PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON LOT PT 4310 (649.4 HECTARES) AND LOT PT 4314 (1,685.51 HECTARES) IN MUKIM 2017 ULU LEPAR, DISTRICT OF KUANTAN, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR
CHAPTER 6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The description of the existing environment is based mainly on data obtained from field studies and measurements, interviews and observations conducted by the EIA team. This was supplemented with published and unpublished data related to the Project site obtained from various sources. This section contains information pertaining to the physical, biological and social-economic within 5 km radius as shown in Figure 6.1.1
6.2 LAND USE
Figure 6.2.1 shows the land use activities within a 5 km radius from the Project site.
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Figure 6.1.1 Zone of Study within 5 km Radius
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Figure 6.2.1 Land Use within 5 km from the Study Area
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6.2.1 Project Site
The project site was a secondary forest (Plate 6.2.1). It is noted that the project site is located outside of the boundary of Berkelah Forest Reserve (see Figure 6.1.1).
Plate 6.2.1: Existing Condition at the Project Site
6.2.2 Agriculture
The land use surrounding of the Project site are oil palm plantations. These plantations are mostly located at the north, west and southwest of Lot PT 4314 and northwest, south and south east of Lot PT 4310. An oil palm plantation owned by Asia Jaya Sepakat, namely Ladang Sawit Asia Jaya which located to the south (± 1 km), south east (± 1 km) of the proposed Lot PT 4310 and south west (± 4 km) of the proposed Lot PT 4314. An oil palm plantation which owned by FELDA, namely Tanah Kemajuan Lepar Utara 1 (± 5 km), Tanah Kemajuan Lepar Utara 2 (± 5 km), Tanah Kemajuan Lepar Utara 4 (± 2 km), and Tanah Kemajuan Lepar Utara 5 (± 4 km) which located to the northwest of the proposed Lot PT 4314 (Plate 6.2.2).
Plate 6.2.2: Oil Palm Plantation
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6.2.3 Human Settlements
There are human settlements within 5 km radius to the northwest from the Project site which most of them were oil palm and mining workers. The nearest human settlement area within 5km radius includes FELDA Lepar Utara 4, FELDA Lepar Utara 2 and FELDA Lepar Utara 1, besides that there are workers’ quartes for carotino palm oil mill and Kema Development Sdn Bhd to the south of the Project site. Most of the settlements areas have proper public facilities and amenities such as a mosque, community hall, school and grocery shops (Plate 6.2.3).
Plate 6.2.3: Some of the settlements and amenities
6.2.4 Forest
Berkelah Forest Reserve was adjacent on the northeast of Lot PT4314 whilst northeast and southwest part approximately about ±3 km and ±1 km perspectively distance from Lot PT 4310.
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6.2.5 Lake
There are several lakes formed at the southeast area approximately ± 6 km away of Lot PT 4314 and ± 2 km away of Lot PT 4310 which are Tasik Merbau, Tasik Sg. Ketapi, Tasik Keraung, Tasik Berjeram, Tasik Sg. Seradung, Tasik Sg. Batu, Tasik Sg. Gumpai, Tasik Sg. Pulai, Tasik Sg. Ibol, and Tasik Sg. Perigi (Plate 6.2.4).
Plate 6.2.4: Some of the existing Lakes
6.2.6 Mining
Lot PT 4310 to the southwest of the Project site are the existing mining operated by Mekapur MMC Pahang and EE Seng Mining.
6.2.7 Water Intake
Loji Air Sungai Lepar is one of the nearest water intakes from Sg. Lepar (approximately ± 39 km to Lot PT 4314 and ± 34 km to Lot PT 4310) and this plant is located to the southeast of the Project site. From the field observations, most of the surface runoff from the both project site will flow from the tributaries inside the project site and then this water finally flow into Sg. Lepar. The water intake points located downstream of the Project site.
Besides that, there is Loji Air Paya Bungor which also located at downstream of the project site (approximately ± 17 km to Lot PT 4314 and ± 11 km to Lot PT 4310. However, this water intake used Sungai Berkelah as a resource. Table 6.2.1 and Figure 6.2.2 shows the location of water intake points.
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Table 6.2.1: Water Intake Points NAME OF WATER COORDINATE NO. WATER SOURCE OF WATER DISTANCE PHOTO
PLANT INTAKE
southeast of the E 103° 2’ 51.5” 1 Loji Air Sungai Sg. Project site N 03° 38’ Lepar Lepar ± 39 km Lot PT 4314 53.4” ± 34 km Lot PT 4310
southeast of the Loji Air Paya Sg. E 102° 58’ 28” Project site 2
Bungor Berkelah N 03° 41’ 30” ± 17 km Lot PT 4314
± 11 km Lot PT 4310
Source: Pengurusan Air Pahang, PAIP
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Figure 6.2.2 Location of Water Intake Points
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6.3 TOPOGRAPHY
Generaly both area (Lot PT 4314 and Lot PT 4310) is classified as terrain Class 4 of hilly terrain which covers about 992.87 hectares or 42.52%, followed by Class 3 of rolling terrain 427.45 hectares or 18.31% and Class 5 of very hilly terrain 348.13 hectares or 14.91%. The terrain classification for the Project site was based on the Department of Agriculture guideline, The terrain classes and their extent are shown in Table 6.3.1, Figure 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.3.3.
Table 6.3.1 Terrain Analysis of the Project Site (Lot PT 4314 and PT 4310) TERRAIN SLOPE PERCENTAGE AREA LEGEND CLASSIFICATION CLASS (DEGREE) (%) (HECTARE) 1 Flat 0˚ -2˚ 1.15 26.9 2 Undulating 2˚ - 6˚ 12.31 287.53 3 Rolling 6˚ - 12˚ 18.31 427.45 4 Hilly 12˚ - 20˚ 42.52 992.87 5 Very Hilly 20˚ - 25˚ 14.91 348.13 6 Steep 25˚ - 30˚ 10.79 252.03 7 Very Steep > 30˚ 0.00 0 TOTAL 100 2,334.91 Source: Consultant's Estimation
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6.3.1 River Systems
There are tributaries of Sg. Lepar flow within Lot PT 4314 while for Lot PT 4310, there are tributaries of Sg. Lepar and Sg. Ketapi. These tributaries formed a dendritic river pattern which finally flows to main river of Sg. Lepar. It flow in the northwest-southeast direction (Figure 6.3.1).
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Figure 6.3.1: Topography of the project Site
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Figure 6.3.2: Elevation of the Project Site
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Figure 6.3.3: Slope Analysis of the Project Site
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6.4 CLIMATE
The description of the climate in the project area and its surroundings is based on data obtained from the nearest meteorological station located as stated in Table 6.4.1.
Table 6.4.1 Station Meteorology No. Station Coordinate Data Rainfall Latitude: 03° 46’ N; Temperature 1 Kuantan Longitude: 103° 13’ E Relative Humidity Wind Speed and Windrose Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
The following is summary of the meteorological conditions based on Kuantan station:
Mean daily rainfall amount was between 131.4 mm – 825.0 mm. The maximum and minimum monthly rainfalls were recorded in December and February respectively. Monthly mean temperature ranges from 25.7 °C to 28 °C. Mean monthly relative humidity ranged from 82.80% to 89.21%. The high wind speeds ranged between 0.3-1.5 m/s which comes from the north direction (about 17.6%)
6.4.1 Rainfall
Figure 6.4.1, shows the average monthly rainfall at the Kuantan station for the past 10 years (2007 to 2016). According to the graph, all of the months have monthly total of rainfall more than 100 mm. The month of December, shows the highest average monthly rainfall which is 845.7 mm. While February shows the lowest monthly average rainfall which is 116.7 mm.
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900.0 800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Rainfall (mm) 306.4 131.4 164.1 146.0 208.0 146.9 155.0 213.5 207.5 288.5 286.8 825.0 No. of Raindays 16 10 13 13 15 11 12 14 14 19 21 23
Figure 6.4.1: Average 10 years Monthly Rainfall and Number of Raindays at Kuantan Station (Year 2007 - 2016)
6.4.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity
The monthly mean temperature and relative humidity recorded at Kuantan Station for Year 2007 to Year 2016 is as shown in Figure 6.4.2. Temperature and relative humidity are both related. When the temperature is high, therefore, the relative humidity will goes down vice versa. From the records, the highest temperature occurs in May to June (28°C) with relative humidity 83.7% while the lowest recorded in January and December (25.7°C) with relative humidity 86.1% – 89.2% respectively.
100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Temperature (°C) 25.7 26.2 27.1 27.9 28.0 28.0 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.0 26.4 25.7 Relative Humidity (%) 86.1 83.6 83.4 82.8 83.7 83.1 83.8 83.8 84.0 86.1 88.6 89.2
Figure 6.4.2: Average Monthly Temperature at Kuantan Station for 10 Years (2007 - 2016)
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6.4.3 Wind Speed and Wind Direction
a) Wind speed The highest and lowest mean percentages of wind speed were 2.5% and 1.4% respectively.
b) Wind Direction The annual pattern of wind direction between 2007 to 2016 is as shown in Figure 6.4.3. The percentage of calm was 11.8%. Table 6.4.2 shows the percentage frequencies of occurrence for concurrent wind direction (degrees) and speed (m/s) within specified ranges (%).
Figure 6.4.3: Wind Rose Summary for Kuantan Station (Year 2007-2016)
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Table 6.4.2: Percentage Frequency and Mean Velocity of Winds from Various Directions Percentage frequencies of occurrence for concurrent wind direction (degrees) and speed (m/s) within specified ranges [%] Wind speed range Direction 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 >10.7 Total Mean Speed Calm 11.8 Variable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 17.6 10.3 1.3 0.1 0 0 29.3 1.5 NE 3.5 4.5 1.8 0 0 0 9.8 2.2 E 2.3 4.2 2.3 0 0 0 8.9 2.5 SE 2.9 2.1 0.3 0 0 0 5.3 1.6 S 4.8 6.4 1.3 0.1 0 0 12.6 2 SW 2.9 4.2 2.1 0.2 0 0 9.4 2.4 W 3.0 1.0 0.2 0 0 0 4.3 1.4 NW 5.0 2.6 0.5 0 0 0 8.1 1.5 Source: Malaysia Meteorological Services, 2016
6.5 GEOLOGY
Information about the geological set up in the project area was obtained from the Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia, 1985, published by the Malaysian Geological Survey Department and “Geology of Peninsular Malaysia” jointly published by University of Malaya and The Geological Society of Malaysia.
Base on Malaysian Geological Department (1985), both Project site is experiencing igneous activity. It consists of intrusive rock, mainly granite with minor granodiorite. Only few parts to the south of Lot PT 4310 is Permian of age, predominantly consisting of phyllite, slate, shale with subordinate; sandstone and shict. Prominent development of lime in composition is widespread as shown in Figure 6.5.1.
