc designed for rapid insti~lli~(ion.Here, soldiers steady side panels which drop out of thc ~.oof..4sscmhly can be completed in less than a half hour. were expected to last for up to 5 unfamiliar engineering tasks. We * Kecp the unit's administration years. hadmohilized, upgraded our combat on the hall. If the admin's right, readiness, and assimilated needed the job will he right. An unexpected duty expert personnel. Dispatching our Think clearly:make asimpleplan The Squadron u*as also called NCOs to sources of expertise for hutremain flexible. The situation upon to build a permanent cemetery immediateinformation and training on the ground will always sur- for thoseof our dead whoserelatives had been critical to our success in prise you. had decided they should rest where carryingout ourjoh after wearrived. .Trust your subordinates. Allow they fell in action. These 14, The traditional engineer virtues troop commanders to use their including LTC H. Jones, VC, OBE, of flexibility and initiativeserved us initiative to get on with the job. who had gallantly commanded well when we encountered the Train hard, even if time is short. ZBattalion, thcParachnteRegiment Falklands' hostile weather condi- Training pays. at Goose Green, had hern tempo- tions and serious resource defi- rarily buried at Ajnx Ray. Sappers ciences. The trials we met taught LTC Michael H. H. tlrooh~,RE, from 3 Squadron dug new graves at us-and should remind all those who was commissioned in the Royal Rlue Beach, where the first Rritish must he prepared to mobilize to MarinesinJanuary 1967,andserued Task Force landings had occurred remote and unfamiliar terrain-that in Singapore and at the Commando some 5 months earlier. The Sappers small wars operations will inevi- Training Center. He transferred to had the honor of acting as hearers tably present a set of difficulties theRuyalEngineers in 1972and has when Mr. .John Knott, then which no unit can anticipate. seen srruice in West germ an^. Secretary of State for Defense, pre- As we worked with limited per^ Northern Ireland, Cyprus, Krnya. sided over the burial ceremony sonnel and long supply lines, me and thc Falklnnd Zslanrls. LTC during his hrief visit to the islands. abandoned the intensive micro- Brooke was fhc British Exchange managementwe are sooften tempted Officer at Fort Belooir from 1985 to Lessons learned to practice in peacetime. Our NCOs 1987, ser~iingwith USAES, Six months after our arrival, we proved that they could accomplish Department of Military Engi- embarked for home knowing that, massive tasks at short warning ne~rin.g,as Chief, Combat opera^ we had met the mission's challenge. without constant oversight hy tions Diuision. In less than 2 weeks, we had pre- officers. In sum, theingredients key pared ourselves for a number of to our success were- Military Pipeline Operations by CPT Robert W. Metz AirLand Battle runs on month. Slow construction rates may part of the construction. tracks, rolls on wheels, flies also mean that pipelines lag behind The pipeline construction support on wings-and feeds on the rate of combat advance, making companies rarely operate indepen- petroleum. How much POL can fuel supply to forward units dently. They usually provide tech- major conflict eat? In World War :I, uncertain. nicians and specialized equipment half the logistical tonnages were Despite these disadvantages, to help engineer battalions with petroleum products. Field armies pipelines remain the most efficient construction, rehabilitation, and and tactical air forces consumed3 to way to distribute bulk petroleum. repairs. These companies are the 8 hundred thousand gallons of fuel They allow acontinuousflowof fuel, inland pipeline experts. per day. whatever the weather and terrain. Engineer port construction com- To feed the need, Army engineers They also keep road and rail net- panies provideexpertise for offshore laid over 3 thousand miles of mili- works open for materiel that cannot petroleum facilities. These com- tary petroleum pipelines in Europe, be moved in any other way. panies can lay offshore assault hose along the Mediterranean, and lines and submarine pipelines, and through China-Burma-India. Who runs the system? build POI, jetties and tanker dis- In Vietnam and Korea, petro- Within the theater of operations, charge facilities. Radiographic leum's share of logistical tonnages several branches of the Army sup- welding teams and diving teams rose to over 60 percent. It is likely port petroleum distribution. The may be attached to thesecompanies. that POI, will become even more Quartermaster Petroleum Group The teams can test, inspect, and vital in the future. executes the bulk fuel distribution repair pipelines and POL jetties. These precious supplies can't be mission. Assigned directly to the unloaded and picked up in rear Theater Army, thegroupworks with How is the system designed? areas. Fuel and fuel products must the Theater Army Materiel Theater pipeline systems are de- go where the soldier goes-as far Management Center and host nation signed to he easy to construct, yet forward as the tactical situation staffs to develop a petroleum distri- meet fuel needs in the theater. The dictates. bution plan. This plan is the basis designer must consider the design Engineer, Quartermaster, and for designing, building, and oper- fuel (the heaviest fuel the line will Transportation units cooperate to ating the system, which the petro- carry), the mean low temperature in provide bulk petroleum distribution leum group and its subordinateunits the area, the flow rate needed to systems. They see that supplies then operate and maintain. meet fuel requirements, and the move smoothly from ships to armies number and typeof pipeline facilities by road, rail, air, inland waterway, Who builds the pipelines? available in the theater. and above all, by pipeline. A combat heavy engineer bat- The engineer officer designs the talion usually builds the distribution line in modular form for each of the Why pipelines? system. The battalion prepares sites three types of lines in the system: Pipelines are relatively time- and builds bulk storage, pump sta- the booster line, the feeder line, and consuming to build and susceptible tions, fuel jetties, and other related the main line. Quartermaster Corps to enemy disruption. In Vietnam, pipeline facilities. A pipeline platoon handles assault pipelines at the dis- the enemy was able to cause losses element from a pipeline construction pensing end of the system. of over 2.5 million gallonsof fuel per support company often performs The booster line transports fuel BOOSTER FEEDER ASSAULT -LINE- +LINE+ MAIN LINE-.+LINE* Station No. 1 PURPOSE RESPONSIBILITY MAIN COMPONENTS BOOSTER Takes fuel from Engineer Co (PC) Submarine pipeline (undeveloped LINE tanker to base ter- ACB Theater) minal tank farm Engr Bn (CH) Docktng facility Booster pump station (if required) API steel pipe FEEDER Primes 1st main- Engr Bn (CH) API steel pipe LINE line pump station Pipeline CO Feeder pump statton MAIN Majority of Engr Bn (CH) Lightweight tubing (LWT) LINE pipeline with Pipeline API steel pipe (~frequired) Company Main-line pump stations ASSAULT Dispenses fuel at QM Collaps~blehoseline LINE receiving end of Assault pumps pipeline Schematic design for POL pipeline port facilities from the offshore tanker to the first upon the fuelrequirements upstream storage and supporting facilities or base terminal tank farm. The and the operating hours of the feeder addressed in the Army Facilities design of this line depends upon the pump station. The feeder pump Components System. With this developmental stage of the theater. station will provide the priming knowledge, and an understanding In an immature theater, asubmarine pressure needed to operate the first of the basics of fluid flow, he can pipeline may be needed to discharge main-line pump station. design a pipeline system that sup- the fuel, while in a developed theater, The longest and the most time plies fuel throughout the theater. a pier facility may be available for consuming line to construct is the direct shoreside discharge. In this main line, which may cover hun- What's new in line, the design is based upon the dredsof miles. Themain line has the military pipelines? flow rate required to unload a tanker, same flow rate as the feederline, but New developments continue to as well as the design fuel and is constructed of a lighter weight increase the effectiveness of the temperature. steel tubing becauseofthedistances military pipeline system. The Joint A feeder line, usually from % to 1 it must cross. Chiefs of Staff contingency plans mile long, may be needed to trans- The engineer must understand the require rapid delivery of bulk petro- port fuel to the first main-line pump design parameters of these three leum in the theater. Construction station. This line's flow rate depends lines, as well as all other related rates of up to25 miles of pipeline per day are needed iftheserequirements CPT Robert W. Metz is currently Virginia. CPTMetzisa1982 USMA are to be met. aninstructor in Structures and Util- graduate and a graduate of EOBC To meet the demand for speed, ities Branch. Department ofMilitary and EOAC. He is co~npletinga several systems are being developed. Engineering, U.S. Army Engineer Master's degree in engineering The AutomatedPipeline Equipment School. He has also served with the administration at George Washing- System's truck-mounted hopper 497th Engineer Company (Port ton University. feeds pipe into a joiner-it can con- Construction) at Fort Eustis, nect over 1thousand feet of pipe in minutes. The Army is also moving to a lighter-weight aluminum pipe that will decrease the rateofmanual ~n~ineerProblem construction by more than half. For gap crossings, where the threat of leaks is most critical, the You are an assistant 5-3(civil engineerlfor a combat heavy battalion. Army has developed the Pipeline Proper design and construction of a subsurface drain. 2,000 meters Outfit Petroleum(P0P)System.The long, IS essential for the accomplishment of your unit's mission. POP System can swedge pipe to- Available subsurfacedrainpipe-perforated, 24-inch corrugated metal gether, creating a tighter bond over plpe (CMP) with hole diameters of 3/s inch-is adequate for your use. the gap. Your materials quality specialist (MQS) obtains the following data These systems can reduce con- from sieve and hydrometer analyses of the soil at the site of the struction time and enhance the reli- proposed drain: ability of future distribution sys- tems, meeting the needs ofthe highly Sire % Passing Sire % Passing mobile AirLand Rattle. Win 100 U80 50 Military pipeline systems are the 'A in 98.5 #lo0 46.5 key to the bulk petroleum supply. #4 97 #ZOO 32.5 They can effectively distribute fuel #lo 89 0.04 mm 22 to mechanized forces, enabling them #20 78 0.02 mm 11 to maintain the offensivein AirLand #40 67 0.01 mm 3 Battle. Engineer support to petroleum U50 60 supply is designed to be an effective All of the grains of this soil pass through the pcpe perforations, so you combination of both general and know that the drain needs a filter. specialized skills. Engineers make a critical contribution to designingan >,--- < ::? efficient system that can be con- ... Replaced local soil structed swiftly. The all-round capabilities of the combat heavy engineer battalions are combined with the highly developed skills of small, specialized units to build the pipeline. This pairing of resources minimizes duplication of low density The battalion 5-2 locates a more coarse-grained soil at another slte. skills, yet provides the manpower He estimates the quantity of soil to be 1.750 bank cubic yards (BCYI. and equipment nceded to perform Your MQS analyzes the soil as a possible filter for the drain. He the mission. The effectiveness of the determines- operation is ensured by intensively Size % Passing Size % Passing training engineer units in both the 1 '1, in 95 #50 18 Active and Reserve components. U Through management, training, in 90 #80 13.5 and modernization, engineers have 3h in 83.5 U100 12.5 ensured that their part in the % ~n 77 #200 8 petroleum pipeline supply mission U4 72 0.04 mm 5.5 will be successfully accomplished. #10 47.5 0.02 mm 3.5 Maneuver commanders can be sure #20 30 0.01 mm 1.5 they'll get the fuel they need to win #40 22 the Airland Battle. Questions to Answer 1. Is the more coarse-grained soil suitable as a filter for the drain? 