SPA N ISH A R M S A N A R M . U R BE I N G A H IS T O R I CA L A N D DESC R IP T IVE ACCOU NT OF T H E
ROY A L ARMOU RY OF MADRID ,
‘ ‘
B Y A L B E R T F . A L V E R I Q , W IT H 3 8 6 I L L U S TR A T IO N S
LH S D ON y ous LANE Tm: mmu zv mam w N Y um s a YORK : jOH LANE COMPAN s c
DEDICA TED
W ITH P ROPOU ND RESPECT AN D ESTEEN TO HER MA J ESTY Q I' EEN MA RlA CRISTINA OF SPA IN
wHO SO W ORTHIL A ND F R S ' Y O O LO. G H A INTAINED THOSE CLORIOU S TRA DITIONS
OP SPANISH OREA TNESS wHICH A RE SY N DOLIS ED IN TH E TR EASU RES OF THE ROYAL A RMOU R?
PREFA CE
IN comilin this volume believe canclaim p g I I , in a sense to have broken new round for , g , although a des cription of th e Spanish Roy al Armour-y finds a place inevery Guide and Hand book to Madrid no ex haustive surve of the , y contents of this riceless trea sure- house a art p , p
(mmth e ofi cial ca talo ue ex is in istence . g , The present work is based on the admirable ca ta logue prepared in 1898 at th e instigation of Queen Maria Cristina by the Conde de
Valencia de San uan to whomwith eculiar J , , p
leasure desire to make full ac nowled ment p , I k g o f my indebtedness . To th e formal descriptions o f the exhibits which the Conde de San uan . J has collated with invaria le accurac have b y , I pre fix ed a brie f ske tch of th e his torical develop me nt of S a nish arms and armour which p , , I venture to ho e will ma e th e oo more p , k b k acce ta le both to the s ecialist inarmour and p b , p , to those who visit the A rmou ry with out any
w he s particular kno ledge OI t u bj ec t. Though th e Armeria Real remains the richest viii PREFACE in the wo d t has enriched nearl all the rl , i y
e number Amrica. otthe A rt oumal has shownthat after the fire / , of 18 a ver lar e number ot ieces wm 39 , y g p fraudulently abstracted and sent to lmdonior — sale ultimately finding their way to armouries and museums as iar apart as Rome and New w York . If the tru th were known it ould probably be found tha tth ere was nota collection oi any importance that did not inclnde some oi the spoils oi the grcattreasure house established
K n S a n by the i gs ot p i . nfurtherance of mob ect I have laid n er I y j , u d contributiona lar e number oi anth caities and l g , cannot omit tao acknowledge my obligations to th e standard works of e rick Hewitt Bernmin M y , , ,
Lacombe and Cle han to th e wri s oi Baron p , ting Davillier and Don uanRiafio to the lcono rafia J , g V Es afiola ot Don . Carderera and to Dr. p ,
Wendelin Boheimof the merial rmour , I p A y ,
V I so dcsire to render a s cci l ienna. al p a tribute of thanks to who placed his e x ert knowled e at m service and has p g y . rendered me invaluable assistance in my PREFACE
value of a ook of kind must b , I reco nise de end ina lar e measure u on the g , p g p sele ction of the illustra tions and the ex cellence
r c In this t er of their eprodu tion. ma t I have been rea tl h el ed b enor Don acoste g y p y S L ,
net whose ho r and Hea rs. Hauser e to a hs y M , p g p , other than those taken b mself are with y y , ,
n re here their ermissio roduced . p , p A . C. . F n" Rovsro , w S iss COTTA G E, W N . .
ILLU ST RAT IONS
I a n- Da l e Ttru .
Crw- and vctive Cro-es c narru ar Remains v . ‘ lloa h h S nrs oI cf St. ?c dh and s Robe, p St.
th cen . Dcnaenardo Onfllende !ntenza. r3 tury . DnnOd lld mo Ramonde llcncndL Seneachal d
i d mr lo M d d u .
v Dn lm u phcnooJ M cf Ajcbimdicd about
rfi .
ha rd rohabl b onin t G a . M ond ale- , p y el g g to S .
G o u d a-d Sa hh rd th at probahly belcngcd to
Kb u tile Patro l. . g c . f c dimn k in d ain El io d a i g Sp . rl b o m a e! M m W a
m u s-cru d h rdr- nd and lu belh . “ Ca ms-u d d m m X II SPA NISH A RMS A ND ARMOU R
llam s- . a ca No TIT LE. Ptar a
uanPacheco Mar uis oi Villena G rand Master 5 J . q ,
of St. ames died 1 J . 47 4.
v W ar Sword of the G ran a itan G onzalo Pc C p . nandez de Cord oba ( 1453 ' G ” v w i l t . S ord of the Card na lu ante F rnando e , Brother oi Philip Iv g W ar Sword of Ferd inand the Ca tholic A rmet earl 16th centur closed . y y ( ) .
a The Same o en ( p ) .
Armet late 1 th t v . 5 cenury and beginning of 16th
Armour of Ph ili the Ha d me p nso .
Tiltin Armour of Phili the Handsome g p .
