96 Med. 2008 Dossier able men 8 r d e M ra o co Aq r t s B m po M Mo UN Al Imp Medi Groun Water A UN Jac Pro UN Jea th (IH d r S in t p t ac a he his eg io eso r f i c s i a c i l 0 rist har asi e 3 n ed e i tivit N unt ce rt a e % t uifer P) ea q E E E n re grame o he t UN M ance ort h back t, u urces n it t i SCO SCO SCO f o ed l p n o i t M n and s m n e ie Aureli es e r e t than edi f o i a wat tak n fo le r a n i is h sumer argt rr ane E s most Basin s nd r Aqui . in Pari Ganoulis r n a S of Universty Afr e h t ter sh a al gr es I C Senior it A er o f o t CO also nteraiol y ar he orta so s a a e f hair UNES ound t (I rane ica an h a p s. subt importan g r t s n o m e d re reci e ’s q fer uti e h t HP), r e t a w teran n e r con l uart In t in arg d oun c i m a r o n w th B li and and e l p o e p fl Meditran R creasin sation. , be Consulta ater as in, er er nat e ow O C S E N U CO dwater Paris ve p tai est esourc er dwate . diver rane aying tw een of e r Network d ISA the n of res of t Thesalonik in o s nc part, hi io nal an th sou n o i t a Hydrolgica th an g RM d n a sity 2007 gh l Tr th Midle erv o e s e c r u n r es spec e v r e v in ans e tw o rce ual m as rou ig es, aprox pe Hy d of R A S I - Bas is importan ajor Man e, I e j o r p r o f ht s NW bou y a o we i , are rh tes ial or the and an f n i in vital East ro log ica l aps f in’ e h t b age res part mo r EB, aten ndary su in t ot in t c th gr U imatel M s e h l t o f hes te h mmarise h e ou par n reso rive m e n e c s u c s ce. I ( w of R rnat th v t a d e M Meditr har r o o ti ent c se ndwa a n o i t a n r e t n en e ate on ts e l a r u ou n g t y s re s ur As he Pr o ro ed g io ) n i d R esourc n i 6 of the r. serv r e t i t en e ce and proje un na 0 o tr i g T d Meditr muc te r i v n e gr a its d e t a he th es , dwater against l egion: a r quifer n o for whole, r ra l ane am m es bil multi e av ot path. e n main and ct h an d no ap a h eh t im the ail ion na yb as yl l c er i e n s ------Aqu e h T l a c l w s e h T i l M u q a • • • owe i g o l o h t it p a Shar Ka w t m a i t e r a e b wh s h t da e p v i r b e t e h t e d a i v u l l A o u a r d e I e d t e d i u q A r a h l a t y e h r e r t s olu f i m b u u c , r e t x f if e h c t d n s e e m e e r e t n h n e p p e d e u t y n r m ose y, 5 e l p e l p m o h e b n o c st ic c u r a l t e the t a u me u q a s n e e r . s e e r i l l a e f a sp a n . c h s i k “ e c u d i r a in c e r a R e r e h t r u t y l d n m u q a e d e v e l b a d l a c i s r h T h T x l l a i l wate n i e v s f n o c r u s n f ri a e c a n o i s w o a orm e n a e e e d i a f e v e d t y r e n s r nd e s u t a n r g r y e f o e f i u q h r e l S n i e f o x r e h t s g ou pti n o o t i b i s r s f e s f o y f ”t n o c n m o l e c a e d n a s r e s e r n e v o on a c o i s r e s r ati on u o h t flo e d e , . m i ing o e i r p a e s e r a e the rce e v origi an h t h t d e p o l e r d e M d e r a m i T p e n e s s l e t a i d i t e o sr n w. . n .d e r s e h e te d s r a n e y a l e s o t d o o N d h T r e v e e r a r d i d e p t n e m r o , i s s g t e m n i d f , a : e M e l c w , nates of Bei d a c o l i i h t r d p x e t o e l m s i a th in e v a h a d e t i e s e r e t e e v a s y r e t a , l p p u w s r e r ve i h t s p n e r i e q u r t r n D e t i d n r e v n w ng m o c t e k g a h o l yr a u n a r o l h e e v o d e t s So e s o g ry l e e f o l c r a i o v r w h t e h rt c if er u t c , x e f e t i n i y e r e c i r i v o r p a t s a o y f i o l p o an i n a h t t s n a r r e , m e om e h t u e w , Me m t r a p s r a v - r u r t t f o x h s i d d th r u n n a i e r e n f o n i o i D te t l e h t e t a y e h t c d , s x e h t a t n o i t a t t s g p t r a - co , h t e th i s . y e n i i d e y dit m r a n Eas i r d E d e d a c e e h t ro re w e B l p n n a s e p l r e l n o e e , t p y g d mm o e r i e r e . ive c n i h i s a r t s p do u e t i o n e e d l r e E r l plai v c i f o f o o i b k t c i t n a l . i g s u o n i s a B n h c o rra n l l a Po s a e m o h t A d h T m a e i l a t m n t i r t aqu if e t n e t f g s n i A n o h t d n .d w ; n f s y e ns a e h o m e l i i w ri nea e r a , s p l n s t a c c a n e i R e n a u q l p x h t l u o c i y d e s a al mos t can an c i h r o f o r i t d e . s sur h w k c a r b m r o f e t a w c c a y e r e v n er a o e d r o f h e f i a h c i o e i , d f o t e n r i g s a s a s a r K h T d n ly e t x e t f o y t P roun s s n o i t a t r e sys tems , r a t s e g r e r a a sn o i t a m R n esrv e e w o h c l P u l by d n a q s e p e at r e r o f i s s n egion a t n o d n n a ev i l o f o s i e f i u n i a s l t o i ts o m n f e e i s nu b s o di t h per ra p ya m ig o a er y e l b h t l ne v u h t yh n o xe r fo ni dn la n e m. sa ye n ro o fo v sr ni ni g e s ------f , , are in contact with the sea, or in large broad shore submarine springs previously mentioned in re - basins in the south-east (Libya, Egypt), and es - lation to karstic aquifers, whose total flow might reach pecially outside the Mediterranean Basin in the Sa - 30 to 50 km 3/yr. haran region. These deep aquifers contain large According to technico-economic criteria, these re - quantities of water but are mainly unrenewable sources are unevenly accessible and exploitable, and (‘fossil waters’). They are relatively independent commensurate with the constraints applied for the con - from surface waters and largely endorheic; their servation of surface flow. They are also sometimes rel - slight underground drainage converges towards evant to the preservation of tributary aquatic ecosys - enclosed depressions near the Mediterranean tems of the emerging underground water. which are below sea level (down to 90 m at Al Qat - tara in Egypt), and their waters are mostly saline in the Mediterranean Basin. An Essential Source of Water Supply r e