2. If it is su~tableandthe S-Z'sestrmate is correct, is thereenoughfilter soil to construct the drain? . Tiger Island rises 2,500 feet ment would make construction a ent. Just to move water, the system above the Gulf of Fonseca, challenge. Thick vegetation on the needed an electrical supply system, just off the Pacific coast of upper slopes made the mountain a an electromechanical control sys- Honduras. The steep slopes of the hooded monster; the lower slopes tem, and hydraulic components. island's extinct volcano are littered were covered with cornfields and Terrain along the project site did not with reminders of a fiery past. open spaces that belonged to local allow access for construction or Amapala, the only settlement, is a farmers. The "road," nothing more maintenance. Multiple pumping shadowy ghost town-though in a than a donkey trail, offered neither facilities would greatly increase the past life it was a lively port. On this access for construction nor reduced required construction effort and also forgotten island, the soldiers of grade. The straight route up the the potential for futuremaintenance Bravo Company, 52d Engineer mountainside would he best for the problems. Therefore, a single pump Battalion (Combat Heavy), huilt a pipeline, we decided. station near the well site would be pipeline from a well at the base of the best choice. Theconsequences of Tiger Island to a storage tank at its Omaha District, Corps of this design decision were un. summit. Our goal-to provide water Engineers, helps with project nerving-the static pressure head in for personnel stationed there. design our pipeline would be in excess of a Our ohjective was simple-our Shortly after returning from the thousand pounds per square inch. task difficult. There was no electrical site visit, we contacted the Omaha The design team, now consisting power at the well site. Rough terrain District, Corps of Engineers. We of engineers from the hydraulic, made it impossible to build pump explained what we had seen on our electrical, mechanicill, and struc- stations along the pipeline route. reconnaissance and our idea of how tural areas, faced equally perplexing Parts of the design for the system the mission might be accomplished. design problems. Our power source were beyond the normal capability The partnership we developed was over a mile away from the well of the battalion's construction staff. with the Omaha District project site; therefore, an electrical distribu~ design team was critical to our suc- tion system was required. Reconnaissance cess. Deployment training exercise Three-phase motors were the op- A map reconnaissance yielded two project designs are normally carried timal choice because of their cooler route options: the first went along a out by the unit tasked with the mis- operating temperature and longer road that wound 2'Yi miles up the sion or hy the staff at Palmerola Air life. These motors dictated the type mountain's southwestern slope, the Base on the Honduran mainland. of power we had to bring to the site. second climbed straight up the The complexity of this project re- Two options were available-a high western side of theisland. We sent a quired expert technical assistance voltage system that used 2-gage small site reconnaissanre and sur- which only the Corps could provide. conductors or a low voltage system vey team toTiger Island to study the Our joint effort to design and con- incorporating 500 MCM conductors. terrain and to locate a centerline for struct the pipeline yielded lasting The lighter weight of 2-gage con^ the project. benefits to both organizations. ductors made a high-voltage distri- The team discovered immediately By mid-February, the scope of the bution system the logical choice. that the island's primitive environ- pipeline project had become appar- A control system was needed to I'V'I' William W:~lshand SGT Edward Harris mix and place the (Iperate the and to pump station foundation. The trough shown served as the mixer Or indicate component We for the entire placement. The white pipe protruding on the right designed a system thatcould provide temporarily protected the well from being contaminated or information on pump and motor accidentally sealed. status, prevent pumpcavitation due to low water conditions, and re- ning, we managed to move the 50 the barge neared the pier at motely the pumping tons of mission-essential materials Amapala, it ran aground. We rocked Getting supplies-getting there on two C-141B Starlifters. all night in the shallow water, Getting materials was our next Thematerials and equipmentwere waiting for the rising tide to free us. obstacle. Construction materials for trucked fromPalmerola to thesmall Townspeople lined the shore, deployment training exercise pro- seacoast village of Coyolito. To our curiously wondering what the jects are purchased locally in Central dismay,as materials were off-loaded American soldiers were trying to do. America. Most arrangements are in Coyolito, several 700-pound reels madethrough thecontractingofficer of cable rolled off a truck bed and Building the system at Palmerola. Our design efforts had crashed to the ground. Crates that The first job on Tiger Island was produced a viable hill of materials, had been specially constructed to to move materials to the work sites. hut what we needed to carry out the store 21-foot sections of steel pipe Over the next 2 weeks, we flew about mission wasnot availableanywhere were reduced to splinters, and pipe a third of our supplies to the top of in Honduras. We had to bring it was scattered about the ground. the island in a Chinook helicopter. from the United States. The respon- Fortunately, no construction The remainder were stockpiled and sibility for that task fell to the62d's materials were damaged, and we secured at the pump station site. staff. managed to salvageenough packing Layingpipe.Placing and connect- It took 3 months to write specifica- material to take us over the next leg ing the pipe proved to be the most tions, produce the necessary pur- of our journey. demanding task of the entire mis- chase documents, secure funds from In Coyolito, our materials and sion. The project centerline, which USSOUTHCOM, obtain, and pre- equipment were loaded aboard an had been surveyed and cleared only pare nearly $100,000 worth of con- old bargeoperated by the Honduran 3 months before by the reconnais- structionmaterialsforshipment. We Navy. Wecould only do this at high sance team, was completely over- needed help from theOmaha District tide, when the barge could move grown withvegetation. With the aid in preparing the specifications for closeenough to the pierto beloaded. of a native farmer we reestablished everything from steel pipe to micro- Even then, the motion of the barge the centerline, working for several processor control systems. and the narrow gangways proved days to reclear the route before any Transporting soldiers, materials, tricky forourbackhoeoperator,who pipe could be moved into place. and equipment from Fort Carson to narrowly missed a tripintothedrink Every available soldier worked for Tiger Island was an enormous en- when a plank broke under him. 3 weeks to place over 6,000 feet of deavor. With careful airload plan- Our troubles weren't over yet-as pipeon the treacherous slopes of the laborers spent 2 weeks in burying the cable. The rugged terrain made it impossible to dig in several places; instead, 7,000 sandbags covered the exposed sections. Splicing the cable was a difficult task in the tropical environment. The cable had to be surgically clean and dry. The splices had to be made with extreme care, and each one tested for capacity to carry the high voltage for which the system was designed. This task, which included carrying heavy test equipment up and down the mountain, took 2 weeks. It was thelast major activity necessary to complete the project. Preparing the well site. Con- struction at the well site went on for the duration of the 2-month project. First, we removed the well pipe and submerged well pump thathad been placed 2 years earlier. Extreme care had to be taken not to damage the wellcasing or drop the pipe. We then constructed a 15.foot-square concrete pad and foundation on which the pump house structure, pumps, motors, fittings, and controls would stand. There was no ready mix con- crete, so we mixed by hand, using the 1:2:3 mix design method. Over the cured foundation, we erected a prefabricated metal building. Our plumbers and electricians installed pumps, motors, interior electrical components, and the con- trol system. At the same time, a second crew constructed an 8-foot- square structure at the summit to house an additional pump and the master control panel. At first, the control system did not operate properly. Apparently, one of the CPL Todd Browning, CPL Dennis Fitzpatrick, SSG James Dixon, printed circuit boards in the control and PVT Joseph Lininger begin to lower the submersible well panels had been damaged during pump and motor into the well casing; they lowered the apparatus transport or installation. After 80 feet by hand. several consultations with the manufacturer, we installed new mountain. Each section was moved ingtheelectricaldistributionsystem hoards, and the system began to and placed by hand, using human also proved to heachallenge. On our function properly. chains to pass the 70-pound lengths initial site reconnaissance, we to their designated locations. learned that the local farmers burn Lessons learned Coupling the pipe was a simple their cornfields twice a year to con- Constructing this pipeline and process. We used Victualic (' cou- trol pests and remove undergrowth. pumping system was a challenge to plings and fittings, which allow Obviously,theelectricalsystemhad the soldiers and leaders charged about 3 degrees of flexibility in all to be buried, or the first burn would with the mission. Often, four or five directions at the point of coupling. destroy it. First, allcable wassurface separate construction projects would The entire system was surface laid, laid by hand and spliced by high- he going on in different places, as so thecouplings had to be flexihleon voltage exterior electricians from the project spread for a mile up and varying terrain. Alpha Company. After the entire down the mountain. Continuous Layingelectrical system. Install- cablelength wasin place, 60 contract coordination was essential to accomplish many tasks because each was dependent upon others. The ability, experience, and skill ~n~ineer Solution of the NCOs assigned to the project, - as well as the determination and Solution to Question #1 initiative of every soldier, were The data from the in-situ so11yield a grain size distribution graph Ion paramount in the success of this DD Form 12071 from whtch you find these critical soil sizes: mission. We learned a great deal D(85)= 1.46 mm; D(50) = 0.17 mm; D(15) = 0.026 mm about ourselves, construction, and working in foreign environments. The data from the proposed filter soil yield a grain size distr~bution 'I'he Deployment Training Exercise graph from which you determine these critical soil sizes: program provided, without a doubt, D(85) 10.7 mm; D(501 = 2.1 rnm; D(15) = 0.2 mm the best individual and collective - training available to engineer a. Determine whether fllter soil is unable to wash through the CMP soldiers. perforations: We learned several important O(85, f~lter)/holediameter = 10.7 mm/9.5 mm = 1.1 > 1.0 points during this project that are Answer: Yes. worth sharing: First, there is no substitute for b. Determine whether in-sit" soil is unable to wash through the filter: well-conditioned soldiers. The engi- O(15. filter)/D(85. so111= 0.2 mm/l 46 mm = 0.14 < 5, and neer soldier must be physically and D(50, filterl/D(50. soil) = 21 mm/O.17 mm = 12.4< 25 mentally conditioned to cope with Answer: Yes. the hardships that must he endured in adverse environments. c. Determine whether there is sufficient permeab~l!tyin the filter for S~cond,both officers and NCOs free water to reach the plpe: mustbeable to understand thescope O(15. filter)/D(l5,so1l)= 0.2 mm/0.026 mm = 7.7 5 of the mission before they can carry > out the subtasks so as to ensure the Answer: Yes, the proposed filter soil is acceptable. mission's success. Engineer leaders Solution to Question #2 must give mission orders and allow The thickness of filter material should be a mlnlmum of 6 inches subordinates to be ingenious and creative in their work. around the c~rcumferenceof the drainpipe: Finally, units working on tecli- nically complex projects can benefit The cross-sect~onalarea of the from th~expertiseand experienceof fllter mater~als1s calculated as- members of the area and district \rea enclosed by the perimeter of the f~lter Corps of Engineers offices to ensure Area def~nedby the 24 Inch CMP = the successful design, planning and 3 ft x 3 ft - (a/4)x (2ft)2 = 5 86 SF execution of the mission. Engineers 6 in Jm who understand the entire system, each subsystem, and the interfaces among them, must be an integral part ofthedesign and system start-up The volume of the filter material (well-compacted around the process. dra~np~pe) is the product of its cross-sectional area and its length: Raising a pipeline to the top of a 2,000 m x 3.28 ft/m x 5.86 SF = 38,400 CCF 2,500-foot mountain may have been Since 27 CCF = 1 CCY, 38,400 CCF = 1,420 CCY a tough job-but planning, coopera- rion, and the perseveranceand dedi- Cons~deringlosses of fllter so11 dur~ngload~ng, haul~ng. and cation of engineer snldiers proved placement, one should add a reasonable waste factor A value of 10 again that we engineers rarely find percent of the volume ~sasensiblefactor,sotheproject WIII require 1 1 any job impossible. x 1 420 CCY = 1,560 CCY of f~lterso11 CPT Jim Balocki is currently assigned to the 5Zd Engineer The S-2's estlmate was for in-place sol1 To convert the compacted Battalion (Combat Heavy), serving volume of fllter so11to in-place volume. mult~ply1 05 x 1,560 CCY = as the CiuilEngineer. He holds a BS 1 640 8CY drgree from the University of Washington, and an MS from USC Answer: You haveenough filter soil to properlyconstruct the drain. and is a registered professional engineer in Virginia. Reference: Chapter 4, FM 5-541. Mtlirary Soils Engineering, May 1986 ILTMichael Malsom is currently a, platoon leader with the 52d Engi- Problem submiired by MAJ Randy Rapp. Sraff Officer. HQDA. neer Battalion. He is a graduate of ODCSOPS. Force Development Direcrorare. Oregon State Uniuersity and OCS. ArmywellI- Drillers in the -,.. e -. a .