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Figure 6.5.1 Geological of the Project Site
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6.6 MINERAL
The information about mineral characteristics in the Project site was obtained from the Minerals Resources Map of Pahang, First Edition 2010, published by the Department of Minerals and Geosciences Malaysia. Figure 6.6.1 shows that the mineral map within 5 km radius of the Project site.
There is no significant mineral detected within both Lot PT 4314 and Lot PT 4310. Nonetheless, some metallic mineral of Argentum, Lead, Iron, Copper and non-metallic mineral of Lime stone are found the south and southwest of Lot PT 4310.
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Figure 6.6.1 Mineral of the Project Site
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6.7 SOIL
Soil type in the Project site consists of 13 soil series. The soil series and its area are presented in Table 6.7.1 and Figure 6.7.1.
Table 6.7.1 Soil Series and Area
Area No Symbols Soil Series Terrain Classes Ha % Rolling 1 BLN/3 Batu Lapan Series 48.3 1.73 (6 – 12O)
Flat 2 HYD/1 Holyrood Series 26.9 1.19 (0 – 2O) Hilly 3 KBG/4 Kuala Brang Series 44.63 1.63 (12 – 20O) Hilly 4 KUH/4 Kuah Series 20.11 0.83 (12 – 20O) Very Hilly 5 KUH/5 Kuah Series 25.32 1.00 (12 – 20O)
Rolling 6 MSG/3 Musang Series 96.15 3.53 (6 – 12O)
Hilly 7 PHI/4 Pohoi Series 77.02 2.74 (12 – 20O)
Very Hilly 8 PHI/5 Pohoi Series 109.27 4.32 (12 – 20O)
Hilly 9 RGM/4 Rengam Series 851.11 35.38 (12 – 20O)
Very Hilly 10 RGM/5 Rengam Series 213.54 9.26 (12 – 20O)
Steep 11 STP Steep Land 252.03 13.06 (25 – 30O)
Undulating 12 RSU/2 Rasau Series 287.53 12.81 (6 – 12O)
Rolling 13 TTK/3 Tai Tak Series 283 12.51 (6 – 12O) TOTAL 2,334.91 100.00 Source: Soil Consultant (Langkah Kanan Resources), 2017
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Figure 6.7.1:Soil Map of the Project Site
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6.7.1 Soil-Crop Suitability Evaluation
A detailed evaluation of soil crops suitabality for this project has been undertaken and reported in Appendix 8. Based on this evaluation, the soil-crop suitability for the selected crops (i.e., oil palm) for this project is shown in Table 6.7.2.
Table 6.7.2: Soil-Crop Suitability Evaluation
Soil Suitability Soil Suitability Mapping Units Suitability Rating Classes Subclasses Oil Palm
Current Potential
2cGnr BLN S S 3 2nt HYD S S 1 2nt(G) RSU S S 2 2 2Gnt TTK S S 3 2Gn MSG S S 3 RGM S S 3G(nt) 4 3 KBG, PHI S S 3G(cn) 4 4
KUH U U 4 4cGt(n) 4 cGt cGt
U M 5G RGM, PHI G G 5 5 U U 5 5G(ct) KUH G G 5 U U 5G….1 STP G G Note : Potential suitability is referred to moderately high to high level of management. Current suitability is referred to low/normal level of management. S = Suitable M = Marginal U = Unsuitable
For potential suitability, it shows that all of the areas are suitable except for class 3 KUH/4 and class 5 KUH/5 and STP. In view of the low inherent fertility status of the soil, it is imperative that good management should be practised to ensure profitable yields. In addition to the routine field maintenance, a good fertiliser programme is also necessary to supplement the inherent low fertility
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status of the soils. The soil condition of the project can also be improved with best management practice.
Estimation of the Soil Erosion Potential for Existing Conditions in Block By Block Development
Using the system developed by the Department of Agriculture of Malaysia, the USLE for estimating the average annual soil loss is:
A = R x K x L S x C x P Where; A = average annual soil loss in the project area R = rainfall erosivity index K = soil erodibility factor LS = slope length and steepness factor C = a cropping-management factor P = conservation practice factor
The unit of the average annual soil loss (A) is ton/hectare/year. The Department of Agriculture Malaysia classified the soil loss into 5 categories as shown in Table 6.7.3.
Table 6.7.3: Classification of Soil Loss Soil Loss (ton/ha/yr) Classification <10 Low 10 - 50 Moderate 50 -100 Moderate High 100 - 150 High >150 Very High Source: Erosion Risk Map Peninsular Malaysia, Department of Agriculture
For this Project, the potential soil loss calculations have been calculated using the Department of Agriculture Malaysia (DOA) method and the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) method. For DOA Method, it is based on the soil type while the DID method is based on the sub- catchments of the project site. The estimation of soil loss due to erosion in a phased development was calculated using both methods. The results are shown in Table 6.7.4(a) and Table 6.7.4(b). The details of the calculation can be referred in Appendix 9.
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Table 6.7.4 (a): Estimation of Soil Loss In Block By Block Development (Existing) AMOUNT OF SOIL LOSS AREA PHASE BLOCK (METRIC TONNE) (HECTARES) DOA METHOD 1 104.96 0.1079 2 129.58 0.1961 3 96.47 0.1233 4 96.89 0.0652 5 106.05 0.1095 6 95.94 0.0736 7 141.59 0.0544 8 110.25 0.1808 1 9 97.12 0.1299 10 121.06 0.1593 11 94.38 0.1284 12 102.10 0.0369 13 111.45 0.0513 14 100.73 0.0986 15 110.64 0.1213 16 66.30 0.1378 SUB-TOTAL 1.7743 17 98.97 0.0517 18 127.35 0.1217 19 79.35 0.2458 2 20 105.23 0.1779 21 108.34 0.1672 22 130.16 0.1450 SUB-TOTAL 0.9093
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Table 6.7.4 (b): Estimation of Soil Loss By Catchment (Existing) AMOUNT OF SOIL LOSS (METRIC SUB-CATCHMENT AREA TONNE) 2 (KM ) DID METHOD C 1 17.9 0.022 C 2 107 0.161 C 3 196 0.655 C 4 6.1 0.116 C 5 26.9 0.033 C 6 18.2 0.001 C 7 31.9 0.42 C 8 143 4.361 C 9 0.5 0.001 C 10 139 0.512 C 11 1526.5 4.462 TOTAL 10.7
Source: Soil Consultant’s Estimation
Note: Calculation of estimation of potential soil loss using both methods (DOA method and DID method) either for overall acreage or block by block development show different values. This is due to the difference in the R value (rainfall erosivity index) viz.
i. For DOA method, the R value is based on annual rainfall for ten years from the nearest Meteorology Station. ii. For DID method, the R value was taken from the Guideline for Erosion and Sediment Control in Malaysia, (DID Malaysia).
6.7.2 Estimation of Sediment Yield
The Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) is used for the sediment yield estimation. It was developed by Williams (1975) to calculate the sediment yield of a catchment as a result of a specific storm event.
The empirical relationship is expressed by the following equation for individual storm events:
Y =89.6(VQ p)0.56 (K LS C P)
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Where Y Sediment yield per storm event (tons) V Runoff volume in cubic meter Qp Peak discharge in m3/s
Table 6.7.5 shows the estimation of sediment yield under existing conditions within the proposed project site. The detailed calculations are shown in Appendix 9.
Table 6.7.5: Estimation of Potential Sediment Yield for Existing Conditions SEDIMENT YIELD (MT/EVENT) CATCHMENT NATURAL EXISTING 1 0.022 2 0.161 3 0.655 4 0.116 5 0.033 6 0.001 7 0.42 8 4.361 9 0.001 10 0.512 11 4.462 TOTAL 10.7
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6.8 HYDROLOGY
6.8.1 River Systems and Drainage Pattern
6.8.1.1 River System
There are two contributing rivers at the project site which are tributaries of Sungai Ketapi and Sungai Lepar. Tributaries of Sungai Ketapi will flow into Tasik Sungai Ketapi (Figure 6.8.1).
6.8.1.2 Drainage Pattern
Catchment There are eleven (11) catchment of this particular river at the project site. The area of each catchments are 1.04 km2, 4.26 km2, 2.92 km2, 0.35 km2, 0.50 km2, 0.21 km2, 0.63 km2, 13.94 km2, 0.48 km2, 2.24 km2 and 278.50 km2 respectively.The estimated catchments areas for the above mentioned river systems are given in Table 6.8.1.
Flood Estimation The flood frequency estimates of the main rivers catchments were carried out using the Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) Hydrological Procedure No.5 (DID, 1989) and Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (USMMM / MASMA). The calculation
of Peak Discharge, Qpeak for the study area was based on Modified Rational Method (D.I.D, 1975) as shown below.
y Qy = C It A 360 Where, Qy : y year ARI peak flow (m3/s) A : drainage area (ha) C : dimensionless runoff coefficient
y It : y year ARI average rainfall intensity over time of concentration , tc(mm/hr)
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(Figure 6.8.1). Shows the Catchment area of the project site
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Table 6.8.1 below shows the estimated peak flow for main river catchment within the project sitefor recurrent interval of 2-years, 5-years, 10-years, 20-years, 50-years and 100-years.