Renewable water resources in the Mediterranean i s s

Basin are unevenly distributed between the northern For the inhabitants of the Mediterranean region, the o D shores (Europe and Turkey, 93%), and the southern exploitation of groundwater largely contributes to the shores (7%) depending on the climate. The average current water supply, both for drinking and irrigation annual recharge of aquifers amounts to about purposes. 155 km 3/year, with recharge varying from a few mm/yr Table 17 summarises the annual average ground - in the arid zone of the south to more than 500 mm/yr water recharge as well as the total groundwater ab - 8 0 0 in the Dinaric Alps. stractions in the Mediterranean countries. 2 . d The majority of these underground flows contribute Looking at the Mediterranean countries as a whole, e M to the regular flow rate of the water streams, there - at the end of the 20th century the abstraction of fore constituting a constant resource in surface wa - groundwater was assessed at approximately 66 ter. However, a significant part ends up in the near- km 3/yr, of which about 40 km 3/yr were in the area of 7 MAP 5 Aquifer Formations in the Mediterranean 9

Main sedimentary basins with shallow, unconfined aquifers and/or deep confined aquifers (groundwater resources in part non-renewable) Main alluvial aquifers, with unconfined or partly Area in which the groundwater table is below sea level confined, deep groundwater Major coastal or submarine springs Karstic carbonate aquifers

Source: Margat, Blue Plan, 2004 TABLE 17 Groundwater Resources in the Mediterranean Region Renewable internal Portion (%) Total current groundwater of total groundwater recharge internal abstractions Annual averages renewable (in 2000 or close in km 3/yr water resources year) in km 3/yr Part in the Part in the Part in the Entire Mediterranean Entire Mediterranean Entire Mediterranean Country country 1 Basin 2 country 1 Basin 2 country 1 Basin 2 Spain 29.9 10.44 27 37.3 6 3.27 France 100.0 32.0 53 50 6.4 1.97 Italy 43.0 43.0 24 23.6 10.4 10.4 Malta 0.033 0.033 87 ~100 0.032 0.032 Slovenia 13.5 3.0 72 71.3 0.13 ~0.01

r Croatia 11.0 9.0 29 50 0.2 ~0.1 e i s

s Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.0 2.0 17 14.3 0.3 ~0.1 o

D Montenegro ~3.0 ~1.5 ~20 ~20 0.02 ~0.01 FYR of Macedonia 1.0 1.0 18 18.5 0.2 0.2 Albania 6.2 6.2 23 23 0.6 0.6 Greece 10.3 10.3 18 17.8 3.56 3.56 Cyprus 0.41 0.41 53 35.9 0.166 0.166 8

0 Turkey 69.0 20.0 30 30.3 63 5.0 0 2

. Syria 6.04 2.38 58 47.6 8.27 ~2.0 d e Lebanon 3.2 3.1 67 64.6 0.4 0.4 M Israel 1.07 4 0.83 4 67 71.4 1.05 ~0.8 Palestinian Territories 0.68 / 0.065 ~0.50 / 0.055 86 / 100 87.7 / ~100 0.095 / 0.09 ~0.06 / 0.09 Egypt 6.1 3 ~6.0 3 72 62.5 7.01 6.1 Libya 0.5 0.5 83 85.7 4.08 1.8

8 Tunisia 1.45 1.15 35 ~31.1 1.88 1.63 9 Algeria 1.6 1.33 14 11.1 2.6 1.6 Morocco 5.77 1.0 28 ~20 3.71 0.2

Source: FAO/AQUASTAT2005. Notes: 1National sources compiled by the Plan Bleu; 2Including non-renewable source extractions; 3Egypt: of which 4.8 are infiltrations from Nile irrigations (secondary resources); 4Israel: of which 0.38 are external (from West Bank, mountain aquifer).