*-. .... ,i by LTC Bruce A. Malson and CPT David 0. Carberry The Quartermaster Corps uary 1981. The 38th Detachment Well-drilling team configuration can transform foul muck originated at Fort Riley, Kansas, in Since joining the 548th Engineer X into potable water. But December 1983. The 865th Detach- Battalion in June 1985, the well surface water must be available ment originated at White Sands drillers have lived the battalion before Quartermaster Corps person- Missile Range, New Mexico, in motto-"our jobsite-the world." nel can go to work, and many areas October 1982. After attending They areon standby togoanywhere, have none. Desert operations, for several schools, including the Navy anytime, to drill wells up to 1,500 example, require massive logistical Well Drilling School, these units feet deep. support if water has to be brought in deployed to sites in the Continental Each detachment is authorized by pipeline or other means. The best United States and in Honduras, five personnel. The central piece of option is to find water in the area of where they successfully completed equipment is the drilling machine. operations-often, well drilling is numerous wells. The crew's most critical function is the right solution. Today's Army The Army drillers then consol- maintenance. "We are unique to the can put completely-equipped well- idated at Fort Bragg to train and Army by virtue of our mission and drilling teams on the ground wher- deploy. The past 15 months have equipment. We are our own me- ever and whenever they are needed. witnesseddeployments to four states chanics. Each man must learn to and two continents. The result has break down every component of the Reorganizing for rapid been improved technical skills and drilling rig and rebuild it. Often deployment ability to sustain operations. The isolated whiledoing ourjob, we must A focussed organization for well Army's goal is to have three detach- rely on ourselves," says SFCWesley drillers has been reactivated in the ments that can deploy indepen- Turner, NCOIC. Army after a post-Vietnam hiatus in dently and sustain well-drilling The well drillers are organized service. Three of its active well- operations for 15 days. The right into a platoon of three detachments. drilling detachments originated repair parts are the key to sustaining The platoon leader or sergeant after 1980 and were assigned to the operations. Through each training accompanies a detachment on de- 548th Engineer Battalion (Combat event the list of parts is refined. ,,loyment. The detachment leader Heavy) and Fort Bragg in June of Simultaneous deployments to New puts his crew to work conducting the 1985. The 6th Detachment is based York and Virginia in August 1986 actual drilling operations while the in Panama. validated the current repair parts platoon sergeant or leader coordi- The 22d Detachment originated at over-pack and identified the few nates the mission. Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in Jan- additions still needed. How does the work really go? In a The full five-man detachment Finding water recent deployment to Fort Drum, "It works together to establish drilling Well-drilling engineers are not became obvious that we would need operations. Within 12 hours of trained to select sites for water- additional bearings for the drill amving on site, the soldiers are producing wells. During Bright Star rotary table during a maintenance operating the rig in round-the-clock 85, an Army geologist was respon- break. 1LT Sullivan was able to drilling. Two-man shifts work 12 sible for selecting a site location. obtain them in one day while we hours each. The rig stops only for Geological survey maps are used carefully sustained the drilling, so maintenance, which takes up 4 to 6 when possible, but often the most no time was lost," explains SSG hours a day. While two men work, valuable source of information Dennis Huff, NCOIC of the 38th. the two'or three others perform peri- proves to be local inhabitants. By "The detachment leader is the tech- pheral support tasks-picking up askingaboutexisting wells and their nical expert, the man who makes it supplies or catching some sleep. depth, the well drillers have a little happen. I keep him properly Because the current organization- is more to go on. If no information is resourced and the wells go in,"added so physically demanding for the available, well drillers make an 1LT Tim Sullivan, platoon leader. crew, the modification table of estimate by studying thelocal geog organization and equipment raphy and then recon by drilling. Well-drilling operations (MTOE) is currently being reviewed The unit's first action on site is to to consider authorizing nine per- Lighter equipment planned dig mud pits-two holes measuring sonnel for each detachment. The future promises new equip- 6 feet long by 4 feet wide and 4 feet ment for well drillers. Detachments deep. Mud is produced by combining Finishing the well will be refitted in FY 88. The pro- a slurry mix with water. Its purpose An important part of the well posed rigs will be capable of drilling is to prevent the well fromcollapsing drillers'mission is finishingthe well. to 600 feet, and will be transportable during drilling, as well as to bring Thisincludes emplacing steel casing with '2141 aircraft. This provides a up debris created by the rotating through the depth of the hole-a significant advantage over current drill bit at the well bottom. The gravel packing around the entire models that drill to 1,500-footdepths, mud's density is easily adjusted by length of the steel casing-emplac- but require C5A aircraft for adding more slurry mix or water. ing the pump and galvanized steel transport. Next, the soldiers prepare the drill pipe to carry the water out of the Today and every day, the 22d, rig and attach a drill bit. The size of well, and a sanitary cement cap 3Rth, and 865th stand ready to go the hit depends on mission require- around the top of the well. anywhere to perform their mission. ments andgeological conditions, but First the soldiers ream the Their four reserve counterparts are can be over 10 inches in diameter. hole by blowing air through the also available for well-drilling mis- When drilling begins, the drill rig drilling stems. The air rises, sions.Thestory of the welldrillersis can exert over 5,000 pounds of pres- forcing debris up and out. When the one of increased readiness for arid sure to force the bit into the earth hole is relatively free of debris, the area operations. After 2 years of with a rotary action. A powerful crew puts casing in the hole. The training and deploying from Fort mud pump pushes mud to thehottom 20-foot sections of steel casing in- Bragg, they can say to the Army: of the hole through the drilling clude screens that let water into the We're ready toproduce oases on stems, forcing mud to surge up well. Next, the soldiers pack pea order! through the hole and then to the gravel (:%.inch-diameter gravel), mud pits where sedimentscan settle around the outside of the casing all LTCBrucvA. Malson is the deputy out. The mud is then cycled back the way to the bottom. They then set commander of the 20th Engineer through the pump and into the hole the pump within the casing, and Brigade at Fort Bragg, North to repeat the process over and over. install a sanitary cement cap around Carolina. He previously commanded As drilling proceeds, soldiers take the top of the well. Finally, the crew the 548th Engineer Battalion (Com- samples every 5 feet to record the adds electrical power with a gen- bat Heavy). Before attending CGSC, drill's progress. The mud flowing erator, and the well is ready to pro- LTC Malson serued in the 237th out of the hole is strainedforsamples duce water. Engineer Battalion in Heilbronn, of the material that the bit is boring The material used to finish wells Germany. He is currently com- through. "This allows us to identify comes from a well-completion kit. pleting a PhD at New Yorh the aquifers. When we bring up Kits are currently stocked in Pueblo, University. rounded gravel and sand mixtures, Colorado, awaitingcontingency mis- it is a pretty good bet we have sions. Each kit requires six to eight CPT Dauid 0. Carberry com- reached a water-bearing formation," tractor-trailer rigs for trans- mands Company A, 548th Engineer explains SGT Steven Johnston, the portation. Each contains materials Battalion. He served as platoon 22d's NCOIC. The first sign that a to finish almost any size well to a leader and company Executiue Offi. good water source has been reached depth of 1,500 feet. Adjunct equip- cer with the 82d Engineer Battalion is often a marked reduction in the ment includes a 30-kilowatt gener- in Ramberg, Germany. He holds a density of the mud. This indicates ator and various size water pumps. BS in mechanical engineering from that ground water is diluting the In theevent of adeployment, this kit Clarhson Collegeof Technology, and mud. is shipped to the drilling site. is an EOACgraduate. 24 Engineer Water in the desert by CPT Michael G. Monnett Gone are thedays of "water way to get water was to drill wells- ment analyzes imagery to determine discipline2'when we thought but where should well drillers put probable water sites. The geophysics soldiers could teach their theirbitsdown in an arid wasteland? element provides the main effort at bodies to make do with less water. the location. The fourth element is We have learned that soldiers in THE WATER RESOURCES someone familiar with the local area training and combat need plenty of SUPPORT TEAM and the language of the natives. water to survive, fight, and win. Mr Allen DeWall, team leader for For Gallant Eagle 86, the team This is particularly true for sol- the Water Resources Support Team, deployed to Fort Irwin, CA. Its diers operating in hot, arid envi- Terrain Analysis Center, Engineer mission: find water for a joint dril- ronments like the one the U.S. Topographic Laboratories, Fort ling operation by the 425th Engi- Central Command (USCENTCOM) Belvoir, VA, supplied the answer. neer Detachment, an Army Reserve worked in last summer during "We support Army operations by unit from Dallas, TX, and the 820th Gallant Eagle 86. Held in southern sending a research team to find Civil Engineer Squadron (USAF), California in July and August, areas that have a high probability Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas, Gallant Eagle 86 gave interservice of containing water." NV. forces an opportunity to deploy, To carry out that mission, the conduct, and support sustained joint team has a geologist, hydrologist, Imagery survey- military operations from multiple and geophysicist, and is broken Before the team deployed, its locations in a desert environment. down into four elements. The data members looked at all available Like any other desert operation, haseelement looks at existing water imagery-satellite or aerial photos, this exercise had a big thirst. One resources. The remote sensing ele- maps, and surveys. "Where there's life, there's water," DeWallsaid. "We look for drainage patterns, springs, anywhere water might go under- ground." In some of these areas the team also looks for indications of fault lines. Water tends to travel down faults, and where they intersect, there's a good chance water has collected. Resistivity testing- Once on the ground, the team goes to each likely source of water and conducts electrical or magnetic field resistivity tests. If thereis water in a formation, resistance is lower. Ifthe water is salty, it's far lower; if the aquiferisdense-clay, forexample- resistivity is higher. There are two methods of measuring the resistances of strata underground. The older method, called electrical resistivity, consists of sending an electric current through the ground and then re- cording the return, much the same way a meter can read the amount of current passing through resistors in a circuit hoard. The other method, Transient EM, is rnuch newer. "Instead of gene- rating a current through theground, Transient EM creates a magnetic field," DeWall said. "When the cur- rent thatcreates the field is shut off, the field collapses, generating another current in its wake. We measure that current asit dissipates into the ground." THF: DRILLING SITE At Gallant Eagle, thc team chose a closed basin where the water was likely to flow in from all sides. They felt almost loopercent sureofhitting water here, since there were two existing wellsin thearea.The water they expected to find had collected over many years to form an under- ground lake, or aquifer. The process of finding water, Theonly sure way to find out if a formation holds water-drill for it! however, is never a certainty. "All we can deal in is probabilities." 