Table of Contents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Table of Contents APRIL 2012 • VOLUME 194 • NO. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMENTARY Genome of Halomonas Strain GFAJ-1, a Blueprint for Fame or Eun-Hae Kim and Christopher Rensing 1643–1645 Business as Usual ARTICLES Outer Membrane Targeting, Ultrastructure, and Single Molecule Joshua A. Lieberman, Nicholas A. 1646–1658 Localization of the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Type IV Frost, Michael Hoppert, Paula J. Pilus Secretin BfpB Fernandes, Stefanie L. Vogt, Tracy L. Raivio, Thomas A. Blanpied, and Michael S. Donnenberg Connecting Environment and Genome Plasticity in the Zeynep Baharoglu, Evelyne Krin, and 1659–1667 Characterization of Transformation-Induced SOS Regulation Didier Mazel and Carbon Catabolite Control of the Vibrio cholerae Integron Integrase Functional Analysis of the CpsA Protein of Streptococcus Brett R. Hanson, Donna L. Runft, Cale 1668–1678 agalactiae Streeter, Abhin Kumar, Thomas W. Carion, and Melody N. Neely Global Transcriptional Control by NsrR in Bacillus subtilis Sushma Kommineni, Amrita Lama, 1679–1688 Benjamin Popescu, and Michiko M. Nakano A Clp/Hsp100 Chaperone Functions in Myxococcus xanthus Jinyuan Yan, Anthony G. Garza, 1689–1696 Sporulation and Self-Organization Michael D. Bradley, and Roy D. Welch Evidence that a Single Monomer of Spx Can Productively Ann A. Lin and Peter Zuber 1697–1707 Interact with RNA Polymerase in Bacillus subtilis Differentiation of Function among the RsbR Paralogs in the Jeroen B. van der Steen, Marcela Ávila- 1708–1716 General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis with Regard to Light Pérez, Doreen Knippert, Angie Perception Vreugdenhil, Pascal van Alphen, and Klaas J. Hellingwerf The ChrA Response Regulator in Corynebacterium diphtheriae Jonathan M. Burgos and Michael P. 1717–1729 Controls Hemin-Regulated Gene Expression through Binding to Schmitt the hmuO and hrtAB Promoter Regions Fur-Mediated Activation of Gene Transcription in the Human Chunxiao Yu and Caroline Attardo 1730–1742 Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae Genco Transcriptional and Metabolomic Consequences of luxS Charlotte M. Wilson, Raphael B. M. 1743–1746 Inactivation Reveal a Metabolic Rather than Quorum-Sensing Aggio, Paul W. O’Toole, Silas Villas- Role for LuxS in Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 Boas, and Gerald W. Tannock Asymmetric Disposal of Individual Protein Aggregates in Jason Lloyd-Price, Antti Häkkinen, 1747–1752 Escherichia coli, One Aggregate at a Time Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu, Ines J. Marques, Sharif Chowdhury, Eero Lihavainen, Olli Yli-Harja, and Andre S. Ribeiro Expression of Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pump Gene norA Is Xin Deng, Fei Sun, Quanjiang Ji, 1753–1762 Iron Responsive in Staphylococcus aureus Haihua Liang, Dominique Missiakas, Lefu Lan, and Chuan He Mutational Analyses Reveal Overall Topology and Functional Archna Bhasin, John M. Chaston, and 1763–1776 Regions of NilB, a Bacterial Outer Membrane Protein Required Heidi Goodrich-Blair for Host Association in a Model of Animal-Microbe Mutualism Continued on following page Continued from preceding page APRIL 2012 • VOLUME 194 • NUMBER 7 Adaptor Protein MecA Is a Negative Regulator of the Expression Céline Boutry, Astrid Wahl, Brigitte 1777–1788 of Late Competence Genes in Streptococcus thermophilus Delplace, André Clippe, Laetitia Fontaine, and Pascal Hols Autoregulation of the Synthesis of the MobM Relaxase Encoded Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz, Virtu Solano- 1789–1799 by the Promiscuous Plasmid pMV158 Collado, Rudi Lurz, Alicia Bravo, and