Bleeding

Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War Kansas.[1][2] was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro- slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the 2 Meeting of North and South and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 called for “popular sovereignty”—that is, Among the first emigrants to Kansas Territory were citi- the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers zens of slave states, notably neighboring Missouri, who (rather than outsiders). It would be decided by votes—or came to secure the expansion of slavery. Pro-slavery more exactly which side had more votes counted by of- forces settled towns including Leavenworth and Atchison. ficials. At the heart of the conflict was the question of At the same time, citizens of the North, many aided whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus by the New England Emigrant Aid Company, moved to enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. Pro-slavery Kansas to make it a free state and settled towns including [3] forces said every settler had the right to bring his own Lawrence, Topeka and Manhattan. property, including slaves, into the territory. Anti-slavery It was rumored in the south that thousands of north- “free soil” forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up erners were arriving in Kansas. Believing these ru- all the good farmland and work them with black slaves, mors, in November 1854, thousands of armed pro-slavery leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders. As men known as "Border Ruffians", mostly from Missouri, such, was a proxy war between anti- poured into the Kansas Territory and swayed the vote in slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the election for a non-voting delegate to Congress in favor the South over the issue of slavery in the United States. of pro-slavery candidate John Whitfield.[4] The following The term “Bleeding Kansas” was coined by Republican year a Congressional committee investigating the election Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune; its vio- reported that 1729 fraudulent votes were cast compared lence indicated that compromise was unlikely and thus it to 1114 legal votes. In one location only 20 of the 604 presaged the Civil War. voters were residents of the Kansas Territory. In another 35 were residents and 226 non-residents.[5] 1 Origins 2.1 First Territorial Legislature Through the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Congress On March 30, 1855, Kansas Territory held the election kept a tenuous balance of political power between North [4] and South. In May 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act for its first Territorial Legislature. Crucially, this leg- islature would decide whether Kansas Territory would created from unorganized Indian lands the territories of [3] Kansas and Nebraska. This permitted residency by U.S. allow slavery. Just as had happened in the election of citizens, who were to determine their state’s slavery status November 1854, “Border Ruffians” from Missouri again and seek admission to the Union. Immigrants supporting streamed into the territory to vote, and proslavery del- both sides of the question arrived in Kansas to establish egates were elected to 37 of the 39 seats – Martin F. Conway and Samuel D. Houston from Riley County were residency and gain the right to vote. However, Kansas [3] Territory officials were appointed (1854) by the pro- the only Free-Staters elected. Due to questions about slavery administration of President (in electoral fraud, Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder office 1853–1857), and thousands of non-resident pro- invalidated the results in five voting districts, and a special election was held on May 22, 1855, to elect slavery Missourians entered Kansas with the goal of win- [3] ning elections. They captured territorial elections, some- replacements. Eight of the eleven delegates elected times by fraud and intimidation. In response, Northern in the special election were Free-State, but this still left the proslavery camp with an overwhelming 29–10 abolitionist elements flooded Kansas with “free-soilers.” [3] Anti-slavery Kansas residents wrote the first Kansas Con- advantage. stitution (1855) and elected the Free State legislature in To help countermand the voting fraud, by the summer Topeka; this stood in opposition to the pro-slavery gov- of 1855 around 1,200 New England Yankees had em- ernment in Lecompton. The two Territorial governments igrated to Kansas Territory.[6] The abolitionist Henry increased as well as symbolized the strife of Bleeding Ward Beecher armed many of them with Sharps rifles,

1 2 3 OPEN VIOLENCE

3 Open violence

See also: Sacking of Lawrence

In October 1855, John Brown came to Kansas Terri- tory to fight slavery. On November 21, 1855 the so- called "" began when a Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot by a pro-slavery settler. The war had one fatality, when the free stater Thomas Barber was shot and killed near Lawrence on December 6. On May 21, 1856, Missourians invaded Lawrence and burned the Free State Hotel, destroyed two newspaper offices, and ransacked homes and stores.

1855 Free-State poster

Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate in 1856.