2 1 the Mediterranean Basin ( /3 in the north and /3 in Resources Are Exploited rather than Managed the south). In almost all the countries, the greatest part of ab - When comparing water demand with total available stracted groundwater is used for irrigation: 80% to water resources it can be seen that in many Mediter - 90% in Spain, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Libya, Tunisia ranean countries the capacity to satisfy water needs and Morocco; more than 50% in Italy, Greece and has become a serious problem. The pressures re - Turkey. The second greatest part is generally used for sulting from groundwater exploitation are varied, of - the supply of drinking water, and in some places it is ten heavy and even excessive in numerous cases. even the first (France, Egypt). Over-exploitation is frequent and further increasing, The groundwater abstracted largely covers the de - notably in the coastal aquifers, where it has resulted mand for drinking water in the majority of the Mediter - in marine water intrusion. This process will be diffi - ranean countries; and also contributes to a more vari - cult to reverse, both in the north and the south. It has able extent to the supply of irrigation water. In several also caused streams to dry up and has weakened or countries in the south, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Israel, destroyed aquatic ecosystems. The overexploitation the Palestinian territories, Cyprus and Malta, extracted of groundwater is already estimated at 5 km 3/yr in the groundwater constitutes a major part of irrigation wa - region. In the majority of the countries in the south, ter supply. the exploitation of non-renewable groundwater re - Groundwater thus plays an important role in the re - sources of the large Saharan aquifers, all of which are gional and national water economies in the Mediter - transboundary, is intensive and growing. This cur - ranean and is the predominant source of water sup - rently amounts to 7 km 3/yr, a situation which is not sus - ply in one country out of three. tainable. b Re d y H pl qual pact s wh ic an wat st An qual M imp o co T t p r dev fr n A lin in fr gr Medi In an Ta ly since Med r Ho r phy fo st fect aq pr vel r ati egi ane f hes l om a usi ex ain it udi or r o ki n one d the ui nfli om gr i s gi ona op utes wevr i on hy oundw pr mp elo er s n e t x e mes iv eo Unequa fe o r the ked it it on c pr and n it ound h es t g s e ed cts y y iat dr od eran he pr r acts of g M and v ha o of i umero k pment ort stro fit s in o s dr mange er al count e bl m o n t o e an l ar y ed p f inten s o es pe t r nor l o on the m e , in gr g , s so ink e h o ed in ant gr water mang f e oll yn am in te fol d e l w i ro m. c i g o on ogra ph ng r land it t ar e v ess gr in a usage, o ound er ther o i avil ms , an r o cc num und be ng f l g l p ea o oun ri ow-up T r ci a cur an has ater p u ol th Sta reci a w a e s es. ive he o ane f o u a tween has resu e g ev B ic o wat o f e t n e wh and un t l water able ll y em er wate r wne ‘fossil dw asin in ion f ent ean r n i en par a i mo de se also te cu s ati n conf banisto o in s ic h gr c n o c li followed er s e i r o t n e v us s bo th in ate nk ed solving tens clu onal stu sur ren res is r e t basi nt tol of t de icu ar rs. an d cou in r Libya , are re of pe rm it Si a qu cau lic wate i r ding s l mar w di u fac re ltu the li n Kn pres the r e eas Satisf u cil on res t i Eg s. ni th t us u r t n s. un ality ntrie es na tion al t as gen hich ex be o g, i n re. nder se ts ive y, e is I owled e cation a ypt r’, n A der er re this the ur g n majori trac con , of en of nd wh w d tw Italy. th e of le n o i s Thi aditon, n a ve sour i s h er in s qualit b ying t of ate ve l a the ave ts to im e c n groundwat a is thr ic h trend Tu u o r g aly ag s, d fl ti problem s the an es t aturl ni su icts on sy nthe sis ilar a s r. is east ern n n situ of n ge ce t de eat ty r a sa s e r M thr th bs ot c not isia particul be or h ab ricul u and quite a e Dj e ou ld ov er s d n of t ser tailed of e esp s bet i for c r a e e tanil ation dite sutain on li sh me nt from boundarie ituaon often sai efar . ned the or y yet a w groundwate ea the Sa s a h . exp w ex a d r pr ovi de o Liby a. influ e o advnc e ranean h nd r e t ltwater e the organi ture ma ps cartog t f be that r also a pl oit a pol c Meditr e f loitat groun pr can n a de e for n coastl ab ially y th e en de v l o v en n i o o ex ution, user d te c near l vok con f hig e. T om play ced s ti on a ion. ist de rio ap eh t sa im eh t ed, t his ef in nd he d of e s ------th tw ed De has so ti gi mulat Tr co The i t a m tan a r Sh so e R m wor co ov te ment s i th ti pl q mand in te sh oul To d ce st e s i n o m a th par bo d n a to f o In bo ESC on nd on uant er anni o an n a ans eir r e g e a e n u e ord urc the e s ass ge n unt und th e h t i g velo r t are nal t rat ab ex e d rces r en d to ld o c o a un n o dar a and m e g a e O s ing m u n o co lo i rg o si f d it b in ss e a e tr t , s d n n rie er is ng le o b ess ed l e v n f d i u a unt y e nd d . on m ou s ng o f ne ac d p p act s urces anis g ear b . ns ds s ecis r . f ve T q a a b s’ e tarte ar t , s w ing r g y r s e in on er Co d n u i o Aq o ss m n a M r e nd m o he i int n s an i nd as s ho l ri i g erv t gr , at ay. p e p n i io t nf ma ing o , d n u o i u t r f i e o h t co c i t hb it q a at o d ends t n c eri ac w o v io lle d ed he state ary n a c oundwa ui or u s q r r e f g or t r ualit f d ular t a e l a at der e e en io l e h o i d ld de ua mmun n-m T e g a ro of g ou o ct i an il t o ral o m o f i l o p . m ing the i o o i he a io hi it n i c e er n reg f f d m a s n f a o t n a I ing be un t a w lity a pe s m e t s y s n at n p h o ring ly d n l e by f s s n y l b t r i t of o g ti t re al n of o he aki m lemn g r r b he e pr a I Resou s e i c f on p d , ne ro co e g of an io e rat e SARM means u o b ys r gr o s d meet har l a sh d e al r e it arl i l p w s ap n th y ro an n n ter e a n. h n und re rd at i t n t at c re o s co nt d s i t e ti oundwa l iv de an s at s vai s w g e ar und n s e o o us u me mber s h w hi me, a e ed w t i n o m er ab s e g ro s int I v an g er o r r o f t un pr d ed p e ti d o r r u o ita is us at c ce esour l i w at t rks d o e p p i l ng l ro f in ainb as o h c i , eg ar i t s n o c s s r rc av o ogr d c o r p o aq i w m at tr n ne at info r and l nitia er t rat t o h f s f s es gr o h s o n ces t ainb s c id o r e th ies at t es es o o . uch ab er a rat b a h uife r o is co h eded s e s r r e es reliab id ni e i ter l u e t r a g e er el e e n e r a rm s ces and i tive. ss u e n . e g n i as d e v r ed fo a u o r s le ffort to mo en d hared s u iabl Sou po te es e p n x t d t u t m t at d n a . r q ta s as q ati am hat r l p dw a a d erfo e ri i d u m e s b n e t ual an ual a ou ap a d nd fo re s an ng mana te s d n i r y s e Th le s s t e n al e e on an man e r g stu o o r g w t s pl s e r n fo n c requist y h d rces, s p t it sc f alysi i t torage m r e t a w rme m o c is mi- fut t d ti th ty, ater e s a b a t an dat e r e t a w d n u o e, agemnt irecte aquif th i y e roach i r s k r o w hat a M straegi regions sytem a dying n at d n a ms n i a ie n u ese r was sharin l age in ure gement, t edi tha s or der d n a h be arid re co he nti d ng a p t a w d l in fo r lev monitrg an in y are c so u can er. in nf li cts d purposes. fi ter ment w sustai h c , s o eg a n a m definition lau an b a r to c f Medi inform terms in t l r clim at d aqu a c i lection g a oward m o for ra k rc a c i m e impor ma ti o t e d s, ,n g i s e nch of r e tr o er be of now in orde inf e l com f f nea e ans p pro U ha st r o wa and and ned ife atic for ter s be d the the r er or or r in N no ed e e e a ot of in r l r, n n s ------, l