Manuel Espinosa Signal Perception by the Secretion Stress-Responsive CssRS David Noone, Eric Botella, Clodagh 1800–1814 Two-Component System in Bacillus subtilis Butler, Annette Hansen, Inga Jende, and Kevin M. Devine Inactivation of Haemophilus influenzae Lipopolysaccharide Nicole A. Spahich, Derek W. Hood, E. 1815–1822 Biosynthesis Genes Interferes with Outer Membrane Richard Moxon, and Joseph W. St. Localization of the Hap Autotransporter Geme III Reduced Aeration Affects the Expression of the NorB Efflux Que Chi Truong-Bolduc, Liao Chun 1823–1834 Pump of Staphylococcus aureus by Posttranslational Hsing, Regis Villet, Gilles R. Bolduc, Modification of MgrA Zoe Estabrooks, G Florent Taguezem, and David C. Hooper GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS Draft Genome of Halomonas Species Strain GFAJ-1 (ATCC Le T. Phung, Simon Silver, William L. 1835–1836 BAA-2256) Trimble, and Jack A. Gilbert Genome Sequence of a Serotype b Non-JP2 Aggregatibacter Casey Chen, Weerayuth Kittichotirat, 1837 actinomycetemcomitans Strain, ANH9381, from a Periodontally Weizhen Chen, Jennifer S. Downey, Healthy Individual and Roger Bumgarner Complete Genome Sequence of the Dairy Isolate Streptococcus Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Stéphanie 1838–1839 macedonicus ACA-DC 198 Ferreira, Nikolaos C. Papandreou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Philip Supply, Bruno Pot, and Effie Tsakalidou Whole-Genome Sequence of Wolbachia Strain wAlbB, an Patrick Mavingui, Claire Valiente 1840 Endosymbiont of Tiger Mosquito Vector Aedes albopictus Moro, Van Tran-Van, Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Vincent Raquin, Guillaume Minard, Florence-Hélène Tran, Denis Voronin, Zoé Rouy, Patricia Bustos, Luis Lozano, Valérie Barbe, and Víctor González Complete Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Pinglei Liu, Peng Li, Xiaofei Jiang, Dexi 1841–1842 pneumoniae HS11286, a Multidrug-Resistant Strain Isolated Bi, Yingzhou Xie, Cui Tai, Zixin Deng, from Human Sputum Kumar Rajakumar, and Hong-Yu Ou Draft Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas echinoides ATCC Seung Chul Shin, Su Jin Kim, Do Hwan 1843 14820 Ahn, Jong Kyu Lee, and Hyun Park Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Strain PAMC 25886, Seung Chul Shin, Su Jin Kim, Soon Gyu 1844 Isolated from Alpine Glacial Cryoconite Hong, Do Hwan Ahn, Yung Mi Lee, Hyoungseok Lee, Jungeun Lee, and Hyun Park The Complete Genome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. Jochen Blom, Christian Rueckert, Ben 1845–1846 plantarum CAU B946 Contains a Gene Cluster for Niu, Qi Wang, and Rainer Borriss Nonribosomal Synthesis of Iturin A Draft Genome Sequence of Streptomyces acidiscabies 84-104, an José C. Huguet-Tapia and Rosemary 1847 Emergent Plant Pathogen Loria Continued on following page Continued from preceding page APRIL 2012 • VOLUME 194 • NUMBER 7 Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Strain GDL-1 Michael J. Calcutt, Mark F. Foecking, 1848 Ruben S. Rosales, Richard J. Ellis, and Robin A. J. Nicholas Cover photograph (Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.): Distribution of the type IV bundle-forming pilus secretin BfpB as revealed by photoactivated localization microscopy. Recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing BfpB-PAmCherry along with all other Bfp proteins from the native bfp operon form autoaggregates and display an envelope distribution of BfpB-PAmCherry molecules, as shown in this falsely colored image. Each point source represents an individual BfpB molecule. These molecules are frequently arranged in clusters at nonpolar sites, where membranes of adjacent bacteria appear to overlap. (See related article on page 1646.).
