A JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION ART, SCIENCE,MECHANICS, AGRICULTURE, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. IN VOL. n.-No. 9. NEW 25, 1860. NEW YORK, FEBRUARY SERIES.

IMPROVED STEAM FIRE ENGINE. tion in order to keep our readers informed in regard to 3 is .a vertical, and Fig. 4 a horizontal section. The fire­ The superiority of a rota y motion for a steam engi e the progress of improvement in both these machines. place is represente at M, Fig. 4, with the vertical water­ r n I d is so manifest that it is not strange that many attemtps Fig. is a view of the whole machine, E being the pipes, pas n 1 i i., si g directly through the fire. These have o o C been made to overcome the practical difficulties t b iler, B the engine, and the pump. The construction pipes are closed at the bottom, and open at the top which it is subject. One of these difficulties-indeed, of this engine is illustrated in Fig. 2. The steam enters where they pass through a water-tight plate, g, and com­ the principal one-.has been the packing the part which at A, and passes out at F, turning the two re olvers, of v c municate with the water in the boiler which I'ises to tho performs the office ohbe piston in the straight cylinder. and d, in its passage. The sides of these revolvers are level They are represented in of j.. sectiou at the sides, Robert Stephenson k k being the exter­ expressed the opinion nal, and II the inter­ a few years ago, that nal tubes, both open a rot ry e gine woul a n d at the top, and the never be made to internal tubes having work profitablyon ac- openings at the bot­ ceunt of the difficulty .Fig. .l tom. This arrange- . of packing. For our ment causes· a con­ own part, though we stant current, the have cautioned our water rising on the readers the fiel that d outside of the tube, I, had been gone over as it is heated, and many times by men of its place being sup­ rare genius, our �e­ plied by a current rience has so impress­ flowing downward ed us with the fertility through the tube from ()f resource among the boiler.�The smoke our inventors that we and flamepass among have al ays w enter­ the tubes, • i ;, and tained a lingering up through the flues, ho e of seeing the de­ p h h h, which are rep­ fects in the rotary resented in section at engine .all removed, the sides, j j. It and its great advan­ seems to be now the tages rendered avail­ pretty general opinion able. The most pal­ that steam can be pable of these advan­ generated more rapid­ tages are the reduc­ ly in vertical tubes tion in the size of the than by any other engine in proportion plan yet tried. to the power (result­ The inventor of ing from the greater SILSBY, MYNDERSE OO.'S STEAM FIRE ENGINE. & this improvement in velocity of the piston) boilers is M. R. avoidance of the tremendous straia, especially in pro­ packed as represented, by the blocks of metal inserted Clapp, who has assigned his interest to Messrs. Silsby, pelling ships, and finally a great saving of power which into the grooves and pressed ont by the elastic springs. Mynderse & Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y., to whom per­ is expended in the recip ocating engine in overcoming The ends of the revolvers are ground to the ends of the r sons desiring further information in relation to these inertia, in changing the direction of the motions. This cylinders in whieh they turn; and we are assured that, boilers or engines will please address.

last subject is forcing itself more and more upon the after eighteen months' use, these ends still fit absolutely ______••. �.4 ___ ------attention of mecha c ans, and its importance is not yet st am-tight. The pump is made precisely like the en- ni i e ExPERIMENTS WITH WATER WHEELS AT PHILADEL­ by any means fully appre­ PHIA.-As we have had ciated. These advantages many inquiries regarding the adapt the rotary engine in experiments with water an especial manner to the wheels at Philadelphia, un­ driving of a locomotive fire der the supervision of Chief­ engine; and when our read­ engineer Birkenbine, we ers are told that this appli­ would state, for the general cation has been made, that information of all, that they all difficulties have been are not yet quite finished. surmounted, and that the Two r or th ee wheels have packing, after 18 months' yet to be tested, but it is ex­ trial, has been found per­ pected that these operations fectly tight, they will sym­ will be completed this pathize with us in our inter­ month, and that some time est in these statements. They during the month of March are made by Silsby, Myn­ report on the enti e sub­ a r derse Co., in elation to l & r ject wi l be made out. We the engines which they man­ shall endeavor to pr��nt the ufacture on the plan inven t­ same to our readers at as. ed by Birdsill Holly, and early a d�te as possible. We patented in 1855. Wo .know that very great inte ­ have a r already given two engravings of engines made on this est is felt in the subject by our hydraulic en ine rs, gine; the revolvers, being carried around by gears upon g e mill­ plan, but the important modifications which the outside of the cylinder, worn very little whe wrights, and mill-owners, becaus it conceded by have been are re is made in the mode of constructing them, combined with they run together. all those who have been witnesses of the experiments the eat interest felt both in rotary engines and in that he are conducted in most fair and trust. gr The principal improvement in this fire engine, made t y a eam engines, induces to give this third iIlustra- worthy st fire us since our last illustration, is in the boiler, of which Fig. manner.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 130 THE

ANNUAL REPORT the important bearing which the patent laws now have practice, and present it to the public as a perfect working upon all sections of the country, will prove sufficient to machine, secured by Letters Patent of the United States, OF THE engage its immediate attention. before the first inven�or has even commenced a drawing OOMMISSIONER OF PATENTS Under existing laws no provision is made for s uring or written a des ription of the sa S se } . ec c me. till, in this ca , UNITED OFFICE, the testimony of witnesses in contested cases pending th bu ta y inventor, by the aid of the ry w !'iTA'fES PATENT e first t rd ve ork­ January 26, 1860. before this Office. As a natural conseqnence of this, ing machine of his more diligent rival, may finally suc­ SIR:-In with the 14th section of the act cOlllpliance cases are frequently decided, involving thousands and ceed in reducing his invention to practice, and then ob­ entitled "An Act in addition to Act to promote the an even hundreds of thousands of dollars, upon the testi­ tain a patent for the same device, and thus render the progress of and Useful Arts," approved March Science mony of merely voluntary witnesses. Many persons well-earned property of the other perfectly worthless. In 3, 1857, have the honor to submit the following report I whose testimony is important in snch cases, well know­ order to remedy this defect in the law, I would recom­ of the operation of this Office, dnring the year termina­ ing that there is no law by which they can be compelled mend that, in interference cases, he shall be deemed the ting the 31st of ecember 1859: D , to testify, either decline to appear as witnesses at all, or firsta nd original inventor, who prev ous to the application o. 1. , i N govern their action according to the amount of money of either party for a patent, first filed a caveat in the Pat­ Statement 0/ the Transactions �f the Patent Office during which may be offered by the parties in interest. The ent Office, describing his inYention; and in case no ca­ the Yea,. 1859. ­ a en s daring the yenr 1 5 ..•• . ••.6,225 esult" of this is tha t, in such cases, the poor a om eat is so who first presented the Office and Number of applica.tions for p t t 8 9 r re c v filed, he to s n ud n designs, l'e-issues antI Number of pa.tent granted, i cl i g additional improvements ...... ••.... , .•...... •...... 4, 533 pletely in the power of the rich-the weak in the hands completed his application for a patent, shall be entitled of caveats l ..•.•...... •..•...•...... ••...... •.•.1 ,0lJ7 Number fi ed Number of extension patents...... of t e strong. This is not only repugnant to the great to the patent, unless it shall appear (from the testimony applicatiuH8 fu1' of 41 h of te s extendcd ._,...... •.•...... • ...... Number pa nt . :t.l prineiple of equality upon which our government is based, submitted) that the person ing such cay cat or first umbe of patents expired, Dec. 185 •••.••.• .•••.•••••••.• 56:1 first fiI N r Gl, 0 , at wa ith ve y p inciple of justice and equity. makll1g such application \Vas not an original and bona..jide Of the patents granted, there were- but is r w e r r To citizens of the Utlited ...... There are many other alterntiond and amendments to the irlYentor of the device for which he seeks patent. Stutes ...... 4,401 a To subjects of r at Britain...... G e 23 sUb ects of the Fr empire...... present patent laws required, in order to adapt them to Such an amendment to the present law would work no 'fo encl . If) subjects) of other formg: n governments...... 8 To the wants and necessities of inventors and of the public; hardship to an honest inventor and would prove Il,n patents issued to citizens of the United States , The these have been so frequently alluded to by my pl'edeces­ effectual bar to a va�t amount of pCljnry, while it would were distributed among the several States, Territ ories , in their annual reports, and so ights of patentees and the public &c., as follows:- SOl'S urgently I'ecom- render the r of more se' mended by them to the fjlyorable consideration of Con- cure. In addition to this, it would v ry materially re­ ...•... Michigan...... 20 . e . 64 Alabama...... New York 1,237 vermont...... ';3 Mis.issippi...... 25 Pennsyl vania.... 532 . gress, tIll1� � d em it unnecessary to d anything more duce the number ot contested cases before the Patent )1nsBachuBetts... 4H2 g 0 ...... than ndo se the l'acolnmendation made by the Office as well as before the courts. I b lieve this recom­ Ohio . 390 to e r m e • Connectic.lt..... 2513 ri� t�y!���·����i.��:: i� tf��i���_�:�::::l . .•.. • • • 2f)f) ��i';e�:.�.-� .'?��: pract'ice of the --Office, however has suggested mendation will be sanctioned by most men of standing Illinois. . , Indiana...... 14'2 �I tri���;���::::.. :: g 'rhe additional features, which haye not hereto­ and respectability who have been accustomed to the in­ Jersey..... 119 ��tt��1�::::::: �k one or two NewMaryland...... 116 ��·�'i�\;'.:::::::·.: t heen brought the attention of Congress, but which vestigation and trial of patent same time RllOde Island.. . . 85 � fore to cases. At the . ..• . • 71 i���;'l'ennessee'���Y::::::: . ... . g31 :rr't'A::�}::::�':S. Navy...... Wisconl:tin . U. deserve serious consideration at their hands. Under the it is not at all improbable that a certain class of patent i gin a ; ...... • 2 V r i 65 Texas...... 2f1 Hampshire 65 North Carolina.. 26 Tota!...... 4,4 fll the t .July 4th, 1836, the Commis- agents who make p o t by aiding dishonest men New . . 8th section of ac of seck to r fi No. �!. sioner is required, whenever an application is made for a in annoying and robbing honest inventors of their just Statement at the Patmt Office during rights, rather than b an hon bl practice of t ei pro­ rif },[oneys Received [mtent which would interfere with any other application y ora e h r Yea,. 1859. fession, may endeavor to defeat any amendment of the " the w h nex ir d patent already Received on p te , re-i,,"es, additional already p ending or it any u p e appli4!llition. fOi" a nts , law which will diminish litigation, fran d perjury and improvements, extensions, caveats, disclaimers and np_ , . granted, to declare an interference between the parties . peals ...•. .••..••...... •...•...... •...... •..•..•..$228 ,Bfl4 corruption It is a matter of regret that the pr sent law 0(; e Received f0r copies and recording assignment.'...... 17,;.7815 t li the q stion of p i rit of affords many facilities for the dishonest pra ti es of f0,. . III order o estab sh ue r o y invention. so c c such men, by whom innocen inve tors a ontinua y Total.•• ...... •.••...•.•••.••••.••...... ••.. " .... $�45�94J 15 on ap ea and no t n re c ll •• It has been held hy the judgeli p l, i� w held No.3. plundered. bv this Office, that he is the first and original inventor of tlte Fund dll1'ing The business of the Patent Office is rapidly increasing Statement Fatent ni the patent law) who first on­ Expenditures from (�vithin the mea ng of c from year to year, as is evinced by the fact that. the num­ the Ywr 1859. t invention, rst of appli ations for patents during the year 1859 salaries ... .•. . • ...... • ...... • . . $03,2·1.2 31'1 cei"cd the idea of h(j fi c was . . � ...... • anel gave such all her I?or ...... nearly 60 per cent more than during the year 1855. 'rClllp(Jl'Ul'Y clerk� ...... 43,47,,) 25 p e i n ha idea, ither verbally or in any other Contingent eXpel1::lC8...... ·n,5Gl 4)-, ex r ss o to t t ...... e Notwithstanding this, the number principal and first­ P:LYlllPntt! to appeal of in CUt:lcs...... 87il CO mau er, as would enahle any person skilled in the art to e � mjudgC6on paid into the 'l'l'ea8tu·y by assistant Examiners remains the same. To th se Rcfundin ey mistakE'...... 391 00 ; gentle­ Refunding lUoney on with(lrawnls ...... •...... SO,733 which s ch invention a ppertained, to onstruct there­ e s d all pl tions fo 3:.l u c tnen is ntru te the examination of ap ica r p e d r to determine their novelty ...... " ...... " ...... " ...... $21U,278 41 working m odel o r achine. Scarcely patent at or e and patent­ Tota!...... from a m a. nts, in NO. 4. ability. The labor of performing tlris duty on every ap. is granted which proves profitable to the inventor and plication for a patent must necessarily increase in propor­ Statement if the of the Patent Fund. ublic bu hat U1;tder this section of Condition important to the p , t t , to the number of applications for similar inventions Amount to the credit of the I.latent Fund on the 1st of tion Ja uary, 1&19•. . ••••. . • ..•• ••• ••••. •••• ••••• • •• • ••• $;0,241 the law, is brought into interfe rence with subsequent ap­ previously made. Henee it follows that the labor and n • • •• • 8� Amount paid in during the 15 year...... :14;),(!42 plical ions. Thus not only the first patentee, but all those time necessary to im"cstigate, thoroughly, the novelty Total.. .••. •.•• . ..• ...... •• . .. • .••...•...... •• . .•• .•• and patentability of invention increase from year to OS have purchas d rights nder him, on the strength of an Deduct the m u t of expendilures durin the year. • . .•.�$3D:).j ."4 41 who u a o n g 210,273 e year. Unless, therefore, authority is given by law for Lctters Patent issued by the United States, are liable to on the 1st of nu , the increase of the nnmber of these officersin proportion Which 12t\,ves in the rrreaSlll'Y .Ja ary }8£9, su of... •...... •...... •. . • $85,9()5 t ei property, upon the t stimony of the increase in the number ap i atio s for patents, the m 62 be deprived of h r e to of pl c n one of must necebsarily occur-either h sty and No.5. witnesses, that a subsequent ap plicant for a p atent two evils a exhibiting the the Patent Officefor imperfect examinations, or great delay to the business. Table Business '!f Sev­ for the same invention had conceived and explained enteen Years, end g December 31, 1859. The ont nual and almost n less l tiga­ in former results in c i e d i others the same idea, previous to the clate of Caveats Patents Cash Cash to tion, while the latter would soon become so annoying and filed. issued. received. expended. h eas th oub esom to inventors as to prel'ent them from YQars. 531 $:3",315 81 $;10,776 the invention of the patentee. T e e wi which tr l e seeking AKY!�i�lS8Hl 315 UG 1843...... 1841.... •.••• 1,045 502 42�5:]9 26 311,344 73 to obtain patents at all. Rather than suffer the business usa testimony of this kind can be obtained, and the lia . 1845 ..••••••• 1, 6 502 51,07H 14 39,395 65 24 4.5� of the Office to become seriously delayed we have been 1840 . . •••••.. 1,212 619 50,264 16 46,15S 71 , 44;:) bility on the part of witnesses to he mIstak n in regard 1847 .• ••• . ••. I,5:n 533 63,111 19 41,878 35 e compelled to grant patents upon hasty examinations. As 572 1848 . ..•• . .•• Gil7 G60 67,:"i76 fi9 58,H05 84 extent and details of an invention explained 1,0':J3 to the a natural consequence many things have been patented 1849 ••••• . •• 1,955 595 1,070 80,752 78 77,716 44 , t which ought been rej d. This diffi u ty mus 18.50•.• •., • 995 86,927 80,100 ['5 to them many years b efore renders property in pa .ents to have ecte c l t •• • 2,193 GO;] 05 1851. •• •.••• 760 869 95 738 61 86,9W 9:{ ontinu to e xist un ess Congress confers npon the Com­ 2,258 pre a iou and uncertain. An honest and c e l 18 2 . . .••, •... 110�1) 112,066, 84 95.916 extremely c r s � 9rt6 m missioner its authority to add to the force of Examiners ...... *,t!��,hlu 901 953 121,5�7 45 132,8139 1853 . 83 bona-fide inventor, who has expended years of labor and 1854•. ..•..•• 3�224.. 1.,90:3 163,789 84 167,141; 32 fr ID time to time as the necessities of t bnsiness re­ 8Ji8 O he 1855. • •.••••• 2,02·1 211.;,4£)9 35 179�54() 33 {ion large amounts of money in p rfecting and patenting an q ire. As the inventors of country pay for all the •••••• ..• 4,nfiO4,435 1�02·1 2,0:;:1 19.3,588 02 e 1856 02 1H9,o:n u the •• .••• ••• 4,771 1,0.10 2,010 1913,13:3 01 211,582 for is lia l he de­ expenses of these examinations, it is no more than just 1857 O!i invention, and creating a market it, b e to 1858•. .••..•• 5 36 3, 1 2U3�71V 193,Hl3 74 4 918 7 0 Hi to them that their busincss should be transacted properly 1859••••••••• 6,'t25, 1,097 4,538 245,!J42 15 210,278 41 prived of his property by any person who can find wit­ and with dispatch. I would therefore re commend that n e ved and described Total. .48,3:J� 12,437 25,8"-1 $2,025,483 $1,888,H53 21 nesses to swear that he co c i the same su h auth it be on e d upon o missio er sub­ 01 c or y c f rre the C m n , The above statement of the t nsa ons of the yention prior to the invention of the pat nt e. There ject, however, to the p ovisi n that the u ra cti Pat- in e e r o ann al expenses of the ffice shall in no case exceed th annual eceipts ent Office during the year 1859 affords a gratifying indi­ is no species of property in the country subject to the O e r . For some time past, three of the principal Examiners cation of the advancement of our country tlie art of same hazards and uncertainty as property in patents, s�b­ in have been withdrawn from their appropriatc duties, and civilized if wisdom of Congress ject as it is to the above-named contingencies. Neither l e, and demonstrates the have been entirely occupied in the exammation of ap­ in enacting laws to protect the inventor in the enjoyment are there any cases in which false testimony can be pre­ peals from the decisions of the Examiners in rejected ap­ the uits of his labor. The of this coun­ sented with as little liability to dete tion as in the trial plications for patents. In the meantime t!Jeir duties have of fr patent laws c been performed by first-assistant Examiners. Under try are based upon the idea that, if tho inYentor is af­ of interferences to establish priority of nvention The , i these circumstances it is no more than right that such o r n b protection for hil' invention, his en­ error in the it stands, consists in aw. arding f rded a easo a le law, as now first-assistant Examiners should be allowed the salarv of i al xa ine s, er­ ergies and talent will be constantly exerted in devising priority to the person who first conceived and described pr ncip E m r for the time that they ha\'e p their duties. They have performed the duti s something new and useful to the public. '{'hese laws the invention, and in giving no consideration to the formed e assigned to them with credit and fidelity; and I earnestly have answered, to a great extent, the purposes for which bona-jide inventor who first reduces his invention to prac­ recommend that they be allowed the salaries as snggested. they were intended, but experience has proved that they tice, or first notifies the Officeof his hlVention, either by e e l has :For s l" ra years in sllccession Congress been appealed to by tbe te Office, b th pub i , and by are yet defective in many respects. The necessity of fur­ a caveat or by an application for a patent. As between Pa nt y e l c the inventors of the ountry, to revise and amend ther legislation on part of Congress, for the purpose two independent inventors, he certainly is entitled to c the our patent laws. These inventors arc an intelligent, {}e­ of remedying these defects, has been urged by my pre­ the most credit, and best deserves the rewaIod, who first serving, influential Rnd important portion of our citizens, decessors for the st o s however, has edu es his inv ntion to p a tical shape and first gives la five years. C ngres , r c e a r c whose just demane.s and urgent necessities should no failed to afford the e i so rgent ot­ the ub ic the o p rtunity use it. On mau may con­ longer be disregarded. For othor reasons, it is to r med es u ly desired. N p l p o to e be hoped that Congress will no longer delay taking such withstanding this, I deem it my duty again to call its ceive an invention and yet require years before he may action on the subject as will fully me t the and p c i e. In th e wants attention to this subject, in the hope that the still greater be able to reduce it to ra t c e meantime, an­ necessities of the country. necessity whi h now exists for further legislation, and conceiv ng the same nvention, may r du e to c other, i i e c it The 14th seetion of the Act of Congress, approved