1)cWallcautioned. "Wecan say that water rising at the desert well was served mith the 82d Airborne Diui- there's an 80 percent probability ample evidence that their search sion at Fort Rragg, North Carolina, that a location has water, hut we techniques could be real thirst and with the 32d Army Air Defense just don't know unless drilling is quenchers. Command in Germany. He is cur- successful." rently commander of the 13th Public To drill and find nothing is not an CPT Michael G. Monnett was Affairs Detachment, Fort Hood, infrequent occurrence. As for the commissioned as an Air Defense Texas. team at Gallant Eagle 86 site, the Artillery Officer in 1987. He has RepairingHistoric Gold Camp Road The worst washouts had eaten 25 feet into the road's outer edge; they bottomed out anywhere from 40 to 70 feet below the road by 11.1' Jeffrey P. Lee Five relentless hours of of the U.S. Forest Service, C steepest stnndard gage railroad- summer rain pour 8 inches Company repaired the damage and and the most expensive-of its time. X of seething liquid erosion completed a new drainage system in The railroad also attracted a onto a crumbling mountain road- just :iweeks, reopening the road for booming tourist business. Its most could you repair thedamage quickly travel in August, 1986. famous rider was Vice President if that road was a critical line of Originally built as a standard Teddy Roosevelt, who called his sce- communication? C Company, 52d gage railroad in 1901, Gold Camp nic passage"the trip that hankrupts Engineer Rattalion (Cornhat Heavy) Road hauled the half-billion dollars the English language." of Yurt Carson. Colrrrado, found they of gold ore mined at Cripple Creek, After the Cripple Creek lode played could. Colorado The 45-mile-long railroad out and the train stopped running, a Seven miles of Gold Camp Road ran to Colorado Spr~ngsat a 3.8 Colorado Springs husinessman had been closed For nearly a year percent grade. It hoasted 9 tunnels bought the railroad for its tourist after just such a storm. At the request and S1 trestles. This made it the potential. He tore out the trestles The worst washouts had eaten 25 feet into the road's outer edge. Engineer 27 A D-BK dozc.~huilt ;I pioneer road to gain safe access to thc* hot ton^ of each washout. and tracks, making the route into a these were only passable by trail Heavy Equipment Earthmoving toll road. In 1939, the road became a hike). Platoon. The company was sup- free highway known as Gold Camp ported by two general construction Road. It was critical to redirect squads, two mechanics, a mess sec- The U.S. Forest Service and El tion, and a medic. The unit set up a Paso County have maintained Gold the drainage-otherwise bivouac at the project site. Camp Road ever since. But when new washouts would The Forest Service supplied cul- they found contract repair of the OCCUP. vert and explosives. The Forest Ser- 1985 washouts would cost an esti- vice's civil engineer also surveyed mated $250,000, it became clear the borrow sites, culvert locations, and road would be repaired later-or The culverts had almost all failed. washouts in coordination with the never. Then the Forest Service Built Der~endicular. . to the road at a 52d's staff and surveyors. turned to the U.S. Army engineers. 2 percent slope and at small diam- Work began immediately on the eters (18 inches), most were choked threelargest washouts. A D-8K dozer Assessing the damage with disintegrated granite. built a "pioneer road" to gain safe The damaged section of Gold The disintegrated granitehad very access to the bottom of each wash- Camp Road was comprised almost few fines and was extremely sus- out. Once trafficability was estab- entirely of weathered and disin- ceptible to erosion. This soil was lished around each work site, the tegrated granite. The road grade made up of Pike's Peak granite, a D-8Ks and MW-24 bucket loaders rises smoothly, consisting of an soil that correlates toa Unified Soils opened borrow sites, and the M-929 unusual amount of cut and fill Classification System type SP. In 5-ton dump trucks began haul and construction along the contour of its unweathered state, the granite is fill operations. Engineers placed the rugged mountains-the rail- characterized by large phenocrysts boulders carefully to build shelves road's builders chose to work along of flesh-pink microline in a ground from the washout bottom upward, mountainsides and canyon walls, mass composed of quartz, oligoclase, filling voids in the shelves with rather than along a streambed. and abundant biotite, with numer- disintegrated granite material. The through fills were the most ous trace minerals. Using a 6,000-gallon water distrib- fragile. Eleven washouts-five of Working closely with a U.S. Forest utor and a K-300 high-speed com- them major-had occurred along the Service Civil Engineer, C Company pactor (BOMAG), they added mois- road. The worst washouts hadeaten decided to install 25 culverts, con- ture and compacted the material in 25 feet into the road's outer edge; struct 16 rolling dips, grade 7 miles layers 1to 2 feet deep. they bottomed out anywhere from of road, dig ditches, and repair all The 52drepaired all washouts this 40 to 70 feet below the road surface. washouts. way. Soldiers used a nuclear denso- Washouts occurred where theinslope meter to test compaction. Samples of the road reversed and the outside Rebuilding the road taken at most sites surpassed the edge of a through fill eroded, leaving C Company deployed almost all 90-percent CE-55 goal, and often huge chasms in the road (two of equipment and personnel from the reached 100 percent compactive 28 Engineer Soldiers drill 4-foot-deep holes in griinitr for demolition charges. effort. The few sites that were below fragile through fills. They used would allow water to dissipate specifications werereworked to meet 130-G graders except on the upper, naturally. the 90-percent goal. The unit nearly rockier sections, where D-8K dozers Upper stretches, where rough doubled the road width at each cut the initial rough inslope. rocky outcroppings were the road washout and raised the outside The unit installed culverts where surface, were resurfaced using 621-B shoulder to create an inslope-this existing culverts had failed or where scrapers to spread lifts of select would carry water past the repaired drainage already flowed from the disintegrated granitematerial. Final washout. Workers also excavated inslope to the outer shoulder. To work included leveling and land- the inside wall to widen theroad and enhance self-cleaning of disin- scaping all borrow sites. Damaged create an insloping surface. tegrated gravel, the engineers set trees were removed and culvert inlets Demolition served to loosen more the new culverts at a 10-percent cleaned and widened. rockat high elevationsin the borrow slope and at an angle instead of On August 7, 1986, Gold Camp site, to widen the road through solid perpendicular to the road. The new Road reopened. The52d finished the rock outcroppings, and to open space culverts were also 24 to 36 inches in project on schedule in just 26 days, for a culvert in solid rock. The unit diameter-wider than their prede- 23 of which were spent on construc- arrived at a suitable charge after cessors. The unit placed culverts in tion operations. The equipment- initial tests showed that civilian stable natural drainage channels. intensive project gave operators and explosives were relatively weak. The Theinlets werecovered to a depthof supervisors invaluable experience of unit used two-component explosives at least half the culvert's diameter, engineer tasks they'd have to per- ammonium nitrate and nitro- and both inlets and outlets were rip- form in a wartime mountain road methane. Soldiers drilled holes 1% rapped with granite. A D-8K dozer construction or repair mission. inches to l'hinchesin diameter with with a single ripper dug culvert a 250-cubic-foot-per-minuteair com- trenches in rocky areas: otherwise, a lLTJeffrey P. Lee is currently the pressor and rock drill. The most backhoe was used. Culverts became Heauy Equipment Earthmouing effective charges were set 4 feet deep the most time-intensive aspect ofthe Platoon Leader for C Company, 52d and weighed 4 pounds each. These project. Engineer Battalion (Combat charges were placed along natural The engineers built rolling dips Heauy). He has worked on projects joint patterns and in structural with a 621-B scraper. The scraper in Honduras and at Fort Carson, deformations, to take advantage of excavated the outer shoulder and Colorado. He has alsogiuen tactical weaknesses in the rock formations. used the fill to build a berm just engineer support to brigade-size The charges were packed and below the dip. A grader worked the elements. ILT Lee holds a BS in tamped with moistened soil. material into a crest toprevent water geophysical engineering from the It was critical to redirect the from passing the structure. The roll- Colorado School of Mines. drainage-otherwise, new washouts ing dip would then act as a culvert, would occur. The 52d insloped the forcing theinsloped drainage across entire stretch of road to protect the the road to exits in level areas that Engineer Cellular Teams by CPT Steven R. Steininger Some specialized tasks are Some cells deserve separate dis- scheduled services. Priorities will beyond the capability of cussion, but most share common change (Engineerteamshavea high standard unit organiza- resource and management needs- visibility-everyone wants to see tions. Forthese tasks, the Army has especially maintenance, supply and them work). Leaders will have to he created theEngineer Cellular Teams logistics, and personnel and admin- resourceful to overcome the chal- (TOE 5-500 series) to beemployed on istration. All havesomeoperational lenges without seriously hampering an "as-needed" basisin any theater. limitations. To integrate a detach- operations or affecting morale. ment successfully, managers must Special detachments can also be The TOE 5-500 Series contact the cellular teams and in- sent to the team from the direct- The complete Tables of Organiza- vestigate their needs. support shop. This works well when tion and Equipment for these units the team is away from its support are often hard to obtain in the field. Maintenance. Someofthelarger unit. Problems can arise with POL Field Manual 5-100, Enginerr Corn- detachments have anorganicmain- and PLL supply and personnel and hnt Opernlionr, describes many of tenance crew. Often the crew (or tool loss to the direct-support shop. the cellular teams. This article mechanic) works only on equipment focuses on construction.oriented unique to the team. Repairs to engi- Logistical support. Since many teams: TOES 5-520-H and 5-530-H. neer vehicles and equipment (radios, teams have no organic supply sec- Several common planning factors weapons, cargo trucks) must be tions, cellular teams are totally affect engineer teams, andshould be made by some other element. dependent on the unit to which they known to commanders and staffs The simplest way to deal with are attached for logistical support. alike. maintenance needs is to attach the This is true of all classes, especially team to a support or line company. Classes 111, IV, V, and IX. POL is a Construction team This approach challenges the sup- major item. Heavy equipment burns planning porting company-the organiza- diesel fuel quickly, and requires Some engineering missions of the tional shop is now responsible for quantities of lubricants and fluids, combat heavy battalions will be more equipment and vehicles. The some of which are unusual. deleted when the!: reorganize in prescribed load list (PLL) will be Major end items (Class VII) may mid.I.'Y 88. The Army recognizes the drained faster, so stocks should be also present challenges. If an in- importance of retaining such engi~ beefed up before a team arrives, and dispensable element of the team's nccr skills as quarrying and paving, needed P1.I. item lines should be system becomes a total loss, the forestry, power distribution, and added to accommodate unusual whole operation may collapse unless diving. Rut we cannot dedicate units equipment needs. a suitable replacement is available. to these missions in every brigadeor A higger workload means the Detailed coordination and plan- hattalion. direct-support shop has to alter its ning that includes representatives from operations, logisitics, and special movement problems. A few complete picture, see "Army Well