Tiltin Armour of Ph ili the Handsome g p .
Tiltin Armour of Phili the Handsome « g p . ‘ J I iltin Armour of Ph ili the Handsome g p ,
t tin Armour earl 16th cenur ttri Til g . y t y . a buted in
the 18 a talo ue to Ma imilianof A ustria 49 C g x . ‘ ' Phili I. of me a eruza of G a C p p .
v Helmet with unusuall lar e Sh utter late 1 th y g . 5
century .
ur H elmet in the M le Late 15th cent y oorish Sty .
' the onl one cf its kind Inthe A rmoun Itis y .
Man-at-arms 1 th centur Spanish . 5 y .
nish Mane t-arms 1 th centur back view Spa . 5 y ( ), mssbowman r th centur Spanish C . 5 y . rossbowman t th centur hack Spanish C . 5 y ( berdier 1 th centur Spanish Hal . 5 y . ier 1 th centur back view Spanish Halberd . 5 y ( ) . h u wi i Mace hearer of the 16t cent ry . th Surcoatd s
n the Arms of Castile and Le on play i g . A in of Arms K g . Roy al Tilting Armour of Ch arles v
l v W ar Armour oi the Emperor Char es .
s c h arles v. Tilting Harne s .
Armour c harles v. Tilting . I LLUSTRA TIONS x iii
PLA T E
- l- l uitwith La mho harles v. . M S y s ,
t Aru m with La mb b in to Pen . oy s. elong g
v f e l Ch arh s . , with re infcrciag Pieces or H
P ctAru m harles v. made b li elmschmied c c . y
ia 15s6 .
resented to Charles v. b the Duhe of A u s. Aru onr p y
s Aru m resu tted to Charles v. b th e Duke of A “ . p y
Ca n-copic Aru mc harlas v
W ar llu neu c harles 'u
' ltalna Aru mc harles v
work r li A ru mc‘Ch rles oq o ).
l oot Aru mc harles v"
Aru mc harles v. ( 1541)
Aru mc lu rles v roba bl made b Ne roli p y y g . M matllnhlhu g
v cf ll hlher Aru m of Charles . (pieces the u g
Hart - l. Ph eas ci ths htl hlht g fl arn- c hark-s v Hara cou pnssd of piano of the Mnhlh' g
Hart
v wi s M u n- d Ch arlss tt u hoy .
l Aru mc harles v. N nh h srg .
c hI Iss v aitsr th e Romanst le Aru m " y . W M d O arb v
Asu n cf Ch rlea v. made b olman 10 , y C ( 49 Cu b a -ls Aru ou c h rlss v Augsh wg cr Nuremhurg
“ U M W I. t Na i c illeaa 16th M M d he mu s . x iv S PA NISH A RMS A ND AR MOU R
Tina.
Poot Armour of Phili 11 made h Desiderius A 109 . V p y
O
v Poot Armour oi Philip 11 madeby Deaiilerius
m Prince Phili ni r make Ar our ct p G e u an . Armour ci Prince Philip made inG ermany in
1549 . f Phili II W “ Armour mad e c rince p ( . ) by oli of Landsh ut( 1550) ’ Parade Armour otPhilip
e Armour ot in Sebastianof Pcrtu al Parad K g g .
S uit made for Prince Ph ili II. at Au sbur in A 3 39 . p ( ) g g
1553 .
- It. when heir a r t f G orgct cl Philip . ppa en. or It has the collar of the l parade ( 155a). G o den
Fleece . Saddle plate belonging to the same Armour as the in preced g. EquestrianArmcur ctPhilip I1 made by Sigmund
W olf of Landsh ut.
Tiltin Armour made for Prince Phili I g . p ( L ) by W olf of Landshut
Bur und ross Armour of Phili g y C p It. The Bur und ross Suit of Phili ll g y C p . . ’ Burgu ndy Cross Armcur of Philip ti Armour of King Philip 11 Comlete Armour of Prince harles son of p C . Philip It
r to ili t Suit p esented Ph p II. by he Conde de
our of Ph ili tt n r v Arm . ed p . e g a with the Roy al Arms of En land g .
Armour cl in Sebastianof Portu al K g g . Armour 0! in Sebastianof Portu al a d view K g g ( ). Armour of in Se bastianof Portu al rd view K g g (3 ). Armour of in Se bastian details K g ( ). Armour of in Se bastian back late details K g . p ( ). I LLUSTRA TIONS
Tina .
arad A ru m li m P e d Phi ttL , p
Aru mol Phili tn. u ade b Lucio Pid nino of p . y
Aru m W h y th e Archd uha Albert to
t h m at Pau lona fa Phili tII. Hal s- de p p .
W ar Aru mearl 1 th centur Milanese make . y 7 y . . J lnli A ru m d Prince Filippo Emmanuele cf
v mrl 1 th eenur Sa oy . y 7 t y . Aru m of Prince Filippo Emu anuele of Savoy
“ M of King Philip rv M u msent fromnanda a ini mb ths lnfanta y lu bel Clara Engenia to Ph ilip iv
n- ascri e to Kin Ph ili M u b d g ptv.