Table 6.8.1: The Peak Flow for the Contributed River Q post (m3/s) Peak Flow, Peak Flow, Peak Flow, Q Q during Peak Flow, Q Peak Flow, Q Rec. Interval Q pre after 6 Location Timber after 2 years after 5 years Years/Event (existing) months Harvesting development development (m³/s) development (m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s)
Tributaries 2 8.48 10.18 9.75 8.90 8.48
of Sungai 5 13.93 16.72 16.02 14.63 13.93
Lepar 10 18.43 22.11 21.19 19.35 18.43
1.04km2 20 23.59 28.31 27.13 24.77 23.59
(Catchment 50 31.28 37.54 35.98 32.85 31.28
1) 100 38.77 46.52 44.58 40.71 38.77
Tributaries 2 28.34 34.01 32.59 29.76 28.34
of Sungai 5 46.97 56.37 54.02 49.32 46.97
Ketapi 10 62.36 74.83 71.72 65.48 62.36
4.26km2 20 80.07 96.08 92.08 84.07 80.07
(Catchment 50 106.45 127.74 122.42 111.77 106.45
2) 100 132.12 158.55 151.94 138.73 132.12
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Tributaries 2 16.82 20.19 19.35 17.66 16.82
of Sungai 5 28.02 33.62 32.22 29.42 28.02
Lepar 10 37.28 44.74 42.87 39.14 37.28
2.92km2 20 47.94 57.52 55.13 50.33 47.94
(Catchment 50 63.83 76.59 73.40 67.02 63.83
3) 100 79.29 95.15 91.18 83.25 79.29
Tributaries 2 4.40 5.28 5.06 4.62 4.40
of Sungai 5 7.00 8.40 8.05 7.35 7.00
Lepar 10 9.12 10.95 10.49 9.58 9.12
0.35km2 20 11.56 13.87 13.29 12.14 11.56
(Catchment 50 15.17 18.20 17.44 15.92 15.17
4) 100 18.68 22.41 21.48 19.61 18.68
Tributaries 2 4.33 5.19 4.98 4.54 4.33
of Sungai 5 7.09 8.50 8.15 7.44 7.09
Lepar 10 9.36 11.23 10.76 9.83 9.36
0.50km2 20 11.97 14.37 13.77 12.57 11.97
(Catchment 50 15.86 19.03 18.24 16.66 15.86
5) 100 19.65 23.58 22.59 20.63 19.65
Tributaries 2 2.25 2.70 2.59 2.36 2.25
of Sungai 5 3.64 4.36 4.18 3.82 3.64
Lepar 10 4.77 5.73 5.49 5.01 4.77
0.21km2 20 6.08 7.30 6.99 6.38 6.08
(Catchment 50 8.02 9.62 9.22 8.42 8.02
6) 100 9.90 11.89 11.39 10.40 9.90
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Tributaries 2 4.47 5.36 5.14 4.69 4.47
of Sungai 5 7.39 8.87 8.50 7.76 7.39
Lepar 10 9.80 11.76 11.27 10.29 9.80
0.63km2 20 12.57 15.08 14.46 13.20 12.57
(Catchment 50 16.70 20.04 19.20 17.53 16.70
7) 100 20.72 24.86 23.83 21.75 20.72
Tributaries 2 38.90 46.68 44.73 40.84 38.90
of Sungai 5 58.41 70.09 67.17 61.33 58.41
Lepar 10 74.15 88.98 85.27 77.86 74.15
13.94km2 20 92.05 110.46 105.86 96.65 92.05
(Catchment 50 118.27 141.92 136.01 124.18 118.27
8) 100 143.80 172.56 165.37 150.99 143.80
Tributaries 2 3.61 4.33 4.15 3.79 3.61
of Sungai 5 5.95 7.14 6.84 6.25 5.95
Lepar 10 7.88 9.46 9.06 8.27 7.88
0.48km2 20 10.10 12.12 11.62 10.61 10.10
(Catchment 50 13.41 16.09 15.42 14.08 13.41
9) 100 16.63 19.96 19.12 17.46 16.63
Tributaries 2 11.04 13.25 12.70 11.59 11.04
of Sungai 5 18.47 22.17 21.24 19.40 18.47
Lepar 10 24.63 29.55 28.32 25.86 24.63
2.24km2 20 31.71 38.05 36.46 33.29 31.71
(Catchment 50 42.28 50.73 48.62 44.39 42.28
10) 100 52.56 63.07 60.44 55.19 52.56
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Tributaries 2 293.37 352.04 337.37 308.03 293.37
of Sungai 5 472.74 567.28 543.65 496.37 472.74
Lepar 10 620.07 744.09 713.08 651.08 620.07
278.50km2 20 789.11 946.93 907.48 828.57 789.11
(Catchment 50 1039.99 1247.99 1195.99 1091.99 1039.99
11) 100 1284.17 1541.01 1476.80 1348.38 1284.17
***Consultant estimation
The time concentration, tc were influenced by the topography, geology, shape and size of shape catchment and land use within the watershed. Based on the data, the values of peak flow were found to be decreasing by year to year. During site preparation, the peak flow slightly increases due to site clearing activities which inevitably will effect erosion and sedimentation. Land disturbing pollution prevention and mitigation measures (LDP2M2) shall be establish at site first before any site preparation activities started. It will reduce the amount of sediment enter to the near watercourses. After 5 years of planting at project site, the value of peak flow will be equal or less than the peak flow for the preexisting conditions. The details of the above calculations are shown in Appendix 10.
6.8.2 Water Balance
Water balance equation is used to obtain the total volume of rain water that infiltrate into soil as recharge to groundwater. The sandy soil within the area provides recharge area to the saturated zone. The water balance equation is as follows:-
ΔS/ΔT = P – R – G – ET
ΔS/ΔT - Storage P - Precipitation R - Runoff G - Groundwater ET - Evapotranspiration
Therefore, G = P - ΔS/ΔT – R – ET
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Precipitation data The precipitation data was obtained from Station Sg. Lembing PCCL Mill (3930012) since it is the closest station to the project site. The monthly and annual average rainfall for this station are shown in Table 6.8.2 and Table 6.8.3 respectively. The annual average is higher than than the national average by 1000mm. The monthly average shows that February is the driest month. The rest of the months provide plenty of rainfall for groundwater recharge and storm water.
Table 6.8.2: Monthly Rainfall Data Obtained from Station Sg. Lembing PCCL Mill (3930012) MONTHLY RAINFALL (mm/month) YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS 1970 ------1971 868.1 147.1 179.3 56.4 207.8 225.7 114.8 248.2 209.9 234.6 187.5 128.1 1972 118.3 54.3 108.8 286.6 155.6 139.4 47.2 170.2 93.2 89.3 174.7 156.6 1973 276.4 97.5 217.7 232.7 319.6 324.6 116.4 242.5 331.4 240.1 270.8 702.2 1974 ------1975 ------1976 ------1977 ------1978 374.5 130.0 73.5 199.6 318.5 177.1 227.5 189.4 130.5 274.0 484.0 349.0 1979 276.4 163.5 142.5 194.2 207.8 132.5 210.5 264.5 183.5 293.5 818.0 152.6 1980 212.8 168.7 3.7 240.3 354.7 269.5 189.0 223.5 218.5 262.2 371.7 129.0 1981 72.0 25.8 47.0 169.5 131.0 88.5 99.2 63.2 147.5 229.0 583.0 277.5 1982 244.3 121.3 125.5 391.0 291.0 118.0 74.5 192.5 223.0 162.0 412.0 323.0 1983 95.0 14.0 17.5 51.4 110.6 176.5 153.0 117.5 163.5 179.0 120.0 1070.0 1984 487.0 481.0 204.0 79.0 279.5 129.0 182.0 156.0 390.0 361.0 181.0 378.0 1985 129.5 134.5 811.5 249.5 263.5 49.0 252.0 235.5 277.0 291.0 345.5 261.5 1986 202.5 43.5 264.0 397.0 152.5 166.0 275.0 60.5 260.0 254.5 278.5 432.5 1987 274.5 4.5 206.5 329.5 307.5 195.5 61.5 299.0 229.5 408.5 267.5 657.5 1988 173.5 135.0 607.0 125.0 138.0 299.0 170.0 331.0 99.0 172.0 849.5 267.0 1989 253.0 61.5 210.0 119.0 89.5 149.0 176.5 99.0 253.0 155.5 215.5 216.5 1991 175.5 45.5 8.0 37.5 160.5 99.0 90.0 186.0 57.5 83.0 337.5 796.0 1992 251.0 22.5 12.5 35.5 43.5 58.0 151.5 183.0 241.0 359.0 603.5 383.0 1993 234.0 170.5 431.0 200.0 221.5 170.5 128.5 170.5 0.5 389.5 687.5 443.0 1994 156.0 162.0 321.5 110.5 227.5 65.0 57.5 78.0 83.5 156.0 874.0 88.0 1995 ------1996 ------
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1997 17.5 197.0 58.5 260.0 87.0 177.1 116.0 189.4 96.5 74.0 315.0 656.0 1998 222.0 4.5 73.0 29.5 59.5 246.6 254.4 90.0 81.0 246.0 187.0 1454.5 1999 505.5 198.7 242.2 443.1 174.6 83.5 105.4 200.4 297.4 186.7 355.4 240.2 2000 403.0 182.0 298.5 354.0 138.0 277.5 66.5 232.5 251.7 278.0 361.0 352.0 2001 342.3 90.2 392.3 331.5 199.2 243.9 244.3 158.5 219.0 512.0 423.0 836.0 2002 23.3 135.3 112.8 148.1 147.5 160.0 125.1 228.6 119.5 284.0 266.8 330.7 2003 520.4 119.5 198.0 199.5 103.0 172.0 237.5 255.0 306.0 346.5 492.5 620.0 2004 282.5 36.0 238.5 83.0 272.5 110.0 157.0 107.0 269.0 726.0 82.0 78.0 2005 105.5 2.0 121.5 162.5 237.0 221.5 224.0 206.0 125.5 72.0 194.5 301.0 2006 224.0 73.5 65.0 214.5 327.5 214.0 30.5 208.5 300.0 120.0 216.0 675.5 2007 547.0 81.5 150.5 126.5 40.0 189.0 158.0 112.5 297.0 338.5 290.3 483.5 2008 154.5 238.5 280.0 349.0 157.0 105.0 222.5 174.0 340.0 209.0 404.0 328.0 2009 476.5 90.0 468.0 227.0 352.0 129.5 168.5 242.0 179.5 260.0 451.0 594.0 2010 231.0 44.5 149.5 42.5 92.5 257.0 253.0 355.0 288.5 211.0 516.0 525.0 2011 453.0 138.5 508.0 180.0 204.5 281.5 67.5 233.5 268.0 328.5 404.0 603.5 2012 430.5 232.5 364.5 392.5 373.0 127.5 190.0 113.0 239.5 326.0 243.0 579.5 2013 185.5 423.0 69.5 127.5 453.5 305.5 204.5 179.0 180.5 231.0 214.3 900.2 2014 195.7 19.0 22.0 210.5 289.5 219.5 222.5 214.0 192.5 360.0 275.0 465.8 AVG = 275.5 121.3 210.9 199.6 207.8 177.1 157.4 189.4 206.6 262.2 371.7 465.8
Table 6.8.3: Annual Rainfall Data Obtained from Station Sg. Lembing PCCL Mill (3930012)
ANNUAL RAINFALL 3930012 YEAR mm YEAR mm 1970 - 1993 3247 1971 2807 1994 2380 1972 1594 1995 - 1973 3372 1996 - 1974 - 1997 2244 1975 - 1998 2948 1976 - 1999 3033 1977 - 2000 3195 1978 2928 2001 3992 1979 3039 2002 2082 1980 2644 2003 3570 1981 1933 2004 2442 1982 2678 2005 1973
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1983 2268 2006 2669 1984 3308 2007 2814 1985 3300 2008 2962 1986 2787 2009 3638 1987 3242 2010 2966 1988 3366 2011 3671 1989 1998 2012 3612 1991 2076 2013 3474 1992 2344 2014 2686 AVG = 2845
Surface Runoff (R) Runoff (R) is estimated to be about 40% of the total precipitation, therefore the R value is shown in Table 6.8.4.