In May 1856, Republican Senator Charles Sumner took to the floor to denounce the threat of slavery in Kansas and humiliate its supporters. He had devoted his enor- which, it is alleged, became known as "Beecher’s Bibles" mous energies to the destruction of what Republicans for their shipment in wooden crates so labeled. called the Slave Power, that is the efforts of slave owners In response to the disputed votes and rising tension, to take control of the federal government and ensure the Congress sent a special committee to Kansas Territory in survival and expansion of slavery. In the speech (called 1856.[3] The committee report concluded that if the elec- “The Crime against Kansas”) Sumner ridiculed the honor tion on March 30, 1855, had been limited to “actual set- of elderly South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, por- tlers” it would have elected a Free-State legislature.[3][7] traying his pro-slavery agenda towards Kansas with the The report also stated that the legislature actually seated raping of a virgin and characterizing his affection for it “was an illegally constituted body, and had no power to in sexual and revolting terms.[9] The next day Butler’s pass valid laws.” [3][7] cousin, the South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks, nearly killed Sumner on the Senate floor with a heavy Nevertheless, the pro-slavery territorial legislature con- vened in the newly created Territorial Capital in Pawnee cane. The action electrified the nation, brought violence to the floor of the Senate, and deepened the North-South on July 2, 1855. The legislature immediately invalidated [10] the results from the special election in May and seated split. the pro-slavery delegates elected in March. After only The violence continued to escalate. Ohio abolitionist one week in Pawnee, the legislature moved the territorial Brown led his sons and other followers to plan the murder capital to the Shawnee Mission on the Missouri border, of settlers who spoke in favor of slavery. At a proslavery where it reconvened and passed laws favorable to slavery. settlement at Pottawatomie Creek on the night of May 24, In August 1855, antislavery residents met to formally re- the group seized five pro-slavery men from their homes ject the pro-slavery laws. This led to the election of Free and hacked them to death with broadswords. Brown and State delegates, and the writing of the Topeka Constitu- his men escaped and began plotting a full-scale slave in- surrection to take place at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, with tion. However, in a message to Congress on January 24, [11] 1856, President Pierce declared the Free-State Topeka financial support from Boston abolitionists. government insurrectionist in its stand against pro-slavery The pro-slavery Territorial government, serving under Territorial officials.[8] President Pierce, had been relocated to Lecompton. In 3

April 1856, a Congressional committee arrived there opposition by Free State Democrats. The proposed con- to investigate voting fraud. The committee found the stitution was forwarded to the U.S. Senate on January 6, elections improperly elected by non-residents. President 1859 where it was met with a tepid reception and left to Pierce refused recognition of its findings and continued die in committee.[16] to authorize the pro-slavery legislature, which the Free The drafted in 1859 represented State people called the “Bogus Legislature.” the Free State view of the future of Kansas. It was ap- On the Fourth of July in 1856, proclamations of Presi- proved in a referendum by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530 on dent Pierce led to nearly 500 U.S. Army troops arriving October 4, 1859.[17] With southern states still in control in Topeka from Ft. Leavenworth and Ft. Riley. With of the Senate, Kansas awaited admission to the Union un- their cannons pointed at Constitution Hall, and the long til January 29, 1861. fuses lit, Colonel E.V. Sumner, cousin to the senator of the same name beaten on the Senate floor, ordered the dispersal of the Free State Legislature.[12] 5 Heritage Area In August 1856, thousands of pro-slavery men formed into armies and marched into Kansas. That same month, In 2006, federal legislation defined a new Freedom’s Brown and several of his followers engaged 400 pro- Frontier National Heritage Area (FFNHA) and was ap- slavery soldiers in the "". The hos- proved by Congress. A task of the heritage area is to tilities raged for another two months until Brown de- interpret Bleeding Kansas stories, which are also called parted the Kansas Territory, and a new territorial gov- stories of the Missouri/Kansas border war. A theme of ernor, John W. Geary, took office and managed to pre- the heritage area is the enduring struggle for freedom. vail upon both sides for peace. This was followed by a FFNHA includes 41 counties, 29 of which are in eastern fragile peace broken by intermittent violent outbreaks for Kansas and 12 in western Missouri.[18] two more years. The last major outbreak of violence was touched off by the Marais des Cygnes massacre in 1858, in which Border Ruffians killed five Free State men. In all, approximately 56 people died in Bleeding 6 In popular culture Kansas by the time the violence ended in 1859.[13] Fol- lowing the commencement of the American Civil War in The issue of “Bleeding Kansas” is dramatically rendered 1861, additional guerrilla violence erupted on the border in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow, New York; 2000), between Kansas and Missouri. a biographical novel of Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake. The November 8, 2014, episode of Hell on Wheels, ti- 4 Constitutional fight tled “Bleeding Kansas”, depicted one occurrence of a white family being slain for having slaves, which were then freed, in the name of religion.[19] A major confrontation of the Bleeding Kansas era was in the writing of constitutions that would govern the state of Kansas. The first of four such documents was the 1855 Topeka Constitution, written by antislavery forces uni- 7 See also fied under the Free State Party. This was the basis for the Free State Territorial government that resisted the il- • legitimate, but federally authorized government elected by non-resident, and thus unqualified Missourians.[14] In 1857, the second constitutional convention drafted 8 Notes the "", a pro-slavery document. The Lecompton Constitution was promoted by President [1] Thomas Goodrich, War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, James Buchanan. Congress instead ordered another elec- 1854–1861 (2004) ch 1 tion because of voting irregularities uncovered. On Aug. 2, 1858, Kansas voters rejected the document by 11,812 [2] Elizabeth R. Varon, Disunion! The Coming of the Ameri- to 1,926.[15] can Civil War, 1789–1859 (2007) ch 8 While the Lecompton Constitution was pending before [3] Olson, Kevin (2012). Frontier Manhattan. University Congress, a third document, the Leavenworth Constitu- Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1832-3. tion, was written and passed by Free State delegates. It [4] “Territorial Politics and Government”. Territorial Kansas was more radical than other Free State proposals in that Online. Retrieved June 18, 2014. it would have extended suffrage to “every male citizen”, regardless of race. Participation in this ballot on May 18, [5] Cutler, William G. History of the State of Kansas, A.T. 1858 was a fraction of the previous and there was some Andreas, (1883), Terratorial History, Part 8, 4 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