Aru m-ade at Pau lona for th e Duhe oi Savo p y .
l i no.
Armo ascribed ondoubtful auth orit to Die o . y . g
G areu de Pl redes .
Armo ascribed to Don Alonso es edes the C p .
C tili l s i as aa A e du . d ed 1569 .
' m f d A r Ar our o Pernando la eon. 16th century
l u ( t Cata og e) . ‘ ' Hall Aru ou ' of th e Ihird Couatof Altamoa ( 1149
l-lall Aru our cl john ci Aldana ii lq ata h i ll!) ' lia lt Aru mof Alfonso d A va los ne hewoi , p the
“s u atPu cara i i l atalo ue q anC g ) . aim-a : Aru our of the famous W arrior An tonio
d e Lu n ! atalo ue a ”C g ). Half Aru our of the Poet G are ilaso dt e ga
a t l e C a ogu ) .
A ru m of Lu s Hurtado do Me adora Ca th a r i Cml s o ' of the Mar is oi o a Aru u qa lescara.
G anesal otCharlu x vi SPA NIS H A RMS A ND A RMOU R
I s n - su a ce No. TIT 1.x .
H alf A rmour of uand e Padilla beheaded b c J . y h l v n1 20 18 a l order of ar es . i at o ue C 5 ( 49 C g ), v Half Armour of uan A rias d e A r ila ount of J . C Pufionrostro 18 atalo ue ( 49 C g ) .
v M l f v Coat (1 ai ascribed to A l onso . of Aragon
and 1. of S icil 18 atalo ue y ( 49 C g ).
H arness ascribed to harles v. 18 atalo ue C ( 49 C g ) . n ri V Har ess asc bed to harles . 18 ata lo ue C ( 49 C g ) .
- M 11 1 . I. Armour of oh n Frederick Elector of Sa on 7 J . x y . take nat the Battle of Mllhlber 1 g. 547 .
Armour of the Elector ohnFred erick the Ma J . g nanimous Duke of Sa on takenatMilh lbe r , x y . g.
« Brigantine of Milanese make which belonged to
the Eme or Ma imilia n p r x . ’ Mark on the Bre astplate of a Child 1 Corselet
( i 7 th century ).
n f h n v u s Sig ature o t e oted Engra er of A g burg.
Daniel Ho fer with date p . .
M o ramof G uido baldo 11 Duke of Arbino on ong .
SuitA 188 . i wi Inside of Bri antine of Ma imlianI. th Arms g x . tria d Bur und of Aus an g y .
l r anti which be n e t h arle v Mi anese B i ne lo d o s . g g C . Milanese Brigantine which belonged to Charles 1 ’ Boy s Half Armour which belonged to Philip 111 h wh elmin the M S ield. Subject G ods ove r g oors.
' Boy s H alf Armour which belonged to Ph ilip
’ I Bo s Hali Armour mad e inI l the lnfan y . ta y for te. afterwards Ph ilip
' Bo 1 Half Arm m y our. ade for the Infante . alter
ward s Ph ili 111. second vi w p ( e ) .
Half Armour resented to the f w d p Inants . after ar s
Phili 111. b the Duke of v p . y Terrano a.
Milanese Armour re n t p se ted o the infante . after
w ili b T ards Ph p y the Duke of erranova.
Arm oi the infante f w Phili 11 our . a ter ards p 1 I LLU STRA TIONS x vii
- m ac Tina. Paa r a
’ I sa Bo s fl alf Aru m with Medallion on Breast y . v plate d Mutiu s Scae ola.
' ' Bo mour e for the Infan Fer s Hall Ar mad te y .
nand o So of Ph ili "I. . p .
Hall Aru m lo in to Prince Ph ili after be ng g p.
wards Ph ili ll p .
' ' « Bo s Halt Armou Milanese make late 16th y . (
020 W ”.
' o s Half Armour B y .
‘ Bo s HaltArmour end of 16th centur Italian y . y ( ).
’ s Half Armour Boy . s A 4”. G orge . ‘ ' a Su b eet z l he Battle of Nieu A 4“ «G a g of Ph ilip ti. j
Supe rb pai of G auntlets halonging to Charles v
A 151.
wo nailed onLeath er A mino Bawr int M . Ch
R el
“d u et ol Ch arles v
ar gu mby ColI-aa.
Mormof Ch arlu '"
Tllung llelmetof Ch arlu v
‘ th u les m M o etot .
r m Hd u et otCha les , ' ‘ Dolflna Helmeto‘Ch rles v
e lmet -ade b hl roli of hlilan H y eg .
- o f h le v ur aei o ar . B g C s .
oi Ch arles mwith Bevor bou h tfrou Burgu et . g
S Ir RIeh ard W allace .
v with Bevor aot halon i a Bargoast oi Ch arlu . . g g
”W . o s a a m d M ' c C x viii SPA NIS H A RMS A ND A RMO U R
Rammca No
A 18 un 9 . G a tletof Ph ilip
A 190. Helme t(1 Philip 11
Helmet of Phili made at Au sbur in p g g 1549 .
belo in to h i A 3 ng g t e su t 39 .