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN� 131

AMERICAN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. PENGUIN." March 3, 1837, and entitled" An Act in addition to an THE STEAMER" Act to promotc the progress of Science and Useful Arts, " Naval pre-eminence secures uuiversal dominion over This steamer was built by the Commercial StCflmboat r�qnircs the Commissioner" to report annually to Con­ Ja all pntents the wealth of the world ; since whoever commands the Company; and has but recently taken her place on the gl'C5S, in the month of nuary, a list of d year, designating un er P c I. grnnted during the prece ing d sea commands commerce, and whoever controls the traffic route between New York city and roviden e, R. propel' hea s the snbjects of such patents, nnd fumishing d of the nations commands the riches, the liberties and the \Ve annex full particulars of hull, together with minute ulphahcticallist of the patentees, with their places of an happi ss of w rld. s eri qualities of details of her machinery:-Length on cleck, from fore­ l'csiJcnce; list of all patents which shall ne the o The up or also a have b d ing t sa e period, t gether Ameri an merchant shi s causing them to fast s part of stem to after-part of stern-post, a ve the spur 1"""'lIJe pnblie property ur he m o c p are up­ o and ond t.i n with suC'h o ther information of the state c i o plant the mercantile I! avies of every other nation, and deck, 165 fcet; breadth of beam (molded), at midship of Patcnt Office as may be useful to Congress aud tlw our yessels are rapidly becoming the carriers for people section above the main wales, 30 feet 8 inches; depth of the public." . hold, 10 feet; of hold to spar d ck, 17 feet 6 The 4th section of the Act of Congress, approved of evcry clime. As much of the commercial greatness of depth e K nche ; water at line, 12 feet; draft of March 3, 1859, and entitled" An Act ma ing Appro­ the United States is due to oUt's hip-builders and naviga­ i s draft of loael ri tions the Legislative, Executive and Jndical p H for Ex­ tors, it will therefore, at all times, give us much pleasure water below pressure ami revolutions, 11 fcet 9 inchcs; of fo the Year ending the c ; P"rlSCS Government r thirtieth to publish such written communications from pract.ical length of engine sp ce, 10 feet 8 in hes tunnage, Jnne, 1860 " provides that "the Secretary of the a of , 460. Her f ame ak, be, is her by directed to cause the annual men of the above class as we may deem conducive to the r 1S made of white o chestnut and Interior autl he e a a c report of the Commissioner of Patents, on mech nics, to enlightenment of our readers, in regard to the progress h cmetac; it is molded 14 by 9 inch s, and 11 inches, made to the Senate and House of Represen­ h,' hereaftcr of improvements designed to promote the advancement and 26 inches apart at centers; depth of her keel, 14 t",h'e�, to be prcp ared and submitted in such manner a a with iuches. that the p a es and drawings necessary to illustrate of m ritime science , aud in ccordance this resolu­ as l t The is fitted with a vibrating lever (Ericsson) cadi subject shall be inserted so as to comprise the entire t.ion, we will now proceed to detail the general construc­ Penguin report in one volnme not to exceed 800 pages." tion and peculiar points of three recently-.completed engine; diameter of cylinders (two) 48 inches; length It b3 obRon'ed, from the foregoing provisions of ; will vessels, which are considered to exhibit, in many respects, of stroke of pist.on, 2 fect 6 inches diameter of propcller law [of 1837]. that the Commissioner is requit'ed to thn 11 feet inches; pitch of same, 20 feet ; length of report annllally Congress - st, A list of all patents marked evidences of that excellence which always results 6 to : ) blades, 4 feet 6 inch s; number of blades, 4. gmnt"d during the year preceding, and an alphabetical from a perfect coincidence of action between the designing e th patentees, with their p c s res denc ; retul'll tubular boilo , the length of which libt of e la e of i e 2J, mind and the execntiug hand. She has one r A list of all patents which shall have expired during the is 20 feet of same, 14 feet 3 inches ; hight STEAMER" GEORGE ANNA." j breadth preceding year; 3d, Plates and drawings ill rate THE c to ust (exclusive of steam- hests) 13 feet inches; and beneath subject; 4th, Such other information of the state 6 T vessel has j st left a d of ead} his u the h n s her builders, and there e 4 et each; and condition of the Patent Office as may be useful to this ar three furnaces-breadth fe ta�e appropriate place on h Congr�ss aud the public. Every effort has bcen made to will at 0�0il_ her t e route of length of fire-bars 7 feet 6 inches. There are 93 tubes, limit the rise of the mechanical report, so that it migh intended .service, wl!ichis between the ports of Balti t her ­ the internal diameter of which is 3k inches j length of be embraced within 800 pages, as required by the law Richmond, and o cas a y this city. more and c ion ll to Her same, 15 feet; and they possess a he ting sUt'face but this is found to be a physical impossibil­ a of [of IS5!)]; dimensions, with particulars of engines and boilers, are a ity. The list of patents expired and granted during the 2000 square feet; di meter of chimney, 4 feet 4 inches; c given in, detail below:-Length on deck, from fo e-part ; yea\' 1859 will o cupy about 260 pages of the printed r hight 20 feet 3 inches the load on safety valve, in the drawi gs plate necessary to illustrate of to of the deck, report; n or s stem after-part stern-post, above spar pounds, per square inch, is 30; maximum reyolutions each subject ,vill require about 340 p ges; the 6 in hes b h (molded), at mid­ a while 208 feet c readt of beam pel' minute, at above pressure, 70. The area of immersed claims an,l descriptions necessary to explaiu the dm ings, j w ship section above the main wales, 30 {eet; depth of and without which the report would be utterly worthless, section (at load draft of 12 feet) is 323 square feet; the r quir "bout 1,200 p ages more. This inform ion, hold, 10 feet 3 inches depth of hold to spa deck, 18 d will e e at j r cross floors are molded at throats 14 inches, and side 9 hieh required hy law to be anuot therefore feet, i hes; draft of load in , fe ; di­ w is reported, c 3 nc water at l e 6 et to bJ publis d iu less than 1,800 pages. have ] 2 inches. he 'We mens n engine pac 60 feet 4 inches; area d thus io s of s e, of This vesscl contains three masts, and is bark-rigged. b2cn reluctantly compelle to present a report exceeding a immersed section (at load draft of 6 feet) square Her boiler is located on deck; she docs not usc blowers. th� limit prescribed by the l st Congl'ess by 1,000 pages, 169 and have no douht but that Congress, in view of these feet; tunnage, 574. She is fitted with one extra size independent (steam) fire flets, will so modify tll(l law that. future embarrassments v TIHI George Anna is fitted .with a powerful ertical and bilge pu.mp, has bilge injections, and valves or cocks of this kind may not arise. Nothing is' emhraeer! in this beam engine ; dia?leoor of cylinder 44 inches len th to ll bottom. report but such as is believed to be absolutely j g a openings in her information 11 feet 6 inches. D ter to enable Congress and the public to under­ of. stroke of piston, iame of The builder of the hull is C. H. Mallory, of Mystic, necessary stand the condition of the Patent Office, and the charac paddle-wheels (over boards 28 feet 2 inches length of ­ ) j Cann. j the builder of the machinery is C. H. Delama­ of the inventions which have been patented during blades, nch s dept , 1 foot 10 i ches ter 8 feet 3 i e j h n ; ter, of this oi ty. year, while even this is condensed into the the Ltst number of bla es, 20. " d SLOOP "NARRAGANSETT. smallest space that the nature of the case will admit. THE UNITED STAn:s STEA�r Th3 of Congres approved February 185!), She has one retul'll tubular boiler, the length of which }_", s 5, As mnch has been written relative to the disparage­ entitle Act providing for keeping and distributing b e d" An is ] 4 L'ct 6 inches; r adth of same, 14 feet; hight all Puillic Documents," au horized and directed a trans­ ment of this new vessel, and as our naval authorities t (exclnsive of steam chimney) 11 feet 6 inches ; and be­ fer of all matters pertaining to cop rights from the State have dispatched her to a southern nav -yard, preparatory y d y Department the Department f Thc neath this there are five furnaces-brea th feet inc es to o the Interior. 3 6 h , to making extensive alterations and modifications in her ecre tho Interior has very properly placed this and 2 feet 6 inches; length of fire-bars 6 fe et. There are S tary of machinery, we regard it as essentially necessary that our matter 11lldCl' the immediate supel'\·ision of the Commis­ 154 tuhes abol'e; number belolv, 4 arches. Internal diam­ sionei' 1\,13nts. It therefore becomes my duty to call readers should possess a correct knowledge of her dimen· of eter oftnbes above, 31 inches ; istel'llal diameter of arches the attention of Congress this subject. The bject of si ns, with p i to o o art culars of her engines aud boilers j the the copyright law is the xc us ve below, same of fUl'llaces; length of tube both above and to protect authors in e l i details will be found annexed:-Length on deck, from e ownership and control of their own literary productions, below, 5 feet inches; diameter of �himn y, 4 feet 8 6 knigh hea affrail, 208 fee inches; l ngth at the in simila manner to hat by whi h e­ t d t t t 3 e a r t c inventors of m inches; hight of same (above grate), 46 feet 3 inches. o chanical improvements nre protected in the exclusive deep lin , 1 8(; feet 6 inches; length for tun­ The weight of her engine is 210,000 pounds; that of load-water e enjoyment of their own new and original im"entions. nage, 188 feet 6 in hes ; breadth of beam molded) at her boiler, with wa e , is 90,000 pouuds; load sa e c ( The law now requit es a person who may desire to secure t r on f t.y ' midship section, extreme, 31 feet 6 inches; depth of the benefit of a copyright, to make his application to the valve, per squ re inch, 30 p unds. She possesses a heat a ­ h d 14 feet 2 depth of Clerk of District Court of the United States for the o ol , inches; of hold to lower si e the ing smface equal to 2, 4 square feet, and, will consume d distri ct in which the applicant resides. The Cl rk of 11 berth-deck b ams, 5 feet 11 inches; draft of water at c e 1 of a tun of coal pel' hour. The maximum revolutions e the District. Court is dire ted to keep a record of all such deep load line, 10 feet 3 inches; tunnage (carpenter's d aud to transmit (at least once in each year) pel' minute, at above pressure of 30 poun s, arc 22; and applieation�, d measnrement), 930. to this a certifie list of such records and of all steam is cut off at one-half st�'oke; draft fo rward, 6 Ofllcc The is fitted w h two ho zont l co ies books or other works deposited in hia office in Nm'1'agansett it ri a back­ p of feet; draft aft, 6 feet. accordane3 with the provision of the co�yright law. The action engines; diameter of cylinder, 48 inches j length copies of records and books, &c., thus received are to be The frame is of wrought iron plates, k to ! of an inch of stroke of piston, 2 feet 5 inches; diametrr of propel­ preserved in this Office. The only fee paid by the person in thickn ss and they are fastened with !- nch rivcts ler shaft., 91 inclle�; diameter of crank shaft, in jour­ to whom copyright is granted is a fee of fifty cents to the e j i n 2 D e between every inches; shape of frame I, 3 inches in nals, 10� inches; maximum pressure of steam (in Clerk of the istrict Court ; no provision b ing made by which necessary expenses incurred by this Office, in depth by 1 of an inch in width, and the same are 18 pounds) pel' square inch, 20; maximum revolutions per t.ilC e tliking charge of and preserving the records and books, inches apart at cent rs. Th(;l number of strakes of plnte, minute, at above pressure, 80 ; weight of engines 80 are to b3 by them for whose benefit this law was pald from keel to gunwale; arc 1 1; the cross floors are 1 3 in tuns (179,200 Ibs.); the length of same, fore-and-aft est.ablished. I see no good reason why authors should number, and 18 inch,s in hight; they arc molded at the of ship, 13 feet readth, athwart ship, not required to pay these expens es in the same manner is 9 inches j b of 15 be e d b that iuventors are reqnired to pay the expenses incurred throats 3 inches, sided i of an inch, with· angle iron on feet 5 inch s; they are supplied with an a justa le slide in tl'Unsac ing their business before this Office. Neither I; SIO t top, and shaped shape of keel U, and dimen ns of cnt-off; diameter of screw, 9 feet 6 inches; length, 37£ can I discover any good and sufficient reason why appli­ same, 6 inches by half an inch. Her bunkers are made inches; pitch of same, 18 feet inches; number of catious the ben fi of the pyright for e t co act should not be e 2 of iron: The boiler is locat d in the hold, and is pro­ blades, 2. ma'Ie dime! to this Office instead of being made to the Clerks of the United States Courts. It is found to be tected from communicating. fire by felt and iron; she She has two of D. B. Martin's vertical tubular boil­ e impossible to conduct the bnsin ss with uniformity and does not use blowers. ers, the length of' which are each 10 feet 2 inches; flccllracy the present system. This evil must b a undcr 'l'his vessel has three water-tight ulkhe ds, a commo­ breadth, 18 feet 6 inches ; hight of same (exclusive of necessarily continue to exist as long as the execution of dious promenade deck, and a l rge saloon cabin ; also steam drum), 10 feet in hes; hight (inclusive), 11 feet the law is committed to the hands of so many different a 7 c persons in various sections of the country. The law water wheel guards fore-and-aft. Her ceiling is of pine, 6 inches; and beneltth them there are 11 furnaces­ sh u manner o ld therefore be amended in snch a as to I! inches thick. She is fitted with one independent breadth, 36 inches; length of grate bars, 6 feet. There remedy thi, objection. The' amount of fe es to be pai d (steam) fire and bilge pump, is supplied with one bilge are 3, brass tubes, the external diameter of which is by those who desire to avail themselves of the benefit of HlO the copyright law should also be sufficient to meet the injection, and has valves or cocks to all openings in her 2 inches; extrcme fength of same, 32 inches; extent of necessary expenses of the officer in attending to that bottom. grate surface, 200 square feet, and they possess a heating particular branch of the public business" The builders of the hull and machinery are Harlan, snrface of 5, 945.7 square feet; diameter of small pipe, WM. D. BISHOP. Del. She et; i ht 50 feet of Hon. C. e ki idge, } Hollingmorth & Co., of Wilmington, is owned fe h g of same, above grates, length John Br c nr 6 j G L and space, 49 feet i c s Vice-President of the United States. by Mr. eorge R. H. effie. engin" boiler 8 n he j length of

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 132 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.

shaft, above baSil line, f) feet 4 inches. The area of dent. Some person should be accountable for endeavor­ another armfull of this bark put in, an d the boiler run immersed section (at load draft .of f t), square ing to run the train with an engine which had to be 10 ee is 253 again for two weeks longer, then blown oftand run out. feet ; isp ace e t water at oad v ra times for repairs, hrok down d l m n of l draft, 1,0403.06 .tnns ; Mopped se e l and then e The man-hole plate was then removed, and upon enter­ capacity of nn ers for coa , 194 tuns ; description of in such dangerous position. Is t e Riv r Rail­ b k l a h Hudson e ing the boiler the incrustation was fo und to be 1 t of an her draft is a screw fa n. road so miserably managed that there is not a spare coal used, anthracite ; inch thick ; so the barks had no effect whatever, either on it, bet New to take T.his vessel contains two air pumps-one of salt water locomotive ween Albany and York, in removing or preventing the formation of scale in any the placQ of roken-down one ? The public wants boiler. This is plain statement of experiments and the other of fresh ; diameter of salt water fpump, a b sat­ a my ; meter of s wa e pump, 13i i nches. isfactory answers to these qu stions. with molasses and astringent barks to pr@vent and IS! inches dia fre h t r e re­ move incru�tations. I have found the to be the She is fitted with Pirsson's cOlldenser, which contains BOILER INCRUST XPERIMENTS pick A:;IO�;'E TO 3, 705 tubes ; outside diameter of same, 11 of an inch ; REMOVE THEM. only effect.ual friend for removing scale, and I have given We hal'e received letter from Mr. C. C. Hal aday, my experience for the enefit of others who may place too inside diameter, ! inch ; length, 4 fe et 10 inches over a l b all ; and the tube sheets are ! of an inch in thickness. of Utica, Ill., likewise a specimen of incrustation (which mnch reliance in molasses and other sub�tances. It In addition to these, she has independent (steam) fire is more than half an inch in thickness) that was removed would no doubt be best to prevent the formation of scale and .bilge pumps of extra size, bilge injections, valves or by the sole agency of slippery elm placed in his steam altogether ; you recommend the use of pure water-so do I; we g t it when it cocks to all openings in her bottom, but how shall e and all other necessary fixtures to is not to be had ? The water which make her a staunch and sea-worthy wa have here may be filteredfor any steamer. She is supplied with three length of time, and yet it will fo rm incrustations when used in hoilers. masts, and is bark-rigged. Po ' ] The hull was built by the United J: 7g. That which we use is first run fr om States government at the Charles­ the creek into a 101V reservoir, and ton navy-yard ; the builders of ths from thence it is pumped into a se­ engines and· boilers are the Boston cond reservoir or tank 180 feet high, Locomotive Works. from which it i. fed to the boiler . I_I . situa d 75 feet below. This I con· BOWER'S ELEVATOR. te sidor pretty good filtering ; the tank The elev tor here is a illustrated holds 6, 000 gallons. I am now try­ represented as raising water, though ing potatoes in the boiler to see it may be used fo r other substances, what effect t y wil have " he l . equally well. The bucket, H, Figs. We understand that Newark, in and 3 is attached to the lower end 1 Ohio, is situated on the magnesian of series of lazy-tongs, G, tho a limestone fo rmation ; and cold fil­ upper end of the being con­ series tration will not remove the lime nected with the inner arms of the held in solution by the water in that levers, F. Fro�the outer arms of region. The method of filtration these levers the ropes, pass D D, which we recommended on page 55 . over the guide pulleys, E E, and of the pl'esent volume, embraces the are attached to the peripheries of the use of the exhaust steam to precipi. large wheels, C C, which are secured tate the lime on the water before it

to the shaft, B. From this arrange­ is fed to the boiler. Several of our ment it will be een that h n s w e a correspondents who have tried oak rocking motion is given to the shaft, and hemlock blocks with success, in by means of the handle, H, the preventing incrustations, have in­ n, bucket, H, receives a much greater fo rmed us that " the remedy is motion either upward or downward worse than the disease." They vertically. To fa cilitate the filling complain that the gallic acid in and emptying of the bucket, the these astringent substances, when puppet valve, Fig. 3, is con- d, set free in the boilers, attacks the structed in its bottom, and the slid- metal, and soon it through at , J, eats ing drawer is arranged in . the .Fi!!. 2 the rivets and joints. If this is so, curb. When the bucket has been then, of course it fo rms a most seri­ raised, the sliding drawel' is pushed ous objection to the use of those sub­ under it and the bucket allowed to t n ­ stances. We do not hi k that slip descend into the draw r when the pe lm will be found injurious e , ry e 80 projecting end of the valve rod .. as oak, chestnut or hemlock ; but it pushes the valve upward, and al­ p::_:'�.:::::1 is only by continued experiments lows the water to flow into the bot­ . that this can be fully determined o the drawer or spout, and out •• tom f _Ie into any vessel placed properly to IRON-MASTERS' CONVENTION.­ receive it. BOWER'S IMPROVED ELEVATOR. A large convention of iron-masters, The patent for this invention was capitalists and others recently met in obtained, through the Scientific American Patent boiler. He says :- �' I always put in sufficient of the Portsmouth, Ohio, and nearly every furnace an d Agency, Aug. 1S59, and persons desiring further in­ elm wood to color the water i o l r, r ne iron interest in Ohio were represented. Il, n the b i e and I e w Kentucky and fo rmation in relation to it will please address the inven­ it as often it is fo und to it in that con­ After organization, a sta-tement was made of the iron in­ as Iltlcessary keep tor, Abraham Bower, at Pekin, III. dition. If the elm is used in sufficient quantities, it wiII terests of the two States, from which it appears that the - .."- convert the scale into a thick black mud, which is easily average produce of pig-iron from 62 furnaces is COLLISIONS - AN ENGINEER'S RAILROAD DEFENSE. blown. off. I IIlwaY8 put in the elm blocks as large as I 155,000 tnDs per anDum ; value of cold and hot-blast The coroner's jury at Greenbush, N. Y., having cen­ can get them. I have secured a saving of at least 25 per metal, $4, 650,000 ; popUlation supported by furnaces, sured H. B. C. Miliken, the engineer of the defective cent in fuel since I commenced using slippery elm in my 31,000 ; hands employed, 6,200, &c. The committee to locomotive attached to the train that was rnn into on boilers." whom the matter was entrusted reported a memorial to the Hudson River Railroad (as noticed by us on pages Another communication has been received from J. W. Congress, in which they represent the iron manufacture an 89), he has com t in a writt n in such a d pr 8sed condition as to render the apita in. 80 d e ou e defence of H., of Newark, Ohio, whose previous letter we published e e c l himself. The censure was to the effect that he did not on page 55 of the present volume. He gives us some of vested scarcely remunerative, and that relief can only comply with the rules of the company, which require be afforded specific duty on the impo t of fo reign his experience in regard to the use of different su'bstances by a r that w en trai stops, it shall be where there is a ar iron. A series of resolutions were passed, alleging h a n cle in his boiler, and says :-" Molasses was the first thing , view of it both ways. He says it was impossible for him which I tried to remove the scale from my boiler, but it among other things, that it is the duty of Congress to to do so ; the steam pipe of his engine gave way when afford such prot ction will infuse new life and energy did not effect the object. I then tried molasses to see if e as he approaching the curve ; and he was driv n from into the iron t ade of the couDtry. was e it would prevent the formation of scale, and for this pur­ r his post by steam and gas, so that it was impossible for pose it was equally ineffectual as in removing it, while ------��.�.------him to do his duty. We admit the force of th s de­ i it tended to produce fo am. Next I used hemlock bark, TENUITY OF SILI(.-'-Onc hundred yards of the raw fen ce ; but there is o e point which hal not yet been and its r su s simil r ; tried it thr t m s. silk silk-worm not weig rain ; and n e lt were a ee different i e ()f the does h a g it has l are and which ever been touched upon in This experience I related to a of mine, who ad­ doubled and w st d e e d .p, has n fr iend to be t i e many times to fo rm a fiue t e decision in the evidence add c , aud h of the)ury or u ed vised me to try che8tuut-bark, and in accordance with thread for domestic nse. Still fiuer are the fragile y t it is the most il1portaut one of all, namely, why t e hili suggestion, I pu an arm full of it into the boiler, threads of the spider, which, proceeding from 4,000 was d e ti e locomotiv em o d runni g that e iu h s all a ef c v e pl ye in n ex­ which is 36 fe et long, and 3 f et 4 c e in diameter. holes in the little animal, are twined togcther to fo rm the primary of acci- After rnnniug it for a week, the water was blown off, slight gossamer line. press tmin ? This was canse the and one