[6] William Frank Zornow, “Kansas: a history of the Jayhawk • Goodrich, Thomas. War to the Knife: Bleeding State” (1957), pg. 72 Kansas, 1854–1861 (2004)

[7] Report of the special committee appointed to investigate • Johannsen, Robert W. “Popular Sovereignty and the troubles in Kansas, Cornelius Wendell, 1856, retrieved the Territories,” Historian 22#4 pp. 378–395, June 18, 2014 doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1960.tb01665.x [8] Richardson, James D.. “A Compilation of the Messages • and Papers of the Presidents”. Project Gutenberg. Re- Malin, James C. John Brown and the Legend of trieved 2008-03-18. Fifty-six. (1942)

[9] Pfau, Michael William (2003). “Time, Tropes, and Textu- • Miner, Craig (2002). Kansas: The History of the ality: Reading Republicanism in Charles Sumner’s 'Crime Sunflower State, 1854–2000. Against Kansas’". Rhetoric & Public Affairs 6 (3): 393. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0070. • Nevins, Alan. Ordeal of the Union: vol. 2 A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947), Kansas in na- [10] Williamjames Hull Hoffer, The Caning of Charles Sum- tional context ner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War (2010) • Nichols, Roy F. “The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A [11] Schraff, Anne E. (2010). John Brown: “We Came to Free Century of Historiography,” Mississippi Valley His- the Slaves”. Enslow. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7660-3355-9. torical Review (1956) 43#2 pp. 187–212 in JSTOR

[12] Thomas K. Tate (2013). General Edwin Vose Sumner, • Potter, David. The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 USA: A Civil War Biography. McFarland. p. 53. ISBN (1976), Pulitzer Prize; ch 9, 12 9780786472581. • Reynolds, David (2005). John Brown, Abolitionist. [13] Watts, Dale. “How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas? Po- litical Killings in Kansas territory, 1854–1861”, Kansas History (1995) 18#2 pgs. 116–29 10 Fiction [14] Cutler, William G. History of the State of Kansas, A.T. Andreas, (1883), Terratorial History • Paretsky, Sara. Bleeding Kansas (2008) [15] Cutler, “Territorial History, Part 55” • McBride, James. The Good Lord Bird (2013) [16] Cutler, “Territorial History Part 53

[17] Wyandotte Constitution Approved 10.1 Films [18] Freedom’s Frontier National Heritage Area Management Plan Appendices, Freedomsfrontier.org/ • KCPT Kansas City Public Television and Wide Awake Films (2007). [19] Hell on Wheels Season 4 Episode 11 Review: Bleeding Kansas • Bad Blood, the Border War that Triggered the Civil War, a documentary DVD (ISBN 0-9777261-4-2) 9 Further reading 11 External links • Childers, Christopher. “Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay,” Civil War • 1856 Congressional Report on the Troubles in History Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48– Kansas 70 in Project MUSE • Documentary On Bleeding Kansas • Earle, Jonathan and Burke, Diane Mutti. Bleed- ing Kansas, Bleeding Missouri: The Long Civil War • Kansas State Historical Society: A Look Back at on the Border. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas Territory, 1854–1861 Kansas, 2013. • Access documents, photographs, and other primary • Etcheson, Nicole. “The Great Principle of Self- sources on Kansas Memory, the Kansas State His- Government: Popular Sovereignty and Bleed- torical Society’s digital portal ing Kansas,” Kansas History 27 (Spring-Summer 2004):14–29, links it to Jacksonian Democracy • NEEAC. History of the New-England Emigrant Aid Company. Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1862. • Etcheson, Nicole. Bleeding Kansas: Contested Lib- erty in the Civil War Era (2006) • PBS article on Bleeding Kansas. 5

