e-ISSN : 2579-8464 Wacana p-ISSN : 2337-9820 Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains Didaktika

THE STUDY OF MADURESE SOCIAL DIALECT

Jaftiyatur Rohaniyah

Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nurul Jadid, Paiton, E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

The are originally indigenous to the island of Madura, located in the Sea just north of , and Madura is part of the province of Jawa Timur (East Java) which contains four cities in it; Bangkalan, , Pamekasan and Sumenep. plays important roles in maintaining and developing . There are at least two major roles of Madurese language. The roles are; (1) the existence of Madurese language can be used as a shield of Indonesian language against the invasion of foreign languages, and (2) Madurese language can be functioned as a vocabulary donor of Indonesian language. Madurese language is interested to be analyzed because of its unique language features. Madurese has their own rules to arrange a proper conversation politely, just like Javanese and the other culture. They have their speechlevels engaged to social dialect that used in daily communication. It is because of some factors. This social dialect and its factors of Madurese language is discussed in this research. Key word: Sociolinguistics, Social dialects and Madurese Language

© 2016 Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Islam Madura

Diterima : Nopember 2016 Disetujui : Desember 2016

Introduction In the daily communication, we As a human being, need language as a means to communication is the most effective communicate easily. Language is a interaction in our daily activity. It is system of communication in speech the important thing in order to deliver and writing used by people of a what on our mind through language, particular country (Oxford University both in oral and written. Every society Press, 2008). So, when there is a has its own way to communicate each society in which the members are other based on culture. It can be speaking, means they communicate through conversation or even through through language. sign and gesture.

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Talking about communication conversation politely, just like and culture, is rich of Javanese and the other culture. They culture and ethnic groups in which have their speech levels engaged to each ethnic group has its own social dialect that used in daily language to communicate communication. It is because of some easily. Every vernacular language has factors. This social dialect and its its own rule to arrange a proper factors of Madurese language is the conversation politely. We can analyze point that I am going to discuss. this case using sociolinguistics which Discussion of Theories is the study of language in relation to This discussion covers four society. related literature engaged to social One of the islands in Indonesia dialect. They are sociolinguistics, which has uniqueness especially in dialect, social dialect, and Madurese language is Madura. Madura is located language. near East Java. As a language which Sociolinguistics has numerous speakers, Society and language cannot be Madurese language plays separated and always related each important roles in maintaining and other. If there is no society, there will developing Indonesian language. be no language, and vice versa. The There are at least two major roles of study of language in relation to society Madurese language. The roles are; (1) is called sociolinguistics (Hudson, the existence of Madurese language 1996). Sociolinguistics examines the can be used as a shield of Indonesian interplay of language and society, with language against the invasion of language as the starting point. foreign languages, and (2) Madurese Variation is the key concept, applied language can be functioned as a to language itself and to its use. The vocabulary donor of Indonesian basic premise of sociolinguistics is language. (Azhar, 2008: 16-19). that language is variable and changing. Madurese language is interested to be As a result, language is not analyzed because of its unique homogeneous — not for the individual language features. Madurese has their user and not within or among groups own rules to arrange a proper

103 Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016 e-ISSN : 2579-8464 Wacana p-ISSN : 2337-9820 Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains Didaktika of speakers who use the same Social Dialect language. The term dialect can also be By studying written records, used to describe differences in speech sociolinguists also examine how associated with various social group or language and society have interacted classes. An immediate problem is that in the past. For example, they have of defining social group and social tabulated the frequency of the singular class, giving proper weight to the pronoun thou and its replacement you various factors that can be used to in dated hand-written or printed determine social position, e.g., documents and correlated changes in occupation, place of residence, frequency with changes in class education, ‘new’ versus ‘old’ money, structure in 16th and 17th century income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural England. This is historical background, caste, religion, and so on. sociolinguistics: the study of Such factors as these do appear to be relationship between changes in related fairly directly to how people society and changes in language over a speak. Social dialects originate among period of time. (Macneil/Lehrir social groups and are related to a Production, 2005) variety of factors, the principle ones Dialect apparently being social class, religion, Sociolinguistics also study and ethnicity. (Wardhaugh, 2006) dialect which is any variety of a Madurese Language language characterized by systematic Madura is divided by four difference in pronunciation, grammar, regencies. They are Sumenep, and vocabulary from other varieties of Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan. the same language. ‘Systematic’ here Each has its own speech level means describable by rules. So, dialect engaged to social dialect. Firstly, is also determined by rules based on Sumenep is the regency which has the internal variations, related to such most polite Madurese language and variables as age, region, typically has the strongest Madurese socioeconomic status, group dialect. Sumenep society frequently identification, and others. (Meurers, uses Enggi/Bunten level of speech. 2004)