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 133 SPONTA.Nio;;s·cOMBUSTTO;-lN-· PERSONAL tree will be benefited by it, but let them grow amongs.t " EXPERIENCF IN" s A" FLOUR ING TREES-HOW THE 1 grass and thev will pr s nt a m st mossy, wrinkled and 'J'��'l' e e o WE DID IT AND E R EDlr?RS :- n ltESULT. M SS S sen yo� teh o owmg a�co nt sickly appea ance, they will make a very s low growth, : I MILJ" fi 11 . . , ; . . of a peculiar acCident by fire which took lace my tend over man and bear ery n ID We have had large experleace, e x mg y v little frUit. . . . flour mill m the m nt h S eptem b er I ast. Th e cause nd a l rn o 0 f vcars, in transplanting young trees a h v Dg lea ed • ••• • . • • ; stl r I myst ry to aps can BURNING SAWDUST FOR 0f' It '11 eDlll DS a e me ; perh yon a method which is alDlost mvanably successful, we p ur- STEAM ROlLJ;:RS. . . ' expI" aID It. 'I'he su b"�e ct IS one f eep personal' t t a d clearly to our readers, MESSRS, EDIroRs:-I 0 d ID eres pose to commUDlcate It fully n noticed on page 71 of the pres- 'I ' ' . to ml I e dr s an mlII - owners, an d',or t h'IS reason sen d are m ted • I very large n umbers of whom teres to a greater ent volume of your valuable paper a communication ' hIs w as or my wn satl. s actlOn . O r e t 1etter, as, e11 � ° f: or l ss ex tent in the matter. ut o th fi st h undr headed, "How to Burn Sawdust Satisfactorily, O' signed . ' . e . f e . . d T e p ut my mll l, IC conveys t om S, h s o m w h h lIe mea1 fr ' trees that we bought, we lost thirty, and smce tha.t bme by I. H I have been building sawmills for 14 years . . t h e stones to t I Ie e I evators, passes rth oug h t floo r ( b ove a s v undred h e a we have transpl nted e eral h m a season wlt.h- and have tried many plans for urning sawdust, and now ' . ' • • b £ t h t , W h'IC h It IS C 1ose d) mto t he ,00 0 f t e e 1 eva ors. B e1 ow out loo ing a single one. ThlS IS our plan:-Dlg a h ole have a plan which I think is perfect. It is adopted in . s . . h fl oor, a d'l S anc f a b ou t wo t th e spou t IS n t e fior t e 0 t Iiee , two and a half fe et square, and te mches m depth, the last mill that I built, belonging to' W. H. D pue, . . e t d ,w en grm d'mg . open to a11 ow t h e set am th a t'IS genera e h leaving the Sides perpendICular an d the bottom evel, or in Johnson county. The boiler is 40 inches in dia- I d to • e t ance rom t e fl . amp w h eat, pass 0if d'I S f: h oor with t he edges a little lower than the middle. As the meter, and 20 feet long, with two 1 4-inch wo ' Th flues. T t r ' h . w ereh t h e t spou passes . h rough , 0 th e g oun d on w h IC dirt is thrown out, have It beat With the back of fi et back of the grate bars we ave an arch wall w t n up ine b i hi tee and' , ab ou our eet . Wh'le . t e oot 0 f hIevat ors t s IS t fi Ii I the shovel. Set the tree mto the hole 60 that the roota four inches of the boiler, and yond h Ii . be this wall there is a ' s t he mea i IS passmg d own th e pou t , e a v ry fine dust will He in their natural position without being bent, and space of three feet under the boiler to its end. We have escapes with the steam, and fa lls on the ground at the if the hole is too deep for the t.ree, let a shovel-full of. sheet iron doors to close the air chamber under the grates, foot of the vapor or steam generally con­ to r is elevators. The earth be thrown into the middle a e the tree to a in order to keep out the cold air when the grate bars be- denses on the undcr side of the floor, and drops down proper hight. Let such such parts of the hole be filled come naked. Wit� this arrangement we have no diffi" upon the' fine dust on the ground. About fo ur bushels as are not occupied by the roots, care being ta en to culty in keeping up steam with oak, beach, elm and sica- k of this dust a cumul te into a heap when, one t e roots a them had c a d avoid bending h , o r h ving considerably more dust ; filling both sides of the furnace at on e, c morniIlg a out six o'cloc , engineer and myself covered with the oil. Now l et two pails o water be los g imm t ly and tt ng little air. I b k as the s f c in edia e , le i in but am I e s b entered the mi I, we fo und it filled with a d n e lack ponred into the hole, and while the tree is held in an up- satisfied. that most mills let in too much air through their smoke, which caused us to search for the fire w t con­ right positio , e assistant sift tile fine dirt from his ti s s a i h n let th grates an _ aces to burn aw-du t to good adv ntage. g fUl;9 siderable alacrity and fe ar. We first fo und smoke issuin shovel slowly into the w ater. W hile this process is The damper ,the dust, tlle less air does it require. from around the curb of the stone, which caused us to going on, the person who holds the tree should change D. L N. conceive that the bush the bedstone was burning. On his position to different sides of it, by which means he Franklin, Ind., Feb. 9, 1860. in opening the meal-spout, however, we saw the smoke be able to rf ct per nd cu ar the • will get it pe e ly e i l . After ••• p ascen i g through it, and when we opened the trap doo a COMMON ERROR AMONG ENGINEERS. d n - r tree has stood for half an hour it m y be examined , and A in the floor we fo und, to onr great surprise, the heap of if it leans at all, it may be brought to an erect position by MESSRS. EDIroRs :-If ste m at 80 Ibs. pressure is a flour dust which I have already mentioned on fire. It pressing it over with the hand, and at the same time admitted to a cylin er and cut-off when i of the stroke d was not blazing but was amass of fire in the inside, with pressing the earth with the foot against the pr6per side is performed, it will expand the remaining ! and its the outside not quite burned. The question with us was, at the roots. .This method depo.sits the earth upon the pressure be reduced to 20 Ibs. , accord ng to the common i "How did this catch fire ?" No person had been under m n som anal o o l ctr ty n roots in a a �r what og us t e o pi g, opinion among engin er ; but t i is an error, the true e e e s h s the floor for two weeks ; and there had been no firewh at­ embedding them more perfe ctly than can bl} done by any pressure without any allowance for condensation would ever within 30 feet of the spot, nor could it have taken other mode. It also avoid the n ce�ity of supporting be (80+15+4)-15=81 lbs. on the same steam gage s e fire from any fire on the premises. At one time I thougnt r with st kes. When re in the t ee a the t e is first set the that measnred the the 80 lbs. initial pressure. Suppose that a nail or some piece of metal might have passe d soft mud, it may be pushed over with' the little finger, a non-condensing engine working steam at 35 Ibs. cuts through between the burr stones and had beaome heated : but after two or three hours, it fe els as firm in its new off at stroke, the pressure at the end of the stroke is i then had fallen over the edge of the spout and set the positionas if it had grown there. Ibs. below 'the atmospheric pressure, that is, there will 2t try e r flour dust on fire. To wh the this would have If the ground is not very rich, plenty of manure should be a partial vacunm in the cylinder before the end of the caused such a result, I heated a piece of iron red-hot and be mixeu with the earth about the tre� ; and in poor soil stroke, tending to run e engine backwards. An en- th thrust it some such dust, but it would not take we have fo und it very advantageous to prepar a rich gine, therefore, cutting off at i stroke should carry over among e among fI ur, fire. I then put some red-hot coals the o border for the tree during its early growth, by digging 35 Ibs. of st am, and all engines working out-offs con- a e when these were extinguished also. The conclusion at hole fo ur or five feet square and two fe et deep, and filling trolled by the governor should carry at least 100 Ibs. , which I have arrived regarding the cause of this fire is, it with manure and soil from the surface. It is also a otherwi e in cutting-off very earl)" they would form a s that it was due to spontaneous combustion ; some of my ood - lan mix manure with the water which is nsed in vacuum in the cylinder to the disadvantage of the engine. g p to scientific friends, however, consider that this could n ot as highly as Mr. Downing Some engine rs will not believe t a a vacuum can o ur setting the trees. We think e h t cc E have been the cause. Will you, then, Messrs. ditors, did of mulching the ground, or covering it with straw to in a high-pressure engine. be pleased to give your opin on ? We generally find it the depth of tw or three inches and for a space of our D " S i o f San Fraucisco, CaL , Jan. 10, 1860. correct. C. D. G. or five fe et around the tree. It is juat as important to Greenbush, Wis. , Feb. 16, 1860. cultivate the ground about young trees as it is about - ••• - is a serious and interesting matter for millers. corn ; no weeds should be s red to grow, and a CLARIFYING COAL OILS. [This uff tree s ' e If the dust-heap in our corre pol'ldent s mill set itself on ml'ght about as well be put into the fire, as to be set in We translate Industriel, the fo llowing : from Le Genie fire (took fire spontaneously), then all millers should be grass land . All young orchards should be highly "Messrs. Dumoulin & Cotelle, have beeu making a careful not to allow such heaps to accumulate. Spon. 'IlIanured and cultivated. We onc saw two acres prepared series of experiments "ith a view of rendering heavy e taneous combustion do s not take place very often ; but for a nursery for apple trees in Illinois. The virgin soil oils suitable for ordinary lighting puposes, and have suc- e there is no fa ct better established than that certain sub­ was covered three or our inches deep with strong stable ceeded in producing a magnificent light, free from smoke f stan e , under peculiar circumlltances, will thus take fire. manure, a nd the ground very deeply and thoroughly and smell, and adapted in all respects for burning in a c s We are of opinion that the dust-heap in our correspon. s eir proces8:-In pmed and harrowed. The grafts (consisting of a scion clo e room. The following is th a close dent's mill took fire spontaneously. It perhaps had im. three inches long, spliced to a bit of root fo ur inches in vessel are placed 100 Ibs. of crude o il, 25 quarts of water, bibed a ertain amount of moisture, which tended to length) were placed in this genial soil, and the ground 1 lb. of chloride of lime, 2 Ibs. of sal soda., and half a c produce active decomposition, and this was concentrated through the season was thoroughly cultivated, not a w eed pound of manganese. The mixture is violently agitated in the interior until active combustion resulted.-EDs. being allowed to grow. As the grafts were so deeply in- and set to rest f r 24 hours when the clear oil is de­ o , .,., .. s rted that onl one eye was above the roun , when canted and distilled. The 100 Ibs. of coal oil a re to be GARDINER'S GALVANIC GAS-IGNITER.-On e y g d page 820, in Sp i , a . 25 Ibs. of resin oil ; this is one t e p n­ (old series), SCIENrlFIC AlIIERICJ.N, they were first set the r ng person would not mixed with of h ri Vol. XII. we pub­ notice that there was n t g in the ld, but in t points in the manipulation, it removes the y G a y hin fie he cipal gumm lished an illustrated description of ardiner's apparatus a a all al d into parts F ll, five months afterwards, if t man w ke from the oil and renders them inodorous. The for lighting gas by electricity. We are pleased to learn n rsery c mple y dd n by the process, or the n i the u he was so o tel hi e the trees, distillation spoken of may terminate that this improveme t is being rap dly introduced, and impossible to s e h m ; so r pid are defecated and pre- that it was e i a had been the oils may be distilled befo re they that it is in all cases perfectly successful. In 1858 it growth. cipitated." was applied to 1,500 jets in the United States Senate Large trees also are benefited by an abundance of Chamber, where it has been in use to the present time, manure. In Sm fi ld R.I., t ere u app tree INCOlllBUSTIBLB CRINOI.INE.-At a re t meeting of av n fa iled in a single n . h last fa ir ith e , h is a fa mo s le cen never h i g bur er At t e which has yielded 40 bushels a year for several consecu­ the Phannaceutical Society in George-street Hall, Edin­ of the American Institute, the wires were arranged on tive years, and the secret of its great fecundity is fo uud burgh, Dr. Stevenson Macadam exhibited a crinoline the large chandelier in the main hall, and the gas was in the fa ct that a flock of turkeys have roosted in its dress, one half of which had been immersed in a solution turned offand on, and lighted from 50 to 100 times each nc es. e most i rtant thing f r trees either of sulphate of ammonia, in rd r to test i s non-com­ vening, without making in bra h But th mpo o o e t e 1\ single fa ilure. It is now vonng or old, is to ground rom weeds and bustibility. On a av use a m , keep the free f light h ing been applied to the crino­ t the exhibition of the model of Solomon's Te ple grass. It is t if m y line, the part of it had not been s e p d in the r of Messrs. i any Co., 550 Br d y rue the land is very rich indeed, it a which t e e at the sto e T ff & oa wa , bear part of 1\ crop of grass and a moderate yield ot fruit, solution was at once enveloped in flame ; but the only at Mr. Belmoot's picture gallery, for lighting the stage at a genera rule the most unsatisfactory of all eff ts et e part was to A y M s and in n mbe p e bnt as l or effect which the light had on the h r char the cadem of u ic, B u r of riTat of an y b th fr uit and This was c s ere satisfactory ex er n a l cases working successfully and g ving per­ husb dr is the attempt to obtain o it. on id d a p ime t; and houses ; in l i grass ro t field. Pl n potatoes or r stated th at amm nia wa on ct satisfaction . says p c a f m he same a t corn, o it was as o s ly twopence per fe The inventor that it is e uli l"ly cultivation, nnd c t Anything that requires plowing nnd the pound, it was accessihle to the humblest classes. adapted to lighting street lamns in i ies.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 134 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.

THE AMERI­ Major Serrell:-" The veins of galena, at the West, tained more gluten than that Virginia and some other POLYTECHNIC ASSOCIATION OF of CAN INSTITUTE. are scattered in branches, and are not very deep. Veins places, and, consequently, in its manufacture into bread, expre.Rly forthe Scientific American.] the bakers often made twelve [Reportod in New York are but a few inchcs in width. MI'. Chas. pou nds difference to t.heir advantage in the hundred On Wednesday evening', the 1st inst., a meeting of Chotan, of St. Louis, informed me that he discovel'ed, weight. Potatoes have been , thA Polytechnic Association was held at its room in the in September last, near the head-waters of the Missouri, combined with the flour, and its cffects are seen in stale ing bread, when broken, by elasf.ic strings, and Cooper Institute, this city ; the chairman (Pl'Ote m.) be a muss of galena six miles in length, 10 to 30 feet wide, gives an haul' formi scellaneous odor not " resembling that ohoses." He attributed John Johnson, Esq. Dltring the and protruding above the general level four to six fe et. sour business, Mr. Garvey explained his gYl'Ometer, for ren- Mr. Chotan was one of the United States exploring and bad bread not so much to the flour as to carelessness . dering the motion of the earth visible. Different opin­ party of engincers." and ignorance of its makers. Yeast bread is little more ions were expressed by the members regarding the possi­ Mr. Fisher:-" Lead is used for the packing in iron than half baked, which renders it indigestible. U n­ leavened or sh p bread has had a great revolution bility of obtaining correct results from it. joints. How are the metals affectedP" i in its mode of making by machinery within the last The chairman called for the pre-arranged subject of The Chair�an :-" Lead is much used for the pur­ ten years, the evening's discussion-" Lead." No written report pose. The iron suffers, especially neal' the joint. and its quality had become better j and he had seen was presented, and therefore the memeers proceeded at Wrought iron is most affected. Sulphur is sometimes bread baked in ten minutes, in 1845. The effect of once to the used, and the iron is better preserved." plaster-of-Paris in bread is to make it elastic, and meal makes clayey. Soda biscuit is both leavened and un­ DISCUSSION. Mr. Fisher:-" How about steam joints P" it Mr. Seely :-" Lead was known in the time of Moses, Major Serrell:-" Lead was OBce much used for steam leavened. A baker in Massachusetts one day, on return­ and was in common use among all the more civilized joints, but good machinists now match joints so truly ing home, found his bread had soured. He added some pearlash to neutralize the acid, and baked them and sold nations of antiquity. It is said the Roman ladies used that packing is not necded." white lead as a cosmetic. The aborigines of Amcrica Mn Seely:-" Lead is an electro-negative towards them under the name of "Medford biscuit." They became were well acquaiuted with the lead ore, and used it for iron ; so when the metals are in contact, the iron must popular soon after in Boston and other cities. He would ornaments ; but they had not the cunning to discover sl1ffer. In the air or steam, the iron would be most say that almost every grocel' was now selling that biscuit, the very simple process of changing it into metals ; it is affccted near the lead ; but immersed in water, the cor­ which was poisonous. only necessary to throw the ore into the fire, and the rosion would take place in all parts. Lead paint is bad Dr. Stevens said if ten pounds of sour dough were lead runs out. This ignorance of lead is remarkable, as for iron ;'the lead is reduced and acts as an electro­ made into bread, in which WIlS one ounce of salemtus to ' sweaten it, the carbonic acid, to raise it, would be the Indians had some skill in working copper, having negative-ocnre(tlr other mineral paint shoull! be used." mined it to the depth of 50 feet. Lead is found in na­ The Chairman:-" The specific gravity of lead is not separated, and the alkali (which is a poison) left in the ts ; but bread. A person in traveliug through the western ture combined or associated with all other elemen increased by hammering. " and with the exception of t.he combination with sulphur, in Mr. Fisher :-'" Expands by heat, and on cooling does southern States, where they use an enormous qnantity quantities only about sufficient to snpply the cabinets of not contl"act to its original volume." of potash in their corn bread lind short cakes, and in the miueralogists. The valuable ore is sulphide of lead 01' The Chairman :-" Lead pipes for hot water always northwest, where they make " mille-risings " and uso an Galena always contains silver. In Englan d, inordinate quantity of sodn and peaJ'lash, will find that galena. lengthen and sink down j I haTe noticed it a hundred it is the uniform experience of physicians that their and on the continent, nearly all the silver produced is timcs. '!' in pipe is worse ; tinned lead pipe is not now from this source.. In A merica, we have the true silver used. The tiu soon wears off. Some metals are trans­ patients suffer from some acute and chronic irritation of ore. Galena is""f ound 'in neariy every State in the parent in the melted state, especially zinc." of the mucus tissues of the bowels, and it is almost im­ possible to raise the patient unless some one can give Union j and in nearly all the eastern and middle States Major Serrell:-"It was said in Brooklyn, when the lead-miuing has been carried on, but unsuccessfully, inhabitants were getting their lead pipes, that new pipes them yeast bread. from lack of skill or the poverty of thil ore. Most of were not so strong as old ones. New-drawn iron wire is Mr. Treadwell said notwithstanding the statement this mining originated in stock-jobbitJg speculations. not so strong as when it has bin at rest for some time." given by the gentleman who first spoke on this subject, The mines'are now, with one exceptions, aban­ ) C I he would state that what are termed soda or 01' two Mr. Selleck (au iron-master :- I think the reason is brend doned There is an abundance of lead at the West" that the acid used in cleaning is not all rcmoved. Acid biscuit was not first made in Massachusetts. In 1820 he and especially in Wisconsin and Missouri. There are shipped soda crackers to South America and elsewhere, rcmains iu iron a long time, and it pcnetrates the iron." two methods of reducing galena: first, fnsion with iron Mr. Fisher:- " Would you use washed wire for a and they were popular in Philadelphia and New York. Their soda biscuit and butter crackers were made by -the h'on takes away the sulphur ; second, by a judi­ bridge ?" cions roasting, converting the sulphide into mixture I would ap­ yeast but in 1822 a great Cl'y was raised in Philadel­ a Major Sel'rell :-" No j avoid it. I do not j of oxyd, sulphide and sulphate, when, by raisin� tlte prove of washing even castings with acid." phia that they were made of soda. Pearlash and saler­ heat, the whole of the sulphur and oxygen pass off as atus were used, but no soda. They were recommended MI'. Babcock:-" Castings wiII retain a sensible sulphurous acid. The first plan is generally indicated by physicians, and became the more popular. amount of acid after a week's washing in running ous gangue. The second plan has mauy mod­ by a silici water." Dr. Young said that half-baked bread, though taken in ifications. No metallUl'gical operntion requires more a is The Chairman:- " Steel-workers lay by theil' ingots moderation, is accumulative in its effect, nd a great chemical skill than the profitablesmeltin g of lead." for six months before working them up." agent for dyspepsia. Wholesome bread must dissolve y Mr Seely's remarks were illustrated by specimens Major Serrell:-" It is the general voice of iron men rapidl in the stomach ; it must be made a milky fluid, from New York, Tennessee, Mexico and Arizona. Most that iron increases in strength after drawing 01' rolling. but half-baked dough will not allow the saliva to im­ This fa ct is established. lster iron assumes its maxim­ pregnate it sufficiently. The consequence is that the of the observations following were elicited by inquiries U from the various members ; the speeche9 were brief and um strength before the Pennsylvania iron." fe rmentative process goes on before the digestion is com­ of fa miliar. Professor Hendricks:-" I think the explanation ot plete. On the other hand, a mouthful stale bread the fa ct to be that the particles of the iron, being forced gives a differentimpr ession to the taste to fresh bread, Dr. Wetherbee:-" A writer in a recent medical jOtU'­ nal states that he lIas observed all the effects of lead­ out of their natural position, requil'c time to settle them­ which will not dissolve so readily, and its efiect is bad. poisoning from camphene alone, and that he believes selves." Dr. Stevens said that the tendency of the alkali was to many cases of lead-poisoning, so called, are due only to Mr. Seely:-" Lead makes a mark on paper by vir­ pallid complexion, as make a he had noticed in the camphene." ture of its softness and lack of cohesion. Wax is softer, people of western countries. Dr. Young:-" Nothing is better understood among but makes no mark." Mr. Curtiss thought it might be the effect of too much physicians than that lead is a poison. Most danger is to After a few more remarks of no special importance, calomel. (Laughter.) the members adjourned. be fo und from lead in warm weather. Heat always in­ Dr. Stevens said the evil effects of acids might he so creases evaporation and solvent action. recommend I BREAD AND ITS ADULTERATIONS. neutralized that it would not be perceived fOl' /I time, II.S the club the perusal of Metcalf's treatisQ caloric." Thursday evening, the 9th inst., another meeting to 011 On the coats of the stomach al'e adapted for it ; but is a great Mr. Seely :-" Lead, as a metal, is not soluble in any­ of the above-named association was held ; the chah'man abuse. ' thing. Oxyd of lead, to a small extem, dissolves in being Professor C. Mason. Mr. Seely:-" One of the oldest arts is bread-making ; pure water ; if water contaius chlorides or nitrates or Mr. Grow introduced the subject for discussion-" The but it is not understood by the best chemists of the free acids, of any kind, much more. There is little Adulterations of Wheat, Flour and Bread " -by reading pres1mt day. 'r he chemistry of it is that all the gmins

danger from water containing neutral carbonates 01' sul­ a paper, the substance of which was as folIows:-Of the are nearl". of the same constitution ; they are mostly phates. Lead is volatile, especially when oxydating. grain wheat he could not say anything, but the flour comp,,

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 135

re ing t togethe reduce it into a p utty state ; the health. If the fe et of your horses are brittle and liable A OF p ss i r you COLUMN VARIETIES. gastric juice cannot dissolve it so soon. It is j ust the to break and crack, they must be well oiled once a week. of it. horse thus l l e read to go when difference between pulverized sugar and a lump A treated wi l a ways b y Scott Russell, in his report to the great ship company,

Take crvstal of rock salt and put it in water, and it wanted, and you will not be ashamed either to ride or ••.... a says that Portland, in Ca nada, is open to her The iv i . takes a l ger time to dissolve than if pulverized ; and dr e h m g GI'eat �Ea8tern is $10 per , o� cost of runnin the mile in­ there is the same difference between leavened and un- Another thing quite as important is clean and well a cluding every expense ; and if she could have regularly leaveued bread. Almost within the last ten years there ventilated stable. We cannot excuse any farmer or 2,000 a $30 p ssengers at a pieee between here and Eng­ has been a r evoluti n in making bread . The ancient horse owner, who does not clean his stable twice a day. o land, she would pay a profit, on passengers alone, of a w m A stable should be n t cted as to have a wide pas­ leaven bread was made by the dough being left in ar so co s ru $30,000 a trip .••... In China, so carefully is every nlace till it began to ferment ; and the chemical progress sage way or floor in front to fe ed from. Above the material for manure husbanded, the barbers save the a foot or two width clear, is the change of the starch first into the sugar, and the manger a space should be left in soap which they have used for shaving with the bits of