Table 6.8.4: Estimated Runoff (mm/month) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS 103 42 133 60 63 59 51 79 98 116 341 271
Evaporation (E) Evaporation (E) for project site is obtained from the nearest evaporation station measured in Kuantan. This station is suitable for the study since this station is located near coastal area. The evaporation rate for the project site is based on the value obtained from other evaporation station (Kuantan). The recorded evaporation rate is from 1993 to 2014 (Table 6.8.5). The average evaporation rate ranges from 2.8 mm/day to 4.6 mm/day. The month of December records the lowest evaporation rate while month of April records the highest evaporation rate.
Table 6.8.5: Evaporation Rate Measured in Kuantan MONTH YEAR Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1993 2.7 3.9 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.4 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.7 3.1 2.4 1994 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.6 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.6 1.8 3.3 1995 3.2 2.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.5 1996 3.0 3.0 4.4 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.3 3.3 2.4 1997 4.0 3.6 4.4 3.7 4.5 4.4 3.9 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 2.8 1998 3.4 4.8 4.6 5.6 4.6 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.3 4.1 3.2 2.9 1999 2.6 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.7
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2000 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.3 3.7 4.0 2.9 2.9 2001 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.3 3.7 2.5 2.9 2002 3.2 4.5 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.9 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.6 3.8 3.7 2003 3.6 4.1 4.8 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.3 3.7 3.2 2004 3.6 4.0 4.0 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 2005 3.4 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.5 3.0 3.3 2.1 2006 3.2 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 2007 2.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.6 2008 2.6 3.8 3.3 4.3 3.4 4.0 3.3 4.2 4.3 3.7 3.4 2.5 2009 3.2 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.2 5.0 2.8 2.7 2010 3.4 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.0 2011 3.1 3.7 3.1 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.2 3.0 2.9 2012 2.9 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.6 4.3 3.5 3.5 2.9 2013 2.7 3.1 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.6 4.2 3.4 2.7 Mean 3.1 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.2 2.9 mm/ 97 107 127 127 128 122 125 130 124 118 95 89 month
ΔS/ΔT is assumed to be zero
The monthly recharge to groundwater (G) values is calculated using the water balance equation as shown in Table 6.8.6. The trend of the groundwater recharge is shown in Figure 6.8.2. The driest month in February provides little or no recharge to the groundwater. The project proponent should provide storage for storing surface runoff during wet season and use it during dry season. The continuous recharge throughout the year should provide enough groundwater to be used during the dry season.
Table 6.8.6: Monthly Groundwater Recharge (mm/month) MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS
GROUNDWATER 13.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53.7 97.3 (mm)
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Groundwater (mm) 120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DIS
Figure 6.8.2: Trend of Groundwater Recharge
6.8.3 Water Quality
Baseline environmental information pertaining to water quality in the study area was obtained through field studies. Water quality sampling was conducted on 9 untill 12 Mei 2017 with a total of 25 stations (WQ1 – WQ25), while 7 sampling stations were selected for fertilizer and pesticide analysis. Water sampling stations were located at the upstream, middle and downstream sections of the rivers within and outside the Project site. The locations and coordinates of the water sampling stations are shown in Table 6.8.7 and Figure 6.8.3. Only surface water samples were collected and all samples were sent to an accredited laboratory for analysis. In-situ parameters Table 6.8.8 were measured on site whilst other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory.
Table 6.8.7: Locations of the Water Quality Sampling Stations
STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
Sg. Lepar 102°47'36.596"E WQ 1 (upstream from the Project 3°51'43.286"N site)
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STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 2 102°48'26.998"E (upstream from the Project 3°51'53.413"N site)
102°49'17.094"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 3 3°52'9.347"N (upstream from the Project
site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°50'58.377"E WQ 4 (upstream from the Project 3°51'46.874"N site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°51'28.916"E WQ 5 (upstream from the Project 3°51'26.57"N site)
102°47'52.474"E Sg. Rami WQ 6 3°49'47.558"N (upstream from the Project site)
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STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
4 102°49'51.14"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 7 3°50'56.943"N (within Project site)
102°49'32.974"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 8 3°50'54.745"N (within Project site)
102°49'53.414"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 9 3°50'3.557"N (within Project site)
102°50'53.233"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 10 3°50'15.682"N (within Project site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°50'52.499"E (downstream from the WQ 11 3°48'48.84"N Project site)
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STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
Sg. Lepar 102°50'34.516"E (downstream from the WQ 12 3°48'24.28"N Project site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°50'55.735"E (downstream from the WQ 13 3°47'41.915"N Project site)
102°51'25.177"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 14 3°47'30.568"N (within Project site)
102°49'53.603"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 15 3°47'17.546"N (upstream from the Project
site)
102°50'21.894"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 16 3°47'7.542"N (within Project site)
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STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
102°50'46.141"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 17 3°46'53.853"N (within Project site)
102°51'22.32"E Tributaries Sg. Lepar WQ 18 3°46'59.677"N (within Project site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°51'45.354"E (downstream from the WQ 19 3°47'0.362"N Project site)
Tributaries Sg. Lepar 102°50'8.589"E WQ 20 (upstream from the Project 3°46'5.096"N site)
102°50'50.457"E Sg. Ketapi WQ 21 3°45'55.387"N (within Project site)
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STATIONS COORDINATE DESCRIPTION PLATE
Sg. Ketapi 102°51'37.819"E WQ 22 (downstream from the 3°45'41.254"N Project site)
Sg. Lepar 102°53'28.78"E (downstream from the WQ 23 3°45'29.704"N Project site)
Sg. Lepar 102°56'49.654"E (downstream from the WQ 24 3°42'31.229"N Project site)
Sg. Lepar 103°2'55.569"E (downstream from the WQ 25 3°38'57.97"N Project site)
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Figure 6.8.3: Locations of Water Quality Monitoring Stations, Noise Level and Air Quality
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6.8.3.1 Existing Water Quality (In-situ Readings)
In-situ measurements for selected parameters and river cross section were carried out using pre- calibrated portable meters (namely for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity), measuring tape (cross section), and flowmeter (velocity, depth). Table 6.8.8 shows the measurement results of the collected samples at the respective water quality stations.
Table 6.8.8: Water Quality Within and Outside of the Project Site – In –Situ Readings River Width Sampling Temperature DO Turbidity Depth Velocity pH (Cross Section) (m) Station (°C) (mg/l) (NTU) (cm) (m/s) A B C D
WQ1 28.8 5.7 6.7 28.7 15 0.4 0 1.2 3.7 6.1 WQ2 27.7 5.6 6.9 14 10 0.2 0 1.2 2.6 3.5 WQ3 26.1 5.5 6.1 14 15 0.2 0 1.1 2.8 3.4 WQ4 26.2 5.5 6.1 20 24 0.2 0 0.6 2.7 3.3 WQ5 26.2 5.4 6 19.0 27 0.4 0 0.7 3.5 4.2 WQ6 26.2 5.1 5.6 49.0 50 0.7 0 2.1 13 16.1 WQ7 26.2 5.3 6.2 18.0 14 0.6 0 3.1 7.4 8.3 WQ8 26.3 5.3 5.8 33 18 0.5 0 0.8 3.7 4.5 WQ9 26.3 5.5 6 22 18 0.4 0 1.3 3.5 6.3 WQ10 26.2 5.7 6.1 26 20 0.1 0 1 2 4 WQ11 26.3 5.3 5.5 25 37 0.4 0 3.2 8.5 10 WQ12 26.4 5.5 6.1 26 150 0.5 0 2.4 17.5 20.7 WQ13 26.3 5.6 5.9 22 56 0.1 0 0.5 3.5 4 WQ14 26.2 5.2 5.8 18 12 0.3 0 1 3 4.5 WQ15 27.1 5.8 6.2 8 12 0.4 0 0.7 2.3 3.4 WQ16 26.3 5.6 6.1 40 12 0.1 0 1.1 1.7 2.8 WQ17 26.1 6.1 7.1 11 10 0.2 0 1.1 1.9 2.8 WQ18 26.3 6.2 6.4 13 11 0,2 0 1.1 2 3.5 WQ19 26.5 6.1 6.2 17 14 0.2 0 1.3 2.4 4.3 WQ20 25.5 5.8 7.3 10 22 0.3 0 1.2 2.5 4.6 WQ21 26.1 5.6 7.6 8 18 1 0 2 4.8 6.5 WQ22 26.2 6.1 7.5 17 21.5 0.2 0 5.6 9.5 11.2 WQ23 25.7 5.6 6.1 52 200 0.5 0 4.2 43.8 44
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River Width Sampling Temperature DO Turbidity Depth Velocity pH (Cross Section) (m) Station (°C) (mg/l) (NTU) (cm) (m/s) A B C D
WQ24 25.1 5.6 7.5 10 160 0.4 0 5.2 43.4 45.8 WQ25 26.1 5.6 5.8 66.0 210 0.6 0 6 47 52 Source: In-situ reading during field survey.
Temperature Variations of temperature at the river water quality stations ranged from 25.1 °C to 28.8 °C. The variation of temperature basically is influenced by the effect of solar radiation and conduction to/or from the air and surrounding substrates, size of the respective water bodies, soil type and cover, wind, cloud cover, water vapor, and moisture on the ground. Most biologcal process speed up as the temperature increases and slow down as the temperature drops (Davis and Cornwell, 1991).
pH The acceptable pH based on Class IIB of the NWQS is between 6 to 9. The pH values for all water quality stations ranged from 5.1 to 6.2. Generally, in the absence of anthropogenic inputs, the pH value is influence by natural factors such as soil type, decaying vegetation and algal growth.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) DO concentrations recorded at this project site in the range of 5.5 mg/L to 7.6 mg/L. Oxygen enters the water naturally mostly via diffusion at the water-air interface. This is aided by the turbulent flow at many stations. The results were in the threshold range of the National Water Quality Standard Class IIB (5 mg/l to 7 mg/l). All stations within the limit except for stations WQ17, WQ20, WQ21, WQ22 and WQ24.
Turbidity Turbidity is a measurement of how cloudy the water is in a river. The turbidity values at all of the water quality stations ranged from 8 NTU to 66 NTU. All stations recorded readings below the 50 NTU limit of Class IIB of the NWQS except for station WQ23 and WQ25. Turbidity can come from suspended sediment such as silt or clay, inorganic materials, or organic matter such as algae, plankton and decaying material.
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Velocity The flowrate at the water quality stations ranged from 0.1 m/s to 1.0 m/s . Flow directly affect the amount of oxygen dissolve in the water. High volumes of faster moving water increase the turbulent diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into the water and low flow condition are much less conducive to oxygenation. The amount of sediment and debris a stream can carry also depend on it flow since higher velocity increase stream bank and stream channel scouring and erosion and also keep particulate materials suspended in the water.