• Territorial Kansas Online: A Virtual Repository for Kansas Territorial History. • U-S-History.com.

• Online Exhibit – Willing to Die for Freedom, Kansas Historical Society 6 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Bleeding Kansas Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas?oldid=666234463 Contributors: Matthew Woodcraft, Zundark, Rmhermen, B4hand, Edward, Kchishol1970, Ixfd64, Angela, Jebba, Kingturtle, Punkche, Jengod, Mulad, Przepla, Reddi, Haukurth, Freechild, MrWeeble, Dimadick, Postdlf, Sverdrup, Timrollpickering, Moink, JerryFriedman, Orangemike, Bkonrad, No Guru, Gil- gamesh~enwiki, Guanaco, Ezhiki, Stevietheman, OwenBlacker, Popadopolis, Gazpacho, Jkl, Moverton, Discospinster, Twinxor, Rich Farmbrough, Supercoop, Ahkond, Pavel Vozenilek, Paul August, ESkog, CanisRufus, Kross, Bobo192, Stesmo, Smalljim, Lokifer, Whitney.snyder, Hagerman, Arthena, Atlant, Viridian, Bart133, Snowolf, TaintedMustard, Sciurinæ, Thryduulf, Joriki, Woohookitty, John-1107, Eclecticos, Jeremy Bentham, Xiong Chiamiov, Deltabeignet, Cuchullain, Coemgenus, Koavf, Tintazul, Noon, Yamamoto Ichiro, Ian Pitchford, SouthernNights, NekoDaemon, RexNL, Gurch, DeciusAemilius, Alphachimp, CJLL Wright, Shauni, Sharkface217, DVdm, Skoosh, Crackpottheorist, Red Slash, Robert A West, Lord Voldemort, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, Wimt, GeeJo, NawlinWiki, Shreshth91, DSYoungEsq, Rjensen, Howcheng, Irishguy, Nucleusboy, Dooky, All13d, Emersoni, Sliggy, GeoffCapp, Malepheasant, Bus- terD, Kkmurray, SamuelRiv, Zzuuzz, Kgwo1972, Donald Albury, [email protected], LordJumper, JoanneB, Greatal386, Biblioma- niac15, SmackBot, EvilCouch, Grazon, DMorpheus, VxP, Dyersgoodness, ProveIt, WhiskyWhiskers, MediaMangler, Gilliam, Hmains, Miquonranger03, AtmanDave, Sadads, Roy Al Blue, Darth Panda, GoodDay, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, WOOKIEwantMEDAL, VMS Mosaic, Addshore, RedHillian, Weirdy, Aldaron, Krich, Downwards, DMacks, ILike2BeAnonymous, ArglebargleIV, Krashlandon, Dossey02, ZOMGWTBBQHAXXORS, IronGargoyle, Mr Stephen, Dicklyon, Netmouse, Levineps, BranStark, Iridescent, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, Spacini, Cyrusc, Americasroof, Ale jrb, Unionhawk, Agathman, Randalllin, Dgw, Lazulilasher, Logical2u, Ken Gallager, Karenjc, OrhanCharles, Sopoforic, Ntsimp, DrunkenSmurf, Travelbird, Pascal.Tesson, B, Shirulashem, MarcelLionheart, FrancoGG, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, N5iln, Setnavrec, Meechie boo, Mojo Hand, Oliver202, Marek69, A3RO, Kathovo, Big Bird, Northum- brian, Porqin, Jimmuldrow, AntiVandalBot, Akradecki, Seaphoto, Shirt58, North Shoreman, Sluzzelin, DagosNavy, Andonic, CairoEast, Meeples, Magioladitis, Freedomlinux, VoABot II, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Starfighter 1 0 1, Hasek is the best, JNW, Twisted86, Tedickey, Antarticstargate, KConWiki, Animum, Grey Wanderer, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Wrad, JaGa, Fix Bayonets!, Hdt83, MartinBot, Rettetast, Ultraviolet scissor flame, Tholly, Juansidious, PrestonH, RJBurkhart3, Brian4xp, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, EscapingLife, Tiki- wont, Karanacs, SkinnyZan, Athaenara, Tmacfan12, Rufous-crowned Sparrow, Red Harvest, AtteLynx, Mangwanani, NewEnglandYankee, 2help, Uhai, Bonadea, Funandtrvl, Hugo999, Hersfold, Jeff G., Al.locke, ChrisChantrill, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Blooooo, Mathwhiz 