A s v Helmet of Phili 11 b 43 . p made y W olf of Landshut
in1 554,
Bur one tof in Sebastianof Portu al g K g g , Bur onetof in Sebastianof Portu al g K g g . Bur onetmad e for Phili 1 Lucio Pici i g p 11. by nno .
Helme t of Phili III wi h p . th t ree beautiful Masks
onV ISOI' Na e and Front robabl Italian . p . ; p y .
v h r onet mi i r s w g , the ss ng pa t of hich a1e in the
R e mintonMuseu mLon on g . d .
Helmetfor th e Duke of Savo fron vi w y ( t e ).
Helmetfor the Duke of Savo side vie w y ( ),
t r n to i Iv nf Cabasse p ese ted Ph lip . by the I ants
Isabel 3 080051 .
Helmet with movable Visor made inPamlona . p .
a arentl for the Duke of Savo 161m pp y y . .
Bur one t earl th centur b e i tv g . y i 7 y . elong d to Phil p
Helmet of P ili iv e imwi th h p . . pre s nted to h th o er
Armour the Inf Isabel E nia by ants uge .
b Infants abasset resented to Phili W . the A 417 . C p p y e l E ia Isab ugen . h li n n P i 111 whe a Bo . wh ich belo ed to . Morton. g p y
of Plent Subject The G oddess y . w na hild b th e Morton ivento Phili 111. he . g p C y v Duke of Terrano a, Burgonet of Charles v designed by G iulio
Romano . Burgonetof Ch arles v designed by G iulio Romano
( second side ),
net centur . Sub ect: Bacchus and Burgo . toth y j
S PA N IS H A RMS A ND A RMO U R
Ramaii a No - c . TITu .
H elmet the 16th centur of y . v Helmetof Charles v belonging to the Cornucopia
S uit.
v lmet(1 r v l n in to orn He h a les . be o the uco ia C . g g C p
Suit.
wi detacha Salade . th ble decorative Pieces (belonged
Ma imilianl. or Phili to x p I. b H elmet of Ali Pasha Turkish dmir defeated . A al.
Le at panto. Morionand Arm-guard of Charles Tiltin Shie ld used in g.
d inTiltin esi ne b o f Shield use g. d g d y H per. H o f M ld designed by per.
with a M ask in Relief belon in to the Sh ield , . g g
f les v 1 - 1 6 Harness o Char A 49 5 .
v Shie ld of Ph ilip belonging to the Armour
- 9 A 2 17 30 . Shield of the Emperor Charles v belonging to the Harness A 159 - 163 1 Sh ield of Ph ilip 11
mn Shield 161h centur b Desiderio Col G er a . y . y
man: W ar Peace W isd omand S tren th . . . g ,
ld Ph ili musket- roof belon in t the Shie of p p , g g o A Harness 354.
v uin Bu ct. nder subd ce h Sh ield . Sub e Ale a alus j x g p . - Shield accommy ing armour of Ph ilip 1578
1 Inthe centre A le ander the G reat sub 16a . . x halus d uing Bucep . w e to Ph ili lll hena . Shield which belong d p . boy
S u iter Ne tune and Mars overwhelm ub ect. j J p . p . M Ing th e oors . Shield belonging to Prince Filippo Emmanuela of
v 1 88 16a Italian Sa oy . 5 4 ( )
v He nd Shield of Charles v D a. lmeta D i ,
Bm- onet Shield of Charles v 0 D . and 3, 4 g h ield I l n with desi n re re sentin the Ah D 8. S ( ta ia ) g p g
oth centur d uctionof Helen. t y . I LLU STRA TIONS
‘ ' l av—ca Not I ma.
D a v a rield of Italianworkmanshi 1 h cu itur p. 6t y .
‘ ‘ ’ 0 0 . nu l U l i irolama 3 ltra Shie d. des gned by G
Romani .
' Sh nld earl th centur Desi n: W arriors in . . y 17 y . g
‘ ’ e l wi v Shi ld called Plus U tra, th Apoth
e v Charl s " . 15oA
Th e Mednsa Shield made b Ne rolifor Ch arles v. 1 0A . y g 5 v n oi rhe Emer r Ch arle . formi art of M p o s , g p
Inh aa fi ield Moorish st le 6th centur . y . 1 y .
Inh aa Q u id Moorish St le 16th centur . y , y ,
h i r h v b P in S eld p esented to C arles . y Don erd ando o de G nsaga.
I l i t De ta ian Sh eld. 16 h century . sign: The
Triu m v ph c e .
D C . Sh ield cf Au a make 16th ur g hurg . cent y .
Shield ascrihed the M n of Vil 1 h to arq is lena, 6t
Shield of the end of the i h ntur dt ce y . M d Ph ilip tt M ol the Milanese Sch ool J oth century
’ t : w h en oth century . Design The Medusa s
Head"
Sh ield un u iter SamVenus aad m g J p . . Ca -d Mercur aa Mara i oth cent p , y . d . ury ,
U nfinish ed S w hield th e ork of lrl. de l ulca . ga. 1 th mtu 9 ry .