nto carbonic acid and alcohol ; the carbonic acid and the passage-way should be th avenue for the supply . . . Bugar i e beard and the hair taken from their customer . . . It is and alco ol fo rming between the particles swells them up. of fresh air to the nostrils of the horse. h said that linseed meal is a good food for hens, causing But great caro was required in the operation lest it be A horse enjoys a good bed, and it should never be re­ to , i l the r e them lay espec a ly in winter, when it se v s as a f . t n h your fo rk and make it up li ht decomposed , and therefore the modern process by yeast used h im A ig t take g , substitute for worms and other animal fo od. If mixed is much more preferable. Within the past ten years, and yon will fe el amply rewarded for the humane treat­ with scalded meal or shorts, or with sour milk, the hens i g b ad we ha e had 'baking ment you have giv n your east. besides yeast in mak n re , v e b will eat it readily ...••..A Il ground where melons are · powders ' and ' self-raising fi our, ' and many ot ers h ; DAMAG:E;D CATTLE FEED. planted should be mulched before the vines begin to run. HA 1; and ninety-nine fa milies in a hundred use some of these. ::; may u e old hay o even small us es, if There is nothing more common among some of our You s r straw, or b h s li n s o The effect is the am as far as ght ess i c ncerned, th y will lie down flnt...... Ten ar ago, the ave age e fa rmers than moldy hay; and many perhaps the e ye s r f i substances are added. i i s - but ore gn Phy c an know wages of plowmen in Aberdeen, Scotland, were $80 a � res most-of them .do not seem to be aware its bad qual ernicio s and its dyspeptic tendencies. If the carbonate of p u ­ year, with board and lodging ; now they are $110.•.... ities. It is chiefly caused by putting the hay into the of soda were pure, there would be a great difference ; but If the iron manufacture of the United States continues to barn before it is 'sufficiently dry it then heats in the o j neither it n r the cream-of-tartar used are pure. Alulll increas at its present rate, a very few years will suffice binn, and moldiness is th re6111t. Blue mold has a e used in bre d-makin ten years ago, e was considerably a g to stop all importation ..•... About the average velocity of musty sm ll, and cattle do not like it, but will eat ti ten the but not so much r ecentlv; its obj ect is to whi � . . the piston in steam engine is 220 feet per minute ; this . w hcn t ey op.n� t not hmg e lse. Bl ue mo lds-aspergzt - a b ad. Bak b e d genemlly,•. IS. Ig1· h ter an d w h·I er h re er 9 r a , t is 2! miles an hour .•.... One pound of the best coal is re­ . I an- d aspergz·l" ·l',·'"eru.,- b e I ong to t h e than home-made bread ; the whi..tene s produ ced by .us 9 la UCUB 'us mom s IS ·· · uired to eat 5! Ibs. of water from the freezing point ltngz-a sonous group -0 f p1 ants w hlCh e d hupon t e q h t oorest fiour rna palmed off for · �� ti.e alum ' and he P Y be fi . and convert it into steam ...... In 1841 it took, on an . . most nutntlous part of hav, and convert It mto unwhole- n d - superIOr b rand . M r. a se , m Lon on, once rnad e 1.\ average, from 11 to 13 lbs . bituminoRs coal an hour to . . H s some matter. We have known some careless fa rmers to of oroug examm t n f t h· su b�ec , an d rna e a sensa- /.. .. t h 11 a IO 0 IS t d a horse-power. Some larg engines now run with less • · fe ed large quantIties of such hay to theIr cattle durmg e tIon 1 most as b d as SWI 11 ml·I k · D N Y or k . H a a l ew e . than two pounds ...•.•T he difference time between high . . � wmter, and they actually seemed to grow poorer u nder th of Jr k d . . •. . . . examme d twenty specImens ,rom d·111 ren t b a an e ••.... C .•ers, water averages about minutes cach day The light­ . mflICtl0n of lDcreased quantitIes of such provend r. 49 oun nona th at d·dI not con t· aID a1 urn t Rn InJurious . e . ti d 0 . . ness of bread mixed with snow, in place water, is pro­ . Young cattle, espeCially, are much stunted their of B·eSI d es a ar ona e 0 ammO ia IS a 1 so · ID extent. 1 urn, c b t f. D . duced by the gases which have been absorbed by the . ' growth by snch fe ed ; beIng more tender than old stagers, to aise. he".oug� . . .. A ny m·· d 0 f Id answ r . . • use r t . h k· gas wou e snow ...... A oston manufacturer produces annually, from d it does not seem to aSSimilate with their syst m al- B B t thO gas, e t h same purpose even a t mosp erIc air. u IS .. , grapes grown on Ch rles river, 20, 000 gal ons of wine. e ' . h ·· though t ey may consume large quantltlell of it when a l b means 0 h cat, rUlses tlIe a d ID as d a way as . y f b re · goo h Connecticut makes 200,000 ga ons of wine, and Ohio well salted . One tun of good sweet, well-cured hay IS ll any, ome 0 t e b ona e IS th t m. . b ut s h car 1 e ·ID e sys e 80,000 gal ons each year••.... Strawberries have been pro­ f t • tit ·· worth three tuns of musty stuff. Many of our farmers l e. eason ota h IS. use d t so grea t t ent· r w y p 0 an ex lD . duced at the rate of 160 bushels per acre, worth $1,300. Th . h s lose number of young cattle every wmter,. Simply from t h e est IS h e ... t th a there · so muc wood ; and a . W t ,ac IS h . . ...•..T her is pear orchard in Mississippi containing . t feeJmg them With musty hay; and they do not appear to e a t h ere IS suc a d eman d ,or po ash an pear as h a t th ey • 1 15,000 trees ...... O ne gentleman at the South sends to ... h t d th " aware of the fact. At the present moment, we have · d • manu,actnre fi th as f th be . t h ese alk a Iles rom e es 0 e woo . the North, annually, from $7,000 to $10,000 worth of • . 1 h no doubt, there are thousands who have reat uanti ies P ro essor en dnck s, . m 1'1 ust ra t·mg the preced· .. g .q • t ti H . mg peaches ...... The Bartlett pear is an old French vuriety of musty hay m t.helr barns, and thev• are feedmg It out, - t . ... . remark s, sal h e sour sub s t ance m th d ough· IS th e . Bon Chretien (Good Christian) ...... The following varie- ·d.. . e unconscIOus of Its VItIated character. We have a little acetic. a I·d It n t o m e pres nce th aCI·d , C j IS o w g t 0 th e 0f e .. ties of apples are recommended by the American Pomo­ bit of adVICe to give all them . Do what you ma b ut t e lC t he aCI· d h as mil.d e ' th b e of y c ange w m e r a d • . . logical S ciety for general cultivation : - American h h h · h with such hay ; you cannot restorc lt to a good CoudltIOn ; o . • It8e Su mer Pelmnain Autumn Bough, Baldwin, Benoni, If stl·1 1 , you may part 1 y r6m Ve Its. d·I sagreeabl e t aste to m , Dr. Stevens said it had been doubted whether plaster- ? Bullock's Pippin, Carolina June, Danvers Winter Sweet, . cattle, and thereby render It more palatable to them, and o f- P ar19 was a dde d to fiour b t t S e era I j u 1· t IS· rue. v . Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Fall Pippin, Fame1lse, t they will thrive better upon It. Steam all such hay (for h e U·mte d Sta es rmy h ad t Id h·1m th a·, . ... f t t A 0 . Gravenstein, Hawley, igh Top Sweeting, Hubbardston owcers 0 · fo od, in a kettle, for about an hour, and feed It out With H a 1 •• Borne years ago, a quanti ty 0 f brea was sen t t supp • Nonsuch, Jonathan, Lady Apple, Ladies' Sweet, Large . . 0 Y some turmps, bOIled oat8, potatoes, or-what better h" · d IS th e garnson on t e ,ron tier ; an upon openmg th e b ags . Yellow Bough, Melon, Minister, Monmout Pippin, In n co me l In no case feed such hay exclu- h Id th p I te -o - · h - dlU m a . o f brea d t h ey cou sme 11 e as r f.P arIs.· HIg Porter, Primate, Ramb , Red Astrach n, Rhode Island . sively to cattle. o a o . t . E I an d h a a so oun d It. A " a h ou Id auth ri y m ng d I ti ,or y s _____...... _ ---- Greening, Roxbury Russet, Smith's Cider, Summer the adulterations of tea and coffee, which THE SCIENTIFIC A�mRICAN THE N . be made against AND HO JUDGE Rose, Swaar, Vanderveer, Wagner, William's Favorite, have become indispensible ; and with spices ; and so a glance at the weekly rep rt of the . . orchard of 400 so MAsON.-From o Wine Apple, Wine Sap . . . . A young pear w t fermente l quors, and especially ine, and atent Office at one is aston·· i h d i w (lther doings in the P Washington, trees, owned by Mr. Chapin, produced in 1853, eight t march of i e in stimulants, which are always good in their place. ished at he nv ntion and improvement the years from plRnting, $450 ; and in 1854, $1,000 ...... - useful arts of the present day. 'l' he patents issued for Judge of Can ndaigua, has V rgaleu pear tree Howell, a a e STABLE MANAGEMENT OF ;A vari us useful improvements in the United States amount 70 a for 40 HORSE. o years old, which h s not failed of a good crop Jt is (Jne thing to own but it is another thing to several thousands annua y. country is in­ years, a i last 20 s a y a , "a hOl·se, ll The largely aver g ng fOI" the years 20 bushel e r to know how to take care of h m . The Woodst ck debted to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and the Patent tree $60. h o d i o ' sold on thc fOl T is tree has pr duce for the . (N. B.) g ves a few ac i al hints on t is sub­ Agency or essrs Co., thc publ shers, for the k $3, 750 ...••• n t Jo urnal i pr t c h M Munn & i New Yor market worth of pears Whe he ject wh ch are worth remembering. A stable horse light and encouragement extended by them to the inven­ each crop dest oyed it is generally caused the i p is r by tive pirit of the age. As scientific and mechanical needs special care and attention . His feeding must be s a extreme cold in winter, abont 18° below zero killing the as regular as the measurement of the hours. When a journal the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has no equal in any blossom buds. It is easy to asoertain whether the buds l n uage and the universal satisfaction given by the pro­ change of·Ceed is made it must be done with great care a g j arc killed, by cutting them transversely through the -giving a small allowance at firstnntil the stomach prietors as agents in procuring patents has securcd to them middle, when , if they are alive. they will be found to be be omes ed to t e hange . must cl aned every a large proportion of the entire business at the Patent th oughout the a e dead, a lack c us h c He be e green r ; but if y r b speck day ; and when we say cleaned, we mean all that can bl" Office. Besides their central office in New York, they will be seen in the heart ..•.. . It is fstimated that the n eyed by t at word. A cu rycom us , and have one in Washington, near the Paten Office, and value n Connecticut averages $300 co v h good r b, br h t of the tobacco crop i n oiled woolen cloth, are the utensils necessary. First they ar also largely engaged in procuring patents in all . . a e per acre each · year . . .. There are in France about take the cUl·rycomb and begin at the top of the neck, foreign countries. So extensive lla.� their business be­ 4,000,000 acres of land de,"oted to the culth·ation of the of come. that we are plcased to see it announced that the f t $140,000,000, back 'the ears, working the hand both ways. Pro­ grape. yielding in avorable seasons abou ceed in this way till you have gone over the entire body Hon. Judge Mason. late Co mm'$.'Iioner of Patents, has equal to $34 per acrc ...... The charter of the East India and legs. Then take both comb and brush, and every become associated with them in the business. The Company was sigued by Queen Elizabeth on the last other st oke, draw the teeth of country could h rdly haye furnished a gentleman more da of 16th century, this of all .commer- r brush across the the a y the lind greatest . m t. An e n d o i d h competent for impo rtan a p sition No class of our cial companies ceased to on Stpt. 1, 1858...... The c(l b to clean i xperie ce gro m w ll o t is so t o exist instantly. T is don , take your cloth and lay the coat citizens are reap g more largely the benefits of the in­ present is the 18t Imperial or 8th Ref rmed Parliament. h e in h o and which adher to ventions of th age than the farmers. The of Lords consists of 462 members, the House remove the dust es the outside. The e Honse nd o f l . i of Commons of 654 ...... Europe is divided nto 55 govern- face a ears must als ee the brush [We copy the above very fr endly notice from the i m know how to clean a ho e properly. If Valley Fa rmer, li L ments, 5 of which are republics and 5 Few en rs the pub shed at St. ouis, Mo. We recog­ absolute ire t o are followed dai y your horses will t e hand d i n monarchies .•....The salary of the Lord High Chancellor above d c i ns l , en­ nize in it h of our ol and esteemed fr e d, H. good health genera ly. P. By am who is a soci ted the editoria manage­ of England is $50,000 per year Lord Campbell is the joy l Stabled horses must be r , s a ill l . aily. This is absolutely indispensable to good that joumal.-EDs. present incumbent of this exercised d ment of high office.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 136

IMPROVED WATER WHEEL. gineers and builders, regarding the cast iron pillars used such as to keep open the drain without any pipe, a far Among that large number of persons who have been in the Pemberton Mill, is that, even allowing them to cheaper process is adopted. This consists in drawing a studying the turbine water wheel, considerable attention have been inferior castings, the building could not have solid body through the ground at a proper distance be­ has been given by many to the problem of regulating the been properly constructed, when its standing depended neath the surfa ce, by which means a channel is opened p

varies the capacity of the wheel by vary­ necessary to dig a hole either to introduce ing its vertical depth accort:ing to the a mole plow into the ground, or to take power required j the slits in the plate, B, it out when the work was done, and the for the bucke bei g sufficiently wide to ts n object of this invention is to obviate this permit the plate to slide up and down necessity. The plan adopted is to connect without any considerable friction. These the standard with the beam in such a man­ motions are effected in a manner by which ner that it may be inclined either forward they are made to conform to each other. 01' backward from the perpendicular which The plate, H, is fastened rigidly to a rod causes the shoe to run either in or out sim­ which extends up the inside of the shaft, ply by the forward motion of the plow.

e, the lower part of which is made hollow For this purpose the slot in the beam for the purpose. At the top of this inner through�which the standard passes is elon­ , rod a pin passes through it, and runs in a gated in its upper part, and the plate, D, groove in the sleeve, g, and at the ends of has a sliding motion back and fo rth. This the arms of the sleeve, g, are the three rods, motion is effected by means of the screw h h h, to the lowtlf ends of which the plate, on the rod, e, so that the inclination of the a sing or lowering D, is attached. lily r i standard is varied by turning the crank, f, the sleeve, g, a corresponding motion is it being inclined as represented in the cut given to the plates, B and D, and thus the to remove the plow from the ground, and depth or capacity of the wheel is variM. on the other side of the perpendicular to The gate, K, is fa stened to the plate, D, enter the plow into the earth. and moves with it, thus adjusting the sup­ The depth of the ditch is adjusted by ply of the water to the size of the wheel. raising or lowering the shoe by means of In order to counterbalance the upward the crank, which acts through the ROSS'S IMPROVED WATER WHEEL. g, pressure of the warer against the wheel, worm, h, and the wheel, i, upon a pinion which would increase the fri ction of the meshing into the rack upon the standard, bearings, the water let n through the passage-way, r so that by turning the crank the st ndar is dra n is i chi�fly blamed fo this disaster, have not been put upon a d w a L, upon the top of the wheel, the pressure being thus their defense. greater or less distance through the beam. This adj ust· taken by the top of ment e made operation of the case. . ,. - should of course � before the Application for a patent for this invention has been IMPROVED MOLE PLOW. plowing is commenced. made through the Scientific American Patent Agency, There is no subject attracting more attention at the These inventions were secured by Letters Patent and persons desiring any further information in relation present time among agriculturists than underground through the Scientific American Patent Agency. For (urther pa ticula s, to it will please address r r address the inventor, Robert Ross, A. Hammond, Jacksonville, Ill. at St. Albans, Vt.

LAWRENCE CALAMITY DEATH OF INVENTORS. Some of the English papers We regret to notice tha have commented freely upon death of an ingenious inven­ the terrible disaster that tor and good mechanic, C. ' occurred at w Schultz, of this city, L a r e nee, A. Mas!., on January 10th ; He recently went to West and they all seem to have Covington, Conn., to put up arrived at the same conclu· some machinery in a paper sion as to it. cause, namely, mill j and while thus em­ the defective nature of the ployed, his limbs became en­

building. They certainly tangled in a belt, and he was could have arrived at no so seriously injured that his . other opinion by reading any -- - '. death speedily ensued. An -�.. ... - ..... ', pro emen the steam published account whatever of - im v t in that tragedy. The coroner's engine, patented by the de­ jury in the case having ceased, was illustrated and censured the chief engineer described on page 201, Vol. employed in the construc- I, (new series) of the SCIEN- tion of the Pemberton Mill AMERICAN. HAMMOND'S IMPROVED MOLE PLOW. TIFIC While about going to (Capt. C. H. 'Bigelow), he has published a defense of press, we were informed that Professor John C. Fr. Saloman had dIed suddenly of himself ill. the Boston Jou rnal. He lays the blame of the drainiJlg. There are thousands of acres of land at pre­ apoplexy, in this ci y, on the lIth th t very calamity upon the person who furnished the Cllst iron sent worthless which may hy this process be made ara­ t inst, and a p ll rs He consider the building was regarded ble, when they will probably prove to be of inexhausti­ few persons were aware of the fa ct. His name as an in­ i a . s that , I I ventor, has been before the American public for quite as a. model of excellence in the adaptation of all its ble fertility There are two principal modes of subter­ a pa t accompl s me of its ohject," and that it ranea dra ning. digging trenches and number of years, especially in connection with an engine r s t-o the i h nt n i One consists in was "overwhelmed in such total defeat t rou the e operated by carbonic gas. He was a native of Prussia, a h gh laying pervious pipes of a p culiar kind of pottery through a ycry good chemist, and quite an enthusiast in all he most unlooked-for carelessness or dishon�ty of a sub­ which the water leaches, the gravel being prevented by ordinate agent." the nature of the material from accompanying it to choke undertook. At the time of his death he was about 65 The general opinion prevailing among arcbitectE, en- up the dra.in. But where the consistence of the soil is years "f nge.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 137

sucessful, tartaric. As a substitute for the fo rmer solid acids which be merely becausc witnesses, who know facts Scientific �mtrican+ had been employed for such purposes, Professor Hors­ that would have prevented this injustice, refuse to appear fo rd, of Cambridge, Mass. , secured a patent on the 22d or to give their testimony when present. And yet, with • of April, 1856, for solid phosphoric acid manufactured all these fa cts before them, and constantly called to their MUNN COMPANY, Editors and & Proprietors. from calcined bones, by the use of sulphuric acid ; and special attention from year to year by the annual report • PUBLISHED WEEKLY it is considered a good improvement. of the Commissioner of Patents, Congress pertinaciously Unleavened bread consists of flour simply mixed with refuses to apply the plain and easy remedy. We trust At No. 3" Park-row discovery that it was not of fermented bread were once made on a large by passing too slightly over. the cases while under con­ kinds tanner8' oil which had been used, but resin oil. I scale in this city, but they soon fell into public disrepute. sideration. There is no good reason fo r permi tting the am of opinion that it IS the kind of oil or grease used No kind of fermented hread seems to stand the test of continuance of either of these alternatives. The Com­ by curriers which-to a certain extent at least-is the public favor likc that made by the old fully fe rmented missioner asks for authority to augment the examining cause of early rot in leather. Having been for three prOCQSS ; hence is is believed that it is better adapted for COlpS. He has the means of defraying the increased years in the tanning business, I have used resin oil, and the human palate and for digestion than any other. expense, and there should be no hesitation on the part of have seen it used by others for currying, and always Raised bread is that which is made by a gas set free Congress in granting that permission. with injurious results. Curriers employ this oil for fr om a salt, such as the carbonate of soda or potash, which The special attention of Congress is again drawn to the dressing leather because it is so cheap, but no leather swells the dongh in baking, and renders the mass light fa ct that no provision is now made by law for compelling should be curried with it. It is poor policy, after such and porous. By the fermenting action, the flourin the the attendance of witnesses, or for obliging them to give an expense has been involved in tanniug calf-skins to dough undergoes a chemical change, and parts with testimony when present. What would be thought of make them into good leather, that nIl this shonld be some of its carbon ; by the effervescing or raising pro­ permitting such a state of things in our courts of justice ? nullified by the use of an injuriolls oil, simply because it cess, the flour only undergoes a mechanical change-its If, where only five dollars were at stake; the Legislature sells for one-half the price of well-tried, good oil. Calf­ bulk is simply increased. Every housewife knows how should refuse to the party interested all power to obtain skin leather may be more �ubject to decay than cow-skin, to make effervesced bread by the use of saleratus and testimony to secure his just rights, how certain and how because the skin in the first place is not so 'lvellmatured, cream-of-tartar. The gas which raises the bread by this severe would be the condemnation of e\'ery intelligent but I do believe, that more injury is done to leather by method is generated by the same substances and by the and candid mind. But cases before the Patent Office, the bad oils used by curriers than anything else, .All same means effervescence is produced in what we call M sometimes involving hundreds of thousands of dollars, dealers in boots and shoes should treat them lightly to " soda powders." It is a lazy way of making bread, and are often necessarily decided upon the meTe voluntary tes­ some neatsfoot oil, especially around the uppers, near as it leaves the tartrate of soda and potash in the fo od, timony of witnesses. In some cases, it is trne, any error the soles, once or twice per annum, and expose them as should it not be practieed by any wife or mother who de­ of decision in the Office can, with much additional little as possible to dust and the atmosphere." sires to maintain the health of her fa mily. The manu­ trouble and expense, be remedied in the courts. But in We have no doubt of the con'ectness of Mr. Robin­ facture of yeast powders is carried on extensively in our cases of extensions no such remedy exists. The decision son's opinions regarding the deleterious effects of resin country. Such compositions embrace a neutral salt, oils upon leather. We are not acquainted with single of the Office is final. A worthy applicant for such an a like saleratus, and som e acid in a solid such form, 8S extension may be defeated. or an unworthy allPlicant vegetable or fish oil th at is suitable for lubricating leather