6.8.3.2 Existing Water Quality - Physico-Chemical Parameters (Laboratory Analysis)
The physico-chemical water quality parameters within and outside of the Project site are shown in Table 6.8.9. The details of the laboratory analysis are attached in Appendix 11.
Table 6.8.9: Water Quality Physico - Chemical Parameter (Laboratory Analysis)
TEST PARAMETER RESULT
SAMPLING Total BOD Ammonical Oil & STATION , COD, Suspended @20°C, Nitrogen, Grease, mg/L Solids, mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L WQ 1 6 17 25 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 2 3 10 16 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 3 8 19 13 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 4 5 15 23 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 5 10 24 17 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 6 13 29 53 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 7 9 21 20 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 8 8 25 30 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 9 10 36 26 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 10 4 14 24 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 11 7 20 28 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 12 9 23 29 0.08 ND(<1) WQ 13 12 30 19 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 14 9 34 15 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 15 3 12 10 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 16 11 32 38 0.19 ND(<1)
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WQ 17 5 10 8 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 18 5 17 11 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 19 6 24 15 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 20 3 9 12 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 21 4 18 6 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 22 8 22 16 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 23 13 29 54 0.25 ND(<1) WQ 24 7 29 13 ND(<0.01) ND(<1) WQ 25 15 52 61 0.36 ND(<1) Source: SEMC SDN. BHD. Note: ND = Not Detectable
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations at the sampling stations varied from 3 to 15 mg/l. The highest value (15 mg/l) was recorded at WQ 25 and the lowest (3 mg/l) at WQ2, WQ15 and WQ20. The BOD values recorded at all of the sampling stations exceed the NWQS Class IIB limits (3 mg/l) except at WQ2, WQ15, WQ20. The values for the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentrations for all stations varied from 9 mg/l to 52 mg/l. The highest readings were recorded at WQ25 while the lowest readings were at WQ20.
BOD and COD levels increase due to microbial reactions with organic matter (e.g. leaf litter and woody materials) in the water. The decaying process will increase microbial growth which in turn raises the BOD and COD values. BOD is directly related to DO concentrations. High BOD will show a decline in DO.
Total Suspended Solids The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the water samples collected varied from 6mg/l to 61 mg/l. All readings were within the threshold level of the NWQS Class IIB (50mg/l) except for WQ6, WQ23 and WQ25 which slightly exceed the limit.The rainy event may eventually add more sediment in the river.
Ammonical Nitrogen Comparison with the NWQS IIB shows that the ammonical nitrogen concentrations at all sampling stations were within the threshold level of the NWQS Class IIB (0.3 mg/l) except for WQ25. The
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ammonium is an ionized form of ammonia. The measurement of ammonoium indicates the potential to form ammonia or ammonical nitrogen pollutants in river when pH and temperature changes.
Metals Metals are natural elements that may be present in river water and widely distributed in the earth’s crust in small amounts. The presence of metals especially in river water may be due to natural deposition processes since the project site is surrounded by forests and agricultural activities. The metals detected are ahow in Table 6.8.10.
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Table 6.8.10: Heavy Metals Detected in the Water Sampling Stations Parameter (mg/l) Sampling Station Cadmium (Cd) Lead Manganese Nickel Zinc Boron Iron Aluminium (Pb) (Mn) (Ni) (Zn) (B) (Fe) (Al) WQ 1 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.14 0.07 WQ 2 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.10 0.24 WQ 3 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.02 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.27 0.13 WQ 4 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.14 0.25 WQ 5 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.56 0.19 WQ 6 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.03 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.80 0.33 WQ 7 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.03 0.02 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.47 0.11 WQ 8 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.36 0.20 WQ 9 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.22 0.08 WQ 10 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.01 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.40 0.25 WQ 11 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.02 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.27 0.15 WQ 12 0.002 ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.70 0.44 WQ 13 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.26 0.09 WQ 14 0.002 ND(<0.01) 0.03 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.39 0.26 WQ 15 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.18 0.05 WQ 16 0.002 ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.94 0.36 WQ 17 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.10 0.04 WQ 18 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.02 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.12 ND(<0.01) WQ 19 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.62 0.23 WQ 20 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.02) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.21 0.04 WQ 21 ND(<0.002) ND(<0.01) 0.02 0.02 ND(<0.01) ND(<0.2) 0.42 0.13 WQ 22 ND(<0.002) 0.01 ND(<0.02) 0.03 0.02 ND(<0.2) 0.53 0.17 WQ 23 0.003 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 1.06 0.49 WQ 24 ND(<0.002) 0.01 ND(<0.02) 0.02 0.01 ND(<0.2) 0.46 0.20 WQ 25 0.002 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02 ND(<0.2) 1.28 0.64 Source: SEMC SDN. BHD. Note: ND = Not Detectable
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i) Cadmium (Cd) Cadmium detected at five water quality station WQ12, WQ 14, WQ16, WQ23 and WQ 25 with the range of 0.02 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l which is below the range of class IIB NWQS. Cadmium is released by various natural and anthropogenic sources to the atmosphere, aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly in the form of particles of cadmium oxides. The presence of cadmium was detected in the sampling station may due to sampling location are close to oil palm plantation which the application of fertilizer in the area can give effect to the presence of cadmium.
ii) Lead (Pb) Lead was found at four sampling station WQ22, WQ23, WQ24 and WQ25 at value of 0.01mg/l respectively. Lead occurs naturally in the environment. However, most lead concentrations that are found in the environment are a result of human activities. Lead are highly charge with carbon dioxide.
iii) Manganese (Mn) Manganese was detect with range of 0.02 mg/l to 0.04 mg/l. Based on the result, Mn were found at thirteen sampling station below the NWQS value for manganese (0.1mg/l). Mn value can be affected by factors such as soil erosion and pH. Manganese can be absorbed onto soil depending to the organic content and cation exchange capacity.
iv) Nickel (Ni) Nickel presence were found range from 0.01mg/l to 0.03 mg/l below the NWQS limit for nickel which is 0.05 mg/l. The present of nickel are from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. It also can released into the air and than settle to the ground or fall down after reactions with raindrops. The larger part of nickel compounds that are released to the environment will adsorb to sediment or soil particles and become immobile.
v) Zink (Zn) Zink presence were found range from 0.01 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l. The value do not exceed the limit of NWQS which is 5mg/l. Zink can be found in some natural water. Zink is consistantly being transport by nature, a process called natural recycling. At high concentration, zinc impart a milky appearance to water.
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vi) Boron (B) Boron were found at station WQ16 with valu of 0.21 mg/l below the NWQS limit which is 1 mg/l. Boron is an element that occurs in the environment mainly through natural process. Boron occurs naturally in the environment due to the release into air, soil and water through weathering. It may also occur in groundwater in very small amounts. In a natural water, boron exists primarily as undissociated boric acid with some borate ions.
vii) Iron (Fe) Iron was detected at all sampling stations with values ranging from 0.10 mg/L to 1.28 mg/L. However, two sampling stations WQ21 and WQ25 (1.06 mg/L and 1.28 mg/L respectively) exceded the NWQS Class IIB value of 1 mg/L. The presence of high iron concentrations may be caused by natural deposits from soils or rocks. Iron is not hazardous to health but it is considered a secondary or aesthetic contaminant. Essential for good health, iron helps transport oxygen in the blood. It is the fourth most abundant element in the earth’s crust and found distributed in the soil in low concentrations.
viii) Aluminium (Al) Aluminium was detected with values ranging from 0.04 mg/l to 0.64 mg/l where the highest value was recorded at WQ25. Aluminium is released to the environment mainly by natural process. Several factors influence aluminium mobility and subsequent transport within the environment. These include chemical speciation, hydrological flow paths, soil-water interactions and the composition of the underlying geological materials.
6.8.3.3 Water Quality Index (WQI)
This study utilized a system of classifying water quality based on the water quality Index (WQI). The WQI relates a group of water quality parameters to a common scale and combines them into a single number, which represents the state of the water quality trend. In this study, the WQI value of the water sample was calculated using the method developed by Norhayati (1981) that has been adopted by the DOE. Six parameters used for the evaluation of the WQI are Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Suspended Solids (SS),
pH and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N). The sub-indices for the chosen parameters are named SICOD, SIBOD, SIDO, SISS, SIpH and SIAN, and the formula used in the calculation WQI is:
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WQI = 0.16 * SICOD + 0.19 * SIBOD + 0.22 * SIDO + 0.16 * SISS + 0.12 * SIpH + 0.15 * SIAN
where, SI is the sub index of each parameter. The sub index for each parameter is derived from a system of best-fit equations as shown in Table 6.8.11.
Table 6.8.11: Best-Fit Equations for the Estimation of the Sub-Indexes Values PARAMETER SUB-INDEX FORMULA CONDITION DO SIDO = 0 For x 8 SIDO = -0.395 + 0.030x2 – 0.00020x3 For 8 < x < 92 SIDO = 100 For x 92 BOD SIBOD = 100.4 – 4.23x For x 5 SIBOD = 108 * e-0.055x – 0.1x For x > 5 COD SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1 For x 20 SICOD = 103e-0.0157x– 0.04x For x > 20
N-NH3 SIAN = 100.5 – 105x For x 0.3 SIAN = 94 * e-0.573x– 5 * x – 2 For 0.3 < x < 4 SIAN = 0 For x 4 SS SISS = 97.5 * e-0.00676x + 0.05x For x 100 SISS = 71 * e-0.0016x– 0.015x For 100 < x < 1000 SISS = 0 For x 1000 pH SI pH = 17.2 – 17.2x + 5.02x2 For x < 5.5 SI pH = -242 + 95.5x – 6.67x2 For 5.5 < 7 SI pH = -181 + 82.4x – 6.05x2 For 7 x < 8.75 SI pH = 536 – 77.0x + 2.76x2 For x 8.75 NOTE: x - concentration in mg/l for all parameters except for pH and DO * - Multiply by
The data were then compared to the National Water Quality Standard for Class IIB, recreational use with body contact. Table 6.8.12 and Table 6.8.13 show the water quality classification based on the WQI.
Table 6.8.12: Water Quality Classification Based on Water Quality Index
RANGE CLASS USEFUL > 92.7 Class I No Treatment 76.5 – 92.7 Class II 2nd Treatment 51.9 – 76.5 Class III 3rd Treatment
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31.0 – 51.9 Class IV Irrigation < 31 Class V Not Useful Source: National Water Quality Standard (NWQS)
Table 6.8.13: Water Quality Index and Status WQI STATUS Clean 81-100 Slightly Polluted 60-80 Polluted 0-59 (Source: DOE Water Quality Classification based on WQI)
A water body with a high WQI value indicates a cleaner water body. Water quality refers to the characteristics of a water body that will influence its suitability for a specific use, i.e. how well the water quality meets the need of the user. The water quality status indicates the level of pollutant composition and thus can be related to human activities (Anhar et al., 1998).