M the work of kk de l uloa mt h ce ntur g m y ,
S nish a Sh ield 1 th centur . Desi n: . p . 7 y g The Jud g meat f Pans o .
Sh nld ru e nr ’ i i p ed to l h il p n. hy th e Duke of x x ii S PA NISH A RMS A ND A RMOU R
Rm ca No Tina.
r ur f D 88. Oval Leather Shield . late 1dtb cent y . Th e ace
decorated with admirable Mexican- Indian
-wrk Feather o .
hi with the Arms of th e Mendosa Leather S eld .
Arms of in Francis 1. of France takenat the v K g . battle of Pavia 1 2 b the troo s of h arles . 5 5. y p C nat l w ol Francis 1. of France take v Sh ie d and S ord .
n: h i c the battle of Pavia. Desig T e G allc Co k
kin a warrior and u ttin himtc fli ht attac g p g g .
w w Of Herm C“ .
word of Phili II. S p .
Sword of G onsalvo de ordoba C . t l and Axe combined 01 Phili Pis o . p
Sword attribu ted to Hernando ortes conu eror C . q
of M e x ico 1 8 . 1 . 4 5 547
h word of Phili II wornwith arade armour S p p . I ToledanSword attributed to Philip t.
T word of th e ount of orunna rfith I oledan S C C ( u Th e uard n of the mostheauti cent ry ). g is o e
ful inthe armo ury , v Sword of Philip with the mark of Clement
H orn f lin o So ge n.
S anish Sword mid h t r p . d le of rot cenu y .
nish Sword lat S a e t nui . Bears mar p . dth ce t y h of uanes el Vie o J j . S anish Sword late 16th centur made p . y . by ian ernandez Sebast H of Tole do .
Sword of the Duke of W eimar ommand e r of the . C Swed ish Arm defe ated at the Battle f y . o Nord
lin en 16a g . 4,
word attributed Phili 1 t S to p 1 1. I hears the date
1 0 Toled o make 6 4. .
Sword attribute d to ount de Lamos 1 6 C . 57 mad e b Tornts de A a la of Seville y y .
Persian Sword 16th centur r ba l t . y . po b y brough f m n b l v ru Tu is y Ch ar es . . I LLU STRATIO NS X X
‘ ' I .. —a Ila I ma .
' 0 1a v Stradiots Sabre earl 1 th csnt r . y 7 ny . presa ted hy v th e Duke of Sa oy to Philip III.
h W ar s-ord of Ch arles v Italianmake .
W Swa d v n ar of Charles . Italia .
w o isarro Coo uero u S ord f P . q r of Per .
‘ Kalle a nd b the Carver at the in s Table as y K g . requi ed hy th e etiqnette of the House c ur
M y .
nt r o u v 18th ce u y Dagger. su pp sed to e belonged
to Ch rles v. . W . Saddle of Ph ilip mad e by Desiderius
G ama- “ A u sbur g g.
Pmu d and Cantle of Saddle of Ph ili tL p . l a tle f m . C n P ate o u e Sa ddle.
0- 1”d
o Barr Plais oI Saddle .
- of l made Canth Plates Sadd e by Lucio Picinino“
- l f same Saddle . Caat e Ph te o .
u r - u me Saddle B Plate d .
le li 6 M i M Sadd lta an 1 1h centur . ar ne ( ). y ( onsters) .
Moorish Saddle with sh ort Stirru s 1 . p , 81h ca
Tarki th Saddle givento Ch arles iii
Arab Saddle with short Stirru s taka in . p . the
Palaee of the Be of Oraa in1 a y 7 3 .
Milmr Sa dd le late i oth c u y H a t ry Sadd le mad e at Pamplona for th e Duke cf Sa voy 1 ( 6a0 ) .
IronW ar Sad dle of the Emeror v p Charles .
talianS s d d ie 161h nt r I . ce ur otu h l y . p y pre sented
b Prerleri co G onza to Char v y ga les . ,
Mi li tar Sad dle De si nInlierru e 11 y g guet e .
M ili ta r Sadd le Au sbur make y , g g .
Sadd le a rl 1 th centur fromMa orca . y 5 y . j . x x iv S PA NISH A RMS A ND A R MO U R n Re ame: No. Tmn.
1 word with the Toled l 9 13. S . o B ade of the Duke of
‘ ' Flarnin S anish Sword of Pbili tv g p p . .
Sword of D uero n . S de Q ui ones . late 16th
cent ury .
Ve a g .
v word wi h o o Blade S . t T led . of the Marquis of
v Shield re pre senting Jupiter sending Ligh tning on
the Moors.
Da er iven x v of France to gg g by Louis . the King of i Spa n. w 1 0 . S ord of Isabel th e atholic 7 4 C .
s 1 8 . Pe ronl f l v wi Battle Axe t e o har es . th 5 9 C , . 81 Y at h B n 1 . a anof M ustafa e f Ora 5 g . y o .
- - 1 61. Battle Ax th i 6 nuri 5 e . 1s th ce t es.
1 6 . riss or Mala Da er 5 3 K y gg .