Recommended publications
  • Review Pili in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria – Structure
    Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 (2009) 613 – 635 1420-682X/09/040613-23 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences DOI 10.1007/s00018-008-8477-4 Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, 2008 Review Pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria – structure, assembly and their role in disease T. Profta,c,* and E. N. Bakerb,c a School of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: +64-9-373-7492, e-mail: [email protected] b School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland (New Zealand) c Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland (New Zealand) Received 08 August 2008; received after revision 24 September 2008; accepted 01 October 2008 Online First 27 October 2008 Abstract. Many bacterial species possess long fila- special form of bacterial cell movement, known as mentous structures known as pili or fimbriae extend- twitching motility. In contrast, the more recently ing from their surfaces. Despite the diversity in pilus discovered pili in Gram-positive bacteria are formed structure and biogenesis, pili in Gram-negative bac- by covalent polymerization of pilin subunits in a teria are typically formed by non-covalent homopo- process that requires a dedicated sortase enzyme. lymerization of major pilus subunit proteins (pilins), Minor pilins are added to the fiber and play a major which generates the pilus shaft. Additional pilins may role in host cell colonization. be added to the fiber and often function as host cell This review gives an overview of the structure, adhesins. Some pili are also involved in biofilm assembly and function of the best-characterized pili formation, phage transduction, DNA uptake and a of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease
    toxins Review Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease Rosalia Marcano 1, M. Ángeles Rojo 2 , Damián Cordoba-Diaz 3 and Manuel Garrosa 1,* 1 Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the “bioactive center” of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering the Human Microbiome, a Natural Double-Barreled Approach Towards Solving Both Our Current Antibiotic Resistance and Sepsis Problems
    American Journal of www.biomedgrid.com Biomedical Science & Research ISSN: 2642-1747 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Opinion Copy Right@ Toleman MA Engineering the Human Microbiome, A Natural Double-Barreled Approach Towards Solving both our Current Antibiotic Resistance and Sepsis Problems Martins W1, Mathias J1, Babenko D2 and Toleman MA1* 1Cardiff University Medical school, Department of Immunology and Infection, The Heath hospital, UK 2Karaganda Medical University, Kazakhstan *Corresponding author: Toleman MA, Cardiff University Medical school, Department of Immunology and Infection, The Heath hospital, Cardiff, UK. To Cite This Article: Martins W, Mathias J, Babenko D, Toleman MA, Engineering the Human Microbiome, A Natural Double-Barreled Approach Towards Solving both our Current Antibiotic Resistance and Sepsis Problems. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2020 - 11(3). AJBSR.MS.ID.001632. DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2020.11.001632. Received: December 12, 2020; Published: December 18, 2020 Opinion resistance mechanism responsible for this rise was an enzyme Many of the bacteria that cause life-threatening infection live called CTX-M-15 that gave resistance to the penicillin, monobactam, in very close association with us. Escherichia coli, for example and cephalosporin classes of the ß-lactam family of antibiotics (c. causes 80% of common community associated urinary tract infections and is also the main cause of serious (blood-stream) in several enteric pathogens including E. coli in New Delhi, India infection throughout Europe [1,2]. However, E. coli routinely lives 50% of all antibiotics) [7]. Its gene blaCTX-M-15 was first isolated in 2000 [8]. Later publications indicated that it was widespread as a commensal organism in our gut.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Issues of Nano-Bio-Science