Based on the WQI calculations, the results at all the sampling stations are shown in Table 6.8.14. Table 6.8.14: Water Quality Index. STATION WQI CLASS STATUS WQ1 85.99 II Clean WQ2 90.42 II Clean WQ3 82.97 II Clean WQ4 84.96 II Clean WQ5 78.95 II Slightly Polluted WQ6 70.91 III Slightly Polluted WQ7 80.10 II Slightly Polluted WQ8 78.05 II Slightly Polluted WQ9 77.48 II Slightly Polluted WQ10 86.39 II Clean WQ11 78.58 II Slightly Polluted WQ12 79.33 II Slightly Polluted WQ13 77.69 II Slightly Polluted WQ14 76.61 II Slightly Polluted
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WQ15 89.34 II Clean WQ16 74.26 III Slightly Polluted WQ17 90.91 II Clean WQ18 87.86 II Clean WQ19 85.30 II Clean WQ20 92.51 I Clean WQ21 89.87 II Clean WQ22 86.72 II Clean WQ23 71.50 III Slightly Polluted WQ24 85.44 II Clean WQ25 64.83 III Slightly Polluted Source: Consultant’s Calculation
Figure 6.8.4 shows the water quality status. Based on calculated WQI, stated that the water quality of all sampling stations is categorized as ‘clean’ and ‘slightly polluted’ and falls under Class I to III ranged between 64.83 to 92.51. All these results were influenced by the natural condition of forested areas and agricultural characteristics. WQ6, WQ23 and WQ25 falls under Class III affected by high value of COD and Total Suspended Solids while WQ16 affected by high value of COD and Ammonical Nitrogen.
100.0 Class I 95.0 90.0 85.0 Class II
80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 WQI WQI Value Class III 60.0 55.0
50.0
WQ1 WQ2 WQ3 WQ4 WQ5 WQ6 WQ7 WQ8 WQ9
WQ10 WQ11 WQ12 WQ13 WQ14 WQ15 WQ16 WQ17 WQ18 WQ19 WQ20 WQ21 WQ22 WQ23 WQ24 WQ25
Water Quality Station
Figure 6.8.4: Water Quality Index
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6.8.3.4 Pesticide and NPK
Some water quality stations were selected for pesticide and NPK (Nitrate, Phosphate and Potassium as K) analysis. The selected water stations are within and near the Project site. The results are shown in Table 6.8.15.
Table 6.8.15: Pesticide and NPK Content in the Water at the Selected Water Quality Stations RESULTS NWQS CLASS TEST PARAMETER WQ1 WQ7 WQ11 WQ16 WQ18 WQ20 WQ23 IIB Nitrogen (mg/l) 0.02 ND(<0.01) 0.02 ND(<0.01) 0.04 0.02 0.05 7 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.2 Potassium as K (mg/l) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) - Aldrin (µg/l) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) 0.02 Dieldrin (µg/l) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) ND(<0.002) 0.02 Chlordane (µg/l) 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.08 DDT (µg/l) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) 0.1 Heptachlor (µg/l) 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.05 Heptachlor Epoxide (µg/l) 0.004 0.008 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.009 0.05 Lindane (µg/l) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) 2 2,4-D (µg/l) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) ND(<0.1) 70 Hexachlorobenzene (µg/l) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) ND(<0.001) 0.05 Methoxychlor(µg/l) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) ND(<0.01) - Note: ND = means Not Detectable
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The results indicate that the concentration of fertilizer element for nitrate is ranging between 0.02 to 0.05 mg/l which is lower than the NWQS limit (7 mg/l). For phosphate, the concentration value were detected ranging from 0.02 to 0.06 mg/l while for potassium elements, the concentration value were equal <0.001 mg/l (not detected).
These elements are formed due to decomposition processes of the litter on the forest floor. The decomposed substances will run together with run-off into the rivers in the study area. Other inputs could possibly be due to anthropogenic sources. The concentration value of the pesticide residues may be affect by agricultural surrounding of oil palm plantation.
6.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
The ambient air quality study was carried out in Mei 2017. The parameter measured was particulate
matter less than 10 micron (PM10) using the Minivol Portable Air Sampler. This monitoring was conducted for 24 hours at all sampling stations. The details of the sampling stations and the results of analysis are shown in Figure 6.8.2 and Table 6.9.1.
3 3 3 The concentration of PM10 measured for A1, A2, A3 and A4 are 32 μg/m , 46 μg/m , 42 μg/m and 35 μg/m3 respectively. The certificates of analysis for the air quality are attached in Appendix 12.
Table 6.9.1: Ambient Air Quality Results for All Sampling Stations STATION A1 Location Workers quaters Coordinate 102°49'23.957"E 3°48'42.803"N Sampling Date 17.05.2017 to 18.05.2017 ANALYSIS DATA Test Parameter Result Recommended Limit** 3 PM10 (µg/m ) 32 150
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STATION A2 Location Project Boundary and Access Road Coordinate 102°50'11.742"E 3°49'16.266"N Sampling Date 16.05.2017 to 17.05.2017 ANALYSIS DATA Test Parameter Result Recommended
Limit**
3 PM10 (µg/m ) 46 150 STATION A3 Location Project Boundary Coordinate 102°50'0.463"E 3°46'17.848"N Sampling Date 15.05.2017 to 16.05.2017 ANALYSIS DATA Test Parameter Result Recommended Limit** 3 PM10 (µg/m ) 42 150 STATION A4 Location Project Boundary and Access Road Coordinate 102°49'39.424"E 3°51'51.172"N Sampling Date 16.05.2017 to 17.05.2017 ANALYSIS DATA Test Parameter Result Recommended Limit**
3 PM10 (µg/m ) 35 150
* *New Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard
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6.10 AMBIENT NOISE
Noise level monitoring was carried out in the project site to delineate the existing noise levels and also to obtain baseline data for the EIA report. Noise level monitoring was carried out in May 2017. Four ambient noise level stations were selected as shown in Figure 6.8.2 and Table 6.10.1.
The project site is located is surrounding agricultural and forested; therefore the sources of noise were mainly from human activities, vehicles movements and animals. The results of the noise study
show that the baseline LAeq ranged between 49.8 dBA to 55 dBA for day time while for night time,
the LAeq ranged between 38.7 dBA to 47.2 dBA. There were one (1) stations for night session, N1
recorded the LAeq value exceeded the standard limit of Schedule 1 of Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control, 2007. Based on observation, high result of reading at N1 (nightime) is affected by human social activities at surrounding quartes. The results of the noise monitoring obtained at those four locations are shown in Table 6.10.1 and Appendix 13.
Table 6.10.1: Ambient Noise Levels for All Sampling Stations STATION N1 Location Workers Quarters Coordinate 102°49'23.957"E 3°48'42.803"N Sampling Date 17.05.2017 to 18.05.2017 Result Day Time Night Time *Recommended (dBA) (dBA) Limit
LAeq 51.4 47.2
Lmin 34.1 34 Day Time :
Lmax 94.4 90.4 55 dBA
L10 49.1 40.3
L50 40.1 35.8 Night Time : 45 dBA L90 36.3 35.1
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STATION N2 Location Project Boundary and Access Road Coordinate 102°50'11.742"E 3°49'16.266"N Sampling Date 16.05.2017 to 17.05.2017 Result Day Time Night Time *Recommended (dBA) (dBA) Limit
LAeq 52.5 44.8
Lmin 42.1 39.2 Day Time :
Lmax 93.2 90.3 55 dBA
L10 53.4 50.7
L50 50.9 47.5 Night Time :
L90 46.7 44.4 45 dBA
STATION N3 Location Project Boundary Coordinate 102°50'0.463"E 3°46'17.848"N Sampling Date 15.05.2017 to 16.05.2017 Result Day Time Night Time *Recommended (dBA) (dBA) Limit
LAeq 55 42.8
Lmin 38.9 41.1 Day Time :
Lmax 93.8 82.6 55 dBA
L10 51.1 47.6
L50 46.7 46.1 Night Time : 45 dBA L90 41.6 44.8
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STATION N4 Location Project Boundary and Access Road Coordinate 102°49'39.424"E 3°51'51.172"N Sampling Date 16.05.2017 to 17.05.2017 Result Day Time Night Time *Recommended (dBA) (dBA) Limit
LAeq 54.7 38.7
Lmin 34.5 34.2 Day Time :
Lmax 98 86.7 55 dBA
L10 55.8 37.7
L50 47.9 36.1 Night Time :
L90 37.4 35.3 45 dBA
* Suburban Residential (Medium Density) Areas, Public Spaces, Parks, Recreational Areas. (Source: Annex A, Schedule 1: Maximum Permissible Sound Level (LAeq) by Receiving Land Use for Planning and New Development. The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Noise, 2007)
6.11 ECOLOGY
6.11.1 CFS
6.11.1 FLORA
This section describes the existing biological components in the study area which comprise general flora composition. A study was carried out to analyze the species diversity and composition as well as estimation of above ground biomass in the proposed project site.
The study area is categorized as lowland to hilly forest. It is one of the most complexes, dense and species-rich forest. It has a great value for wildlife conservation and scientific research. The term tropical forest is used to describe forest where there is little or no seasonal water shortage and where the climate is continuously warm.
The objectives of the study are: i) To determine tree species composition at the study area; ii) To identify the presence of any endemic, protected and rare species at the study site.
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6.11.1.1 Methodology Approximately 1-ha plots has been established along the transect line point between 10 untill 16 April 2017. All trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) are enumerated and attempted to be identified to the species level. The non-trees enumerated are based on individual counts and coverage area occupied.
The most common tree species (distinctive field characteristics) found was directly identified to the species level. For tree species which could not be identified directly, voucher specimens were collected for subsequent determination in the laboratory. All specimens were sorted according to morphology of the species and identified by cross-referencing with existing specimens in the herbarium. Taxonomy and nomenclature are based on the Tree Flora of Malaya (Whitmore and Sayer 1992; Ng, 1978, 1989) with the assistance of experienced plant taxonomists.
The equipment used for the data collection are as follows:
Recording Sheet Topography Map Handheld
Geographical Positioning System Unit
Diameter and Linear Compass Tapes
Location of Study Plot: The location (latitude and longitude), altitude and surveyed areas are listed in Table 6.11.1. The flora survey plot for the proposed project site is shown in Plate 6.11.1.