99 Med. 2008 Dossier 100 Med. 2008 Dossier • • • I wa te v • w an lo ESCWA Mo s ( o ( E e ie acti n i w o l l o F t B UNE t Natio an A t g Sy ri c ga t T ern m m in r G M i g o iona ri es E e h E nve en take s ou h f io con C st shar Colec ag use ble Int rane S sso a s as wi e s n o CA SC EDA pec co Jun d ni z d e a o lk nt ol n. re p m o it co tory v a n e encis n u ng E al Cou an uti C it tw r op th ntory en ic l m at al tr y (M or ciat g om t ns ) h a WA In m o n o c e a and ed so ies Ne aq u o nce sp ially E r i olders w d n io e a s s a h n ons nv ted o-st at t er C t 2000 al i d of de n al Re ask: this te –, Eco i ic n e l (I N ecif g nc ion re nter- i twork ed ate oun es ti ga te aqui n and ) d if rning l T oc co , r e t a p of d d a in deman the gion er ur ke y) i s i uri and Eg yp t il the gions and ep ro nte d av and and WE B of i in the r c n no of W reg th e d in also Sou s cal c i at , cil jec t agency ng n a fers ai pu at a t a UN using l i t a t i o l p x e exist method rest S ord oc at E mic EB -b Hy of la t from o C S d e s a e the ion results of r exp Un it ed ransboundary Al ge ri a, uro-M y hared th t th-Eas elv 20 d on , ) , ble i v r e v o ocial in invite d; ESCO-I Water-E drogeologis f er INW v o c kn ow n in Is ra el , in e rom ed UNESCO-IH th m m vol ving ing C ed erts t 07 Eco as ed to he 14th Go shar exi e co th an ommis ISARM on i r e s in edit sh ar olo d o i s s i create int EB, C e o Na ti tak sti into w e op erat i in m a r d t t ; UNE og n o A no ther the g n th t Eu Tu o n ed r Pa l he ern c ng g quif egion Ses th HP, m erran ean all on- eh nv le in ter act es e mic ed ol le on s ical n i ni s f o rope i n a sion e n m o r g Food es S aqu data atio iron I n n ini olders Ear c i t a Me nt the e h t aq ui UN r o f sion Medit is ts c ati onal ia , ct iv e CO ers has e h t on e re gio n aquife ti n t (FA O,) Co ope erne ap s ia n u le P dit th tha nall (I ife me for (S ion y l l a UNESCO-F A bases Li t e, E E S wi th ctronic E AH) fe organis p ive and iv e mm r e t a w d and in U of Ch pe ly by eran rs EE te o r u roach: . Partn r nt t y Eu Jo E N rat of s I r r as c rane t w a HP to t r u d rf S es sh o in ai me is h rd a th e C sys UN E hno Agric or e p an wa s n a rope or il is – E io e W promote r in MR A S I - O C S si th e ou r ared entres al t e d med g n i th C dat a n d ta - h In be an on an n, an ations; te I este releva l ( rsh lo n nd first, a e om , ) E C E e t ce s te d A D E M wi SC O/IH P, a in te rn at ME DA ms. h i a v ult ( da ta gy. Le abase ev w int nd ob s UNECE) ac Meditr Balka of e rgo te ip e h t ground th R Interna mit t ure the rn O-IAH- ate i b a l ba no n, el op Unit erg for res by e cesi Afric an c nt EC, s v er ve r gi ba se oun io na As ern tud ees . r l O us e f UN te t i l eh t o the ts a n on er re o i in ed ed on n v s) ia r y, l d a ------, l e t o w g c d o c r r p ti m aq i h t i ni G i r m t W Coop me et in g te an t i I f bou m t gr n n t t i T nex) i f y a seen an d t UNECE s A e n sat n s t NWE ol or io ri y, he en if he egio ears hared on i n s is t l u he a g v a c e u o r s a, ed t a r e h g an ri ang ie i n i but u o r r ou s e the t e th ith d low d n uife c n mat n no ed oration t u a io d, ass - r r e r u n Bu i t d F y l l a m i t h . e o lo p ndw u s a, by n I he i y dar , s e d n, n o e io d n o l i at In n u p t ma N res as era gr f ro e ing r w d e l a and B’ we rs as i cat reg io r rme r lg on egi t em Se i n c W es , e r ab and ar n s e y. d n po or some b , r ow t a w t m , th e n y oas s oc ari inv e j w e r t ult e ti ater and ue or na o t et re a w s s ly su o e h t io sme B E n i io co as r o ct on gr i p ve ent A a m r in o h . e t r bi n had u a, in e c her w r u r u ns me s t n o n confl n i Aq r e ch, t gr of n w e r oun t Yug t lo e l e o g u nt un a, man r o s o m s g g s al i o . g a en G and l n i . g i s r r e m m u s c r t io har ca n i m s d ow in g nt cat e rr o ro