1 - n 0 . Battle B tine t 5 7 Axe . y za s y le . w 1 m. S ord of the G reat a tain 7 C p .
- 1 6 . Martel de fer of harles v 7 4 C . 1 A l lud i it 1. c mar 59 fange or ianS .
. Sword 16th centu 169 8 . ry .
word of th e ountof Coninn 1 1 . S a 7 9 C . 8 i of Bardin of a Hor 1 43 . P eces the g se
Sword 1 th centur 1696. . 5 y .
word of Phili t the H ndso 16. S . a me i 7 p . ,
3 0 : Pistols 16th o t th centuries m5. 49 . 7 .
Da er ( our ed ed 16th centur gg . g . y .
word found inthe T us and ivento il 13 14. S . ag . g Ph ip
ArmitShields 1359 . p . S urs inFili re e Silver 1763. p , g .
Lance-Sh ie ld of the Prince of Patina 133 0. .
1 Sword of Bernal Dias d el astillo 7 59 . C . 6 Sword of the Prince of onde 1 97 . C .
wo- hand ed Sword earl 1 th cenur T . y 5 t y . I LL U STRA TIONS x x v
I nn—ea I n w ili 17 77 . S ord of Ph p tt. .
o h otAu ri S ord oI Do nJo a st a.
e rma word of Frederick Henr ount of G n S y . C
Nassau .
I l Swa d of oh natU rbino l s J . m 16m. M a nificentToledanBlade . un ounted g ,
i 7 th century .
' i h } 1 Pier: ol a Horse s Barding
Head Stall.
17 11. “ 1 1 1 n 7 1. 7 7 12 Ro d e ls.
a i t h centuri s “ P s ols. 16th and 17 t e .
Head Stall f ar er ol th e Counto‘Niehla or Ch g . ' 1mr 6 1. Bea utifu l Stirru s with Fi ure s 7 p . g .
cl . U ni ue S r " q pu . ” 7 ;
l l l S word h ili m. ’ cl P p .
e 19 s t. Sword of th e Duk of llonte rnar Sword of Charles II o mr Pi lots s “ . g . 0 }
Sword o‘ Philip ll.
Sword with (our ' ntur Sides (G erinanl. 16th ce y .
N a nihce nt air of G a tlets g p un .
h r S w a r of St. F nand Lo e o d erdi .
Swr f i o d o DonD ego Hurtad o do “endura.
Moorish Board in G au ntlet 1 th to 1 h centur g . 4 9 y .
w i e S ord presented io joh nii. ol Castle by th e Pop Bu rniiis iv Halbe rd cl Ch arles v
Iro n Rin with Points inside g. . Turkish Admiral at li ace lrt of All Pasha. x x vi S PA NIS H A RMS A ND A R MOU R
n s. Pta r it Banan a No. Ti ? 1 6 160 Mala Battle A xes inW ood 3 55 . 5 y . . 9 3
v w Die o G arcia Pareda 3 1620. S ord of g . 9 3
W n tirru 1606. oode S p
w- S w earl i t ce ntur 1644. v T o handed ord . y 5 h y .
1 uiver with A rrows of the aci ue G u arimacoa 554. v Q C q . v l Plate 1 h entu a . Ha berd t c r 53 5 . 5 y .
M h Board in W ea n i th cent r 1 8 . ooris o u 5 5 g p . s y .
i. o lar e w- hand Sword of Charl v 177 6. Espadon r g t o ed a
v m 18 8 . Sword of the ount Le os 7 C . ' 1 V w of F d D Alarcon 86a. i n nan alenc a S ord erdi .
1 6 e u Pi f tur 97 . B a tiful stols o 16th cen y . v f nwic lon to ili . 6 . hamro h h be ed Ph l 5 7 C g p .
s nof i . Es ad o o r i 17 7 5 p D eg G a c a dc Pareda .
18 8. Flamin Sword at Don uanof Austria Sonof 4 g J . Ph ilipW w n Avila S ord of Ped ro Me dez de .
‘v Sword of ard inal Fernando Brother of Phili iv. C . p
Pieces orBardin for a Horse F g .
word of th e ount of Be nave nte made at S C .
Zaragosa .
v adon 1634. Esp . mitar of Don uanof A ustria Sci . 159 9 . J
S anish - M ora ue Sword 1598. p q .
M ace s 1 th and 16th centuries . 17 29 . . 5
v - w of Ferd inand v. th e atholic Two handed S ord . 17 65. . C w i its Sh ea th studded vi ith ewels S ord n . 1660. . J
w- hand ed Sword of harles v 17 13 . T o C h nstable of Bourbon ti me of 1 06 Maces of t e o . 7 . C
h arles v. C , ki formof Charl v of Tur sh . a
G ild ed H andle to rossbow C . Ri with S ika inside wh ic h the M Iron ng. p . oors
anInstrumentof Execu tion used as .
mish Cros ~bow 16th ce ntur v Fle . y .
sbow incrttsted with Ivor Cros . y .
wo f the Duke of Crossbo AIM . x x viii S PA NIS H A RMS A ND A RMO U R
R naa r - - a i ca No. TitLa . Pu na
of kn w i Sabre un o nor gin.