29, Chris larsen, Martin451, LeaveSleaves, Ryuhaku, Aliasd, Debug Squid, Thedrtaylor, Greswik, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Trojan51, Yaksar, Cyday, Cyberfreeworld, LovelyLillith, Ryan2845, Caltas, Matthew Yeager, Yintan, Vanished User 8a9b4725f8376, Calabrax- this, Samoznai, Flyer22, Sohelpme, Adallad, Oxymoron83, Justinfosgate7, Techman224, Ivan1984, Capitalismojo, Mygerardromance, Denisarona, Xnatedawgx, ClueBot, Grumpy otter, Avenged Eightfold, GorillaWarfare, Gawaxay, Wikiiscool123, Secret (renamed), Ex- cirial, Alexbot, Kansasbecca, AdmiralDRR, Thingg, Aitias, Versus22, Berean Hunter, Mod Elvden, Trulystand700, DumZiBoT, Ben- dersGame, BarretB, XLinkBot, Timbo22104, Slvrblttme, Jovianeye, WikHead, NellieBly, Noctibus, Mm40, KAVEBEAR, Good Olfac- tory, Addbot, Grayfell, DougsTech, Waldoownsu, Slycobble, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Download, Glane23, Exor674, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Yobot, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Amirobot, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Wikipedian Pen- guin, AnomieBOT, KDS4444, Jim1138, Crecy99, Limideen, ImperatorExercitus, Citation bot, Quebec99, Crystalxlynnxx, Cpetitti, Nas- nema, Rodey360, Paradox21, Coptmorous, Ruy Pugliesi, Fiskehaps, Carrite, Amaury, 78.26, Docstin5, LucienBOT, MLKLewis, Levi- rasmussen54, Recognizance, VI, Baldyj, HamburgerRadio, Bleeding Knee, Winterst, Pzleton, Pinethicket, Monkeyfox, RedBot, Random- StringOfCharacters, BuddyComics, Full-date unlinking bot, Jayhawker56, FoxBot, TheStrayCat, Vrenator, Reaper Eternal, WhoDosnt- Know, Hantsheroes, Dewritech, Alexueki, Cherrylover, Wikipelli, Lithistman, K6ka, JSquish, ZéroBot, Daonguyen95, Mrhalohunter24, DCFC10, Ὁ οἶστρος, David J Johnson, Sbmeirow, TyA, Donner60, Alex.hart05, Brigade Piron, ClueBot NG, Sciencegeek1234, Mel- bourneStar, Satellizer, KevinLuna, Widr, Antiqueight, Kickmeoff, HMSSolent, Calabe1992, Gob Lofa, BG19bot, Tessmanrulz, Lower- case Sigma, PhnomPencil, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Mark Arsten, Altaïr, CAWylie, Loriendrew, Hghyux, LeviathanPMS, Mediran, Web- client101, Lugia2453, Frosty, Kevin12xd, ScottMasters123, AlanPickett, Cmckain14, Kharkiv07, Patmichaelis, Texterri, Darkstar1930, Jaydubya93, BethNaught, 4scoreN7, 17tbs, Lmack2222, Springerjade, Infinite0694, JeremiahY and Anonymous: 685

12.2 Images

• File:Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Kansas State Board of Agriculture First Biennial Report Original artist: Rand, McNally & Co., Printers and Engravers, Chicago • File:Flag_of_Kansas_(1927-1961).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Flag_of_Kansas_ %281927-1961%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Worldstatesmen.org Original artist: User:Denelson83 (File:Flag of Kansas.svg) • File:Flag_of_Missouri.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Southern_Chivalry.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Southern_Chivalry.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: Lithograph reproduced here Original artist: John L. Magee (c.1820–c.1870) • File:US_Secession_map_1865.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/US_Secession_map_1865.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The source code of this SVG is valid. Original artist: Júlio Reis 12.3 Content license 7

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0