av o s r hem. o in o m ui w ach e t a c s B c gr ree t e b a al aq urin u t a n e n he l a c nal ry y a f and v r dwa f e s on o W un dwat w ses, d a fers os n a i i o i y ngements n e th read denti es ) ct ou t ed ed t d t n a s r t new e t l rans o ui rec i a r . hes at c r a ce in he e pa e d iev c r lav t i e u tam e dat E S g as f e r t : a fers nd r l h d er l a r g o i i te i co int wa t aq i r m a w w y t r H t nd and these y t ord e irg e d and e egion dr r g i r ts y e t v a a fie rs i E R i b has a w p a it an inat a o ung is n es co e en ern nflic ui w s b be i aft t o n o hin n u o r g er aq t r e i of ep m er s pol d s co at and s n a e d sh a o d fers n u y und at at r s . g unt T s u d n a r i i r t i en n er a r ft qu a io ati the ui men o de ma nd n s 65 ary, ub n i ur pa r ro b IN lect He H io er a ar i t d t w d c a 23 had a en i k s e r ti d t en n o fers a e r c n p re Ta s d ke b o ri r on und n o ca ary s WEB e , lic no a m w y i s f o s rz e E M tr ts es w d Medite in j l ut w t d carit t d n e h w o i . b t a p hi S ing o i y. t t her t ec not u o ed il aly l ansbou ra l a y i e t le pre h T rac y by in ntl o rec lo of . change y n gh ed , e b e al d n w are aq go vi So r v r e t a nsb o D u b f e es peci a e c r Wh r le e s if e b 18 r e v so und at u y S rit yet e th reason. eco is Mac two ly A r sh viou enia, i ti uif a q m harge c n i icult y s eport x dev , E n e co ce, l a r u t a n s y. rran c t e n u i s a , s li ke ly g , c s t e ( ile n ared rs E and er e h t c hown g n i m o a o a se e earli i l a forma und r er alin d e e y n a m Me di ter r me n untry n u o u o s e tra sly x e or , i s e edon covers elo h t r r a m opt tha overxplita dary t ean Mo nt en e in re the Croati, to th y ll y i a h ns e, 47, e m t a g ary r ares, to bo qual g n i bee s a aq the p, i g e a i x r t is d i obtain r our or in lly mise , bou c c u in s e r re c r nec t e u m in cr for previou e i ia, r g are th the UNEC aqu ma d e u a p p u t s aquifers proje this e n o co a du n u s e h t e . s recog last o i r e m o ifers Map ity ces n u o an ea n t e in a m of s Alba m ndary man r i ea se . nage es g a den d con ans gn i t l mis cing now if T g util y l Ro a h An de p s er a la th ers i ( ar i fif in j ro eh c yb ta l d n ir a ro in in r si t E 6 i e t, s s y ------, and t t f B • • • • th T The e s ( d e M T under l e w o C fo r cat MED gio t u F (2) (1) aqui WEB e h t b T ho t lectd o c B use o t l oc r o io io he r hermo p s e ou he he he f gy y ansb E S a B I T asic y e rmat t n n nal al ld r t r a m ast al out io n i n r e c n e ansbo a l l e S aq Kar , U nt cur o of n r e e h M l fers a k l ( ers. Water i int d n o t i l l s a i n hyd I n o A fo si t . ) x e n n A nterac shared N ’s nter r i t n a e n a r r e i ui A D E h n ound y io t ki nfor m i d a hy of M r e b m e m o m r n o aq descr ESC eracti sti r rent re, s n he ua t reg o i t a n i web fers in volv ed ng a n MED city ro exampl i EDA are dr shar g n c uifer g n unda ;) nati Tb a for b menu io e matio n o geo io , e r o-ge carb Dat at ary l a n y sit a t n O/IN e r n in iv and ns m a n d v ip aq si e h t t-Ba ac ed A co e o e o i g s e l ( Co ist uati d n u o r g sat t lo the t ti lo ry e. g. y l ab nal e e h y r k uife C e are ces ol d ve e r a onate n map mpartive t s gy, ars ing cat aq W to WEB’s d s e ( n untries atbs Aq el A D E M h S oun 9 1 agric ase ogic on w on sed s e t a s n i s a b a ep l s th form. lite ui rs ate evl, ) a quifer ta i tic ui ions. avilbe w s y d u t uif e r a d e r a ing fer e ar d n a sh ke she t w. e t a w alows in ate me rie a al n a r aqu ers and l ult pic c Gogle e oc a a v s a in are D the e on a s bas an s c inte d d n A r The provide ’s d: e r was n we atbs d e m i a h l i 0 2 tur har vi rt is h t i w us if qui a f r u S u r A (f ral b a fi ti o pur d w o M d porus , n o i g a er re or ne q ic u rea op rn b. t o pr es es se aqu i ua l the pre r o f acte