Misrae or Scimitar of Ali Pasha Turkish dmi 1 . A ral
a L an t ep to .
V Miserecord e or Da er of Di . gg . ego G arcia de Pareda . Dagger of Charla v Dagger of th e Kaby la
v Man0 le or Moorish Boardin - w - p g s ord . 14th 15th nturia ce .
Re eatin H untin G un p g g .
Turkish annonTinder C . tin G unwith twelve Sh Hun g ots.
Re eatin G un made in1 0 p g . 7 5.
r f Bree ch - loa in The Bar el o a d g G un. n Turkish G unTi der.
a unwith f u nSh ots Model of G o rtee . Arquebus of DonJohnof Austria ( K bus Handle Da e n Primer co mbine d Arque . gg r. a d (G
Ar ue bus of Don ohn ose h of Austria 3. q J J p ( K Ar uebtn Handle and Primer 4. q ( K
v Nurembur Ar uebus 16th centur 5. g q . y ( K l 1 th ce ntur 19 40 . Barre s. 5 y .
rce with two little Barrels 1 th centur 651. La i . . 7 y . uebus 1 th centur Spanish Arq . 5 y .
r nl Il Peto e . sm.
wi t r Barrels Pistol. th h ee .
with Rifle Barrel Pistol. .
tin G unof Ph ili v b eech - loadin Hun g p g.
nel 16th centur Petro . y .
v t tur Revol er. 18 h cen y .
w two rr l i h u Pistol. ith Ba e s. 6t cent ry
Small Ar uebus of harles v. Italianmake q C ( ). Small S anish A r uebus 1 1 p q . 53
ma l Pistol-a oeba middle i 6th ce ntur S l m . y .
Double breech - loadin annon inbronze und In g C . . fromthe eud of the th t Spala 15 cenuiy . I LLUS TRA TIONS
I an—ru l e .
‘ ail i a s 1 A sp T pece of Horse Bard . 545.
A sa o m w ng th e Ha d and Neck of a
fanmstie D on c0 vered with Scales of G old rag . .
' - l tL Horae lia d stall of Ph i ip t s . cf i tt Ch aafronand Mainfairu of a Horse Phil p t. v i . Q aafronof IIcrse of Ph ilip . f Ch aa ron( Moa ish ) .
wi Imerial Arms in olours Ch aafrou th the . . p C l 16th centur Q aafioa . a r y y .
aafr a earl 161h centur Q o . y y .
' m m mmm cf lc anto 5 1; M p t Flag a rried at the Obsequies of Ph ilip t .
nu ts - Bod uard W al y g . a nd-rd taken fromthe English who besieged
ni ma is M i l m“ .
fromtbe Battls of Le anto with a Paintin Flag p . g nd t Martin hri a S . re pra au tiag C u . ‘ l v wh en ountof I-landa s sh0w Sa l of Ch r es . C .
ack inArmour mbi- “ Horseb .
- w m S- ll a id d ou Head stall. ith th e Ar s of
wh “ and also thcae Ph ilp tt. W ' ’ M of h wW th Q usea ary of Bagland .
Sah de- morioa of th e fi ince cf Asturiaa Baltassr
M rs fl J t I‘ erus fiomFlag-ahips gained by the Marqua v uava a a emeats de Santa Crus ln arious g g .
ili v. fm mm ” M d fl p ( m o
Mafi id h b y d Pah ce ).
housa of the Roy al Palace Madrid )
v - Sah a Chalr of Ch rles t . ( fromthe Coaeh housss
e al Pah c Mad rid d ih Roy m ) .
P i i v - Sah a Char of h l p . (fro- th toa ch housm fi t h h c a id). x x x S PA NIS H A RMS A ND A R MOU R
Ravaaaiica No. Tin a .
v Sedan hair of harles 111 fro the C C . ( m Coach houses of th e R al Palace M d oy . ad ri ). v CampaignLitter of the Emperor Charles v
« arria e iv b a oleont to harl C g g en y N p . C a W . (from
the oach - houses of the Ro al Palace Mad rid C y . ).
v tv fromthe oach - h G ala Coach of Ch arla . ( C ouses M drid of the Roy al Palace . a ). v Carriage oi the President o f th e Corta (fromthe
oa - houses f the R al Palace Mad rid C ch o oy . ).
“ The CrownCoach (fromthe Coach - houses of the Ro al l e y Pa ac . Madrid). V' W eddln ch of erd inan vi i and Maria g Coa F d . Ch ristina (fromthe Coach - housa of the Roy al a Palace . M drid ). Carriage of the M ace- Bearers of the Cortes (from the oach houses of th e Ro al Palace M adrid C y . ) .
arria e with ilt Panels of harla tv. fromthe C g . g . C (
o f al l M Coach houses o the Roy Pa ace . adrid ) .
work of over of anAlbume terior the E. de C . x . Zulo aga.
v f anAlbuminterior the worh of E de Co er o . . .
Portable h air in Leather of the Emera C . . p
harles v. C , t B in en aved Iron bel Magnificen ureau. gr . onged to Charles v k wi h nments in e Poin W ooden Trun . t Or a th ted
nd embossed and inlaid th e worh d Iron Inksta . .
l a . R. de Zu oag .