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 138 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. it $85 a $86 ; bar, English, com mOil, $42.50 a $43.50 ; re ne , comparison with tallow or any of the animal oils. place in the church, building or room, for t e purpose of fi d $52 a $54; in h sheet, Russia, 1 st qUalit)', per lb., llJ,g;c. all�e.; shed, English, of sin. We have seen pure olive oil applied to good leather­ conducting the voice a minister, lecturer, reader, or ou l anthr ci e, pig, $24 gle, d b e and treb'" 3%"c. ,,3%c'; a t per tun. r r of a y Ivon.Y-l�el' lb. , ' 30. almost new-and it soon became hard and b ittle, and speaker or other sound to the ea s n person or per­ $1._ . l.rATlls.-Enstcl'l1, per • 75 $2. cracked very much like the harness leather described b;r sons whose sense of hearing is imperfect or impared. �f., !:i: 1 B LEAD.-Galena, $5.7f' 100 Ibs.; German and English refined, correspondent. The , patentee of this invention is David D. Stelle, of pet· o�r $5.60 a $5.65 ; bar, sheet and pipe, 6J,g;c. a 7c. per lb. Another correspondent, writing to us from Philadel. New Brunswick, N. J. LEATUEII.-Oak slaughter, light, 29c. a 31c. per lb.; Oak, medium MORTISING 30c. a 32c. ; Oak, heavy, 28c. a 31c.; Oak, Ohio 29c. a30c.; Hemlock phia, casually alludes to this subject, and points out an BORING AND 1IIACHINE. , heavy, California, 20e. a 21"c. ; Hemlock, buff, 15e. a 18c.; Corda. advantage secured to him from allowing boots to stand This invention relates to an improved machine de· van, 50c. GOc.; Morocco, dozen $18 a $20 ; Patent enameled , 8. PCl" ., mm large t m e and conse­ 16c. 17e. per fo ot ; light Sheep, morocco finish, $ . 50 a $8.50 for several months before he uses them for co on signed for mortising i b r for framing a 7 pcr doze ; Calf.skins, oak, 50 60c. per lb.; 60e.; Belt. wear. He says :-" By long practical experience I have uently wherever an auger is required, in conncction n •. a Hemlock, 56e. a q lng, oak, 320. a 34c. ; Hemlock, 28c. a SIe. be on c i r r to m r i g. The object learned that a pail' of boots which cannot put with a h sel in o de form the o tis n LIME.-Rockland, 75c. pel' bbl. of when new without great discomfort to the feet, if left this invention is to combine the auger and chisel in LUMBEB,-Timber, white pine, per M feet, $17.75 ; yellow pIne, on and worn such may ppli $35 a $36 ; oak, $18 a $28 ; E astern pine and spruce, $14 a $15 ; for a year in a dry place, may be readily put a way that either tool be a ed to its work White l'l ne, clear, $35 a $40 ; White Pine, select, $25 a $SO ; I frequently seen boots, when desired with great facility, and the machine readily with the greatest comfort. have White PIne, box, $14 8 $18 ; 'Yhite P ine, !loorin g, IJ,g; inch e o green as verdigris with mold. sec red to the timber. This device has been patented to dressed, tongued and grooved, $24.50 $25 ; Yellow Pine, !loOling, when laid aside, b c me u It on nd inch, dressed tongued and grooved, $29 1\ $32 ; Biack Wal. I suppose this was owing to the blacking them, a as J. M. Kendall, of South Hardwick, Vt. IJ,g; , nnt, good, $45 ; Black 2d quality, $30 ; Cherry, good, $45 ; the SCIENTIFIC AlIERICAN SOLDERING-IRON. Walnut, the dry·rot mentioned in White Wood, chair plank, $42 ; White Wood, 1 inch, $23 $25 ; a commenced at the seam, I think it must be caused by This invention consists in constl'llcting the soldering­ Spruce Flooring, 1M inch, dl'essed, tongued and grooved, each, 22c.a 24c.; Spruce Bo.rds, 15c. "17c.; Hemlock Boords, 12 ....c. a 14c.; Hem. some application applied to the leather at the seam, iron in such a way that the gas introduced into the lock wall stlips, 1I1c. 11c. ; Sk ngles, cedar, per M. $28 a $35 ; s . I alway dread newly ur t at a i when the boots are being ewe a implement may be b n the exterior .of the same, so Shingles, cypress, $12 a $25; Stave" O. pipe, li h , $55" $58 ; d s 'V. g t de pair of boots, and prefer to lay them aside for six that the implement may be heated more economically o k pipe, heavy, $75 a $80; Staves, white oak, pipe. ma Staves, 1vh itf a , cu $35 ; do. hhd. beavy, $70 Sta months or a year before I wear them, so as to insure and with even greater fa cility than by the usual charcoal U_, $3:1 " Slave., , ; ves, do. bbl. light, $30 a $35 ; St ves, do. bbl. culls, $20 ; Mahogany-St.Domingo, fine t." of op v n A. a comfol·t fr om the first momen fires. The credit this c ri a ce due Bur­ crotches, pel' foot, 350. a 45e'1 St. Domingo, ordinary do. , 2Cc. a t is to 2ue.; of N. Y . ondura , fin e, 12�e. n. 15c.;. Mexican, ISe. a IOc. • .... :;as: bank, Brooklyn, H s WEEKLY SUMMARY OF INVENTlmIS. NAITA-Cut, 3J,g;c. 3%"c. e lb.; American nch, 50. 5 c.; ------.. � .....-..... --- a p r cli a � American horse-shoe, 1 4�c The following inventions are amoltg the most useful 'FOREIGN NEWS AND MARKETS. OITA-Olive, Marseille., a ke s Rnd boxes, $3.45 a $3.50 ; Olive, b , t improvements patented this week. For the claims to - c' in easks per gallon, $1.12 $1.25 ; Paim, pel' ound, 9c. ,,9J,g;c.; Lin­ M. Kuhlmanl of Paris, fl" distinguished chemist, , It p these inventions the reader is referred to the official list asserts seed, city made, 57c. ,,58c. pel' gallon ; linseed, English, 57c. a 56c. ; that the nse of iron as ship fastenings is one of the chief whale, fair to prime. 480. a 52c.; whale, bleached 590. a GOc.; another page:- sperm on canses of e:uly decay in the wood. He considers crude, $1.40 a $1.43 ; sperm, nnbleached winter, $1.47 ; lard oil' rUFTED WORK. OR PILED No. 1, wluter, 90C. 8 $1 ; red oil , city distilled, 57c.; Wadsworth's, that iron ..nails and spikes act the part of carriers u p le work by hand, of refined rosin.. 250. 35c.; boiled oil for paiuting, 25c. 350.: tan­ The operation to make t fted 01' i d n. 0. oxygen: into the timber to promote slow combustion. ner's improved and extra, 40c.; camphene, 45e. " 47c. ; !luid, with tbe a sistance of the worsted pattern alone, 3Ue. a and s is 5 c Screw steamships, of the same size as paddle.whecl 0 . very tedious. Even balls and other smaller Ilrticles PAINTS.-.Litharge, Amerlcan, 70. pel' lb.; lead, red, Ameliean, 7c. ; vessels, have generally been built with engines of much lead, white, America . pure, in oil 8c.; lead, white, Americn.n, pure, sually produced in this line of work, if the same have to n , u less power. It has long been held by many engineer!' dry, 774'c.; zinc, white, Ammican dl'Y, No. 1, 5e.; zinc, white, French, hand .or in the usual manner, take up a great , be made by drY, 7Mc.: zinc, white, French, in oil, 9�c.; ochre, ground in oll, 40 that, if such steamers were furnished with engines of n amount of time labor, as each · single thread has to a 60. ; Spanish brown, ground n oil, 4c.; Paris white, American, 75c. a1!Id proportional power they would surpass paddle.wheels i , in a 90c. per 100 lbs.; vel'mlilion, Chinese, $1.12 a ene ia red, be brought to the proper position for each piece of work. .... $1.22; V t n speed. The uestion is about to have its proper solution. N. C., $1.75 a $2.25 pel'c wt. ; chalk, $4 pel' tun. The operation of producing a number of articles from the q The Cunard company has lately purcha ed the PLASTEll-OP-PARI8. -Blue Nova Scotia, $2.75 per tnn ; white,$3.50 ; B.d­ s Australian, �I\me pattern at once, and without requiring a fresh calcined, $1.20 pel' bbl. which is a Clyde·built screw steamer of full power, and T rpent ne, soft, C., per 280 Ibs., $3.50 " $3.56 ; justment of the thread, has been attemp�ed ; but it has REsIN.- u i W. Wil­ she is to take her place as one of their line. She is built mington, &c., $3.5 a $3.56 ; common, pel' lb $1.62 " $1.65 : itherto fa iled because no provision was made to proper­ () 310 •. , h and has two 90-inch strained and No. 2, $1.65 a $2.00 ; No. pel' 280 Ibs. $2 a $2.87 ; of iron, is feet long, 42 fe et wide, I, ly sepa ate the various articles after the threads wel'e 331 white, $3 a $4 ; pale, $4.50 a $5.50. r linder engines. cy SAT.TPETER. -Refiued, 12c. pel' lb. arl'l1nged. This difficulty is completely obviated by the The steel wire mills of Sheffield are very busy at SoAP.-Brown, per ponnd, 5e. a 80.; Castile, 9c. 9U'e.; Olive, 7c. present invention, and sorts of tufted work can now a all present, and the American orders on hand are somewhat a71(e. from one be produced in any number the samepattern at 50. 5�c. pel' Ib. ('xtensive. The .most of the wire ordered is fOl' making SPELTEB plates, 8 . Moosop, STEEL.-English cnst, 14c. ISc. pel' lb.; Ger n, 7c. 10c.; and the same operation E. Kellerman, of a ma 8 Am wire ropes ; still there are also quite a number of orders erlean spring, 50. 5I(c.; Ameliean blister, 4"c. 5�c. Conn., the patentee. a It is for crinoline. SUGAlI.-New Orleans. 7c. .8�c. lb.; Porto Rico, 7 . SHINGLE MACHINE. It pel' c It 8'-'.; Ha.vana, brown and yellow, 7c. a 8�c.; Havana, white, 9c. a 9,,"c.; The iron manufactures in England, in all their a Brazil. white, a 8J,g;c.; Brazil,. brown, 7!4:c. a 7%c.; tu r s granu. The obj ect of this invention is to obtain machine by 80. S a t' branches, are now in a very prosperous condition ; and lated, 10c. which shingles may be sawed from the bolt in propel' all the cotton interests. The whole country SUMAc.-Slcily, $70 a $80 per tun. ari d may b() required, the so are taper form and the taper v e TALLOw.-Amerlcan prime, I'!%c. a IO�c.per lb. as appears to have completely recovered from the financial also admitting of "stuff " being sawed with TIN.-Banoa, 32e.; Strait', 30c.; plates, $6.50 "$9.25�, pel'box. machine 1857, panic of and trade never was better. WOOL. -Amelican, Saxony ee e per lb., 55e. 60r.; American full sides stich as are used for the heading of casks !l e , It pnrnllcl - .. . blood merino, 48e. 852c.: extra, pulled, 450. a 50c.; s"I,emne, pulled, also has , other similar pu rposes. The. invention 89c. a 4Sc.i California, ne, unwaphed, 24c. a aillI i NEW YORK MARKETS·' fi 82e.; California, ccm... i gigg de­ mon, unwashed, 10e. 18c.; Mexican, unw shed, 11e. a 14c. for its object an autolJlat c feeding and ing.back a a o l with thCl bolt. BEESWAx-Ameliean yellow, 36c. a 37c. per lb. ZINc.-Sheets, 7),(c. a 7�0. per lb. vice, so arranged as to operate conj int y CANDLES.-Spel'm, city, S8e. a 400. per lb.; sperm, a ent, 5Oc.; The foregoing rates indieate the state of the New York markets up adjusting mechanism and fo rm throughout a simple and p t wax, paraffine, 50c.; adamantine, city, 18c. a 20c.; stearic, 270. a 28c. to Febrnary 16th. ect efficient device. The invention has further for its obj UOAL.-Anthracite, $4. 50 a $5 ; Liverpool 01'1'01, per chaldron, $12 ; to the saw in such a way as to cannel, $13. Our markets have been very the past and, the presenting of the bolt quiet during COPPEII.-Refinedingots, 24c. pel' lb.; sheathing, 27c. ; yellow me­ nt in insure an easy and smooth cut, without tearing the fiber prese month, and there was scarcely any change t tal, 20c. prices during the week just passed. The Spring bnsiness or rendering the saw liable to work off from the bol . CORDAGE.-Manilla, Ameliean mad a 8 c. per lb.; Rope, Russia e, 80. J,g; The credit of this contrivance is due to David Nicholson, hemp, 120. is growing apace from day to day without any fluctuation COTTON. -Ordin"ry, 9c. 9J,g;c.; good ordinary, 9%c. 10%c.; mid· in prices. The western States do not seem to have re­ Lockport, II II of N. Y. dling, l1%c. a 11%0.; good middling, 12e._ a 12J,g;c.; middling fair, WATER METER. covered from their depressed commercial condition yet, a 13%"c. 12%"e. DOMESTIC G D . Shirt ng , 30.incb, per yard, 7J,g;c.; and, as a consequence, their merchants are cautious in This invention consists in constructing a mouth-piece oo S - i s browD, 6e. II .birtings, bleached, 26 a 32-inch, p r yard, 6c. a 8c.; shirtings, buying. The southern trade is becoming quite brisk. any suitable number of outlets e bleach­ or break·water with 34Minch� per yard, 7e. aSKc.; sheetin , brown, 36 a 37 inch ed, SO n. g'S - , Manufacturers have little or no stock of made goods on the water is allowed to escape. excepting per yard, uXi'c. h e in s bleached, S6-incl] , pel' ar ,7 c. through which n 8%c.; s e t g , y d }O 0. 15c. ; calIcoes, 6c. a 11c.; dli11ings, bleached, SO-Inch, per yard, 8J,g;c. hand ; large buyerS', on this account, are compelled at one of the outlets, wi thout being measured by the a to 10c.; cloths, all wool, $1.50 a $2.50 ; cloths, cotton warp., $1.37 ; order they want ahead. Winter silks have declined o in any way, so that where a large 850. It what tilt-box, r effecting it cassimcl'ce, a $1.37� ; satinets, 30e. a 60c.; nels 15c. a 30e.; SOC. flan , n . l,'(iven m t in price since the of Ja ary quantity of water is llsed, only l\ a oun of this Canton !lannels, brown, 8"c. " 13c. first u The imports entered at the Custom House of New entire amount DrnwooD8. -B,rwood, pP.r tnn, $ a $20 ; Camwood, Fllstic. will be registered, from which the can 18 $IS0; Cuba, $35 a $36 ; Fnstic, Tampico, $25 ; Fllstic, Savanilla, $20 " $22 ; York, during the week ending Feb. 11th, amounted in readily be computed . It further consists in enclosing Fusti., Maracaibo, $18.50 a $19 ; Logwood, Laguana, $22 a $23 ;Log. $1,639, 618 ; two highest air.tight value to and of this the the above.described mechanism within an casiug wood, Tab .. co, $21 ; Logwood, St. Domingo, $14.50 a $15 ; Logwood, for tea and coffee, $515, 803 fo r the fOl'mer r p u e an Hondnras, $16 a $17 ; L gwood, Jamaica, $13.50 a $14 ; L ma wood, amounts were furnished with a secondary ece t cl , and air-cock o i $65 $75 ; Sapan wood $15. $125,458 of mOf kept a and for the latter. by which a regular cnrrent or flow water be FLOUR. - State, superfine brands, State extra brands, Our export of American is mnch y be the pressure of the head $5 II $5. trade manufactures up, however varying ma $5.20 a $5.40 ; Michigan fancy bands, $�.25 a $5.35 ; common OblO, greater than many persons suppose. Since J nuary 1st, source, and by which the mechanism may be kept in brand., $5.20 a $5.30 ; Ohio, fancy brand., $5.35 a $5.40 ; Ohio, fair a 01' $695,307. extra, $5.75 $5.95 ; Obio, good and choice x r brands, $6 it has amounted to 11,492 packages, v lue good working order. This improvement was designed a e t a a a d at $6.75 ; Michigan, Ind ana, Wiscon n, $5.25 a $5.50 ; Genesee, An immense sale of American fleece and pulled wool E. P. and J. N. Far ar, of this. city. i Si &c., by r fancy brands, $5.50 a $3.60 ; Genesee, extra brands, $5.70 a $7.25 ; took place on the 16th inst. by Messrs. Dike Brothers, ACOUSTIC APPARATUS. 1nssouri, $5.50 a $7.50 ; Canada, $5.45 0$6.75 ; Rye !lour, fine, $3. 75 , & The half This invention consists in providing funnel-shaped a $3.90 ; com meal, $3.80 8 $4.20. of this city. catalogue comprised a million of a HEMP.-American undl'essed, $120 " $150; res e , $160 receiver within church pulpi or reading desk in a d s d from a pounds, of all shades and qualities. The sale was well a t 01' $200. Jute, $95 a $97.50. Italian $275. Russian clean, $190 $200 , 8 ttende , and prices ruled about the regular quota­ table placed in any building room, and a p pe leading pel' tnn. Manill SUc. er lb. Sisol, 5%c. a d at 01' i a. p INDlA.gmlJllm.-Para, fine, a 60c. per tions. The prices were considered good, and thi is from the throat or bottom thereof either under or above 55e. lb. : East India, 52c. s a INDlGo.-Bengal, $1 $1.55 per lb.; Madra., 70c. ManIlla favorable sigu in regard the prosperity of our woolen the floor, with one or more branch pipes or tubes leading " 8 SSe.; to 60 c. 8 $1.10 ; Guatemala, $1 a $1.25. manufactures. Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York therefrom to any pew or pews or seat or seats or to IBoN.-Pig, Scotch, tun, $25 ; bar, Swedes, ordinary brought highest prices-54 cents. any per size.. {leeces the

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE IS9

sued In obtaining patents in fo reign countries through our Agency, Joseph Berry, of New York City, for Im- 27,096.- . Gil THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF INVENTIONS. the requirements of the different Patent Offices, &C", ma r be had proved Cut Nail Machine: ADVICE INVENTORS. gratis upon application at our principal office, No. 37 Park-rOlt, New e m t TO York, or either of our branch offices, th� ��U��=�,� � n�� ';'�y'� c":�t � tl��g�l,t:J��f��ll'.sfy : :�r:fg! IN TERFERENCES. the purpose shown and de.cribed. Second The arrangement of the vibrating anvn, J, cam .shaped During the period of Fourteen Years which has We offer our services to examine witnesses in caaes of interference, groove, G, anvil sbaft, K, arm, P, r od, M, lever, as and for the elapsed since the business of procuring patenlo for inventors was to prepare arguments, and appear befure the Commissioner of purpose sbown and desCl1bed. Q, commenced by MUNN & Co., in connection with the publication of this Patents, or in the United States Court, as counsel In conducting inter­ . [This invention consists in the combination of 8 rotating cutter­ paper, the number of applications for patents in this country and ferences or appeo.!s. head, provided with a series of cutters set obliquely in reve ... e direc­ abroad has yearl)" Increaoed until the numbe.r of patent. isoued at For fDlther Information, send for a copy of .. HintB to Inventors." tions o.!ternately, and an anvil and die oscillating on an axi. perpen­ 4,538 ; the United States Patent Office last year (1859) amounted to Furnished free. Address MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park-row, New York. dicular to the axis of the rotating cutter-head,] while tbe number granted in the year 1845-fourteen years ago­ THE VALIDITY O}' PATENTS. numbered 502-only about one-third as many as were granted Persons who are about purchasing patent propmty, or patentees who 27,097.-Harris Boardman, of Lancaster, Pa., for an to our own clients last year ; there being patent.d, through the are about erecting extensive works for manufactul'lng under their Improvement in Metallic Carriage Hubs: . patents, should have their claims examined carefully by competent I claim the ScientificAmerican Patent Agency, during the year 1859. The arran gement and combination of the clamp plate!!, E, 1,440 and wedge, D, attached to the chambered metallic hub, increasing activity among inventors has largely augmented the attorneys, to see If they are not likely to Infringe some existing pat­ 8S substan... tially as descl'lbed and fol' the purposes sct fo rth. number of agencies for transactiBg such business ; and at this time ent, before making large investments. Many persons have been there is scarcely a town of 4,000 Inhabitants, but has Its patent ruined from adopting the " penny.wisc and pound-foolish " maxim, 27,09S.-Edmnnd Brickett, of Minot, Maine, for Im- agent. patent lawyer, patent solicitor, or patent attorney, o.!l of which when an investment of a few dollars, to have been Informed of their proved Braces for Harness Breeching and Breast- terms arB used to convey the S8me idea-viz., that their services are lights, would have saved them much anxiety and money. Written plates : . offered to the inventor or pate:atee for a. pecuniary consideration. opinions on the vo.!idity of patents, after careful examination into the I claim the o.pplication to harnesses of metallic breeching and t i e s n k O facts, ca.nbe had for a reasonable remuneration. The price for such In this profession, the publishers of this paper have become iden­ g�:�:!.P!: ��:�r� t�'d� �� i�� f��ti n: :u � ;heC :f�:::�la services is always settled upon in advance, afterknowing the nature tified withthe unlverso.! brotherhood of Inventors and Patentees at Bub.tance, 01' any other metaJllc substance Bnit.ble for that pU�!��lrpolln�e. home and abroad, at the North and the South ; and with the of the invention and being informed ofthe points on which an opinion 27,09!l.-R. H. Brooks, of Greenville, Ga., for an Im- lucreased activity of these men of genius we have kept apace up is solicited. Judge MABON assists in all examinations of this kind. provement in Plows : • to this time. when we findourselves transacting a. larger business in For further particulars, address MUNN CO., 37 Pdrk-row, & N9. claim the arrangement I of braces, D C, hole£', II 0 Y I, screw this professiou than any other firm in the world. Year after year, New York. bolt, B, b T, piecefl, P P, op ening, beam, A,. standal"d� B� heel screw, EXTENSIONS W, D otch, and we have increased our fa cilities for transacting patent bUBineBs, by OF PATENTS. X, opening, g, constructea as descrioed fOl' the p� poses set gathering around us a large corps of the most eminent engineers, Valuable patents are annually expiring, which might be e"tended, fOlth. and bring fortunes to the houeeholds of many a poor Inventor or draughtsmen and specificationwriters that can be procured. Among 27, lOO.-R. F. Brower, of New York City, for an Im­ these gentlemen are those who have been conne.cted with the United his family. During the past fourteen years, we have had much ex­ proved Rotary Steam Engine : States and !foreignPatent Offices. The ' atest engagement we have perience in procuring the extensIon of patents ; and, us an evidence I claim the methods or device� Bubstantially as described, which serve as f:iteady and regular points of conntcr-rcsift'tance to the direct made is the association with us of I formerly of our success in this department, we would state that, in all our im. Hon. Charles Mason, action of steam, when employed in a of diverging cylinders, mense pract\ce, we never lost but two cases-and those were unaue. series COlllMISSIONlI:R OF PATENTS, and favorabiy known to the Inventor as which revolve eccp.ntrically to the center of motion of the drivins­ eessful fromelluses entirely beyond our control. t'helr fliend and advocate. The memory of his acts while holding thl. ,,"Ileel. witho.ut the aid of any othllrseparate movable pa.rts, such as valves or sprmgs. high poSition will be cherished by many an honest inventor wUh grat­ It is importairt thM extension case. should be managed by attor­ itude as long as he lives. neys of tho utmost skill to ens""e success. All documents connected 27, IOI.-T. W. Brown, of Boston, Mass., for an Im­ The arrangement made with Judge lIIAsoN renders our facilities for with extensions requIre to be carefully drawn up.. asany discrepancy Improved Twine-holder: or untruth exhibited in the papers is very liable to defeat the appli­ prosecuting all kinds of patent business complete. however ample I claim the improved twine-holder as made substantially in man­ they were before ; and without being accused of egotism, we may cation. ner and so 88 to operate as described. o.!l bminess connected with patent., it is most Important that ... fely " ••ert that no concern has ·the combined talent and fac ilit.ies Of 27, 102.-JoeJ Bryant, of Brooklyn, N. Y., for an Im­ that we possess for preparing carefully and correctly applications for extensions shOUld be intrusted only to those who have had long ex� provement Grinding Mills: patents, and attending to all business pertaining to patE'nte, such as perienee, and undel'Btancl the kind of evidence to be furnished the in I claim, firflt.. In tile construction of portable grinding mills, th" 1 3, Exten.ion., Appeals before the United StateB COUI·t, Interference., Patent Office, and the manner of presenting it. The heirs of a do­ cog wheel, (J C 2 and C when constructt>d. set., and o�ratiDg in ceased patentee may apply for an extension. Parties should arrange connect.ion with each other, nnd the cylinder�.. A and B, of the said Opinions relative to Infringements, &c. mills, substantially a8 described and for the purposes !:let fo rth. for application for an extension at least six months before tHO ex-pira· FREE EXAMINATION OF INVENTIONS. Second, And in connection with the abovC',I claim tlle making, tlon of tb. patent. i Persons having conceived an idea which they think may be patent­ ig!\ ��oa�a1 dg�iR�lfF��.tq) For further information, as to terms and mode of procecdnre in fu>:;1��;al1;.���r;�;'d�8i�� able are advised to make a sketch or model of their .invention, and able plane of the horizon,�(�rb��etf either vertical or horizontal, or oblique, obtaining an extension, address MUNN CO., !)ark·row substantially aB described and for the purposes Bet fortb. submit to us, with a full descliption. foradvice. The points of novel­ & No. 37 New York. ty are carefully examined, and 8. reply written corresponding with ASSIGNMENT OF PATENTS. 27, 103.-R. B. Burchell, of Brooklyn, N. Y. , for Im- 37 the fa cts, free of charge. Address MUNN & CO., No. Park-row, The assignment of patents and agreements, between patentees and proved Musquito Nets and Shades for Windows: New York. manufacturers, carefully prepared and placed upon tho records at I claim attaching .. window shade or musquito net, C, to a roller, B, and rods, a', fitted PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS AT THE TENT OFFICE. the Patent Office. Address MUNN CO., at the Scientific,Ameri­ 0/ which are in tubetl, c c· snid ElJJadeor net PA & having its lower ts end attached to a bar, D� provided at i ends with The advice we render gratuitously upon examining an Invention can Patent Agency" No. 37 Park-row, New York. double guides or gibE', E which are fitted on rods, n' a', the whole t h d ow frame, and arranged to operate liS and does not •.xtend to a search at the Patent Office, to see If a like inven­ It would require many columns to detail all the ways In which the �;: �ge �:r��e �et f� ;t�� tion has been presented there, but Is an opinion based upon what inventor or patentee may be served at our offices. cordially Invite knowledge we may acquire of n similar invention from the records in We 27, 104.-John F. Burgin ana Augustus Koch, of Wil· all who have nnything to do with patent property or inventions to call our Home Office. But for a fee of $5" accompanied with a model or liamsport, Pa., for an Improved Hydraulic Enf(ine: drawing and desmiptioD" we have a special search made at the United at our extensive afficee, 37 Park-row, New York., where any ques· We claim the arrangement for converting the rectilinear olternato tiona regarding the rights of patentees will be cheerfully answered. motion into a rotating one, by means of water or any other non.elas. States FateRt Office, and a report setting forth the prospects of ob­ Communications and remittances by mail, and models by express tic fluid whose fo rc('\ derived from an artificial pressure; causes a taining a patent, &c., made up and mailed to the inventor, with a wheel to tUrn around Its Dxis, aa described. (prepaid), should be addressed to MUNN & CO., No. Park-row, pamphlet, giving instructions for further proceedings. These prelim­ . 37 New York. 27,I05.-Samnel Buser and J. H. Bnser, of WarnerI inary examinations are made through our Branch Office" corner of F and Seventh streets, WIIilhington, by experienced and competent Ill. , for an Improvement in Harvesters: persons, under direction of a gentleman who has spent a lifetime We claim the combination of Ihe frames, A f;, hln,ed at c e, with tho tl�e elevating devices, viz., the rack bar, shnft, chain, M and about the Patent Office. Over ofthese examinations were made . I, 0" D, 1,500 shdmg caster wheel, 0, an'an ged to operate in the manner and fOI IaBt year through this office, and as a measure of prudence and econo­ the purpose .hown and described. my, we usually advise inventors to have a preliminary exarulnatlon [TWs Invention relates to a novel cutting device, and an improved made. Address MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park-row, New York. arrasgement of means for regulating the position of the same to de. CAVEATS. termine the bight of the cut·, and to facilitate the raising and lowering Peroons desiring to filea caveat can have the papers prepared all of the cutting device, so that. it may pass over any obstructions tllat reasonable terms, by sending a sketch and description of the inven­ may be in its path.] tion. The government fee for a caveat is $20. A Fampblet o! advice regarding applications for patents and caveats furnished gratis on 27, l06.-Abner Carey, of Rome, Ga., for an Improve application by mail. Addres. MUNN & CO., No. 37 Park-row, New ment in Cultivators : I claim the. described arrangement of the plows, bellms. ADd York. H, G MAKE perforated 1'1,,10, D, the whole being constructed and combined in the HOW TO AN APPLICATION FOR A PATENT_ manner and for the purposes set forth. ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Every applicant for a patent must furnish a model of his inven­ FOB . TII1I: WEEK ENDING FIIBI!UABY 14, 1860. 27, I07.-Abner Carey, of Rome, Ga., for an Improve tion, If susceptible of one ; or if the Invention is a chemieo.\ produc­ ment in Cotton Seed Planters : tion, he must furnish samples of the ingredients of which his com­ [Reported Officlo.\ly for the SOIENTIFIO AMlmIOAN.] I claim the combination the horizontal conical hopper, E. and position is composed for the Patent Office. These should be securely duo plex, sawwshaped fe eder, K, constructed, Rnangcd and operating sub. packed, the inventor'B name marked on them, and sent, with the *.* Pamphlet. giving fuIJ particulars of the mode of applying for Btantially as and for the purposes set forth. patente, size of model requh'ed, and much other information use.. government fee, bY' express. The express charges should be prepaid. ful to Inventors, may be had gratis by addressing MUNN & CO. , 27, lOS.-J. B. Chal'ies, of Ashland, Ohio, for an 1m. Small models, from distance, can often be Bent cheaper by maH. a Publish'Cl'B oflhe SOIENTIFIO AMlmIOAN, New YOI·k. The safest way to remit money is by draft on New York, payable to provement in Fan-blowers : I claim giving Q. conr.ave or recessed shape to the fa ces of the fan.. the order of Munn & Co. Persons who live In remote parts of the 26,091.-L. Acree, of TaliafelTo cOlmty, Ga., for an ning wings, at the tlame time that the oblique eduction apertures, i i. are formedf, opposite l:!aid wiB gs, in the fOlides of the tanning cham. country can usually purchase drsfts from their merchants on their Improvement in Cotton Seed Planters : bel'; substantially iu the manner and for the pnrpose set fo rth. Ne,Y York correspondents ; but If not convenient to do so, there Is I G, claim the combination of the hopper, H, sbaking box, and re­ F, but little risk in sending bank bills by mall, having the letter regis­ volving feed rolleT, arranged, combined and operating together in 27, lO!l.-E. B. Clark, of Tallahassee, Fla., for an Im- the manner and for the purpose stated. tered by the postmaster. Address MUNN &: CO., No. 87 Park-row, provement in Plows: I also claim hinging the coverers to the main frame through the I claim the arrangement of the longitudinal New York. sletted hin«es, v, so tbat Mid coverers mav foliow the ground, without bar. D, shovel, E REJECTED APPLICATIONS. double brace, C', double brace, being Influenced by the frame, as set forth. C, bolt, c, projection, d. beam, A, and handles, B, as and for the purpose set forth aud described. We are prepared to undertake the investigation and prosecution of 27, 092.-Geo. C. Aiken, of Nashua, N. H., for an Im­ [This invention consists in a combination of diagonal crossbars rejected cases, on reasonable terms. The close proximity of our provement in Cultivator Teeth : I witb a longitudinal brace ; the whole being bolted together and Be­ 'W,sllington Agency to the Patent Office afford. us rare opportunities claim the combination and arrangement of the fixed plate, B, for t.he examination and compaIison of references, models, drawings, vertical coulter, A, flanges or moldboards, C C, and cutters, D D, cured l'igldly to a plo,Y beam in such n manner as to form " braced substantlaJIy as set fo rth. docmnents, &c. Our success in the prosecution of rejected cases standard for the .hovel, admitting of its being readily attached and has very great. The principal portion of our charge is generslly 27, 093.-Wm. L. Aldrich, of AtlAnta, Ga., for an 1m. detached.] beeu proved Press for Attaching Leathers to Billiard left dependent upon the final result. 27, llO.-Henry E. Clinton, of Woodbridge, Co n., fo r All persons having rejected caseB which they desire to have Cues: � pro_ I an Improvement in Carriage Thill Attachments: claim the combination and arrsngement of the t.humb screw., A I lecuted are invited to correspond with us on the subject, giving a nd B, frame" D. lever, E, and socket, substantially and for claim the application of the spring key, B, substantially and for B C, 8S brief history of their case, enclosing the officio.! letters, &c. the purpose specified. the pUI'poses as Is herein set forth. FOREIGN PATENTS_ 27,094-Ethan Allen, of Worcester, Mass., fo r an Im­ 27, Ill.-John W. Colcmant of Medway, Mass., for an We are very extensively engaged in the preparation and securing provement in Machines for Making Percussion Cart­ Improvement in Stoves : I claim the arranltement of the sliding doors, Band B, with of patents In the various European countries. For the transaction of lidge Cases : the I stove, A, and oven, thn.t the heat from around the cylinder of this business we have ofllces at Nos. 66 Chancery Lane, London ; 29 claim. fiTOt, The trimming mechanism romposed oftha sliding G, BO d r c atic the stove may be confined within or entirely cut off from the oven. 26 B Boulevord St. Martin, Paris ; and Rue des Eperonniers, Brussels. ��� :!� t� u!:e� :�dI6���U�� �u:t!t�� f:fiy�'s 3e� c�i��cL by closing or openin� said doors in the fr ont or back of the stove ; the think we can safely say that three-fourths of all the European !��i:Second, claim striking or fo rmin g the hollow rim at one stroke whole being constructed and "perated substantially in the manner We I and for the pur!"'se set forth. patents secured to American citizens are procured through our or operation, as above set forth, and described. Agency. 27,095.-Henrietta G. Batty, of Springfield, Mass., for 27,112.-Thomas Daniels, of Toledo, Ohio, for an Im­ Invent.ors will do well bear In mind that the English law does an Improved Spring Egg Cup: prOlrement in Stop-cocks : to I limIt the Issue of patents to Inventors. Anyone can take out I claim the construction and arra gement of the elastic springs, claim the arrsngement of the .evero.! oimp and water tubes pro­ Dot a d !, t vided with v ..lve .... as Bhown, in combination wlth.the common dil\­ patent there. � �: ;!�:i:: t���:i!":��I�� :��W, At'\n R:e =!�:.':"�� ;�: charge chamber, L, and tube, C, substantio.\ly as set I\lrthfor the '. ClrcuJara of informatioQ coneernlng tho proper COIl1'le to bepur. 1'1I1'I/OIIe8 BubBt&IItIaIJyaB set forth. purpOBe. deBCl1bec1.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE 140 SCIENTIFIC AMERIC AN.