    Current Issues of Nano-Bio-Science CeNS Winterschool 2003 Mauterndorf, Austria 24-28 February 2003 Current Issues of Nano-Bio-Science CeNS Winterschool 2003 Mauterndorf, Austria 24-28 February 2003 in cooperation with SFB 486 and SFB 513 Program Committee Organisation Christoph Bräuchle Monika Kaempfe Jan von Delft Evelyn Morgenroth Hermann Gaub Joachim Rädler Jörg P. Kotthaus Paul Leiderer Joachim Rädler Internal Students’ Seminar: Schedule Saturday, 22nd February 7:30 pm Meeting in front of the castle’s lower gate to go the “Skialm” together 8:00 pm Get-together at the „Skialm“ in Mauterndorf (in the Skiing center) (kitchen closes at 9:30 pm) Sunday, 23rd February 9:45 am Introduction (W. Parak, F. Simmel) 10:00 am Simon Keller (AG Rädler) 10:30 am Stefan Griessl (AG Heckl) 11:00 am Coffee break 11:30 am Christine Meyer (AG Kotthaus) 12:00 pm Michael Sindel (AG von Delft) 12:30 pm Lunch (not provided), informal discussions 5:00 pm Ferdinand Kühner (AG Gaub) 5:30 pm Stefan Beyer (NG Simmel) Teresa Pellegrino (NG Parak) 6:00 pm Stefan Kowarik (AG Feldmann) 6:30 pm Break 7:00 pm Niklolay Petkov (AG Bein) 7:30 pm Sebastian Gritschneder (AG Reichling) 8:00 pm Ralf Bausinger / Johanna Kirstein (AG Bräuchle) 8:30 pm Conclusion Program Monday, 24th February 2003 8.30 – 8.45 Opening 8.45 – 9.45 Cees Dekker, Delft University of Technology Carbon nanotubes as model systems for nanoelectronics and nanosensors 9.45 – 10.45 Ulf Diederichsen, Universität Göttingen Molecular architecture with biooligomers 10.45 – 11.15 Coffee Break 11.15 – 12.15 Wolfgang
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Crystalline Bacterial Outer Membranes Are Critical for Antibiotic Susceptibility
    Liquid crystalline bacterial outer membranes are critical for antibiotic susceptibility Nicolò Paracinia, Luke A. Cliftonb, Maximilian W. A. Skodab, and Jeremy H. Lakeya,1 aInstitute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; and bISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 OQX, United Kingdom Edited by Hiroshi Nikaido, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 21, 2018 (received for review March 6, 2018) The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is a robust, The OM is difficult to precisely address by biophysical methods impermeable, asymmetric bilayer of outer lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in vivo, largely because of the close proximity of the inner mem- and inner phospholipids containing selective pore proteins which brane. This has led to considerable debate concerning its structure confer on it the properties of a molecular sieve. This structure severely and dynamics (9). Although its asymmetric lipid distribution was limits the variety of antibiotic molecules effective against Gram- initially controversial, it is now widely accepted that LPS is the negative pathogens and, as antibiotic resistance has increased, so has major lipid component of the outer leaflet while phospholipids are the need to solve the OM permeability problem. Polymyxin B (PmB) confined to the periplasmic side of the membrane (1). However, represents those rare antibiotics which act directly on the OM and while plasma membranes are generally accepted to be fluid sys- which offer a distinct starting point for new antibiotic development. tems, the physical state of OM lipids remains unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Versatile Effects of Bacterium-Released Membrane Vesicles on Mammalian Cells and Infectious/ Inflammatory Diseases
    Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2018) 39: 514–533 © 2018 CPS and SIMM All rights reserved 1671-4083/18 www.nature.com/aps Review Article Versatile effects of bacterium-released membrane vesicles on mammalian cells and infectious/ inflammatory diseases You-jiang YU1, Xiao-hong WANG2, Guo-Chang FAN2, * 1Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Abstract Gram-negative bacterium-released outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) and Gram-positive bacterium-released membrane vesicles (MVs) share significant similarities with mammalian cell-derived MVs eg( , microvesicles and exosomes) in terms of structure and their biological activities. Recent studies have revealed that bacterial OMVs/MVs could (1) interact with immune cells to regulate inflammatory responses, (2) transport virulence factors (eg, enzymes, DNA and small RNAs) to host cells and result in cell injury, (3) enhance barrier function by stimulating the expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal epithelial cells, (4) upregulate the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and (5) serve as natural nanocarriers for immunogenic antigens, enzyme support and drug delivery. In addition, OMVs/MVs can enter the systemic circulation and induce a variety of immunological and metabolic responses. This review highlights the recent advances in the understanding of OMV/MV biogenesis and their compositional remodeling. In addition, interactions between OMVs/MVs and various types of mammalian cells (ie, immune cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells) and their pathological/preventive effects on infectious/inflammatory diseases are summarized. Finally, methods for engineering OMVs/MVs and their therapeutic potential are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Conformations Facilitate Pilt Function in the Type IV Pilus