maintenance can forestall crises by items will not fit on any available Drillers." on p. 23. ensuring that a team andits support USAF planes. Transport planning unit are not hampered by supply must start early. Concrete mixing and pauing. interruptions Normally attached to a combat Cellular teams heavy battalion or construction sup- Personnel support. Personnel The teams designated under the port company (CSC), this team has support and administration often 5-520H/530H TOE series are built to its own 100- to 125-cubic yard-per- get overlooked. Contact between the work in forestry, quarrying, well hour (cyh) central mix plant, a 200- S-l (XO/ISGT at company) of the drilling, concrete paving, equipment to 225-cyh central mix plant, a 200- host unit and the inbound attach- support, pipelines, power lines. to 225-cyh slip form finishing ment is critical. For the duration of power plant operation/mainte- machine, and rrrganic maintenance. an operation, a team is dependent nance, asphalt mixing and paving, 'I'he team does not, however, have on the unitto which itis attached for diving, utilities, and real estate. all the laborers needed to run a finance, replacements, personnel Engineer teams perform many concreteoperation. Added transport actions, and for legal, mail, religious, integral unit functions. The tasks is needed to move the finishing medical, and food service. Nothing that set them apart can he found in machine. is so painful as a soldier with a ARTEP 5-500, Engineer Cellular problem. An early list to the S-l ?'cams. Thongh aging, it still pro- Equipment support. These one^ (XO/lSGT) of names, rank, SSN, vides good information to the opera- to two-man teams with either a MOS, and next of kin can avoid tional planner. ARTEP5-115. Engi~ dozer, scoop loader. or grader can be trouble later. nvcr Combat Hmuy Battalion, will attached to engineer linecompanies define quarrying and asphalt mis~ working with maneuver units. All Security. Several common sions until a new ARTEP 5~500is require support because of their size. threads also run on the operations published. Some detachments de- side. Teams do not have crew-served serve a closer look. Asphalt pauing and mixing. wcapons. Their only self defense is Two new cells are now available. small-arms fire. If a team is to be Forestry. Attached to an engi- One is the asphalt mixing team, included in a larger defense plan. neer group, a service and support built around the 100- to 150-tph remcmher its limits. If weapons are battalion, or operating semi- asphalt plant, which produces as^ providrd, training must be provided independently, this platoon-size phalt cement concrete (ACC). It too. section produces rough lumber and requires significant t,ime, labor, and Camouflageand NRC areanother timber piling. It cannot deliver its support to transport and erect. grave concern. Only a few teams products without added transporta- The second is the asphalt paving can conceal themselves. This is tion support. With small mainte- team. It primarily places hot mix partly because they have no screen- nanceandsupply crews, the forestry ACC to yield a quality surface for ing systems, but mostly because of crew functions better. roads and airfields. The teiun ran the nature of their work (quarries placecold mix materialsandsul~port are hard to hide). These engineer Quarry. Only the 225-ton-per- bituminous surface treatment crews are highly susceptible to hour (tph) quarry unit is currently operations. Although it is self- attack. Most are equipped to detect organized as a team. Once the com- mobile, the cell lacks dump-truck NRC weapons and protect their bat heavy battalions surrender the assets tomove paving material. Both people, but not to decontaminate remaining 75-tph sets, another teams will br attached to groups, and/or continue operations in an quarry team will becreated(2capac- battalions. or CSCs. NRC envirr~nment. ities will beavailable until standard new equipment is in place). Both Diuing. Divingdetachmcnts may Communications. Although types are similar to current 75-tph bc placed almost anywhere, but some cellular teams have organic squads found in the combat heavy normal engineer assignment is to a communications, many do not. S-3s units. Actual sizes of specific group or brigade involved in major like teams to have radios. Commun- machines vary. port or underwater pipeline projects. ication gear and personnel are prized All units require transportation The teams can dive in both SCUBA commodities throughout the Corps. support and need numerous trips to and deep sea underwater surface- It is likely that the supporting unit haul everything. The 225-tpli crush/ supplied diving equipment in sup- will have to eveup gear, if outside screen/wash unit exceeds IJSAF port of numerous tasks. These teams assets are not brought in. capacity. Quarry units are normally are currently under reorganiza- attached to an engineer group, but tion-organicsections in fixed units Transportation. Some units can he expected to move down to will disappear and hecome part of have enough vehicles; some can battalion level in the future. the modular concept. hardly even move theirpeople. Most require assistance-much of the Well drilling. These are some of Utilities. These cells sustain machinery is oversized and has the most active teams today. For a base-camp operations and fixed Engineer 31 I installations by providing facilities Q. Howcan my unit obtain the Engineer regimental crests? Howshould and engineering(FE1support. Three the crest be worn with the uniform? ' teams-HD, HE, and HF-are de- signed for installations of up to A. Corps crests are currently only available through the Army-Air Force 2,500, 2,500-4,000, and 4,000-10,000 Exchange System (AAFES) military clothing sales stores. If a unit desires personnel. The teams have some to purchase crests for its soldiers. it should place a local purchase order construction capabilities, though w~than AAFES clothlng store. Units may also contract with private their main mission is to maintain vendors: however. crests may not be purchased with appropriated funds. existing systems, health, and wel- Ultimately. enlisted personnel will receive the crest as part of the~rinitlal fare. They can also maintain their Issue through the supply system own equipment. All are found in Males must wear the crest centered and '/8 inch above the top of the facilities engineer groups (TOE 5- right pocket flap or '/? ~nchabove unlt awards or foreign badges on the 2035)hut mayalso appear elsewhere. Army green. blue. and wh~teuniforms. On the blue mess unlform. the crest is worn centered on the satin facing and % inch below the notch in PourerLine. Sincethe power dis- the lapel. On the wh~tetness uniform, it is worn 'h Inch below the notch tribution section of combat heavy I and centered on the lapel. The vertical axis of the crest must be support companies is disappearing, perpend~cularto the ground this team will take over general Females will wearthecrest centered and %. ~nchabavethe nameplateor engineering tasks such as airfield '1. inch above unit awardsor foreign badges on the Armygreen, wh~te,and lighting systems and exterior elec- blue un~forms.It 15worn centered on the r~ghts~deof the whtte. blue, and 1 black' mess. jackets between the lapel and shoulder seam with the top of trical distribution. Normally allo- cated to an FE group or power I thecrestal~gnedwiththetop rowof m~ntaturemedals.On mess uniforms generating plant (often with team thecrest is not worn on thelapel or the lapel faclng.The vert~calaxls of the HG, Power Plant Generation and crest wrll be perpend~cularto the ground^ Maintenance), these hlgh-voltage All members of the Corps who have completed advanced individual specialists may be attached to com- tralnlng, warrant officer certificat~on,or englneer off~cerbasic course are hat heavy battalions. author~zedto wear the crest All personnel who held an engineer MOS before 23 June 1986 are automatically members of the Corps and Other Construction Teams. author~zedto wear the crest Teams HC(Real Estate), HG(Power Q. How can my unit get an 80-foot timber trestle training bridge? Can Plant),and HJ (Welding Inspection) this bridge be requested by national stock number? also assist the construction effort. Their contributions are often critical A. The Englneer School's Department of Milttary Engineering. Brldging to overall success. Branch, responds that the costs and natlonal stock numbers for trestle tralnlng brldges are available in Army Facil~tyComponents System manuals Although plansfor an 80~footbr~dgeare not available, the costs Engineer cellular teams deserve for a 60~footspan and for two 40-foot spans w~thtntermed~atesupport more attention. As the role of the appear below. component-like detachments in- creases, we must learn to integrate A 60-foot steel stringer span, mil~taryload class 60, timber plle them smoothly into other units. The abutments. thinking behind the teams is good: #85120AE Superstructure $48.1 29 Ifcommanders, staffs, and planners #85120CJ Abutments (2 eaj 7,872 manage them correctly, cellular teams can make vital contributions Total Cost 556,001 to engineer missions. Two40-foot glue laminated stringer spans. 2 lanes, military load class 60. timber pile intermediate support abutments: CPT Steven R. Steininger is cur- U85120BG Superstructure (2 ea) $1 10.656 rently assigned to the54th Engineer #85120EW Intermediate support 4.720 Battalion in W~stGermany. He has 20 feet high also served wit/?the 802d Engineer #85120CJ Abutments (2 ea) 7.872 Battalion in Korea. CPTSteiningrr holds a BS in mining engineering Total Cost $123.248 from the cJn.iversity of Pittsburgh. These amounts are in 1986 dollars as referenced from TM 5-301-1. and is an EOBC and EOAC grad- Army Faciliries Cornponenr Sysrem~Planning(Temperare). pages 10-56. uate. Q. When M-ltanks cross an AVLB 60-foot span bridge, do the curbs have to be removed? A. The curbs remaln on the bridge to guide the veh~clesacross. The maximum span of the AVLB 1s 15 meters for support of M~1tanks 32 Engineer The Three-Phase Inspection System- The Corps Guarantee of ~uifi-inQuality by CPT Thomas P. Reed The U.S.Army Corps of Engineers materials before construction platoon sergeant discuss any ques- has been in the construction busi- begins. tions or doubts either may have ness since the birth of our nation. about the concrete placement. Fort McHenry and Fort Meigs- The initial inspection. The The platoon sergeant conducts an sturdy monuments of the Corps' second phase takes place as con- initial inspection during the first reputation forexcellence-date from struction begins. Inspectors take concrete placement. He ensures the before the War of 1812. samples, perform control testing, methods used to place, finish, and Today, the Corps of Engineers' andexamine the workto ensure that cure the concrete are proper. He also work includes a hroad variety of the quality of construction is in checks the concrete's temperature, civil and military construction pro- accordance with plans and specifi- slump, and drop height. The squad jects, and a comprehensive system cations. Construction methods can leader takes sample cylinders as of quality assurance for its world- be adjusted to meet time limitations planned in the preparatory inspec- wide construction program. Billions or other conditions that arise during tion. This inspection is complete of dollars worth of structures now the initial inspection. after the methods used to place, finish, and cure the tank pad are uphold the Corps' standard of excel^ The follow-up inspection. The verified. lence in dozens of nations. third phase of the inspection goes on The platoon sergeant conducts a The three-phase inspection system continuously until the construction daily follow-up inspection, con- is an important part of the Corps' sequence is complete. The work is tinuing to monitor the temperature, quality assurance program. Com- inspected daily, using the same slump, drop height, and the quality mon practice in the construction procedures established during the of the finish for each concrete place- industry, the system is simple to initial inspection. Deficiencies are ment. The squadleader continues to understand and to implement. It corrected immediately. can be applied to any construction take samples on a regular basis. His project regardless of its size or A typical project test cylinders are broken 7 days and complexity. Here's how the three-phase in- 28 days later to check thestrength of spection system is implemented by the concrete. The three-phase system an engineer squad as they build a TheresultY-a structureguaranteed The three-phaseinspection system concrete tank pad. This project- to stand up under the wear and tear includes a preparatory, initial, and like many other engineer construc- imposed hy heavy loads. follow-up inspection: tion tasks-requires prepared form- Thethree-phaseinspectionsystem The preparatory inspection. work and placement of concrete. provides a systematic approacli for The first and most important phase A