n e l u and s. e s e l d d fe active gion iden n pos gr et d r e h in if th ovis of e rs. ) o l l a h s an er of m n i i Ma e c n form e. se ) laye to d o N e n if ca sit d n a t a e h t w . a s ristc e s, ers ac tif es d ur Gogle Two on Balk p a M and ional d nti aquifers t n i eb-usr t s a E ta- n e ri v fou h t r p ied e t Wa e i r b a r an policy, . ces re be ation ( in line g o e g s er d e t s e r e in e s s a www.inweb.g dat D w t f s d g r d ans a c i r f A zom and Go o main s ) and ly at y l f clarified SE s e v i t c e p s e r r o f and aqui dat a c n u ub- in ible 7 s r nd l ocated e m s s on ); r E and m gn i r o l p x e a base c i h p a d n a in sum the th from gl e arth, men ( type f n o fer th e also and i gen r o f eir for nto an hydrol t u o S ( the n o a t s Ea rth adi s; . loca t n d 8 de n i la nd c Fur us: s er use an eh t ek se the th NI ary r or l in in on sa o e fo of al yl r h e y ------) IN G Ref n i du c a o r p e t a w c p E N U v i c s t R reg aqu c t a c s w or u al wa te Su Me is ma n is prof i l ci h T Co makin a e h g n o l e ion qui k a t nde t n o o r i g e so orks ti g i s AN in WE n ce e aq ch zens d nc io o n o a r g ifer o r p c g e e A l s N U T V i u q A w w t e N ag fe m p O h e h it e i r- re a n b i r t n o C S i r rs nv fo nal re o o uife si hes ren . p m a U e m q v o d n w , g r l in 2. s e h o B. m em en u t LI l o in rr an ea n E G ui r as m r t o m e m m o nly a u t e an man E w. fo e 0. d pr la t si o S oo n a n e f ’ O i fo l s l co o e t n d t n sa fe or I r k a f v s C S c , e nal a t s nv k r o rmat e us inw , pd din r t on oc t r r a p e ed r e ou J s es rmat F d g a lk it rs . i e a s r l . n o i nce a e a o on y v n a ag t s t j en In s t s T oi s pr o h e k o f) st ario e s r s r d n O f W I ainab g I s o a e i u eb A ( ce n t , S h , B E W N I cient n i s t i d sh nt e c io e ct f em ki em n r a m eg to l e , edu of f o io e s pt s. t R A re in t m e e f f So e s s s ss s , . : n iv i u d us e h s gr ri e ow i n t r 2 e s ra nst p th gi o C e h o n n i en s be d l h s f i t n L er na o i es is t u , c 00 n can le an M o cato i t u ific t s n o f t i s w o es E f e a h s r p m i a s s p r e ed i t e in g . l t t c i e it us t t i n uc A s p h e v g d urp e r o E N U B 7 s d h n om are ut e M c i v m o r i f ti on eas it f o r N R o . e ev an d M r a p or a efu l a dat r o b a n h rs T n io ua w t l a T r a r e b a h t a e t o w o h es u f s e h a k ran i d elo e v i e t as , t ns, ww n i c e imp e l e n al ly s na e ter n a d n tio ech a S l s e t a a i t s i i l de s t c t t e t d e A t d l n p k n i c h i c i d n be m tud O C sh o on o p s Tr s “wat g n t s t p a er n c .w s ar ti c w commo r v . ort r i t a p n e bo n sh a os m e , i k i n o l a a r nical g a d , i t n a like e st l u m n a of arin d omi t a e Eur n m a ent si t e m ec a o r p ent N U t i v l p lo i r e n t t i t ant u te I s e r e pr a de w b s e a b s A S e N re d er a v n o ul ar ly i f pe a n is y n g ny rs s i d i t mo c i ppar s op a c o n d g n C S E p t d o h o u o io o fo n o e r ee an k r and i d. s c and s e h c de w t D R ar o n n ro aq u i d part f e f . t n n nitorg, f r M s G d n a s 2 ic r a d n n y t p i c s i . mo .ne d t I i l p i c o f blem. vel T r t r o he ent n coope u o he ui fe r th at maker . A a d e h t g o l o es Ground ra , e c e e r i O a n a l p involve v n al s e c r icular k G i h t t nit opment r d n a n bo r / co y r s n a eport when c f e o w n u o b s f l o y i r a n a h C s W i l o in or s o re so of ntire -n o i s i c e d e b rd e , s e n mm rum l a c i N I i v q A It o r g ter ring s o s, rat r P r ac t b mode c e p s e g n o t sh u l aq s y t e h W d - .4 0 0 2 n i r i r. n i h e est i u wat water nd ho w ur ce s on ,d e M /files ion. with ther i w h n u a a d Jo i or p uifer river net dn a f n a ider E c an ie pa d ed re d h t sr e ary uld ed ed na vi d B e er v nt r ” l d d d e e y ------/ t ,