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/672212; this version posted June 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Multiple conformations facilitate PilT function in the type IV pilus Matthew McCallum1,2, Samir Benlekbir2, Sheryl Nguyen2, Stephanie Tammam2, John L. Rubinstein1,2,3,*, Lori L. Burrows4,*, and P. Lynne Howell1,2,* 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada 2Program in Molecular Structure & Function, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for SicK Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada. 3Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1l7, Canada. 4Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Lynne Howell. Phone: 416-813-5378; Email: [email protected] Dr. Lori Burrows, Phone: 905-525-9140, x22029; Email: [email protected] Dr. John Rubinstein. Phone 416-813-7255; [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/672212; this version posted June 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Type IV pilus-like systems are protein complexes that polymerize a fibre of pilins. They are critical for virulence in many pathogens. Pilin polymerization and depolymerization are powered by motor PilT-like ATPases thought to possess C2 symmetry. However, most PilT-like ATPases crystallize with either C3 or C6 symmetry and the relevance of these conformations is unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Outer Membrane Proteins of Porphyromonas Gingivalis in Host-Pathogen Interactions Kathryn Lucy Naylor
    The Role of Outer Membrane Proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Host-Pathogen Interactions By: Kathryn Lucy Naylor A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health School of Clinical Dentistry 23 / 08 / 2016 Summary The keystone periodontal pathogen, P. gingivalis, is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that is strongly implicated as the prime etiological agent in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. P. gingivalis contains a plethora of virulence factors, including fimbriae, proteases, lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins that contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The bacterium also displays the ability to interact with host cells through the adherence and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. In this thesis new light has been shed on the role of the heterotrimeric outer membrane protein A (OmpA). Through the creation of ompA mutants and recombinant complementation plasmids, alongside the use of standard antibiotic protection assays in an oral epithelial cell line, this research has demonstrated the importance of OmpA, specifically the OmpA2 subunit, in the invasion of the host and in the ability of the bacteria to form biofilms. Structural analysis of the protein identified extracellular loops, which when synthetic versions were applied to host cells, demonstrated successful interruption of wild-type P. gingivalis adherence and invasion of the host, indicating a direct interaction of OmpA2 with oral epithelial cells. In particular, this research demonstrates that OmpA2-loop 4 plays an important role in the interaction with the host through significantly increased binding to host cells when applied to fluorescent latex beads.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteriophage-Derived Endolysins Applied As Potent Biocontrol Agents to Enhance Food Safety
    microorganisms Review Bacteriophage-Derived Endolysins Applied as Potent Biocontrol Agents to Enhance Food Safety Yoonjee Chang Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-910-4775 Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 12 May 2020; Published: 13 May 2020 Abstract: Endolysins, bacteriophage-encoded enzymes, have emerged as antibacterial agents that can be actively applied in food processing systems as food preservatives to control pathogens and ultimately enhance food safety. Endolysins break down bacterial peptidoglycan structures at the terminal step of the phage reproduction cycle to enable phage progeny release. In particular, endolysin treatment is a novel strategy for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are a severe and increasingly frequent problem in the food industry. In addition, endolysins can eliminate biofilms on the surfaces of utensils. Furthermore, the cell wall-binding domain of endolysins can be used as a tool for rapidly detecting pathogens. Research to extend the use of endolysins toward Gram-negative bacteria is now being extensively conducted. This review summarizes the trends in endolysin research to date and discusses the future applications of these enzymes as novel food preservation tools in the field of food safety. Keywords: endolysin; antimicrobial; biocontrol; disinfection; food safety 1. Introduction Contamination of food by foodborne pathogens is a serious issue in the food industry; for example, contamination by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium spp. during food processing can threaten human health and lead to economic losses [1]. Therefore, it is recognized that novel strategies to control pathogenic bacteria in foods are urgently required.