three-phase inspection has quality control. It assures quality ofthe three-phaseinspection system already assured the formwork is ade- products by requiring detailed is the preparatory inspection. It quate. The second sequence will he preparation, review, and inspection takes place before each distinct concrete placement. A day before of each step toward a completed feature of the project is begun. In the ready mix concrete is delivered structure-whether that structure is this phase, the supervisory and and placed, the platoon sergeant as simple as a sidewalk-or as quality control personnel agree on holds a preparatory inspection complex as the Grand Coulee Dam. with the squad leader. the plans and specifications. They CPT Thomas P. Reed is currently review construction methods, and During this inspection, the platoon assigned to the US. Corps of Engi~ ensure that personnel, equipment, sergeant reviews the requirements neers, Greenwood Area Office, and available materials comply with for concrete, personnel, and tools. Vichsburg District. He has also the project specifications. He ensures that the process for served with the 237th Engineer Inspectors review plansfor quality placing, finishing, and curing the Battalion in West Germany. CPT control tests or samples, and any concrete will be in accordance with Reed holds a BS in civil engineering documentation-such as certifica- the appropriate technical manual from Louisiana State Uniuersity, tions of the quality of materials to be (FM 5-742). He decides with the and is an EOBC and EOAC used. They inspect the work site, squad leader how many sample graduate. and settle all issues surroundine cylinders and slump tests are to he plans, personnel, equipment, and taken. Finally, the squadleader and Engineer 39 armor unitsto pn~vidework-sitesecu- they formed the lrnding edge of the dear, so the 1J.S. Army learned to rity. The (i'2d Kngineer Ratt,'I I.]on infantry assault in (1per;rtion Cedar avoid unwarranted destruction of (I,i(:) found that land-clearing Falls (January 1!167). The 168th wooded arras. Ilnits in the Mekong operzitions worked best as coordi~ Engineer Combat Rattalion, with 15 Delta found thiit thr, \iietnamese nated enginecr~infantry-armor bulldozers and 2 Rome Plows, was custr~marilyburied their dead in the o~~crations.l'heunitp~isted two infan. joined in the attack by :I5 bulldr~zers woodlines on high gr<)unrl. Such trymen on the lead tractor during and 2 Rome Plows from the 1st. locations were left undisturl~cd. r~perationsto recon ihc junglc by 27th, Mth, and .iHi(th Engineer Tactical land-clearing operations fir,,. Battalions. were a valuable resource to n1;incu- Kotnc Plow riperotors i~ftf'nfrlund The operation's mission was lo ver commanders in Vietnam, and tht,msclvcs clearing the jungle far drive the enemy from the Iron occasionally benefited the economy ahead of Lhrir inftintry security. Triangle, northwest of Saigon. Trac- of South Vietnam and farmers in They carried .45~calihersub~n~1chinrtor trz~msplunged into the jungle t~ the countryside. Tactical planners guns to protect themselves against open n path for mounted and dis- at first believed that land-clearing enemy r~ttack.sinrr the standard niount.ed infantry assault forces. As opi3rationscould deny ambush sites issuc MI6 wrrs too long for the dozer and infantry columns a& and sanctuaries indefinitely, accom- encli~srdcnh. vanced, theengineers leveled enemy plishing what repeated infantry Most c;rsu;lltirs suff(~rrdIhy iand- base i:;imps r~ndsupply areas and <~pcrationscould not. clt~aringcompanivs were inflicted established h(,lic:i>pt~rIandingranes Bill 1110 jungle quickly returnrd. by niinrs. huohy traps, and mortar for rcsitpply and casualty evacua~ and with it tlii~rne~i~y.;% few months attacks on Nl)l's. Nc~rlrlytw<,-thirds tion. Cl'hcn Ced;rr Falls ended, land- after oprrzition Cedar I.'alls. the of the men in thcsc companies were clearing cr~mpnnieshad cleared junglc ;lnd the Vi<,t Cony had wnunded by eneiny ;ict.ion during 2.711 acres of junglr zind hid given returned to the Iroti'l'rianglr. \I'ithin their lyear tours. In asingiv. 7.5-day rnaneuver con>mande~san impres- a year. thr enerny usc3d the area as operation, almost 50 percent ol'onr sivefirst look at the valueoftncticnl its hase for the l!)fi8 TE'I' Oi'fcnsive 1;ind~clcaring unit was noundrd. land clearing. :%itarkon Saigon. 0therhaz;nds included falling trres Other operations in which tactical and limbs, bamboo slivers. snakes. land-rlei~ringteams wcrc part 01' ii For further rc,;lding. src.: M(: swrirms of bees, and extreme heat. maneuver assault fnrce includrd Robert K.Ploger, Vi~tnamStirriir~s. .Tunrtion City (February 1967). in CIS Army Et~gi,is~ra,191i5-1!1711. Maintenance and transportation War Zone C. northwest of S;ligon. Maintenance problems abounded. ;in11 the Cambodian incursir~n in Dr. ,Inrncs W. Dun11 is i)ir,'ctor, It was common for one-half to two- M:iy iind June 1970. In the (:am- lltslory Office, Office of ih~,Chiefof thirds of the plows to suffer severe bodian oyt~rrlti~rn.the C2d led the n i r A I957 grnduatf, of damageduringan operation. Repair way with lan(l-c1e;iritlg operations IJSMA, Dr. Ilunn rrtirc~cllronl t/~.r* parts were in short supply, and fre- to ))n~videaccesstr,suspected enemy [J.S. Arm,y ns n Cmlonc~l aftc~r27 quently had to be flown in hy heli- hase arciis. yenrs ufsc~ruicc.Hc lzolds an MA in copter. Heavy monsoon rains, thick history f~utn:Vc.~c 1'0t.k Unit~ersity dust, and constant mortar attacks Civic action applications rind a Ph1)in Ani,~ricmisti~dies frorn on the NDPs made maintenance Tactical I~ind-c11:nring~~peratians the lit~it~~rsilyof Hni~mnii. In nddi~ more than a challenge. Most main- provided more thnn just a mc:ms fur tion to srr~,ici,in P,'uropc, Vii'tnnm. tenance was done hy the company's penetrating the jungle or for tnakinp and Hownii. I)r I)li,,~n1;as.surt.rr~dns organizational and direct-support roads and trails sac<,from aml~ush. an inslrlicLi,rn,i~/iissi::taritprufe,s.sor mechanics at the cutting site or in Strip clearing along main supply ofliistr,rynt file USMA.i~,sproft~s.~or the NDP. routes aided villagers ,>ntheir way and H~rrdof rh? ,tlilitar,y Sricjncc Lack of transportation assets for to market hy eliminating hiding Dcpurfmc,r~tol St. Hrinnt,entur~ the Kome Plows limited company places for the Vict Cong highway l:,iicer.sily, and as ('i~icf. /fi.isiories mobility. Assigned ten semitrailer "Lax collectors." Ilivisio,~,a1 tile US,Arniy ('6'nfr.r lowh~ds.a land-clearing company Resides providing sccuritg for fi~rMilitary History. could move only one-third of its military bases, area clearing ol~cril- plows at a time. In the Mekong tionsopened heretofore uncultivated Cf>TKod,zc.~II' Grftig is currot tly l>elti~,where roads were ~mpassahle land. Vietnamese farmers tnovcd assigi~ctlto HFIC, tlzc, 249th Engi- much of the. year and the main ontoclearcd land, particularly along veer ilnttnlio,~. in M'c,st G~rninny. supply routes were canals, land- ~.ond\vii.vs,as soon as dehris was C:PT Gcttig hhols a BS ir~forestry clearing compnnies used U.S. Navy remtived. In one civic action project, s(.i~,tr,' from P~~,insylunniaStntc landing craft and Arrny M.IT6 rafts the 20th Engineer Battalion cleared L'niocrsity. He hns seen service at to move hetween work sites. more than 2 square miles of forestto Fort Ord. California, andisan EORC make way for Montagnard farm- and EOAC grati'i~ote. Operation Cedar Falls lands and homesites. Almost immediately, thenew units Land-clearing units operating hecame an innovative assault tool. near villapes had to take care not to In the first use of land cleiiring as disrupt the lifestyle of the inhnh- direct support of an infantry thrust, itants. The Virtnamrse hold land We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense... by Penelope Schmitt odav. the Preamble ofthe Constitution reads like about itselfsoon shattered. The final blow camewhen Shays' Tacatalogueoftheexcellent- habits which ourgoverntnent Rebellion shook Ncw England in early 1787. Cash-poor has stcadily improved through practice. Habits. But think- farmers rose agoinst the state of Massachusctts by the perfect union makes your family's trip from Niagara to thousands. When neither Congress nor the state could offer Yellowstone a long, unbroken road'without border guards. thcm rclief. they rnovcd to capture a lcderal arsenal in Justice means that ;I random inspection stop in your home Springfield. The uprising was put down by a small cadre of state is just to check for worn tires. not to scru1inii.c your loyal militiamen and a hastily assembled army raised by idcntitypapers. Amcricsn nights are rranquil-you travel in Generzil Ben,iamin Lincoln. formerly of the Cantioental your camper. stopping at park after national park with a Armv. delicious shiver ahout hears-but you never worry about The incident riveted thedetermination of leaders who had roaming guesill;~~.You calmly share the road urith a convoy been pondering the need for a new instrument ofgovernment. of National Guardsmen-in another country they might he George Washington and others saw that a congress with no an army of occupation. or worse.yourcountrymen engaged military or fiscal might was pou.crless to act for order or in anything BUT the common defense. justice. "influence." Washington said. "is no government." It might seem to you that the nightmare possibilities In May. 1787. the Constitulional Convention mctto begin suggested ;$hove are purely imaginary. Perhaps you believe writing the document which 11;~s stecred our nation through that when our founding fathers sipncd the Dcclal-ation of 200 years of peace. war. prosperity, depression. turmoil. and Independence. tllcy merely ratified a way of life Colonial tranquility. American5 had heen living out sincc the Pilgrims set foot on Twenty-two of the thirty-nine mcn who would sign the Plymouth Rock. Not so. Constittltian had served in the Continental Army during the A short tour of the Confederation in thelate 1780s shows War for Independence. Their conviction of the need to us the results oigovern~nentunder The Articles. Relations prn~idefov the common defense was founded on LI solemn among the states were deteriorating into a series of trade knowledge ofthe potential for violent disorder. These men. wars. Merchants couldn't send their products across the with George Washington as their preeminent leader. ensured Hudson from New Jersey to New York without paying that the Constitution was written so as to bent protect the import duties. Rhode Island was printing currency that people from internal slrife.aswcllas From external intrusion. wouldn't buy a glass of water. Themilital-yenvisioned hythe foundinglathers was-and 1erritorial contests abounded. Pennsyl\,ania and Virginia is-a citizen soldiery bound to servcthc needs of the nation. stood nose to nose ovcr ownership ofthe Pittsburgh area. obedicnt to the will of its own people. Wc came to enjoy Vermont blackmailed Congress into granting it statehood pcrlect union. justice.and tranquility largely becausc military by leaking news of secret annexation talks with Canada. men saw our need lor a common defense. We continue to Pat.1~of North Carolina iindre~it~esseeseceded. temporarily enjoy those privileges because our Armed Forces still forming the state of Franklin-a Balkan nation on the willingly defend and uphold the Constitution ofthe United outposts of the frontier. So much for ;! perfect union. States. As for justicc. domestic tranquility. and the common defense. an!. leehle illusions the tie\\# nation ,night have had ,/-7 ,,#hd.'- 'j ."",..*41 rp-' , J'"., ..----' / ~ I 'i " I-\ r L; . k> .-\ t I"?Ll /,, ii P' i.'.., 'i I I-- "-.-4. r", ; ,, .... ,, ,,...' b, 6: 4 d" PiJ,'* .+ i' ('7 +-J,.-... i.--4R $,, &v,l,slng, .!, .. thde/--7 .,,J-! I .%. i -. . - /-' - .. -,' < ----__ -~ \ ' e "___I--'. - -~. / .. ..;-' w>-' '.------, ,-.--. ;+.>.--:;Standa1rdPattern i 1 i - ... .-, , ---. ~ i. ..*. _ 2 - -~ - -~ .. --~ - - -~. ---, -- .I. -----' --A -.--; c-.. ---' - - ' -- .. . r " ? I -- -'..-,# ,<-, miTnefile.ld:--;I.--__ a- '.-, L." \.