Table 6.11.1: Location of Flora Sampling/Study LOCALITY COORDINATE Plot 1 102°49'13.08"E 3°50'34.77"N Plot 2 102°50'52.80"E 3°51'34.59"N
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Plot 3 102°50'2.11"E 3°49'39.09"N Plot 4 102°51'29.36"E 3°47'29.46"N Plot 5 102°50'14.57"E 3°46'19.66"N
Plate 6.11.1: The View Of Forest Fringe In One Of The Survey Site At The Proposed Project Site
POINT 1 POINT 2
POINT 3 POINT 4
POINT 5
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Biomass Estimation: The volume of each tree (D2 x H) was used to calculate the biomass (dry matter weight of above-ground organs). To estimate the biomass, the following coefficients of Allometric Equations of Kato et al., (1978) were used.
Y = 0.2544*DBH2.3684 Y = Biomass Estimation
DBH= Diameter Breast Height
Classification for Flora Conservation Status and Habit: Conservation status for trees, lianas, ferns/ferns-allies, herbaceous and rattans/palms are based on conservation status listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of threatened species and Malaysia Plant Red List (by FRIM). However, the Malaysia Plant Red List lists species from the family Dipterocarpaceae only; other species of non-Dipterocarp groups hitherto are not recorded.
The status code used to identify the flora species in the study area is as presented in Table 6.11.2. Table 6.11.2: Status Code of Flora Species Based on IUCN Red List STATUS CODE DESCRIPTION EX Extinct CR Critically Endangered EN Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened LC Least Concern DD Data Deficient Species which is the originality of species on their specific ENDEMIC distribution NE Not Evaluated
The classification of plant habit (Table 6.11.3) refers to terminology usually applied in botany, which may refer to the form in which a given species of plant grows. It describes the general appearance of the plant include size, form growth, orientation and shape.
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Table 6.11.3: List of Plant Habit T Tree Woody plant, more than >5m tall S Shrubs Woody plant,usually small, less than 5m tall C Climber Woody or herbaceous plants with stems that are not self-supporting, but are climbing or straggling on some support H Herbaceous Non woody plant, usually in small size P Palmae Family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed F/FA Fern/Fern allies Nonflowering vascular plant and produce spore
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Figure 6.11.1 Flora and fauna survey plots within the Project Site
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6.11.1.2 Result on Floral Species Composition
A total of 333 species of plants were recorded from the study area. These species comprise 181 genera and 83 families. The result of floristic composition is divided into six specified various habits; tree, shrub, herbaceous, climber, fern and Palm. The survey has indicated a total of 172 species of tree (T), 33 species of shrub (S), 22 species of herbaceous (H), 66 species of climber (C), 5 species of palm (P), and 35 species of ferns (F) has been recorded (Appendix 14).
A total of 172 species of tree recorded within surveyed plots comprise 109 genera from 51 families. The trees are mainly represented by the Euphorbiaceae family. The other flora families; namely Anacardiacea, Burseraceae, Lauraceae, and Leguminocea also have significant number of genera thriving within this area.
The shrubs comprise 33 species which derived in 25 genera from 21 families. The largest family found was Rubiceae with 6 species.
Twenty-one species of herbaceous have been recorded the study area. The sp. found is classified under 18 genera in 9 families.
Climbers (i.e. liana) was recorded from various species with 66 came from 46 genera and 26 family. While fern recorded 34 species, derive from 20 genera and 12 families. The Annonaceae, Connaraceae and Leguminosae are among the most recorded family of climbers within this survey sites while Polypodiaceae is the most fern family been recorded.
The palm group, family Arecacea, were recorded as 5 species comprise from 4 genera.
Plate 6.11.2: Floral species recorded At The Proposed Project Site
Pennisetum polystachion Antidesma velutinosum
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Ixora congesta Polyalthia cauliflora
Tectaria angulata Bauhinia bidentata
6.11.1.3 Biomass Estimation
Estimation of biomass for the study area is based on the dbh (diameter at breast height) measurement of the tree. Total average estimated above ground biomass (TAGB) was at 84.54 t/ha. The highest estimated biomass was calculated at Plot 1 followed by Plot 2 (Table 6.11.4). The lowest TAGB recorded at surveyed Plot 4. In comparison, TAGB for logged area in peninsular Malaysia forest could be, approximately, less than 180.0 t/ha (Sandra, 1997).
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Table 6.11.4: Total above ground biomass (t/ha) for all survey plots within project site PLOT NO. TOTAL ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS (T/HA) 1 91.6 2 85.7 3 83.8 4 79.2 5 82.4
6.11.2 FAUNA
6.11.2.1 Methodology The survey was carried out in 10 untill 16 April 2017 using line transect and random survey methods in the proposed construction site and all the secondary signs on the left and right of the paths were recorded. While conducting on the avifauna survey, two methods were used, namely direct and in-direct observations. For direct observation, the equipment used includes Pentax binoculars (8x42 BA), bird’s reference books, notebook and utensils. As for in-direct observation, vocalisation, feathers and nests was observed and recorded.
6.11.2.2 Results
A) Mammals and Reptiles A total of 13 species from 12 families of mammals while 2 species from 1 families of reptile were recorded at the survey sites (Table 6.11.5).
B) Avian A total of 45 species from 25 families of birds were recorded at the survey sites in Table 6.11.6. Out of the total number recorded, 36 bird species were listed as totally protected and 4 bird species were protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 [Act 716], while another 5 bird species were not listed under the act. While on the international conservation status, a total of 5 species are listed as near threatened to extinction (NT) and while the rest are listed as least concern (40 species). Table 6.11.6 shows the presence of avian around the proposed project site.
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Table 6.11.5: List of Mammals and Reptiles Species Recorded at Vicinity of Proposed Project Sites. LOCAL IUCN ENGLISH LOCAL SCIENTIFIC NO FAMILY PROTECTION CONSERVATION NAME NAME NAME STATUS STATUS Elephas 1 Elephantidae Asian Elephant Gajah TP EN maximus Beruang Helarctos 2 Ursidae Sun Bear TP VU Matahari malayanus 3 Tapiridae Tapir Tapir Tapirus indicus TP EN Muntiacus 4 Cervidae Barking Deer Kijang P LC muntjak 5 Suidae Wild Boar Babi Hutan Sus scrofa P LC Prionailurus 6 Felidae Leopard Cat Kucing Batu TP LC bengalensis Long-tailed Macaca Kera P LC Macaque fascicularis 7 Cercopithecidae Pig-tailed Macaca Beruk P LC Macaque nemestrina White-handed Ungka 8 Hylobatidae Hylobates lar TP EN Gibbon Tangan Putih Lesser Tragulus 9 Tragulidae Pelanduk P LC Mousedeer javanicus Musang Paradoxurus 10 Viveridae Palm Civet P LC Pulut hermaphroditus Small-clawed Memerang 11 Mustelidae Aonyx cinerea TP VU Otter Kecil Plantain Callosciurus 12 Sciuridae Tupai Pinang NP LC Squirrel notatus Clouded Varanus Biawak Puru TP LC Monitor nebulosus 13 Varanidae Water Varanus Biawak Air P LC Monitor salvator
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Note: Status – Protection status under Wild Life Conservation Act, 2010 TP - Totally Protected, P - Protected, NP - Not Protected
IUCN Red List Categories 2010 EX – Extinct, EW – Extinct in the Wild, CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT – Near Threatened (includes LR/nt – Lower Risk/near threatened), DD – Data Deficient, LC – Least Concern (includes LR/lc – Lower Risk, least concern)
Table 6.11.6: List of Avian Species Recorded at Vicinity of Proposed Project Sites. LOCAL IUCN ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC NO FAMILY LOCAL NAME PROTECTION CONSERVATION NAME NAME STATUS STATUS Crested Lang 1 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela TP LC Serpent Eagle Berjambul White- Pekaka Hakcyon throated Belukar TP LC smyrnensis 2 Alcedinidae Kingfisher Black-backed Pekaka Rimba Ceyx erithacus TP LC Kingfisher Enggang Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis TP NT Papan 3 Bucerotidae Southern Pied Enggang Anthracoceros TP LC Hornbill Kelingking convexus Red-wattled 4 Charadriidae Rapang Duit Vanellus indicus TP LC Lapwing Lesser Green Chloropsis Daun Kecil TP NT Leafbird cyanopogon 5 Chloropseidae Blue-winged Daun Sayap Chloropsis TP LC Leafbird Biru cochinchinensis Green-winged Chalcophaps Punai Tanah TP LC Pigeon indica 6 Columbidae Pink-necked Punai Gading Treron vernan TP LC Green Pigeon
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But-but Carik Centropus Greater Coucal TP LC Anak sinensis 7 Cuculidae Cacomantis Indian Cuckoo Sewah India TP LC micropterus Crimson- Sepah Puteri Prionochilus breasted TP LC Kayangan percussus 8 Flowerpecker Dicaeidae Yellow- Sepah Puteri Prionochilus breasted TP LC Raja maculates Flowerpecker Greater Cecawi Anting- Dicrurus 9 Dicruridae Racket-tailed TP LC anting paradiseus Drongo Scaly-breasted Lonchura Pipit Pinang NP LC 10 Estrildidae Munia punctulata Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Pipit Kuning NP LC Green Calyptomena 11 Eurylaimidae Takau Selawit TP NT Broadbill viridis Pacific Sualo Batu Hirundo tahitica TP LC 12 Hirundinidae Swallow Barn Swallow Sualo Api Hirundo rustica TP LC Black-naped Dendang Oriolus 13 Oriolidae TP LC Oriole Selayang chinensis Red 14 Phasianidae Ayam Hutan Gallus gallus P LC Junglefowl Common Belatok Pinang Dinopium TP NT Flameback Muda javanense 15 Picidae Maroon Belatok Blythipicus TP NT Woodpecker Punggor rubiginosus White- Amaurornis 16 Rallidae breasted Ruak-ruak P LC phoenicurus Waterhen
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Moustached Rimba Malacopteron TP LC Babbler Bermisai magnirostre Striped Tit Macronous 17 Timaliidae Rimba Berjalur TP LC Babbler gularis Short-tailed Rimba Ekor Malacocincla TP LC Babbler Pendek malaccensis Murai Copsychus Magpie Robin NP LC Kampung saularis White-rumped Copsychus 18 Turdidae Murai Batu P LC Shama malabaricus Chestnut- Enicurus Murai Cegar TP LC naped Forktail ruficapillus Gold- Takor Megalaima 19 Megalaimidae Whiskered TP LC Jambang Emas chrysopogon Barbet Black-bellied Cenok Perut Phaenicophaeus TP LC Malkoha Hitam diardi Blue- Berek-berek throathed Bee Merops viridis TP LC Tadah Hujan Eater 20 Meropidae Chestnut- Phaenicophaeus breasted Cenok Api TP LC javanicus Malkoha Raffle’s Phaenicophaeus Cenok Kerak TP LC Malkoha chlorophaeus Little Kelicap Arachnothera 21 Nectariniidae TP LC Spiderhunter Jantung longirostra Yellow-vented Pycnonotus Merbah Kapur NP LC Bulbul goiavier 22 Pycnonotidae Stripe- Merbah Luris Pycnonotus throathed TP LC Leher zeylanicus Bulbul
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Yellow-bellied Merbah Perut Criniger TP LC Bulbul Kuning phaeocephalus Black-headed Pycnonotus Merbah Siam TP LC Bulbul atriceps Sambar Murai Rhipidura 23 Rhipiduridae Pied Fantail TP LC Gila javanica Tiong Common Acridotheres Gembala NP LC Myna tristis 24 Sturnidae Kerbau Gracula Hill Myna Tiong Mas P LC religiosa Common Perenjak Orthotomus 25 Sylviidae TP LC Tailorbird Pisang sutorius FAMILY: 25 SPECIES: 45
PROTECTION STATUS: IUCN-RL STATUS:
Wild Life Conservation Act 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened (Act 716) Species (2008) (TP) Totally Protected: 36 species (NT) Near Threatened: 5 species
(P) Protected: 4 species (VU) Vulnerable: 0 species
(NP) Not Protected: 5 species (LC) Least Concern: 40 species
Note: Status – Protection status under Wild Life Conservation Act, 2010 TP - Totally Protected, P - Protected, NP - Not Protected
IUCN Red List Categories 2010 EX – Extinct, EW – Extinct in the Wild, CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT – Near Threatened (includes LR/nt – Lower Risk/near threatened), DD – Data Deficient, LC – Least Concern (includes LR/lc – Lower Risk, least concern)
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Plate 6.11.3: Presence of Wildlife Recorded at the Proposed Project Sites.