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The second regency is Pamekasan Madurese society among friends, which is the central regency of relatives, and the older people to the Madura. Pamekasan people usually younger ones. It is considered to the use Enja’/Iya as their daily language low level. This level of speech is also even though when they are talking to used in the daily communication. The their parents. second speech level of Madurese Thirdly, has language is Enggi/Bunten less polite language compared to the [æŋghibhuntên] used by young people other regencies. They use Enja’/Iya for to the elder ones, students to their their daily communication including teacher, and a nephew to his uncle. talking to their parents. It is suspected This is a kind of high level of speech because they live in a maritime area. in Madurese language and considered However, Sampang people use as the more polite one. Enggi/Bunten level of speech when Method and Result they are talking to the teacher or those This study use qualitative who are considered as the educated approach. Qualitative research is all people. about exploring issues, understanding Compared to all regencies in phenomena, and answering question Madura, the fourth regency, (QSR International Pty Ltd, 2016). Bangkalan, is well known as the The ultimate aim of qualitative regency which has the most rude research is to offer a perspective of a speech level. It is because Bangkalan situation and provide well-written is located near , East Java, research reports that reflect the and far from Sumenep. Bangkalan researcher's ability to illustrate or people use Enja’/Iya as their daily describe the corresponding language, but just like Sampang, they phenomenon. One of the greatest still use Enggi/Bunten to talk to those strengths of the qualitative approach is who are considered as the educated the richness and depth of explorations people such as teacher. and descriptions. (Myers, 2000). In general, there are two speech This research is focused to levels in Madurese language. First is analyze 1) the social dialects in Enja’/Iya [ənjə? Iyə] used by Madura and 2) the factors influenced

105 Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016 e-ISSN : 2579-8464 Wacana p-ISSN : 2337-9820 Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains Didaktika its dialect. These two problem was Thirdly, Sampang regency has found from some information gotten less polite language compared to the by some informants from Madura. other regencies. They use Enja’/Iya for There are nine social dialects in their daily communication including Madurese language. They are Abdi talking to their parents. It is suspected dalem, Junan dalem, Badan kaula, because they live in a maritime area. Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula, However, Sampang people use Enggi/Bunten, Enggi/Enten, Enggi/Bunten level of speech when Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. From they are talking to the teacher or those the results above, the writer concluded who are considered as the educated that there are four factors influence the people. use of the social dialects in Madurese Compared to all regencies in language. Those social dialects are Madura, the fourth regency, influenced by the factor of caste or Bangkalan, is well known as the social status, age, cultural background, regency which has the most rude and place of residence. Those factors speech level. It is because Bangkalan are compatible with the theory of is located near Surabaya, East Java, social dialect proposed by Wardhaugh. and far from Sumenep. Bangkalan It means that the theory of social people use Enja’/Iya as their daily dialect from Wardhaugh is applicable language, but just like Sampang, they to the social dialects in Madurese still use Enggi/Bunten to talk to those language. The other factors of social who are considered as the educated dialects based on Wardhaugh’s theory people such as teacher. are occupation, education, ‘new’ In general, there are two speech versus ‘old’ money, income, racial or levels in Madurese language. First is ethnic origin, and religion. Enja’/Iya [ənjə? Iyə] used by The second regency is Madurese society among friends, Pamekasan which is the central relatives, and the older people to the regency of Madura. Pamekasan people younger ones. It is considered to the usually use Enja’/Iya as their daily low level. This level of speech is also language even though when they are used in the daily communication. The talking to their parents. second speech level of Madurese

Vol. 4, No. 2, Desember 2016 106 Wacana e-ISSN : 2579-8464 Didaktika Jurnal Pemikiran Penelitian Pendidikan dan Sains p-ISSN : 2337-9820 language is Enggi/Bunten Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. [æŋghibhuntên] used by young people Hong Kong: Graphicraft to the elder ones, students to their Limited. teacher, and a nephew to his uncle. Ashadi, Moh. Makhfud and Ghazi al This is a kind of high level of speech Farouk. 1992. Kosa Kata Basa Madura. Surabaya: Sarana Ilmu. in Madurese language and considered as the more polite one. Azhar, Iqbal Nurul. The Future of Madurese Language Culture Conclusion Studies. Retrieved 3 October From the findings above, there 2016; 12:37 P.M. from http://pusatbahasaalazhar.wordpr are nine the social dialects in ess.com/artikel-bahasa/the- Madurese language. Those social future-of-madurese-language- studies/ dialects are Abdi dalem, Junan dalem,

Badan kaula, Ereaut, Gill. 2012. What is Qualitative Research? United of Kingdom: Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula, QSR International Pty. Ltd., Enggi/Bunten, Enggi/Enten, Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:40 P.M. from Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. The http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/Q writer has analyzedFrom the findings R4-3/myers.html. above, there are nine the social dialects Meurers, Detmar. 2004. Dialect. in Madurese language. Those social Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:52 P.M. from http://www.sfs.uni- dialects are Abdi dalem, Junan dalem, tuebingen.de/~dm/04/spring/201 Badan kaula, /socio.pdf,

Panjenengngan/Sampeyan, Dika/Bula, Myers, Margaret Elizabeth. 2000. Enggi/Bunten, Enggi/Enten, Qualitative Research and the Generalizability Question: Ba’na/Sungko’, and Enja’/Iya’. The Standing Firm with Proteus. writer has analyzed Retrieved 3 October 2016; 12:58 P.M. from References: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/Q

R4-3/myers.html

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