101 Med. 2008 Dossier MARGAT , J. Blue Plan. “L’eau des Mediterraneens: sit - Systems in Arid Zones: Managing Non-Renewable uation, et perspectives”. UNEP MAP Resources”, Tripoli, Libya, 20-24 November 1999. Technical Report Studies , 158, Athens, 2004. Paris, UNESCO, Technical Documents in (www.unepmap.org ) Hydrology No. 42, 1997. MEDITERRANEAN GROUNDWATER REPORT . Joint UNESCO/ISARM. A Framework Document . Paris, Mediterranean EUWI/WFD process, Mediterra- UNESCO, Non-Serial Documents in Hydrology, nean Groundwater Working Group, 2007. 2001. www.semide.net/topics/groundwater/ UNESCO/ISARM. Managing Shared Aquifer UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL , S CIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL Resources in Africa , Bo Appelgren (Ed.) Paris, ORGANIZATION (UNESCO). Proceedings of the UNESCO, IHP-VI, Series on Groundwater No. International Conference on “Regional Aquifer 8, 2004. r e

i Annex s s o

D MAP 6 Overview Map of Transboundary Aquifers in the SEE Region

62

61 63

8 8 9 10

0 60

0 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 29 2 7 .

d 30 e 13 15

M 14 28 16 31 32 18 17 27 33 65 64 19 21 34 20 26 25 35

22 24 37 36 38 2 23 0 39 58 1 56 59 52 54 40 50 55 49 51 53 41 48 57 45 47 42 46 Alluvial Karstic 43 44