Footprints of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Black-bellied Malkoha (Phaenicophaeus diardi)
Footprints of Tapir (Tapirus indicus) Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus)
Elephant dung
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6.12 SOCIO ECONOMIC
A socio-economic study was carried out to determine the existing socio economic status of the study area and to evaluate public perception and views concerning the proposed project development from communities living around the project site.
6.12.1 Background of the Study Area
Information concerning the study area was obtained from secondary sources (Population and Housing Survey, 2010; Statistics Department of Malaysia, 2011) and via a social survey. The socio- economic survey involved a questionnaire survey that was conducted from 8th to 10th May 2017. A total of 272 respondents from nearby villages (within a five-kilometre radius from the boundary of the proposed project site (Figure 6.12.1) were drawn randomly using a purposive sampling technique (Sample of questionnaire as shown in Appendix 15).
The major economic activity in the Mukim Ulu Lepar is related to agriculture. The majority of the people in Ulu Lepar work in FELDA and others oil palm plantations. As of 2010, the total population in Mukim Ulu Lepar was about 16,897 people (3.81% from Kuantan District population) (Population and Housing Census, 2010; Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2011).
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Figure 6.12.1 Socio Economic Study within 5km from the Project Site
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6.12.1.1 Age Distribution
The working age population in Mukim Ulu Lepar was 11,830 people compared to 294,981 people in the Kuantan District. The younger age population (0-14 years old) comprised 4,668 persons in Mukim Ulu Lepar compared with Kuantan District of 132,121 people (Table 6.12.1).
Table 6.12.1 Population Age Structure of Kuantan District and Mukim Ulu Lepar, 2010 65 years old and District/Mukim 0-14 years old 15-64 years old above Kuantan 132,121 294,981 16,694
Ulu Lepar 4,668 11,830 399 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010
6.12.1.2 Ethnic Composition
In terms of ethnic composition, Malays are the major ethnic 86.4% group in the Ulu Lepar mukim. Others and Chinese areminority groups at only 0.3% and 0.4%. Non-Malaysian citizens comprise mainly foreign workers (about 8.1%).Table 6.12.2 shows the ethnic composition in Mukim Ulu Lepar.
Table 6.12.2: Ethnic Composition of Kuantan District and Mukim Ulu Lepar 2010 Non- Other District/Mukim Malay Chinese Indians Others Malaysian Total Bumiputera Citizen 333,391 4,842 75,042 13,739 1,400 15,382 443,796 Kuantan 75.1 1.1 16.9 3.1 0.3 3.5 100.0
14,599 593 69 222 52 1,362 16,897 Ulu Lepar 86.4 3.5 0.4 1.3 0.3 8.1 100.0 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010
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6.12.1.3 Gender Ratio
In 2010, the gender ratio in Mukim Ulu Lepar was 1:19 or 9,190 males and 7,707 females. Table 6.12.3 shows the number of male and female persons in the District of Kuantan with a gender ratio of 1.2.
Table 6.12.3: Gender ratio of Kuantan District and Mukim Ulu Lepar District/ Mukim Men Women Gender ratio Kuantan 230,648 213,148 1.08 Ulu Lepar 9,190 7,707 1.19 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010
6.12.1.4 Households and Living Quarters
Table 6.12.4 shows the number of households and living quarters in Mukim Ulu Lepar. There are about 3,739 households and 4,294 living quarters as in 2010. In Kuantan district, there are about 93,396 households and 113,992 living quarters.
Table 6.12.4: Household and Living Quarters in Ulu Lepar District and Mukim Kuantan 2010 District / Mukim Households Living Quarters Kuantan 93,396 113,992 Ulu Lepar 3,739 4,294 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010
6.12.2 Socio-Economic Background of the Study Area
The main economic activities in the study area are agriculture. The distribution of the respondents interviewed in the study is as shown in Table 6.12.5.
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Table 6.12.5.: Respondents Sample Distribution in the Study Area
Radius Estimation of Estimation of Number of Area (km) Population Living Quarters Respondents
Rancangan Felda Lepar Utara 1 4 1100 350 111
Rancangan Felda Lepar Utara 2/4 5 1200 367 113
Total 2300 717 224 Source: Social Survey, May 2017
6.12.2.1 Respondent Age Group
The respondent’s age group was subdivided into 10 years old cohorts. The younger age group below 20 years oldmade up 4.0% of the total respondents. The majority of the respondents are of age more 60 years (28.0%), it is because mostly of residents in both rancangan Felda is mostly veteran and pioneer residents (Figure 6.12.2).
Source: Social Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.2: Age Structure of the Respondents in the Study Area
6.12.2.2 Educational Level
About 2% of the respondents did not have any formal education. The rest of the respondents have had some educational training such as primary education (5%), secondary education (87%) and higher education (6%) (Figure 6.12.3).
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Source: Social Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.3: Educational Level in the Study Area
6.12.2.3 Family Size
The average family size is 4 persons per family. The majority of the respondents are families with 4 to 6 persons per household (58%). There were smaller families with 1 to 3 persons per household (14%). Larger families with 10 to 12 persons per household made up a small percentage (11%) (Figure 6.12.4).
Source: Social Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.4: Family Size
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6.12.2.4 Employment
About 51% of the respondents are self-employed. Approx. 7% are government employees and 27% work in the private sector. The self-employed respondents mainly workas small time traders, farmers and runningsmall businesses. About 15% of the respondents are unemployed comprising housewives and retirees. Figure 6.12.5 shows the employment of the respondents in the study area.
Source: Social Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.5: Employment
6.12.2.5 Income
Figure 6.12.6 shows the monthly household income of the respondents in the study area. About 7% of them may be categorized as poor with a monthly household income less than RM1,000 to support a family. Mostly those who earned between RM2,000 to RM 3,000 made up 47% of the respondents. Respondents with monthly household incomes of more than RM3,000 is also quite high at 13% from the total respondents.
Source: Social Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.6: Income of the Respondents
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6.12.3 Facilities and Amenities
All of the villages surveyed are well equipped with public facilities. The settlements are provided with schools, mosques,and a community hall. Clean tap water is supplied by Pengurusan Air Pahang (PAIP) while electricity is provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Photographs of some of the respective amenities and villagers interviewed are recorded in Table 6.12.6.
Table 6.12.6: Facilities and Amenities in the Study Area
Pejabat Ulu Lepar 01 Sekolah Didikan Agama Ulu Lepar 4
Facilities/Amenities
Internet Centre 1 Malaysia Pejabat JKKR Ulu Lepar 2/4
Felda Lepar Utara 2/4 office JKKR hall Felda Lepar Utara Satu
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Public Hall Lepar Utara 2/4 Kindergarden Felda Lepar Utara
Petrol Pump station D’Mart shop
Mosque Secondary school
Socio Survey
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6.12.4 Awareness and Perception
The social survey was carried out to determine peoples’ opinions and perceptions concerning the proposed project. A major concern is the potential benefits that may arise from the project development especially employment opportunities for the local people and infrastructural improvements in the area.
Figure 6.12.7 shows the perceived acceptance level for the proposed project. About 74% of the respondents agreed with the project development for three main reasons. First, it is perceived that the project can promote growth and development in their residential area. Secondly, they are already familiar with oil palm plantations and they feel that the project would not create a problem. Third, the proposed project could be their boundary barrier from the encroachment of four or five group of elephants.
Approx. 4% of the respondents were uncertain about their acceptance towards the project given their unawareness of the location of the proposed project site. About 22% of the respondents did not agree with the project because they think the proposed project would not benefits them.
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Figure 6.12.7: Perceived Acceptance Level of the Project
Figure 6.12.8 shows the public perception of the potential impacts of the proposed development. About 60% agreed that the project will create job opportunities for the local residents. Other than that, 70% of the respondents agreed the project will increase the villagers’ income because they felt there is an opportunity to cater the supply and need of the proposed project workers.
Approximately 87% of the respondents disagreed that the project will increase social problems among the local population. From the survey, 85% of the respondents disagreed there would be foreign worker nuisance due to the project development. About 71% of the respondents disagreed that the project will affect the health of the local population due to dust and noise during the construction.
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Source: Socio Survey, May 2017 Figure 6.12.8: Public Perception with Regards to the Project
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One public involvement and consultation meetings have been carried out in the study area at the respective locations and as shown in Table 6.12.7 and Appendix 15.
Table 6.12.7: Public Involvement and Consultation No 1. Date 15 August 2017 2. Location Dewan JKKR Felda Lepar Utara 1 3. Participants Residents Felda Lepar Utara 1 and Felda Lepar Utara 2/4. Government agencies PLAN Malaysia Pahang and Jabatan Pertanian Daerah Jerantut. Project proponent, Mentiga Corporation Berhad. 4. Issues discussed • They want to know if project proponent will provide road to the project site. • They support the proposed oil palm plantation development •Hope the Mentiga can provide the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program to the affected people such as the development or convenience of the mosque • Hopes project proponent to provide employment opportunities to locals 5. Pictures
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