a 27, 139. A. 27, 113.-John Davis and Sturgis Chaddock, of Boston, they allow of being turned to vertical or to aa borizontal position. -J. P. Manton and II. Billings, of Provi­ Mass., for an Improvement in Gas Retorts: The object oftheee flaps,when the same arei in vertical pOl:!ition,in is dence, R. I., for an Improvement in Hanging o e u o r e n e to conceal the real natureof the· table, wh ch m!l.Ybe constructed to Rudders : a a A, as'Xe� ;���. ���n�·��ti: �ri'� th� J��r�c� :� � ��! �u: �r ��]�c� writing desk and with looking glass and with a..numberof more or We claim the combination with the rudder head, C, tion, D\ and the collar oftha retort, I!!ubstantially in manner and for as a a E, and hull, of lesa secret drawers, so as to serve secretary and also as dressing the l?lntes,D when the latter are flanged,as shown, to prevent the purpose as deF-cribed. in surgmg, and provided witH.·grooves, f g, of door, C, with friction balls, h, inter­ Second, We claimD, the peculiar construction the with its table. When the flaps are a horizontal pOSition, they are very posed, as and for the purposes set forth and described. projection 01'flue, in connection with the collar of the retort and convenient when the table is usedwhl st playing &c.] in a the movable flues, B: the whole being applied to the interior of the [The object of this invention is to hang the rudder such man. retort, and operating together 8ubitantiaIly in manner and for the 27, 127.-Gustav Heydrich, of Philadelphia, Pa., for an ner that'it wi!! work pnrpose as set forth. with but little friction, nnd .tlll be properly sup­ Third, We claim the combination of the safety valve with the flue, Improvcd Fire-escape: ported and firmlysecured to the vesse!.] D, C, in of the door, in manner and for the purpoee as specified. I claim the described apparatus for saving lIves and property 27,140.-H. Maranville, of Clinton, Ohio, for an Im­ 27, 1 14.-Louis De Masure, of New York City, for an caees of fire� when the same is permanently attached to the cornice provement iu Coin Detectors : Improvement in Safety Stllds: of the buildmg, and constructed and operating substantially in the A, mn.nnerand for the purpose set forth. I claim the arrangement of the plate, with diameter scale, e, and I claim, first,The movable plate, h, which, after the stud Is placed incisions, d d', and with knife edges, 6, in combination with the slide, within the hole, 27, 128.-Birdsill Holly, of Lockport, Y., for an Im­ B, ma.rkedon one side for gold, the button is capable of advancing towards or recedingf N. and on other side for silver coins, from the front or top plnte, c, guidedC. by the circul:1r rods, f, hy provemeut iu Pumps: escribed, and operating in the manner and for t.he purpose epeci- p fi�g. means of aI turning or revel ring late, D, a Second, claim the plate, g, provided with circular rods, ! f, and I claim ,connecting the valve, H, to the piatonl by means of nuthet, [This is ver:rneat and compact device, to fittingloosely uponthe screw 8tem, e. rod, g, or its equivalent, hollow piston stem, g, and regulating calculatedand' enable every Third, I claim securing the pointed pins, i i, into the plat�, g (8. a, arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for the person to judge at a glance about the value genuineness of any plate separate fromin the frout or top plate, c), so as to cause them to purpose shown and described. coin whatever.] enter the CIOtll the operation of securing the stud to the same. 27, 129.-Wm. H. Howard, of Philadelphia, Pa., for an 27, 115.-B. We l Dnnklee, of Boston, Mass., for an 27, 141.-Charle� McCammon, of Alhany, N. Y., for an l s Improved Machine for Serrating the Edge of a Screw Improvement in Constructing Improvemeut in Cooking Utensils: Bars of Cast 01' I claim the cover as constructed with an outer casing, A, and with Thread on Rollers : Wrought Iron : B, I claim oierrating the surfaces of metal barB or ro ler by means of a I claim combinin nn inner casing, attached thereto, Aubstantially and for the pur­ n l K ra 1 t the g of wrought iron with cast iron inr the forma- pose as specified. �l��it:��o�:;1�� 1h�1 ;:id b:�, :cibcs��ti�1Ii;; s�t r and fOl" the purposes Bet fo th and de- 27, 116.-Leopold,Eidlitz, or New York City, for an Im­ !�r��forth. p��!�l�� ��Wb�� �� �h�����iK���[;;�. provement in Phot ra hic Bank Notes : 27, 142.-Isaac M. Milbank, of Greenfield Hill, Conn., I og p 27, 130.-Charles S. Ir iu, of Madisou, Ind., for an claim the UBe of the photographic process, as a f! bstitut.e either w for an Improvement iu the Apparatus for Manufac­ wholly or in pa.rt,for engraving or prmUng bank notes,U or oth er in­ mprovemeut in the M!luufacture of Starch : counterfeiting, I turing Oxyd of Zinc: strument. requiring security against in combination }""' irst, In the manufucturp.of stRrch from maize or Indian corn, I A, with the employment of pa-perbearing either a. pressed mark or a. claim my improved method of treating the corn preparatory to its I claim the combination and arrangement of the furnace, with water-mark, produced as described, or by any similar meant!. being crushed and ground, by eteepingthe same in wa.terheated an metal top, acceflsibleopenings, d and e e, and the fiues, b b, in connec­ S. Elliott, of West Needham, Mass., 1f)(j0 tion withB B, the perforated pipes, c c, the shoot, f, tho receptacle, j, the 26, 1l7.-Josiah a.veragetemperature 1450 of18 00 Fah., or to any other temperatnre, rang­ duct., with its reticulated surface, K, the collecting or �aving for an Improvement in Brick Presses : ing between and Fah., said water being, as usual, changed apparatus with the apa.rtment, c, to be managed and used as de- I from time to time so as t.omaintain the reqUisite temperature, and to scribedin the specifications. claim, first�The eanier, 0, operated substantially G,fl6 indescribed. e e s t the corn, . Second, I claim clutching the cam, D� to the wheel, the man­ ������t\�lh�·f� [h :�����:;�:a·Fo� t� �u Ul������� }��th� 27, 143.-Wm. Mosher, Isaac H. Moshe!' and J. ner I!ubstantially85 showD, for the plupose specified. III John Second, the manufacture of starch Frommai ze or Indian eorn by Harris, of Green, N. Y., for an Improvemeut in 27, 1 18.-E. P. Farrar, of New York City, Itnd N. steeping the '\14hole and nncrushcd cornin water heated to a tempera­ J. ture of from 700 to {-SOo Fah., and by then grinding it with wat€r Machiues for Beuding Tire : Farrar, of Pepperell, Mass., for an Improvemeut iu 700 1400 heated to a temperatnre of from to Fah., I claim the 'Vc claim the Ecroll-shnpedstationary former, the mode of holding Water Meters : method described of effecting tfJ.eseparation of the starch from the the end of the bar t.o be bent, the manuel''of adjusting the friction r t is e e f roller by the wedgc-f111apedkey through the level' We claim, first,In combination with a mouthpiece constructed as b�U��i��:t::l��Ct�� [:�p�:a���� �f��� sr:r� � �� t����h�l�· i� �h('� bearing against the described, the ul'rangement, ofauy suitablp. numberof radial and in­ r bolt, all in combination as specified,and for the purposes set runs, at or heatingthe same previous or during the separation600 .•of the ?grt� clined 'tubes applied to said tubes in such a way that each will eject starch from the gluten to an average temperature550 700 of Fah or t.o its equal share of water : this we claim in combination with theM, box, anyother temperature ranging between to Fall., substantially 27, 144.-Thos. Murphy, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for an Im­ II, deflectingplat�s� r. one over eaC�l tube and secondary box, all in the rUllnnerand for th�\Purposes Bet forth. arranged substnntially in the manner ami for the purposes set forth. provement iu Cultiyators : 2 7, 3 - o. Jennings, of Boston, Mass., for an I DE Second, 'Ve 01ai.1O, in combination with the air-tight caBing and 1 1 . Ge \V. claim the described arrangement of the plow frame, AC F, tiltingM, or IDN�!'uringveBscl. or its eqnivalent, theN" secondary recep­ Improved Lallndry lind Tailor's Press : rl�!n;\��f!Qb�nO�d������C�d tacle, communicating with the top of c.ll:se� and arranged in g;�:�n��11n connection with the inlet pipe, G, substantially in the manner and I claim the combination and anangement of the movable table or several purposes set forth. ��1 ��l:i;���!t�:�dsio�t�c for the purposes described. arm and the levers 01' toggle joint for operating the flame,to bring the work IIp to the movable or revolving iron, when constructed and oper­ 27, 145.-Walter Nange , of Phil 27,119.-Lucius N. Fay and \Vm. Mason, of Warren, ating ill "the manner and for the purposes as set forth.an- d-described. l adelphia, Pa., for an Mass., for _Improvement in Blind Operators : Improved Mortising Machiue : c b f 27, 132.-Geo. Juengst, of New York City, for au Im­ I claim the employment of rotary reciprocating cutters in mortifling .a d'ltb �d: provement in Sewiug Machines : machines, substantially III tho manner and for the purpose Bet forth. Pi�Yo�,����d �l�:te�J��m�h, !���i�d t� t��;vi;d�� :�si�tg � 1i I substnntiallvas andfor the pu pose Bet forth. 27, 146. r claim, first,The combinat.ionJ, of the rotati.ngshaftfl, F K, one of -Charles Neames, of New Orleaus, La., for an Second, The shaft, k. having the spirRI spring,- l� phwedon it, a.nd them cfllTyinga revolving arm, a and the other two reyolving cranks., in K��:J(lildtl�i;�ot��d r o , k �t�a : � G H, when the Baid shafts, arm nd cranks, are arranged and oper­ Improvemeut Bagasse Furnaces: a���: h� �'c��nae�1io�ro�vi�� � �l�� � � !� ated as sh own and described. I claim the use of chambers in wet fuel furnaces which have their the above parts being nsed with or without the sltde bolt, t, substan­ Second, The shuttle�driver with it� jointed horn, j, ear, r, and receiving openings exclusively in and from the interior of the furnace tially as and for the purpose specified. spring, p, applied and opE'