-,.. - , /--.. .' ...... , by CPT Wayne Whaley Let's not waste words. We need a operation, record the minefield, base line is established at the start- standard tactical minefield that re- make progress reports, and provide ing side of the minefield. A rope 120 duces time and logistics require- local security with the M2.50-caliber meters long, marked with engineer ments. Such a minefield has been heavy machine gun on the platoon tape at 10,35,45,55,6FiFiI)0,100,and developed by the 1st Engineer Bat- leader's APC. 110 meters, is laid on the base line talion (Mechanized) at Fort Riley, Two squads are broken into sub- and staked down. Kansas. teams as follows: an APC driver, The minefield is constructed in This minefield can he easily laid two minelayers (one inside the APC three belts. The first belt has two from an M113 armored personnel and one outside), a burying team rows; the second and third belts carrier (APC)or a 5-ton dump truck. with enough personnel to bury have four rowseach. The first squad It is simple to record and clear, mines, an arming team of two men, lays odd-numberedrows, the second though enemy forces find it hard to and thesquadleader. If enough men lays the even-numbered rows. Rows breach. Adaptable to most terrains, are available, the assistant squad are 10 meters apart; belts are 25 it accommodates both buried and leader can art as the track com- meters apart. The first mine of the surface-laid mines. mander, man the M2.50-caliber, and first row of each belt is laid 10 The minefield is more than 100 direct the driver and laying team meters from the base line. The meters deep, and cannotbe breached members. second row begins 15 meters from by standard line charges. It has The third squad can provide local the base line; the third row, 12.5 three belts, and offers the option of security and supplement the work- meters; and the fourth row, 17.5 variable density without a change ing squads, or take the place of meters from the base line. Other in its pattern. It can serve as a working squad members who need mines are laid at 10-meter intervals building hlock for longer linear to rest or eat. Using the third squad within rows. obstacles, and can accommodate a thisway enables the platoon to work To ensure the APC drives in a variety of deception patterns. nonstop, limited only by supplies of straight line, the squad leader Finally, it is standardized so task- fuel and mines. The third squad chooses a landmark as an aiming organized units can work together. may also make logistics runs be- point. If no landmark is available, tween the work site and the ammu- the squad leader can erect au-shaped Laying the minefield nition supply point (ASP) or lay out picket for the driver to sight on. The After a site is selected, break the another minefield under the super- distance from the base line to the engineer platoon into teams. Each vision of the senior squad leader or landmark depends on local visibility squad works as a team to lay, bury, platoon sergeant. conditions and the size of the feature. and arm mines. The platoon leader The direction of layout is decided The landmark should be narrow-a and platoon sergeant supervise the upon by the OIC or NCOIC, and a building 300 meters away is not a Previously Sand Laid Mine Assistant Squad Leader Ootional ine Layer ee t Burying Team Arming Team Number depends on 2 men Driver 1 number of available Mine Dispenser ~ersonnel Equipment and personnel positions during minelaying good feature to choose, since a vari- with an APC ata speed of hetween 2 preprinted. Mines that are burled ance of' :i tu 4 degrees in sightings and 4 miles per hour. The platoon and/or have antihandling devices c.,~uldlei~d the driver to veer off can emplace ahout 200 meters of are noted. Since each row holds the c(iursr and run intoapreviouslylaid minefield front per hour, depending same number of mines, the platoon row. on conditions. leader necd only keep track of which To measure distances between 'I'he burying team follows the rows are con~pletedto report the mines, attach a rope to the rear of laying team. They dig holes for percent of minefield complete. ,$lnce the APC, and tie a sandbag or other mines and put the soil in sandbags, minefield recording is simplified, the weight 10 meters down the rope. As to be removed after minelaying is platoon leader and platoon sergeant the sandbag passes by the previ- done. Depending on vegetation or can spend more time supervising ously laid mine, themine-dispensing snow cover. 10 to 30 percent of the their platoon, and less doing paper- soldier inside the APC hands mines are buried. To avoid a pattern work. nnother mine to the minelayer out- of buryingeveryother or third mine, side the APC, who can then lay the the squad leader decides how many Variations mine at a 10-meter interval. The mines per row will he buried, and The minefield can he modified to rninl-layer must lay the mine to the designates an appropriate number include turning points, antiperson- side of'the rope so that the sandhag of holes in random sequence. nel (AP) mines, different densities, does not drag over a previously laid The arming team arms the mines and irregular inner rows (IIR), as mine. The soldiers proceed in this and installs tilt rods and anti- desired. To include turning points, way until they reach the end of the handling devices. They then em- all rowsmust turn in the samedirec- minefield. At the end of the mine- place and ci~mouflagethe mines. tion at once, at the same point, and field, the squad leader directs that The squad leader directs the arming proceed in thesame direction for the minelaying stop. team to install antihandling devices same distance. If AP mines are to he The APC drivcr moves forward in random sequence to avoid creat- added, they areemplaced as in the another 20 to 50 meters before re- ing a detectable pattern. He must let current standard pattern minefield turning to the base line to begin the platoon leader know which to form clusters. Ifclustersareadded another row. He disguises theend of mines in the row are buried or to the minefield, the distance he- the minefield by varying thelocqt'lon equipped with antihandling devices tween rows should increase by 10to at which he makes his turn. As in all for recording purposes. 15 meters. minefields, rows are laid from the To alter the density of the mine- enemy side toward the friendly side. Recording procedures field, the distance between belts Up to 40 mines may be stored in The recording team (platoon should be increased from 25 to 50 the APC. After returning to the leader or platoon sergeant) records meters, or the third belt should be base line, thesquad removespacking the minefield on DA Form 1355, eliminated. The field's density can material and reloads the APC with Minefield Record. The diagram be decreased where the harassment mines. A well-trained unit can move showing the minefieldlayout can be or protection of unlikely enemy avenues of approach is intended. Adding minesin an irregular pattern between belts may confuse the enemy. Mines can also be added to the leading edge of the minefield, as in an IIR. This creates an irregular outer edge (IOE). The IIR or IOE should he laid by hand after the minefield is complete. It need not follow any pattern, as long as it is accurately recorded on DA Form 1355. Adding an IOE or IIR slows down the clearing and recovery of the minefield by friendly units. Field experience The 1st Engineer Battalion mine- field has been successfully employed in the field, including at the National Training Center. Several engineer units that have evaluated ARTEPS or have been trained with or eval- uated by the 1st Engineer Battalion havedecided to adapt this minefield in various degrees into their SOPS. These include the 4th ENG BN at Fort Carson, CO; the 8th and 17th Configuration ofrevised standard pattern minefield ENG BNs at Fort Hood, TX; the 7th a ENG BN at Fort Polk, LA, and the a a a a a 10th ENG BN in Germany, all of a a • • a IOE whom are now using this minefield. a The minefield can be used by both 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wheeled and mechanized units, Belt 1 although it is more suited to mech- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 anized units, which have better cross-country mobility. It can be a a a a a emplaced quickly and can be used a IIR 1 a a a- by engineer units on the move to enhance flank protection. On the AirLand Battlefield, where speed and time are critical, the 1st Engineer Battalion minefield is superior. The Army should adopt it-now. CPT Wayne Whnley is currently serving with the 82d Engineer Bat- talionin West Germany; he hasnlso serued with the 1st Engineer Bat- talion at Fort Riley, Kansns. CPT Whaley holds a BS in architectural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Belt 3 engineeringfrom Kansas State Uni- versity, and is a graduate of EOBC and EOAC. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minefield with irregular inner and outer rows Field Circular 5-71-2. Engineers in the Tank and Mechanized Infantry Task Force. (Coordinating Draft). U.S. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, VA, July 1986. First Engineer Battalion Battle Drills. Fort Riley, KS, June, 1986. Space: The new high ground for engineers by MAJ Thomas C. Suermann The Army is rapidly ex- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in In 1983, the Army took further panding its horizons from Pasadena. As a result of this and steps to shape its future in space. In 36 terrestrial operations to other program transfers, the Army's quick succession, the Army formed space-based solutions for strategic, leadership role in space programs the Army Space Council, the Army operational, and tactical missions. soon diminished to ballistic missile Space Working Group, and the Army This commitment to space is not defense proponency. The Army be- Space Office. In 1984the Army Staff new, but renewed-the Army has came a user of systems developed Field Element was created at the been active in space programs since and controlled by other services. U.S. Air Force Space Command. the Redstone rocket was developed. Then in September 1985, this America's first satellite, the Explorer Recent initiatives organization became the Army I, was built by an Army team and In the mid-1970s, the Army began Space Planning Group (ASPG), launched aboard a four-stage, modi- to reverse this trend by taking the serving as the Army element in the fied Army rocket, the Juno. lead in the Tactical Exploitation of new unified U.S. Space Command When the National Aeronautics National Capabilities Program (USSPACECOM). and Space Administration (NASA) (TENCAP). This program provides In July 1986,the U.S.Army Space was created in 1958, it acquired the national level systems support to Institute (USASI) was established Army'slaunch vehicleprogram and battlefield commanders. at Fort Leavenworth as TRADOC's 40 Engineer Space construction m;ty lrrco~ncan Army engineer task on such sites as this conceptual "luna~.colony." focal point for space training and Consolidated Space Operations doctrine development. In August Center (CSOC) at Falcon Air Force 1986, the U.S. Army Space Agency "Future Army operational Station near Colorado Springs. This (USASA) was provisiona~ly acti- doctrine must capitalize on detachment will operate and vated in Colorado Springs as the emerging space manage satellite constellations. Army element of USSPACECOM. capabilities." Army engineers are likely to be The USASA will provide the included, but they must begin plan- Army's perspective on planning for ARMY SPACE POLICY ning and training for their special- DOD space systems support to land ized missions immediately. forces and strategic defense. The Engineer space projects cover a Agency will integrate Army needs growing participation in space pro- full spectrum of disciplines, in- into USSPACECOM planning and grams. The Army's NASA detach- cluding extraterrestrial terrain operations and-in the future-will ment, which is under thesupervision analysis, digital imagery target provide operational forces for Army of the new Space Agency, already recognition, and synthetic aperture space missions. has engineer officers on board at the radar (SAR) data exploitation. As Current initiatives in the Army Johnson Space Center in Houston. artificial intelligence(A1) androbot- Space community include develop- They are carrying out valuable geo- ics applications increase, so will the mentofan Army SpaceMasterPlan. logical analysis and space system need for engineers who can This plan is the blueprint for Army experimentation. As the Army re- effectively manage space systems exploitation of space. It is also the fines its space operations, demand and issue commands to orbital plat- basis for efforts which will support for topographers, geologists, and forms that are capable of increasing programs such as the Strategic structural engineers will increase. the effectiveness of ground forces. Defense Initiative (SDI), the Air The Army will also need more mis- Army space engineers must be Defense Initiative (ADI), and the sion specialists familiar with satel- prepared to use the NAVSTAR theatermissilewarninganddefense lite operations and the orbital Global Positioning System (GPS), a system. parameters that affect their special- satellite system that pinpoints loca- ties. tion and tracks speed of vehicles, Engineers in space The Army and Air Staffs have aircraft, and individual soldiers far Opportunitiesfor Army engineers recently approved assignment of an more accurately than present means. are expanding with the Army's operational Army detachment to the (continued on page 43) Trends in Engineer Officer Training by MAJ Edward Hayes and Penelope Schmitt The Kngineer Officer Basic and The Engineer School aims to pro- yet still competent in the required Advanced Courses (EORC and duce officers who think clearly and military engineering skills. EOAC) have been evolving towards solve problems readily in a wide