    [Show full text]
  • Outer-Membrane Vesicles from Gram-Negative Bacteria: Biogenesis and Functions
    REVIEWS Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions Carmen Schwechheimer and Meta J. Kuehn Abstract | Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production of OMVs allows bacteria to interact with their environment, and OMVs have been found to mediate diverse functions, including promoting pathogenesis, enabling bacterial survival during stress conditions and regulating microbial interactions within bacterial communities. Additionally, because of this functional versatility, researchers have begun to explore OMVs as a platform for bioengineering applications. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the study of OMVs, focusing on new insights into the mechanisms of biogenesis and the functions of these vesicles. Outer-membrane vesicle In all domains of life — Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane, and (OMVs). Spherical portions — cells produce and release membrane-bound mate- the periplasmic space in between, which contains a (approximately 20–250 nm in rial, often termed membrane vesicles, microvesicles, layer of peptidoglycan (PG)11. The outer membrane diameter) of the outer exosomes, tolerasomes, agrosomes and virus-like parti- is a fairly unusual outermost cell barrier, being com- membrane of Gram-negative Outer-membrane vesicles bacteria, containing cles. (OMVs), which are derived posed of an interior leaflet of phospholipids and an outer-membrane lipids and from the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, have exterior leaflet of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; also known proteins, and soluble been observed and studied for decades. All types of as endotoxin). The cytoplasmic membrane consists of periplasmic content.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogenesis of Outer Membrane Vesicles Concentrates the Unsaturated Fatty Acid of Phosphatidylinositol in Capnocytophaga Ochracea
    fmicb-12-682685 May 20, 2021 Time: 15:23 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 21 May 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682685 Biogenesis of Outer Membrane Vesicles Concentrates the Unsaturated Fatty Acid of Phosphatidylinositol in Capnocytophaga ochracea Divya Naradasu1†, Waheed Miran1†, Shruti Sharma1,2†, Satoshi Takenawa1, Takamitsu Soma3, Nobuhiko Nomura3,4, Masanori Toyofuku3,4 and Akihiro Okamoto1,5* 1 International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan, 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 3 Graduate School Edited by: of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, 4 Microbiology Research Center Satoshi Tsuneda, for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, 5 Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Reviewed by: Arif Tasleem Jan, Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical lipid bilayer nanostructures Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, India released by bacteria that facilitate oral biofilm formation via cellular aggregation Aleksandr G. Bulaev, and intercellular communication. Recent studies have revealed that Capnocytophaga Federal Center Research Fundamentals of Biotechnology ochracea is one of the dominant members of oral biofilms; however, their potential for (RAS), Russia OMV production has yet to be investigated. This study demonstrated the biogenesis *Correspondence: of OMVs in C. ochracea associated with the concentration of unsaturated fatty Akihiro Okamoto acids of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and characterized the size and protein profile of [email protected] OMVs produced at growth phases. Transmission electron microscopy showed isolated †These authors have contributed equally to this work spherical structures from cells stained with heavy metals, indicating the production of OMVs with a size ranging from 25 to 100 nm.
    [Show full text]