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 141 the front edges to be trimmed, and so tha� the said connection may ciprocating cutters possess au advantage overrotatingenttera in being malicious pprsons cannot injure or deface it by tampeling with it, trimmed or separated with such front edfea from the rest of the and so that the numerals or letters used upon it ffiaJ"be taken out be l r e r s b capable of cutting spokes and other articles which require to b� broad with very little trouble and others in�erted in their places. The ¥��i��Y�li�ll� �t�e� :n� ����� !nti���; i���r�� ���fi���}�fdi��, :a� and flatat one end. The cutter is guided bJ� a pattel'n, whIch, with whole device is ma.de light, neat and portable, and may be hung up the back folding of it twice or other 8ultnble greater number oftirues the article being operated upon, revolves. regard this as a very in making the second folding, or that which ie at l'ightangles to the We out of reach, or nailed up on the inside of the cars, i.n the house or firstfolding. useful machine.] out of doors] York 27,167.-Joseph Storm, of Woonsocket, R. 1., for an 27, 179.-Calvin D. Wheeler, of New City, for an 27 153.-Charles Pope, of Syracuse N. Y. , for an Im­ Im t in R g Eng nes : Improvement in Marking Gages for Sewing , provemen Paper a i Ma­ a , I provement in App r tus for Evaporating Saline claim the employment of the conductor, H, in combination wUh chines: a the rotary drum, B the rotary cutter cylinder, and the stationary I claim combining with a sliding rule, arranged descrtb�d, the Liquors : J substantially as and for theD, purpose I.'!pecitled. as angle pieces constructed and arranged substan­ knives, E, arrange a }.�.' i e r s s r I claim the hollow description and engraving of this invention will appear in the rg{Jr:g l� f��ftira\� tK�ll;e r� �i�:gf ��td�:Us�,iff�l����:�:TI �a!:�� tially as described and for the purpose set forth. [A ing machine for the Bucccssive stitches, as set forth and specified.. I also claim making the arms of the kettles huUow, as set forth and in few weeks.] stated. SOIENTllfrc AMERIOAN a for the purpose 27, 180.-Stephen Wilcox, Jr., of Westerly, R. 1., for also claim combining the hollow angle pieces with the air spaces, 26, 16S.-Noah Sutton, of New York City, for an Im- D I upon the sides of the arch, when so arranged that heated ail'may Improvement in Hot-ail' Engines: �ss from the spaces upward through the angle pieces" and be die­ provement in Slide Valves : .' an e e i t r charged over the boiling liquid inthe kettles, as set fortn. ����'o�d��t�� t��V�?:�I�rg�:g t��ll�g!�:b ::���� �h�� r: �� C' ���b¥�S�:��I�e��;'l��a�Yl!����'i�!? Ii, transfer from the cold t,o the hot end of the cylinder, substantially as 27, 154.-D. J. Powers, of Madison , Wis. for an Im- lent,� b� between!��h� two1��8t�:d: short connecte �1 i�: dD-valves, with a single,steam pas­ ann for the purpose set forth. , sage each ofanid rylinders, and an exhaU13tpas8agecommo ll to both equivalent, from the heated provement in Straw-cutters: of saidill cylinderd communicating through the partition between the Second Dividing the bearing, X, or its I l n i i claim, first, The arrangement of the adjustable ledger blade, I said cylinders with the main exhaust passage, substantially as de­ E�:���iC!�i�:���� ih� :���r�i������e�,���1�tSB��11!�t � J, in combination witll the upward-cutting knives, G, of the cylin­ scribed. :a�� der, D curved slot, R, compensating pinions, Ql Q2 Q:3 Q4, weighted yc.yed away by connection, substantially· in the manner set forth. [This invention relates to the operation of the slide valves of steam Third, 'l�he arrangement of the exhaust valve, hollo\v piston lever, and feed roller, M. substantially as and for the purposesaet rod, 3 -and and guide case, 6, or their respective equivalentfl,'1" for the forth. '&:, engines by, the direct pressure of steam upon pistons attached to the purposes set4, forth. Second, The arrangement of the cone or gear wheels, on the Z, L, valves themselves ; and it consists in a novel manner of applying Fourth. The combination and arrrangement of the crank,0 ad­ feed rollcr shaft, with the compound pinion, 0, of the knife cylinder, jnstable eccentric, and eccentric rod and connections, or their re­ Bubstantially as and for the purposes set forth. such ,pistons and the cylinders in whIch they operate, and of ar­ spective equivalents,Y, fl)}' the purpose of working a ,-alve, the seat of ranging the ports and passRges of such cylinders, whereby great sim­ which is carried in or with the piston, substantially as set forth. (Tllis straw-cutter has its knives alTanged on a revolving cyliuder VlicLty of construction is obtained.] so as to cut upward against a stationary adjustable blade. The lower 27, 181.-Abner Willson, of Colden, N. Y., for an Im- 8 1 - . for an Im­ feed roUer, which is flutedand made of metal, is adjusta.ble in a 2 , 69. Wm Swift, of Brooklyn, N. Y., proved Churn : ' curyed slot, and is so arranged with four gear wheels, that no matter proved Invalid's Bedstead : b what be the adjuetment it always is in gear with the driving mechan� I claim, first, The combinution of movable frame, with mat­ inrc �;�bxrn !�i����it � !P�11 �t,R�;�:ri����t'������tbSa�e:1�� :�� B, D, l ����� trcAS ii'ame, jointed pieces, G, anu weight!:!,F, all arranged and :purposesdesclibed. ism. A weighted lever holds. the feed roUe!: with a yielding pressure operating in the manner and for the purposes set forth. against the upper fluted metal feed roller on the stru\v passing be· B, n Im- Second, The frame. when the samo i::; pivoted to the head und 27, 182.-August \Yulze, of St. Louis, Mo. , fo r a tween the two l'ol1ers. The speed of the feed roller is regulated by a foot "uils, as und for the purposes dei!cribed. provement in Smnt Mills : cone of gear wheels on it, and a sliding pinion on the cutter shaft. 27 170.-·H. IL Symme�, of Newton, Mass., for an i t i The arrangement� as a whole, seems well adapted for cutting straw, , re�p�gl� ��cl�����1��:a°ti3 y:u� �������:��Rhae�� Improvement in Mode of Extinguishing Gas-lights : when the lIaidcylinder is made with tloJeopening, S, in���� one end��: !!',W��� (as at cornstalks, and other feed.] I b f i n s ra t cuI ����r e�ri��y��h�����Ji�� �fl��be'; ����ide� "� Uh ����\�� �!fii�e:, a� d�lh�� t�U:':��� b����r �:���� :irh;E�lbl�d����t 27, 155.-Thomas E. Purchase, of Danville, Pa., for an vafve, a b,t�e so applied, substantially as he.rein described, in combi­ nally across its axis in the manner described for the purpose speCified.�i:�6: Improv m t in Grates for Furnaces : nation with the burner or supply pipe that though it will be caused to e en off I effect the shutting of the ga!:t,by a temporary increase or dimi­ 27, 183.-Charles J. Appleton, of Ph iladelphia, Pa. as­ claim the combination of a series of comb-like bars E'Reh inter­ tion of pressure1 it will not permIt the renewal of the supply to the ( locking the other and capable of being oscillated independently of signor to B. H. Howell, of New York City, and the other, suhstantially as speCified,for the purpoees set forth. � burners to be effectedby 11. subsequent diminution or increase of the press8ure. , John Cotton, of Philadelphia aforesaid) for an 27, 1 56.-Joseph Reynolds, of Providence, R. 1., for an [This invention consists in certain means whereby all the stre.et Improvement in Knitting Machines : Improve ent in Marine Propellers. Patented in lights or out-door public lights ora city, town, village or dist.rictmay I claim the system of hin�ed needles and �\ sinkers, fI in eombinR.­ m tion with the thread guide, J, and the cam, and serrated wbeel, I, England May 26, 1859 : be extinguished by simply effecting such a temporary increase or or their equivalents the whole being an'anK,ged and operating sub- claim the double cranks uppol'ted by outside bearings with the reduction of the pressure on the main as will not materially inter­ stantially as set forth.; . propellerI frames supported Sby stay rods and guided at th.e top with fere with the lights dwellings and other places, by the agency of in I� 2 , 1 84 -G eib M. Bar , Philadelphia, (as­ two radius rods to each frame hung to the vessel, or suitable frames cock or valve at the gas works, such means serving also to extinguish 7 . otl th of Pa. attached to the vessel. abaft the main shaft to which the propeller s gn to himself and D. D. s frame is connected. � radiuS"'rods to be- a suitable length and the lights of any series of burners bya temporary increase or dimi­ i or Jones, of ame place), hung in a proper position to hold or guide thebf top of the frame for· nution of pressure that will not materially affectthe lights of other for an Improvement in 'Veighing Carts : ward, or beyond the shaft to which it is attached ; the whole con� I claim, first, Connecting the frame, D, with Its bars, H and H', structed and arranged substantially as and for the purposes specified. burners supplied by the same main or service pipe,] to the axle, A, so as to be confinedlate,rally and longitudinally to the said axle, and so that it may be elevated above the same, either per· , 27, l7l.-B. F. Trimmer, of Rochester, N. Y. , for an 27 157. -Aaron Ring, of \Y estbrook, Maine, for an Im- pendiculnrly or on one side more than the other, as and for the pur. Impr ve n r s: pose set forth. provement in Seeding Machines · o me t in Grain Sepa ator E, I Second, The shaft, with itB projections or cams, i i, and the pro­ claim the!combination of the wheel� A, which i:Jopen at both ends! claim induct.ingthe grain tothe screens, f m, through the C011- A, D, I jections, J on the axle, in combination with the frame, the with wheel, TI, both wheels phtced upon the same axis and rotating centrated currents of two blasts by the small throats, a c, of diviSion, j, C d i t e b o a a bars� Hand H', with sharp�edged projections� n n, and the body, in opposite directions in combination with two shafts, and D, one t e e l t fJ within the other, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. a:J �:tiSih�J!h� a ������ df:��io� :���e ful1YE;�r��� ��aWin��e; d'�:CU��� th� ���/gt:h:����! m b��U���8 B��:l;iy substantially�����, in the manner and for the purposes described and on the said sharp-edged pr ections, and on turningthe ehaft in 2 7, 1 58. -Wm. Robotham, of Newark, N. J., fo r an S m t e O � sh!:l ��\�Fs!�:e�� ������ ::�i6�ff:�:� o����:' l r: l���� t r t o t e c �e ;UJi��:d on t I proved Gag-runner : :rle� ��1tg� t���,nlI ���li�, �n rhe s�:ft���a s e he m munication with divisIon, G, and of smaller orl:ficeEl, m, with divi­ M, I claim constructing the two loops in one pi.eceand arranging them sions, of the chamber of separation above, substantially a8 and Third, The graduated lever, connected to the bars, H and H'.. substantially as described. lI, d r t a a l n b th a ���tl1��?gi:('i� �h� i�I:!ngementand combination of the opposing ��t��b�i�g j��nIfed ��� ��� �.��d��!d ��j���fab'i� o!�6g! !�, 37, 159.-Fisk Russell, of Manchester, N. for an segmentalfOli arms, L crank, o� aud spindles, S S, with the screen box, r60shafts, U, and the whole being arranged substantially in the mannet��l�r H., for giving the llesired direction to the vibrations of the screens, set forth. Improvemei1t in Mowing Machine Cutters : E, Fourth, The shaft, E, with its projections, w w,in combinatk.n with I claim the combination of the wings 01' projt!ctions, with the and regulating the same, substantially as set forth. t d h g blades, when the latter are pivoted and when the saidU, pro je('tiolls ;��f�d ::'s�t'io��h �he ��S;:;s��� ;e��l�;ahjl��l���f�::b� s:id nre arrangedA, to operate connection with the guards as and for the 27, 172.-Francis Van Doren, of Adrian, Mich., for an body. t:�� pnrpoae set forth. in Improvement in Hand Seed Planters : I , claim, firat, The alTRngement ofR. secondary hopper, A, at the 27, 185.-Abner Burbank of Brooklyn, Y. (assignor 27 160.-Thomas Sault, of Seymour, Conn., .for an Im­ frontside and near the bottom of the planter lor the seed which is N. , to George W. Burbank, of Rochester, N. Y.), for provement in Rollers for Working Caoutchouc and l n t n e s��hf�lf ��;!t�� ����fa t ��r��'d j� t�� an Improvement in Soldering Irons : Allied Gums : ground,���li��� substanti!�cft���allybei� as and for�h: the purposes set forth.is c s i o I and cleanin� of crude arrangement, claim the breaking down, comminuting Second, The H i j, for flperating the devicp.,G, which an� !�l:bf: i�s;���p���:! �he !l;��g����li: s��� ��a:�h� ��l� commercial vnlcanizable gums, separating them fromfo reIgn bodies 1iiCl·apes the dirt offt.he discharge end of the pin-nter, Bubstantiall,ras cring tool may be constantly sup,:pliedwith gas, and the H copper n toothed. rollers, substantially as set forth, whether the rollers tlUdfor the purposes set forth. maintained in a heated state wlnle the tool is being used by the work_ by or any other number. be in pairs 01'in threes mau, Bubstantially as shown and described. [This is a good hand planter. The secondary hopper at tho back Second, claim the combination of a gas light with a soldering tool , I 27 , 161.-Wm. H. Sloan, of Buffa lo N. Y., for an Im- of the seed box enables the operator who carries the planter in his or iron to illuminate the interior and other parts of the work to which the tool may be applied, substantially as shown and described. proved Machine for Dressing Staves : hand to see whether seed is brought down from the seed box every Third, The employment of a chamber, a, ill the base of the cop" c e e e n o a time the planter is operated at a new hill. The scraping device al­ pc", A, as for the purposes shown und described. ti;n �� t��S��lJ�rs;j � �:i1f:et:l r511::i��� PI�c�j�nd and arrangefu'd with reference,r�� to thee:� �'ecutters and othQr parts of the ma. ways keeps the end of the planter free from an acculDulation of dirt, Fourth, The employment of a tubular flcrew,B, in combination with the copper, A, and cylinder, C, as and for the purposes shown and ehine as that the etu.vewill be fed to the cutter�, 111 snch relative and thus prevents clogging.] time and motIOn, as to cause the middle of the st,ave to be dressed described. lowest position, substantially as herein V e , Valley, K ., an while the cutters are in their 27, 173.-E. L. ertre s of Howe's y for 27,186.-Thomas B. DeForest, of New York City (as­ described. Impr e C u tin Boot Vam s: . arrangement of the gage, n, ov d Mode of t g p signor to hi self and Wallace So s, of Ansonia, Second I claim the combination and I m n or feed roller, N, whose circumference is equal to or claim in combination with cutting a boot vamp withont crimping, r n &La ll tern�: with a pressure removing the pointed portion of the material, M X N in the sid·e Coun. , f o an Improveme t in greater than the length of the longest stave to be dressed ; the said of the ankle, and joining the edges so as to ('.ontract theY, back at ) gage being a,djustableon the face of the roller so as to cause the mid­ O. I claim forming, out of a vertical piece of wire, two of the vertIeal dle of a lon� or short stave to be dresHed by the cutters while in their and incline the leg forward, substantially as and so as to obtain the guard wirefl,tlubstantiallially as set forth. lowest positIOn, substantially as set forth. advantages set forth. also claim bending the double guard piece of wire, into such Third, [ claim the l'elativf'-jarrangernentof the annular rim or fef':d shapeI as to form the connecting link forthe attachment ofa, the handle bed, B, friction roller.'l E El and E2, and pressure rollers, T und TI, 27, 1 74 .-Joseph Vowles, of New Hudson, Mich. , for an as specified. m n fur the purpose Bet forth . I proveme t in Cultivators : I also claim forming the support for the protector, C, ant of one of Fourth, I clt\im the combination of the rotating bed, having u the double guard wires, as shown and described, in combination with roughened surface, with the pressure rollers, T and Tl, for the pur­ I claim, in combination with the serip.sof hoes or plows, L IJ, the the retaining portion of the other extended wire, as set forth, es and substantially as described. pair of front hoeR or plOWS, N N, con�tlucte-d, arranged and made acl­ also claim the pecnliar construction of the hundle, as specified pO:-3 Jllstable in the manner and for the purposes herein described and re­ forI the purpose set forth. D, 27, 162.-Jonathnn Smith, Tiffin, Ohio, for an presented. of elm_ also claim the peculiar conetruction, combination and arrange· 27, 187.-John R. Henshaw, of Mid provement in Seed Drills : I dletown, Conn. (as ment of the frame,t.he 'pulleys and the locking of the standards to signor Samuel Babcock, ­ I i i u d the frame, substantially as described and forthe purposes set forth. to himself and of same E ���f�r�rn�l ������ft�Oin 1�t��alY��i!f�C�' i� C��br�!t���ft�� place , or Improvement in Skates : bottum, the (lperationb��­ 27, 175.-Edwin Ward, of New York City, for an Im- ) f an Hliaft, A, collars, F, and concave h..opper B; claim the plate, k made so as to be adjusted on the baT, or its illg as set forth. proved Chum : equivuler nt, and the thumb ecl'CW, h, as means for securing thef, heel I claim the churn made up of a horizontal cylinder having ribs, na of the boot or shoe the skate as set forth. 27, 163.-Wm. Spafford, of Peterborough, N. e o a t c to VV'. Car R., ; for an Improvement in Hailroad \Y heels: r��at��� �h� o�� �t�:1��i�� 3 tg:s�e:f� l��h��� 2 7, 1 88. -Wm. H. Johnson, of Richmond, (as­ I claim the construction of car wh('elformed with curved or ('01'­ in�:i��:�d:�� the opposite direction� as Bet forth .. :::1 himself and.J. Ark. ruaated shell'side Burfaces, c n.c d d, ana internal diaphragms OJ" par� signor to D. Bellah, of same plae(·) ' titions f f fOfming one or more internal cells cRvitie�, chall � 27, 176.--Edward \Yehster, of Hartford, Conn. , for an for an Improvcment in Plows: f f, n t b bel'S o� spacE'S, g g h h, when said surfaces aneldiap\1rngms !tre so ar­l Improvement iu Gridirons: ock, and bent rang'ed as that the incumbent downward weight or pnssnre acting st;l�I�}lrro;� b,���!�:eJ��d g�:::bi����sd:;g����� 8, thereon shall be in direction vertically throughout said parts the I claim the folding and revolving broiler, in the manner ns de­ also claim the ring� D, ill combination with the beam tlnd wheel, sub3tantiallya as set forth and described. of scribed, in combination with the frame and cover, substantially as shareI s�andard, constructE;d,arranged and cperating subsiantlallyA described and for..th� purpose set forth. as specIfied. E, 2 7 1 .- is St nfo d, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for an We er, Gowanda, N. Y. , an , 64 0t \Y. a r 27,177.-W. H. bst of for 27, 189.-Joseph Lamb, of New York City (assignor to Improvement in Grinding Mills : Improvement in Tanning: himself and Richard Lamb, of same place), for an I claim the combination of grinding surfaceR -compos�d of spiral I claim the u!!eof chloride oflime, in combination with the mate­ ridges, separated by cavities which shoal or feather diagonally as set rials sPQcified,or with any materials used in the ordinary process of Improvement i n Portable Sleds : forth. tanning. claim, first, foldin� sled as a new article of manufacture the partsI being hingedA together and capable of being instantly eXpal;ded 27, 16.5.-Daniel D. Stelle, of New Brunswick, N. J. , 27, 178.-Decatur Werst and Aaron Puderbau�h, f into a rigid sled, or folded in a �mall compass� as set forth, for an Improved Acoustic Apparatus : o Second, I claim, in a folding sled, the described combination and Waltz township, Ind., for an Improvement in B, ar. cltdm the combinn.tion with a PUlPIt or reading table, of the sound rangement of the grooved braces, cro�s braces, C, and runnere, I Lathes for TurningI rregular Forms: whereby the sled� when folded, occnpies a thickness equal onlyR, to receiver a a, and conrlncting tube, c, substantially as and for the B purp\ise'shown anddt:flCl'ibed, We claim the combination of the vertically-reciprocating cuttE'rs, thnt of the bracrs, or C, themselves. c, with the longitudinally-traveling carriage, ancl laterally-sliding Third, I claim, in connection with the last, the df!scribedarrange- B, ' f c y·WhiCh it is folded into the plane of the 27; 166.-George K. Snow, of Watertown, Mass. , for an gage, �, by the means and in the manner substantially as described, tc for the purpose set forth. ���!s� ��k ����:;8�R� Improvement in Folding Paper for Bookbinders : Fourth,.J I ,claim, in a folding sl�d rODf!trncte

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 142 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.

H. R. a 27 190.-Wm. Lauback, of Philadelphia, Pa. (as­ C. , of Ill.-You propose to store up power by wind­ IMPORTANT TO INVENTORS. , si nor to himself and D. C. Enos, of bame place , mill raising wei hts to a certain elevation, to afterwards em­ g ) by g be R for an Im provemen t in t e use of Hydro-carbon ployed when there is not a su cient amount of wind to operate the GREAT AME ICAN AND FOREIGN h ffi HE AGENCY.-Messrs. of o d T PATENT MUNN CO., Proprietors Vapor for Illumination : wheel. A more eimple plan has oftentimes pr pol!le us, &; been to the SCntNTlFIO A O N� are happy to the eng em n clai fo rcing mto .. and through the distributing pipes hydro car­ a r a nd l , ME I A nnnounce llg e t I m - namely, to pump up water into eservoir, by wi mi l when R of bon vapor at such a high temperature that no condensatlOD of the HON. JUDGE MABON, fo rmerly Commissioner of Patents, us nssociate plenty of wind, then use the water to drive a wheel when l"apor ean take placa in the said pipes, when the latter are o rranged there was e. 8 coullsel with them in the prosecution of their extensive patent busi­ that no closing of the burners can obs.truct the free circulation of the there was no wind to drive the mill In some eituations, we might ness. This connection ir facilities �till more a le heated va.por throughout every portion of the said distributing pipes to adopt it l of ng renders the mp than use this plan, and we advise you in p ace usi such as and for the pUrpJd8 Bet 1orth. they ha.veever previously been for procllling Letters Patent, and at­ a·clum.y substitute in the form of elevated weights. 27 I.-Isaac Lykens, ')f Pottsville, nor tending to the various other departments of bnsinees pertaining to 19 P. Pa. (assig E. J. , of Ohio. -Your directions for cutting elbows for , h t i , the to himself und Wm. Bickel, of sa e place), lor an pa.tents, suc 8S Ex ens on AppE'.als before United States m stove pipe. would be valuable if we had not already given one that S' Improvement in Machinery for Breaking Coal : Uourt, Interference!!!, Opinions relative to' Infringements, h dIc., d answers t e purpose. &c. The lopg x rience Me.srs. MUNN ha had in chim first 'rhu recIprocating spIkerl plates, I, and the ppike e pe & Co. ve I're' I chuteii, Q, and their movable aoorE!, J. R. bar� N in com1,inatiou with the W. of communication in another p31ing Specificati ns Bnd Drawings, extending e iod and , Iowa.-By a o over a p I of q. the being'arranged operating f:ubstantlally as set forth. Second,;vhole At,t�ching both the upper and lower spikes, independently column you will s.e that the parallelism of the cracks which you fonrteen years, has rendered them perfectly COnVel'B811twith t11e the mode of doing business at the United States Patent Office, and of (,:lch C'ther, to bars in snch a manner that the position of the observed in the frozen mud, was owing some local cause. It is i snid f:lpiltes may b3 altered at pleasure, the bats themselves being to with the greater part of the nventions ,vhich have been pat­ as ready a curious that they shonld be thus pll\'8lle\ over even a very small ented. Information conce�ing the patentability of inventions is Ukewil'!e 80 8P.cnred to admit of djnstment, in tne manner and for the purpJse specified. district. freely given, without charge, on sending a model or drawing and Thi1'd, 'rhe spring, arranged in respect to the spiked plate. description to this office. M, I, D. W. B., Conn.-We thin the objections to Consnltation may be had Dnd FOUR and the spiked b.'tl's, as and for the purpose set forth. of k galvan­ with the firm, between NINE N, o'clock, da l , at their PRINCIPAL KKW ized iron forconveying water to a house are lcs8 powerful than the i y OFFICE, No. 37 PARK Row, 192.-David Nicholson, Loc port, N. Y. (assignor YORK. We have also established a BRANcn OFFICE in the Ul'l'Y OF 27, of k objections to lead. But we have seen such dreadful efiects from ASU1NGTON, on OF SEVENTH�B'J.'R!tET8, to himself Charles of same place), for W the CORNER F AND oPJlosite the und H. Fox, metallic pol�on, and have found the cement pipes so perfect, that United States Patent Office. This office is under the generol super­ Feeding Bolt to the intendence of one of the firm, and is in daily communication 'l"ith an Improved Method of the we recommend ihem In all cases where they can be used. New in Shingle Machines : the Principal Office in York, and personal attention will be given Knife at a ent Office to all such cases may require Inventors I claim, Constructinu the l"tlcks, of two toothed lon gitu­ N. V. L., of Va.-We have received your theory in the P t as it. fir�t, R R, J. tmd o ers who may visit Washington. havin� bu ess at v w, so nl'l"angedas capable of adjustment one with i th ein the Patent dinal parts, to bG regard to the aurora borealis and exam ned it, but we do not believe Office,ar e cordialIy invited to call at theil' office. the the purpose of v ryin th.e taper of the shingles and other, for a g that it wo ld be as interesting to our readers generally as it is to e e e re O sawing ·� fltl1ffnof equnl thickness throughout when desired. u i� ge :!t���t:��::� �:�:i �!�e�::s���f��8o� a men'. h d you. We suppose theories nre very much like their c il ren, this" fT::£e business:�: th.eyhave Offices at NOR. hancery Lane, I.ondon ; byS:'i���er.,hU�:;�dfI���t�;t�a Mt�p:�·�t�� t�:�:;t;� 66 C m t r of interest t s lves but decided and crank, and fitted the:li��:��' bar, L, substantially��\ as shown, for or their indigestions, a te s to hem e , d r 0, gl, in �a��e�y;� �\!� t&�e��f��::h� �� �rt:��'N�:;�� the purpose of actuating the racks, t ores to other people. Your theory Is as likely to be correct as that R R. ��t�l���� i an citizens are t our Patents secured to Amer c proC1ll"ed hrouEth 27, 193.-Enos B. Phillips, of Cambridgeport, Mass. ohome of the learned savans, and this probability we should esti­ A�ency. one in Inventors will do well to bear In miRd that the English law does (assignor to himself and C rles W. Phillips, of mate, in the present state of human knowledge, at a out ha 10,000,000,000. b not limit the issue of Patel!.tsto Inventors. Any one can takQ out a m same place), an Improve nt in the Manufac­ Putent there. for e t tu e Skates : R. C. of C. W. The e steam gages for measur­ A pamphle of information concerning the proper course to be pur­ 111. - r are sued in obtaining Patents through their Agency, therequiremellts ot r ofn from ­ , I claim, as new article of mallufll.ture, a skate cast the de ing the 'pressure in pounds per square inch in the oiler, bnt no the Patent Office, &c., may be hod 'atis upon ap ication at the Imbed composition metal, sub:!I;u.ntially a.s set fo rth. b gage can give tilehorse-power of the engine. � They also �''DIsh a Circu- 27, 194.-James Spear, of 'Philadelphi�, Pa. (assignor ra���rf�}0?:�t1 ",f:i,� u"{ F�;��:P'a��n�:: F. P., of bill has been introduced into our 0 P IQwa.-A The annexed letters fi.·om the last two Commissioners of nt£>nts to imself an d D. Enos, of same place), for a i commend to the perusal of all per n interested in obtaining h C. legislature with a provision similar to the one wh ch you recom­ ,,'"e so s Post-office Stamp: Patents :- mend for preventing persons being burnt In the buildings. This MUNN & in I claim, fire.t, Constructing a stamp or die with letters, the outline Messrs. Co. :-1 take pleasure slatIng that while 1 held MORE TIIAN ONE-FOURTH OF of ,yhlch is composed of fine points, constructed in the manner and plan of iron stairs in the rear, outside, seems to ba vet"Yjudicious. tl� office of Commissioner of Patents, ALL TH BUBINESS OF OFFICE came through your hands. I have no tor the l'"rpose described. H.·{)., of Mass.-We suppose you refer to Shepard's E mE i b Second, I claim stamping letters so that the letter, as well as the D. doubt that the public confidence thus ndicated has een full}' de­ envelo e, bear post�oftice ma.rkin distinct manner, as de" motor. The fall must be sufficient for the water to lise in the pipe served, 8s I have always observed, in all yow' intercourse with the scribed.p will the (\ Office, a marked degree of promptness, skill, and fidelityto the In- its momentum from the velocity the current. s very'truly, by of teresta of your employers. Your , RE-ISSUE. E. B., of N. Y. - e Atlantic cable was i p ­ - . CHAS, MASON. Immediately after a e George of Schenectady, N. Y., for an Im­ Th very m er the ppointm nt of MI'. Holt to the officeof Westinghouse, fe ctly const ucted, and it was too small practical purposes. Postmaster-General of the United States, he ddressed to tbe pr vement in Endless Chain Horse-powers. Pat­ r for a U8 o Several patents have been obtained In the United States for sub. subioined very gratifying testimonial :- ented JIIRe 13, 1854 ; July 10, 1855 ; Messrs. MUNN :-It affords me much plensnre to benr tel!ltl­ re"issued marinecables. We believe that a cable may be constructed and & Co. again re-i�ed Ifeb. 14, 1860: many to the able and efficient manner in which you discharged your laid in the ocean to operate satisfactorily, but the messages would duties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of holding the h t i odd 1 s officeof Commissioner. Your business was very large, and you sus­ li k i ih �� r�c��� �� d <>fn� 6p:�:l�� a! ���ib:�� necessarily be slow in passing. ! tained (and, doubt not, justly deserved) the reputatIOn energy, Seco� nd,� The combinationIsr �!!r�� and arrangement of the hubs or pinions, fff C. D., of S. C . -Any turbine, set up n horizontal marked abilitIy , and nncOI!1.P romising fidelityin performing your pro.. m m', with. the b�nd and driving wheels, as de cribed, for the pur- W. :a " o a fe ssional engagements. Very re�pecttully, poses. shaftand revolving with a higb velocity, may give out as much YonI' obedient J. HOLT. as a tub b t such an rra m ••rvant, DESIGNS. power common wheel; u a nge ent cannot Communications and remittances should be addressed Ne , of Lowell, Mass. (assignor to the affect the question of economizing the water, which is the important to Elemer J. y MUNN &; CO. Lowell Manufacturing of Lowell, Mass.), item with you. We advise you to get the best turbine wheel possi­ Publishcr8, No. Park-r(n1 , New York. Company, 37 ble for your fall, ilTe,pective of the condition. of being hung either _01' II Desig n for Carpet P'ttlerns. on a vertical or horiz ntal A Stevens, Portland, Maine (assignor to o �hnft. G GER' S PATF..NT TURBINE WATER WHEEL William W. of atented Oct. 1852).-Several hundred. of these wb.els N. P. Co., of same place), ,for a --�.--­ tJ P 19, hnve Richardson & been put in operation during the past sevp-n years ; o wat.er wIIC'el Money Receivecl to at period n Design for a Cooking Stove. that Ii•• been offered the public during th b •• @Iven �r.8t- At the Scientific American Office on ccou t ct s t ir l e e b i a n of Patent n N. S. Vedder, of Troy, N. Y., for Des n for a arlor Office business. for tbe wcek ending Saturday, 18, =rr::rt�it� �� M:s���li�� ':d ��:����� i� tt� Bu�� �i :��1:r Wlt�;: a g P Fe!>. 1860 :- nre bv far the best wheels in 115P. They are manufaC'tureil only nt and Cook Stove. T. C., of N. Y., L. C. R., of J., $30 ; S., Vt. D. D. of , the Macl1ine Shop of Franklin Townspucl. Albany, N. Y. C'ClDl� $55 ; N. L. lIl. All N. S. Vedder, of Troy, N. Y., for a Desi n for a Parlor J. B., of Del., $30 ; G., of La., B., of Mlcb., $10 ; munications addressed to IVES JAGGER, the patentee, ot Albany g $ao ; H. $35 ; R. will with m t attention. Stove. Jr., of S. C., $30 ;M. M., of Y., $gO ; J. S., of Mass., $31 ; meet pro p 9 6*oam B. D., &; N. G. 1(, B., of N. Y., $30 ; J. C., of $30 ; I. of Iowa, $25,; Leonard W. Volk, of Chicago, Ill., ftJr a Design f r N. Y., N. R. , o W. &; .P., of N. Y., B. T. , of $25 ; S. M. W., of RISTOL'S ANTI-FRICTION SLIDE VALVE Statuette of ephen A. D nglas . $30 ; W. N. Y., St o Mich., L. Mo, of J., $55 ; D. of Ill., $30; A. of is cheap and ensily adflpted to all places where t.11e com mon $35 ; D. N. H., H., B V e $30 ; N. Y., $25 ; G., N. Y., $25 ; �1 �� � � 0 n Y., C. P. , of G. W. of C. P., of w lIi�J� 1:��:.i�tl� t�:1��nn«;tl)I�8�:w��? �/:I�? N. $25 ; F. Y., $40 ; $2 PRves�: a large'i � proportion of the lubrirating material geneJ"nJly� used�ne�; J., H of N. J. P. , of Pa., ; W. , of ., 5 H. N. this sRving alone will pay- for the val,"e in a few monthe. lnrgest Y. , $57 ; E. B., Conn., $55 ; B. E. uf IlL, $25 ; T. of Thc of 0., H. G., yalve may bA easily wor ed under nny prEFIsure by man, with on e $33 ; &; F $25 ; F. F., N. Y., $30 ; J. O. pre.surek n. Wis., B. ., of Pa., of G., of hand ; the difference In being hardly perceptible. Apply $30 ; N. Y., $30 ; $�5 ; R. H. C. BRISTOL, Chicago, Ill. to Conn., W. B., of A. H., of Md., F., of R. 9 2* .,J Pa., J. C. C., of Conn., J. W. C., of Maine, M. M., $25 ; $aO ; $]5 ; of Md., $30 ; Eo, of $35 ; A. of Ohio, $:30 ; M. &; M., of B OWN, D. IiI., H. , DWARD R MECHANICAL Y., $20 ; Walnut-street, Phibdelphin, has ENGINEER, Y., $30 ; J. L. H., of J. T. L., of L. J. B. T., 311 fortmle an RPFl ortmcnt M. M., of lll.-'\Ye p ublished series of illustrated N. N. r., $10 ; ofE theNo. best steam ,,·acuurn and mercury gages, water nnd W. a of A. &; L. , of Conn., $250 ; B. L., of Tenn., $3 ; E. C. E:'las8 gOf!"('8 articles on artesian in Vo!. VIII (old series) of the SCIJlNTIFIC IlL, $20 ; J. 0 tubes, patent si�Dal gongs for lor-omotives and stcamboats, indica. wen. $55 ; $w ; J. $15; tore, steam whistletl, &c. All S., of Md., G. W., of Y., A. C., of Conn., N. steam gagc!!!tested and warrnnted cor. N. Working drawing mndr, AMEllIOAN. II of $20 ; N. $25 , O. Jr., $35 ; recto !!! machinery nn d the const rllction . H., Wis., &; II., of J., S., oflowa, of F. N. C., of Mich.-We I\:ave the infor ati n abont N. e r o f steam e ngines E. &; D., of Mass., $20 ; S. &; L., of Y., $30 ; C. of Ga., t ��:1ft!';! i�ar! :i3l:�i:;: m:cll9af l:, m o N. 'V. R., d� ':1� to � lonps on pa.ge 3, present volume of the SOlENTIFIO just $30 ; &; B., of $30 ; A. of IiI., $25 ; W. S., of Y., A.m!:ruCAN, C. N. Y., E. D., N. as it was in the patent. W. G., of Ohio, $30 ; G. M., of Conn., $30 ; W. H. S., of $30 ; OOLEN GOODS !-SOUTHERN MANUFAC- $% ; and N. Y. , H. of Ohio.-The specimen of ore which you h ave Conn., C. P. B. others, of Conn., F. W., of ture.-Caeslmeres, tweeds and ids ; D lso, ne� clothina, all G., $25 ; woolW filling. pIn eent us appears to be alumina, and may contain sufficient metal to $25 ; W. B. &; R. B., of N. Y., $12 ; A. B. S., of La., C., of Will manufacture cloth for planters furnishin.l! their $55 ; J. O1 n !'ooL $10 ; F. $30. T render the smelting of it profitable ; this, however, Can only be Conn., T., of II!., !i a �ol:n Jh?s� ' determined '"by experiment. J��� :O-S�:lt