In the EOAC course, however, a new format since 1985. Let's look variety ofenvironments. To thisend, technical instruction has heen cut at the program that is shaping the the technical side of military engi- by 126 hours. This change reflects a future of the Corps-How do the neering has heen hrought into better conscious effort to excise technical courses of 1987 differ from the old halance with the needs of a modern material unneeded by engineers in curriculum? In what roles can we army-our engineers can no longer wartime conditions. Theater of expect graduating officers to be he walking repositories of all the operations construction standards strongest? How can graduates of the engineering tasks. There's just too are stressed. Less time is spent on new curriculum expect their careers much to know. Instead,officers must engineering theory and design, and to develop? What can they do to learn to access, manage, and employ more timeon the procedures to adapt determine the direction of their own information and resources effec- to sites and construct from existing career paths? tively. designs such as those found in the Here's what the changes in curri- Army I:acilitiesComponentsSystem A changed curriculum culum havemeantin theEOBC and (TM 5-300 series). The redesigned curriculum for the EOAC courses: The goal of the EOAC course is to EOBC and EOAC courses hasinten- sified training for the colnhat mis- Trends in Engineer Officer Instruction, 1979-1987 sions of the Army Engineer. The goal is clear: Make engineers vital players on thecombined arms team. EOHC COURSE EOAC COURSE Missions primary to Air1,and Rattle (loctrine-mobility, countrrmobility, Content FY 79 FY 87 FY 80 FY 86 and survivability-arealso primary hours '%) hours 'L hours WI hours '70 in the clt~ssroom. Young officers learn to manage the engineer mis- sion interface with other hranches Technical* 151 26 159 20 348 33 222 20 of the Army in low-, medium-, and Nontechnical** 420 74 656 80 1040 67 1093 80 high-intensity conflicts. Total 571 815 1388 1315 'I'he EOBC/EOAC curriculum has been streamlined to eliminate dupli- technicali instruction includes structures andutilities, roadsand airfields, cation of effort in the two courses. and nonstandard fixed bridging. EOAC will no longc!r repeatmaterial ** Nontechnical instructi~jncovers combat survival skills, logistics, leader- taught in EOBC. Course designers ship, administration and training, and mobility, countermobility, and have also excised intensive training survivability missions. in some technical engineering tasks. especially in heavy construction and Technical instruction as a propor- give officers the informational tools other general engineering areas. tion of course content has fallen to execute combat-critical engi- Less timeisspent in learning how to from abouta quarterin EOBC and a neering missions. general engi- lay pipeline, analyze soils, and third in EOAC, to a fifth of the neering missions in the theater of design drainage. Materials on con- instructional time in both courses. operations (see FM 5-104. General crrte production and construction The actual amount of technical Engineering),and the management management have been reduced by instruction has changed very little and leadership skills to solve prob- half from the former curriculum. in EOBC. The main change is that lems collectively officers in EOBC now receive over In reducing technical instruction, Reshaping the engineer 200 hours more instruction in the the Army Engineer School has not officer corps nontechnical areas than in the old abandoned high standards-it has Such changes in the structure of EORC course. This new emphasis recognized that educating expertsin engineer officer training are inten- on combat missions, logistics, an age of rapidly expanding know- ded to produce a reshaped officer leadership, and management skills ledge is a job for universities and corps. Let's look at the intentions, is creating junior officers who are technical institutions. (For example, and at the near term results. hetter prepared forcombat missions, see special training programs de- scribed in "Space: the New High remain a more technically oriented informed of developments in their Ground for Engineers," p. 40.) group than the typical EOBC class. fields. There is room for both specialists Whatever their career goals, grad- and generalists in today's Engineer After EOAC-choosing your path uates of the redesigned engineer Corps. In FY 1979, almost half the How will the changes in the cur. officer training program at the U.S. students in EOBC held a degree in riculum affect the military careers Army Engineer School are better engineering. By FY 1986, only 26 of engineerofficers? Those who seek equipped to manage information, to percent had an engineering degree. careers in troop leadership, staff execute comhat engineering mis- The number of students with degrees positions, or in combat engineering sions, and to lead effectively in unrelated to engineering (liberal will find that EOBC and EOAC today's Army of excellence. arts, psychology, business, and the dovetail perfectly with theirtraining like) rose from 23 percent to 39 per- needs. The EOBC course is a better MAJ Edward Hayes is currrntly cent. Although the number of stu- school for leadership than ever, and Chief, Structures and Utilities dents in EOBC who have no degree EOAC has been redesigned to focus Branch, Departmr~ttofMilitaryEngi- has risen from 10 to 14 percent, it more precisely on solving military neering, U.S. Army Engineer School. remains low. engineer problems in the theater of HFholdsa BSfrom Norwich Uniuer- In EOAC, very few students hold operations. sity, an MSin ciuil engineering from no degree-only 7 percent. Among Engineer officers who plan to Purdue, and an MS in systems the others, the proportion of degreed specialize in technical areas should mmzage~nentfrom USC; he is also a engineers is greater than in seek additional training on their CGSC graduate. MAJ Hayes has EOBC-40 percent. Another 22 per- own. Options include professional served with the 23d Engineer Hat. cent hold engineering-related cngineer certification (see talion in Uresi Grrmany und the .52d degrees in physics, math, geology, ENGINEER, Fall/Winter 1986, pp. Enginrer Hattaliori at Fi. Carson, biology or chemistry. Theremaining 41-42). enrollment in advanced Colorado. He Aas also s(>rued as 38 percent hold degrees in other degree programsor locally available proj~actr3ngineer and Air Force areas. Ten percent of eachclass hold seminars and classes, and active liaison officer for t/7r Europe Diui- MA or MS degrees. Though ad- membership in professional siorr. Corps of Engineers. vanced technical expertise is by no societies. Regardlcss of their area of means a prerequisite for success as expertise, officers should maintain Penelope Schmitt is Featrcres an engineer officer, EOAC graduates active reading programs to stay Editor for ENGINEER. Space (continued frompage 41) NAVSTAR will let combat forces forces, personnel managers will be future in spacenow. Army engineers record minefields and locate enemy searching their files for qualified have always been proud to be the obstacles while performing mobility people to lead the Army in space. "first in and the last out." We have and countermobility missions in The U.S. Air Force already ad- consistently and valiantly helped to support of tactical commanders. ministers an Undergraduate Space secure the high ground. Space engineers must also be Training (UST) program. Although Space is our new high ground. familiar with designing and erecting the Army will use UST as part of a Destiny beckons us. large space structures capable of joint trainingeffort,itwill still have satisfying on-orbit logistic functions to develop a program particularly MAJ Thomas C. Suermann is a in support of AirLand Battle doc- suited to its own needs. staff officer with the Space Plans trine. There are many hurdles to he Several civilian and military and Policy Division, U.S. Army overcome before such engineering schools help Army engineers to Space Agency. He has served with challenges can be met. The Corps, bridge the professional space educa- engineer units in the 82d Airborne true to its motto, "Essayons," has tion gap. Excellent graduate pro- Diuision and in Germany. He has already begun to explore solutions. grams at the Universities of Cali- also served as a command engineer The Construction Engineering fornia, Colorado, and Illinois, at in Korea and as an instructor at Research Laboratory (CERL) at Stanford. Texas A&M, Georgia West Point. Most recently, he was Champaign, IL, and the Engineer Tech, the Naval Postgraduate Brigade Operations Officer for HQ Topographic Laboratories (ETL) at School, and the Air Force Institute Command, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Belvoir, VA, areexploringideas of Technology are preparing engi- during operation Urgent Fury in that will allow the Army to use neers to confront new challenges in Grenada; he was also Chief of space to improve support to ground space. Operations in the Corps Engineer forces. Section. He holds an MSE in Aero- The leadership challenge nautical Engineering from Building for the future Our sister services and several Princeton Uniuersity, and is a 1971 As thespace Institutedevelopsits hundred defense industries have USMA graduate, a graduate of training base requirements and the alreadybegun expandinginto space. CGSC, and is a registered profes- Space Agency develops operational The Army-particularly the Corps sional engineer in Virginia. support planning for Army field of Engineers-must plan for the Discipline and unit Performance 1 bv MAJ C'harles G Kershaw / i: /'/:o!<, I,>' PI.'( ' fl:c/>c,,(1 -11 <<,,I/7,.,r,,. oon after I arrived at my new The sergeant's exasperated reply Tough, demanding tasks hecomr duty station, I donned my to my queries hothered me. I expect easier to accomplish. Discipline S load-carrying equipment to see soldiers wearing their uni- prepares soldiers to endure the con- (LCE), and headed to the range to forms smartly, even in the field. fusion and stress of combat. requalify with my individual Precision in training fosters success What disturbed me most about the weapon. in combat. Soldiers become accus- scene at the zero range was the At the range, soldiers stood in tomed to workingin an environment sloppiness of NCOs and officers concrete foxholes, zeroing their of excellence characterized by pride, charged with responsibility for en- weapons. The range NCOIC and discipline, and attention to detail. forcing policies and standards. two other safety NCOs walked the Military leaders judge units by Leaders establish standards of per- firing line while small groups of how well they execute the small formance by what they do, not by officers, NCOs, and soldiers milled details of tactics, gunnery, mainte- what they say. I felt that the stan- in the background, waiting their nance, and appearance. In other dard being set by their example turns to fire. words, they look at the basics. undermined the fabric of unit The safety NCOs wore their LCE According to a study conducted at discipline. hanging open and loose as they the Naval Post Graduate School Ardant du Pirq wrote thattime-a pried pebbles from the ground with entitled "Excellence in Combat long time-is needed to give leaders M-16 cleaning rods. A bareheaded Arms," senior commanders com- the habit of command and confi- master sergeant, whose LCE also mented that they could not tell if a dence in their own authority and to draped open, briefed second firing unit was excellent in just a few give soldiers confidence in their order, as they lounged on the minutes, but they could usually leaders and in their fellows. bleachers. Others around me, in- determine whether it was good or Itis notenough to order discipline. cluding a young captain, had not not. Appearance ranked high as an The chain of command must con- fastened their equipment. indicator of discipline. tinually practice it. I asked several individuals what The Army rests on the foundation the unit policy was regarding wear of discipline. Units cannot and will MAJ Charles K~rshaw,formerly of the LCE. The captain said he not accomplish their missions with- an instructor in thr Conzmand and wore his open because everyone else out it. Discipline trains soldiers to Leadershi11 Branch, Depurtn~entof did. The master sergeant grudgingly react properly in the absence of Comhinrd Arms, USAES, is now responded, "Sir, if that's what you leaders and orders. It enforces ad- the brigade 54 of thu 193d Infantry want, I'll fasten it." herence to unpopular decisions. Brigade in Pnnama. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ENGINEER PROFESSIONAL 8ULLLTIII US ARMY ENGINEER SCHOOL ATTII: AT=-TO-P. STOP a- R FORT BELVOIR, VA RpO.O-SRY1 OFFICIAL BUSl1LSS W*UN con DmvAim YO& ma0 7 . Coming inthe next issue... *Family Housing Acquisition in Europe *~utomhtingthe DEH jr~acilitiesTechnology Application Testing *How fit are you-really? *More...more...more... -