Source: UNESCO, Chair/INWEB, 2008

TABLE 18 Names of Shared Aquifers in SEE and Countries Involved Number Aquifer name Countries Type 1 Dragonja Slovenia-Croatia karstic 2 Mirna-Istra Slovenia-Croatia karstic 3 Opatija Slovenia-Croatia karstic 4 Rijeka Slovenia-Croatia karstic 5 Kupa Slovenia-Croatia karstic 6 Zumberak Slovenia-Croatia karstic 7 Sava Slovenia-Croatia alluvial 8 Sutla Slovenia-Croatia alluvial 9 zDrava Slovenia-Croatia alluvial 10 Mura Croatia-Hungary alluvial 11 Drava Croatia-Hungary alluvial 12 Baranja Croatia-Hungary alluvial 13 West Serbia Croatia-Serbia alluvial 60 59 58 57 56 5 54 53 52 51 50 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 65 64 63 62 61 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 Mal Top D Lo Lo Upe Upe i k nar Star we we o Ti lo Tarnov ic mo r Mi r Di r vgr a F Pleis r Gevglija/Axos- Pleis Pleisto k nar YROM-Central dle Nishav Jurasic-Lo Plan k FYROM-S ars Svilegr ad Sandsky-Pet Karst-Mo Pelagonij/F Macv-Semb Miroc Aluvim/Brego Teto Bi Pr ic Nast Go t tocen Daci Vj tocen karst Dojran E ina/S Tar East Ohrid st E Sarmtin kas es S Mo Dubrovnik karst o R B Jablnic vros/Meic censom S Meto Gali rma Nertva tz vo-G ra-S Z armtin sa/P C udo B ad/Orest e B pes molyan an- a Kupa S Kr & e/Agistr an emn U rt & ur li Lim ack et an av wat Mas als Co na Drim Golub cia ka gan nt wat Tran R ina Trig W Wes So zem togv Lake hi Mures Basin o at wer L Lakes eka en go ake ja ast stivar erb h mes lo Ser er if a ad ni Var t Kar Ser ri Po C /S o r g bear r iad earing ac o M ich na i C vo ja r bia ret aluv o kadr al nt dar aluvi o oas s bi a n t No aceou ian uvial ing a t an t ial vo ma al mas Lake fan f fan an sif s sif Bu Al B Bu o b Cro Cro Cro Cro Cro Cro Cro lgar S S Mo s lgar ani M Mo Mo n e e Ro Ro Ro Ro Ro Ro Bu Bu Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr o G G G G Alb Alb Alb S S S i rb rb Se A A S S S S Se Se Se a ia, Al at at at at at at at Gr a, nt n n n ia, e e e lb lb r r r r e e e e mani mani mani mani mani mani ia- ia- lgar lgar t ec ec ec ec ec H e e e e i i i i i i i e b t t rbi rbi rbi rb en rbi rbi rbi rbi a-B a-B a-B a-B a-B a-B a-B rb rb rb Gr an an an ec e e an an G ne ani er G ne ne B B c c c c i i i i a- a- a- e re a-H a- a- i i a- a- i a-F a-F a-F e i i ia ia e- e- e- e- e- z a-F a-F a-F e e e e o o re g a-G a-G a-M a-H a-H a-H gr a-B a-B os os os os os os os a- ec e- g g g - - - - R R R ec s s B B B B r Bu Bu Bu Bu Bu F F F F & & ec - o- r r o n n S o o o YR YR YR Tu ni ni ni ni ni ni ni o o M un ul ul ul ul YR YR YR e YR YR YR YR e i i - m m m re re un un un ul ul Tu Tu - - a a er ol e a a a a a a a Al g g g g lg lg lg lg lg o Cr Se Se rk & g & OM OM OM ani ani ani gar gar ec ec ar ar ar ar do H H nt O O O bi OM OM OM OM & H H H H H H H rk rk ari ari ari ari ari gar gar gar b ar ey F oat F er er rb rb an ia ia ia ia a en M M M e e e e e e e ey ey e e YR T va a a a y YR a a a a a ia ia r r r r r r r ur z z y y y ia ia zg zg zg zg zg zg zg i e ia g g a OM ke gr OM ...... o y al al al al al al al al al al al al al al al al al al kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar kar luv luv luv luv lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu lu luv luv luv stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic stic v v v v v v v v v v v ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial ial

103 Med. 2008 Dossier MAP 7 Location of Major Transboundary Aquifers in the South Mediterranean Region

Available data Poor data No data

5 14 11 13 15 12 2 10 3

1 4

7 r e i s

s 9 8 o 6 D 8

0 Names of Shared Aquifers in South Mediterranean Region and Countries Involved 0 TABLE 19 2 .

d Number Aquifer name Countries Type e

M 1 Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Chad Nubian 2 Errachidia Algeria, Morocco Sandstone, calcarous, dolomite 3 North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) Algeria, Libya, Tunisia Sandstone, sandy clay, calcareous, dolomite 4 Tindouf Aquifer Algeria, Morocco Alternating series of calcareous rocks and sand 5 Angad Maghnia Algeria, Morocco N/A 4

0 6 Lullemeden Algeria, Mauritania, Mali N/A 1 7 Mourzouk Djado Algeria, Libya, Nigeria N/A 8 Taoudeni Tanezrouft Algeria, Mali, Mauritania N/A 9 Tin Seririne Algeria, Nigeria N/A 10 Fiquia Algeria, Morocco Porous, phreatic 11 Ain Beni Mathar Algeria, Morocco Karst, limestone and dolomite 12 Chott Tigri-Lahouita Algeria, Morocco Limestone and sandstone 13 Triffa Algeria, Morocco Porous, quartenary 14 Jbel El Hamra Algeria, Morocco Karstic 15 Djaffar Djeffara Libya-Tunisia N/A MAP 8 Overview Map of Transboundary Aquifers in the Middle East Region

1

Cyprus Iraq Syria

Lebanon

3 r e i

2 s s

5 o D

6

4 Jordan Israel 8 0 0 2 . d Available data e M Poor data

TABLE 20 Names of Shared Aquifers in the Middle East Region Number Aquifer name Countries Type 5 0

1 Eocene -Helvetian Syria, Turkey Limestone 1 2 Bazalt-Azraq Syria, Jordan Basalt 3 Nahr el Karib(Cenemonian - Turonian) Lebanon, Syria, Israel Limestone 4 Western Aquifer Israel, Gaza Strip, Egypt N/A 5 North-Eastern Aquifer Israel, West Bank N/A 6 Coastal Aquifer Israel, Gaza Strip N/A