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 143

P ATENT EXTEN SIONS.-ALL PATENTS FOR IL ! OIL ! OIL !-FOR RAILROADS, STEAM PORTER'S CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOH.- AT- Invention , O ented July 13, 1858; re-issued June 21, P s granted by the United States dnring the yew.'1846, ers, and for M.achinery and Burning. Penee's Improved Ma,.. New18 59.York, Ftl'b.14, will expire by their own limitatious dming the cnrrent rear (lE6t;) chinery and Burl'ling Oil will save fiftyper cent., and will not gUIIl I 1860. 'rhestatute provides for the Thi13Oil possesses qualities vitallyesflentialfor lublicating and ha.veone of Porter's governors regulating the engine driving two UNLESS EXTENDED ACCORDING TO LAW. aud bm !:l ·�tl"ll,.insU ot roUB, at my steel works at Rockaway, N. J. It proves it. extension of Patents for an additional term of SEV�N YEAHS, the ing, tound in no other oil. It is offered to the public upon th l at i m to grant being made to th� inventor himselt� or if deceased, to his heirs most reliable, thorough aad practical test. Our most skillful rngi :r�:e: �p�� b��h :rai�!. i1s a�rid: el�l�ib\�: �e������eS���� i��:!� and admini:itratorp.:. The EXTENDED TER.\{ inures solely to the benefit c o i d e r neSd. JhMES of the inventor or his heirs. Assignees or owners of rights under �ti����, Ul� ��l�S�lP:h�t y��� !ti�����o�.eYiabre a� �1ll Every gvvcrnor is warranted to maintain speed so ne�l,. 'lyI-IOR:NER. uniform the firstterm of the Patent have no rights whatever in the extended rrhe ��1 AMF..RICAN, after tests, pronounces it ��:�����supeli.ol that the eye cannot detect any variation. Ordersn. promptlyl supplied ; term. The inventor or his heirs may, however, sell their interests in to anSCIEN'rIItIOy other they have ever usedseveral for machinery." 8&le only val ves furaished. A liberal discount allowed to agents "nd to the Extension prior to t.hegrant thereof, in ,vhich case the Extended the Inventor and Manufacturer, F. S.1"0 PEASE,1' by engine buildel's. Send for a circular. Paten:t,when granted, becomes the exclusive property of snch pur­ No. Main�street" Buffalo,N. tJHARLES T. PORTER, chaser. Applications for Extension::! must be made at the Patent N. D.-Reliable order. fiiledfor any61 part of the United StatesY. and York. 9 1 No. 235 West Thirteenth·street, New 01liceat least 65 days prior to the extension of the Patent. The un­ Europe. 1 13 dersigned, having had great expe.rience in l.latcnt business, will ------_._------promptly prepare the various documents and prosecute Extension UST PUBLISHED.-ENGINEERING PRECE­ caseson moderate terms. l"or further information addl'rss J D8NTS for STEA�I MACHINERY. By B. F. ISHERWOOD, t t MAPES' AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT AND No. Seed Warehou�e, "'>"holesaln and Retail. All improved and Chief Engineer of Uniterl States Navy. Vol. I., Screw propellers, 37 p"rk-rOl�R';�tfh�.z;;,e�i��� oi�i�;'{Nt,,",� {lork. illustrated, $1.25; Vol. II., Boilers, &c., wlth seven plates, standard varieties of Agl'icuUurai Machinery and Implements. Or� &'1. , BAILLIERE BROTHERS, Publisher" No. 41U Broadway, utteIl �e�Iip\is�tion > �]·11R'LW� . Ne*J.5:).w York. 3*eow HE BEST PAPER OF KIND IS THE ��:�r�hi�Y T ARCHITECTS' AND MECHANICS'rrs JOURNAL. year. �f;�:lt�io��K���;24 tf 128 and 130f�� Nassau and 11 Beekman-street" New York. 7 $� " ------.------4 ABBITT METAL ,-JOSEPH W. BAKER, NOS. ------B 8:.),1 M. WHITTEMORE (SUCCESSOR TO 8'20 Rachel Rnli North Second.strcets, Philadelphia, Pa., ---- lU�nufacture8 aud sells large quant.ities(I f Baobitt Met-allat varion. RCHITECTS' AND MECHANICS' JOURNAL- G John 'Vhittemore & Co.), No. Mairl('n�lnne, York, prices. It is chiefly usnd forJun.king the journal.boxes ot axles and Contains workinl2:plans every week. Copy sent for weeKS OonllnisHionW Merchant and dealer ill Cottonn1 and Woolen Nmv,Machinery shafts of machinery. The firm(formerly J B. Baker & Son, but now A25 cents, by A. HARTHILL, publisher, 128J'ulton-st., New5 York. 101' and manufacturers' 8upplies. 413* changed to Jo�. Bakel') have been makingO it for 15 yearg, and have 7,j acquired a high'V. reputation for the supedol'qutllity of the metal, as it ;"eqllires great experience and good judgment to mix the metals form"" SHORT VOYAGE FOR 25 CENT S. -TAKE AGE' S LIME AND CEMENT KILN (PATENTS the alloy to sult the different thejouruul-boxes P mg preSSUl"tSto which A LIFE ILLUSTRATED 3 month,. FOWLER & WELLS. 1854·57-5t)�Hurn8 100 bbls. with cords of wood or one tun will ,ubj ected. 2* of anthrac.itccoal, not mixed with the2M 8to ne; will also burn rock be 9 marl or shell. Rights for sale by D. PAGE, patentee, Rochester, ACHINE BELTING, STEAM PACKING, EN- ;�b�?1[e�,i ��:�. �r�;o ��� (wil�(>�r�h'� for sale low; also Harrison':; Grain Mills. For descriptive circular, No. Park�row, New York. 82* n e address New Haven Manufacturillg Co., Xew Havcn, Conn. 1 13 37 f���le:�hi:�� bn�rd/e(�\a;t� �l��;l; � f:�tfo:�,��ll�cl�e� ------wide and 35 inches high. Sli(l� P�ttlath�l��)es-one feet long and turns SG H� MACHIN NO. XTOODWORTH PLANER -I ON FRAMES TO inchellldiameter ; one 00. 5 feet long, and turns inches diameter; LEX. STOCKMAR, IST, 161 S R 1 r20 , 4 to 110 S. C. 2 c i o A Duane-street, New York. Inventors' models and scwing- .'" plane 18 to 2 inches wide, at $90 $ . For Rale by ,��� :�b�v� ����� ����� b�::�;���:d machines. 1 HILLS, No. 12 Platt-street, New York. 1 f ���and rg�J;screw.cntting-, [:n;�ll��'d\��n�l;.��.swith connt.er shu,fts and lmlleys complete. One 11* t 8 hand lathe feet longo,turllE'l, 1; ) inehe5 dinmeter; back-geared, ,vith counter shafts,&c. One small boring mill and two shop cront'scom� HE NEW YORK FARMERS' CLUB OF THE ECHANICS AND MANUFACTURERS WILL e Amorican fn'titut.c.-For a ge neral report of its transaction:, M.L a o well to introduce LIFE ILLUSTHATED into their families tfgJlRLbEs'v�Ccg;tEtANh�N�.g�8B ���d �������� sTee LIFE ILLUSTRATED. Sent three months for 25 cents. Ad- and establishments. On trial three months for 25 cents. n 2 ���r;�8 4eo,v Y��k: dre,s FOWLER & WELLS, New York. 9 2 ------�------��------HE FOLLOWING VILLAGE GAS-WORKS ARE ORRIS' PATENTED WOOD-RENDERS-FOR HEELER WILSON' S SEWING MACHINE . c M now erecting under the Anbin system, viz.:-l"or the it ot all the various heavy or light wo()(l-h(lmlIn� purposcf!. Bnild- & T ,,� ..l.. Bodley ; patentee; JOHN �;10RRIS, Cincinmlti, Ohio. ��They have no rivn.l."-Scientific American. San Antonio, Texas; for the villng-ea of Bath, N. Y. : PIHtt!'!blir�h, & U. WOffice,No. 505 Broadway, New York. Send for a circular. 4 tt N. Y. : Glo er illc, N. (changed from rosin works) ; Rntland, 1';, i�ttne Vt.; Doyer.v Del.;sv Jcrge)-· Shore,Y. Flemington, Gref'n�horo, ------Ptt.; N, .J.: - N. C.; and PoInt ... eYi, Cnnn.dn. For reference to the Aubin villng-c ORTABLE STEAM-ENGINES, COMBINING J where MPOHT AND SOMETHING NEW !-WE works erected last yenr and this sprin!!. both COllf:UmerS and A�l' the maximum of effieiencJ·, dUl'alJilit.Y' economy with the stockholders are sn.tisfied,upply to the Aubin Compnn:r, No. 44 Stat{> I have a new and vnluablc pRten� to which C!tn with confidence P :lIlfl street, Albany, N. t o t t we i miNmnm ofweillhtnnd price. Thev received the lar,!!eaohl. merlal Y. 1 13 ���� e fl��:�h�� i�lo���:fd�� :jd�.�;�s �t�;,::� lf�i���:il:! of the American Institute, at their late fair, as �'t.he best Portable ��� Mr(��, Rteam.en�ine.n De8cliptiv� circular8 e.ent on npplication. Addrl"sE! AHMER S AND THEIR WIVES. SONS AND Conn., or call at the Inventors' Exchange, No. 37 P:tl'k-row� New J. C. HOADIJEY,Lawrence, Mass. F- York. Send for a circular. S. A. IIEATH & CO. 1 12* DAUGHTERS-nil Otwllt to por LIFE ILLUSTRATED. OnlY 1* 3 9 a Quarter for months. FOWLER & WELLS, New York. 9 9 ------Sut �elld)tung fiit �tfinber. A. FAY CO., WOHCESTER, MASS., BUILD \l'rfiuber,\t)ddie niel)t mit bet ugli di 6�raif)e bcfauut flnb, lonnen • & staves MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS-AVIS IM- • a double stave-dresser to work two at one fl'h�ration, on e f m J i�re l1Jlittl)eilungen in et r5�tadiemad)en. r5fi31Clt�on \l'rfin. _ both sides ; either sawed or rived. Mortising nnd tenoni!l,'� machinf'B, b beulfdim portunt.-Les inventclll'S non familiers avec lalangue Anf!laipe, usual. Send for circubrs. 1* mit lur,,", beutlidi !Befdireibungen belicb, malt etA qui prefcrernipnt nOllS communiquer leurs inventions en Francais, ns bunnm gefc!jtie�cltcn iU peuvent noUl'!add.resser dans leur lanp:uenatale. Envoyp.z noUt'! un an de�sin et une description concise pour notre exnmen. Toutes com­ OR SALE-12 VOLS, AMERI- abrejjirel1 SCIENTIFIC \NUIlIl � G:o., mnnications flerontrecues en confidence. F from II. to incll1,ivc, Rnd Vol. XIV.: of them !jlarf iRol", \new.IDor!. MUNN ScientificAmerican CAN, XII. , A. PHt 87 ' & CO., Office. Woo 87 Park-row, New bound. Price$38. Address TRASK, Wnterto,vn, Ala.,,- 91* �uf bet OfficeIll itb beulldj gel�ro

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 144 'rHE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. --' ------.. -----

IMPROVED CORN PLANTER. THE EFFECT OF PATENTS ON THE PRICE time iB the exclusive enj oyment of their inventions, by The inhabitants of our 'western prairies understand OF MANUFACTURED GOODS. the grant of Letters Patent, they would not be so foolish thll ult vation of Indian corn better u c i than it is under- In o r last number we announced the fact that the as to spend time, money and mental toil in effecting im­ stood in any other part of the world. A per on may Commissioner of Patents ha rejected the application of r - s d provements that could and would be afterwards app o ride' among those square miles of priated by any person, without waving verdure without ever see­ cost or labor. And as it requires ing crooked row of corn, or a a quite a large c apital to engage single !hort row at the edge of the in most new manufacturing opera­ 160-acre fields ; with such en- tions, capitalists would not i nvest gineering accuracy do these fa rm­ money in expensive new under­ ers lay olf their ground. And while takings of this character, unless ow g one the corn is gr in , man with they enjoyed protection until once double shovel plow will keep 20 a they had f ully established the or 25 acres perfectly free from b.usiness. The consequence, there­ weeds, notwithstanding that weeds fore, wonld be that they would not grow with surp ising vigor in t a r h t invest, and we should not have fe rtile soil. In order that corn may such manufactnres at all. Take be cultivated thus perfectly with the very patent of the carpet littl it o u so e labor, is abs l tely ne­ power-loom, and we have no hesi­ cessary that it should be planted tation in asserting that, had it in rows both ways, and many at­ never issued from the Patent Of­ tempts have been made to devise fice, the loom would not yet have some machine which would do been in operation ; and all carpets this. Twenty years ago we our­ wonld still be woven by hand, selves expended considerable in­ and the high prices thus main­ ventive effort upon this problem tained. We are positive that the but. without nny really valuable public cannot obtain cheaper car­ result. The acco panying cut m pets on account of the Commis­ r ­ rep esents a machine which accom sioner's recent decision ; because i pl shes the thing to a degree of patents do not keep up high prices. perfection, thongh it takes two But even a llowing that they do persons to operate it, and re­ Bigelow has sev­ 80, then, !LS Mr. quires that the ground should be eral other patents on different previously furrowed in one direc­ parts of carpet'llower-looms, and tion. as thesetwill remain in full fo rce A frame is slIPported upon tw� a number of years longer, of broad wheels which are placed the course the old prices must still be proper distance apart for two rows, continued on this very account ; and carries two hoppers for tbe so that the correspondent of the seed on its forward part, front in cotemporary to whom we have of the wheels. One long slide reierred has no grounds-on the one t o otto of passes hr ugh the b ms hand or the other-for enter­ both hoppers, and is furnished tai p n on he has ning the o i i ex­ with two holes near each end for pressed. measuring the seed and feeding it down into the shoes which open TIlE NEW COMMISSIONER OF the furrows. This slide is work­ PAU:NTS,- Hon. Philip Frank ed by means of the lever, d, the Thomas, of Maryland, was con­ attendant boy fo rcing it along at WORTH'S CORN PLANTER. firmed on the 15th inst., as Com­ the instant the heel of the shoe is missioner of Patents, and has en- ' ng ig lo ext n ion of his of F b uary tered on the discharge of his dnties. We trust the middle of the furrow which is bei crossed. This E. B. B e w, for an e s patent e r that the motion passes one of the holes, with its measure of 18, 1846, for an improvement in power-looms for weav­ Commissioner will find his new d utie agreeable, and c, s nder t o n over the open­ ing i grain carpets. We do not propose now to discuss that be will how, at the outset, generou and steady seed u the s ati nary scraper, e, a d n s a s ing, b, by w h of the i s of decision. Our o je t is to notice a interest in the Inventor and the Patentee. hic means the proper number seed for mer t that b c is d w m nt a orr s ond nt of one of our city one hill dropped o n into the hollow shoe, h, near its state e made by c e p e bottom, where the seed arres ed and retained by the cotemporaries, wherein he asserts (as gronn of j ustifi­ is t a d l\ULL slide Fig. 2. This slide is a thin plate, and passing Commissioner's r j t on in this as that MECHANICS, INYENTOHS, WRIGHTS, , k, , cation for the e ec i c e) AND MANUFACTURERS. through the bottom of the hopper, has a projecting pin, "ingrain c4I'pets will no doubt be sold cheaper in con­ n, near its npper end. This pin passes through the an­ sequence." Such a statement is not founded upon fact ; [",The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a paper peculiarly adapted to­ �lliar slo , i, in lat fas tened so o i io one all persons engaged in these pursuits, while to the Farmer, House ... t a p e upon the slide, b, that it is simply an p n n , but which, nevertheless, re­ keeper, and Man-of.Science, it will be found of equal Interest and when this plate is moved horizontally with the slide, qnires correction, as it suggests the idea that its anthor b, use. the slide, k, is momentarily raised, allowing the charge (and perhaps many others) entertains the notion that ar­ The £CIENTIFIC AMERICAN has been published FOURTEEN of l At by YEARS, and has the largest circulation of any journal of its class seed which it. retained to �al into the furrow. ticles-such as carpets-manufactured patented in­ iu the world. It is indispensable to the Inventor and Patentee; each the same time another snpply of seed is dropped down ventions are higher in price as a c onsequence of su h c number containing complete official list of the claims of all the Do into the hollow shoe where it is caught by of e b ab of the return patents. Th pu lic shonld be dis nsed such an patents issued each week at the United States Patent Office, besides elaborate notices of the most important inventions, many of which the slide, k, to its pl ace and held till the furrow is absurd notion, for it is wrong in essence and principle. are accompanied with engravings executed in the highest degree reached for the succeeding hill. The very first thi g which patented improvement a ot n a in perfection. The frame on which the working parts rest is made in­ machine effects is a reduction in the price of the arti­ To the Mechanic and Manufacturer the SCIENTIFIC AMERI-' CAN is important, as every number treats of matters pertaining to dependent of the frame to which the ,¥heels and pole are cles mannfactured by This has been the case with it. their business, and as often as may be deemed necessary a column. attached, and is hung on pivots so that tM driver by the carpet power-loom. The dyes and the wool of car­ , or two on the metal and lumber markets will be given ; thus com .. moving backward upon the long seat on which he sits r ce pets are as high in p i to-day as they were before this prismg, in a useful, practical, scientJ,ficpaper a Price Cun'ent whicll can be relied upon. astride, can raise the shoes out from the ground-a con­ loom was put in operation , bnt carpets are 10 per cent. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is published weekly in a form venience in t r ing round at the ends of the rows, and cheaper, at the very least, and this reduction in price n n suitable for binding, each number containing sixteen pages of letter· in proceeding to or from the field. In front of the shoes, has effected by the economy of labor accomplished press, with numerous illustrations, making yearly volume been a of �3'-� pages of u,eful matter not contained in any other paper. are the wheels, 0, made in the form of double cones, by h, machinery. Terms. tilp repare the ground for more complete opening the b There is another wrong idea prevalent the minds of To mail subscribers : Two Dollars a Year, or One Dollar Six y in for shoes, The carriage supported by the broad wheels Months. One Dollar pays one complete volume of 416 pagel) ; h. IS many persons in regard to patents, which also requires for two volumes The volumes commence on the which keep it rom sinking into t he soft p owed ground, compriseonc year. fir::t f l correction. They believe that, as patents secure an ex­ of and and which follow the plant ing, covering the seed and JANUARY JULY. clusive right to the manufacture, sale and use of ertain Club Rates. c Five Copies, for Six Months ...... pressing the earth around it. . -...... $ 4 articles, this is a monopoly which keeps np, prices, and Teo Copies, for Six Months ....•...... •...... $8 The patent for this invention was granted through that if no patents were granted, such articles would be Ten Copies, for Twelve Months ...... $15 Fifteen Copie., for Twelve Months...... the Scientific American Patent Agency Dec. 13, 1859, much cheaper. The is but for patented inven­ .. . . $22 , fa ct that, Twenty Copies, for Twelve Months ...... to William H. 'Worth and Leonard Finlay, who have tions, most of the i proved manufactures which are now $28 m For allclubs of Twenty and over, t he yearly Bubscription is only 40. Names can be sent in dlfferent times and from different sold one ha f i nterest and persons desiring further in­ o d chin r at a - l , pr dnce by ma e be vastly dearer than they Post-offices.$1 Specimen copies will sent gratis to any part of tbe' y wonld be f rm ion in relation to the matter will please !Lddress are, and of would not be in existence at all. country. o at many them MUNN a t n Mo. Rees, Worth C n o , inventors were for certain period Publisht'1'8, No. Park�row,& CO. & Co., lit If not protected a of 37 New York.

© 1860 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.