V wof th e Interior of the Armour G a eral ie y .
V wof th e Interior of the Armour G eneral ie y .
n of t Armour G eneral Vlewof the I terior he y . Figure e xplaining various technical Terms used in S P A N I S H A R MS A N D A R M O U R
INTRODU CTORY
Timprominence which Spain has enjoyed from the earlia t tima as a maniifactory of armour and a school of arms is attri uta le inth e first b b ,
istance to its mineralo ical richness and subse i . g . .
u entl to the art it la ed in th e militar q y . p p y y ' is of uro e Inth e da o Ro e s r h tory E p . y s f m g a t rsea S ain eca me th e ch ie mineral- roducin . p b f p g
tar o e ts n trib u y f the Empir . I mi es contained in perfectionall the metals then applied to warlike
usa and its rivers were believed to osu . p
ec uliar ro ertia for the temerin of lade p p p p g b s. m was as w much a name to conj ure ith
“ ” among the Romanwarriors as was the Bilbo among th e gallants and swash bucklers of Sh ake
' s eare s oledo d the sword are indis p day . T an a SPANISH A RMS AND ARMOUR
solubly associated inthe literature of arms itis impossible to mentionthe name of the city withou t recalling th e unch allenged ex cellence of th e blada
it has ve o wor d ledo gi nt th e ld . An if To is th e
cit of th e swor S ainis the lan of swordsman y d , p d
h Itwas inS ainthatth e uscular swee o s ip . p m p f the broadsword was refined into th e scientific
point- play of th e rapier ; it was there that th e
art of fence originated and to- day itis claimed th at th ere are more bo oks onfencing inSpanish
o h r n a e th aninany t e la gu g . Fromth e high est inth e land to the lowes t the love of arms is seento h ave beeninherent inthe
S aniar romtime immemorial and he has ever p d f . shownhimself quick to adoptforeignmethods and innovations th atpromised to lend greater efficacy to his blowand sterner resistance to his defensive
ncis eh l ra . e e ou th of armour. F I b d th y Spain
stoutl accoutred and arme to th e tee th and y d .
ex claimed Oh h a land which rins forth . . ppy , b g
h e ro o and rears armed men. T p fessi nof arms was the avocationof every Spaniard ; h e left his
' ' mother s breast to take his place at his father s si e he was a soldier irth reedin and d by b . b g.
r nl a nation of soldiers co d v t aining. O y ul ha e successfully withstood aninvasionso overwhelm
as to he e ing tha f t Saracens . Only a rac imbued SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 3
with th e traditions and love of war and its arts
could h a ve persevered so long against enormous odds to the final and glorious triumph of th e
closin ears of th e fi teenth cenur g y f t y .
Th e S aniards of th e da s of Pizarro and Cortes p y ,
like th eir contemoraries th e n lish admirals p , E g ,
courted war as a mistres s and strove to me , eth er
in e raves rr Th v th ir b t a ay . e de oted attention
th ey paid to th eir armour and th e temper of th eir wea pons ex cited th e regretful admirationof th eir
determined foe old sea- do aw ins . , g H k Th e Cas tilianloved the glintof sh immering steel and th e ring of a true forged blade onstou t h arness ; his
was a lan of iron and so lon as th e issue of h d , g t e
attle de en e onthe swor and th e lance h e b p d d d ,
could de uro e and h ol two Continents infee fy E p , d . Bu t th e age of ironpassed with it passed th at
ra nd old cra tsman the armourer and the da g f , y of
S ainalso asse for a while into th e re even p , p d , , g y
F r n so i in of nations . o S ai a th ull we de to g p , f f y d d its native arms and so re- eminent inth eir use , p , was slowto embrace th e faith of ex plosives Cer vantes in th e ollowin assa e which h e u ts , f g p g , p into th e mouth of Don uix ote h as le t on Q , f record th e aversion of h is countrymen to th e levellin - u in uence of the ri e and th eir ex a g p fl fl , g gera ted attachmentto the weapons of chivalry SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
Blessed be th ose happy ages th at were strangers to th e dreadful fury of th ose devilish instruments of artillery which is th e ca use th at very oftena cowardly base hind takes away th e li e of th e raves t entleman and inthe midst f b g , of th at rigour and resolu tion which animates and inflames th e ol a ch ance ullet sh ot b d , b (
erha s one th atfled and was ri h ted at the p p by , f g very flash th e mischievous piec e gave wh en it went off comin no o nows how or from ) , g b dy k wh ence ina moment uts a eriod to the brave , p p des igns and th e life of one th atdeserved to have
n rs h is consi ered survived ma ea . could y y T d , I almost say I amsorry at h eart for h aving taken on me this profession of a knigh t- e rrant in so detestable an age : for though no danger daunts me et it affects me to thin that ow er and , y k p d lead may deprive me of th e opportunity of
ecomin amous and ma in msel known b g f , k g y f th rough ou tth e world by th e strength of my arm and the dintof my sword . Th e national love of th e sword and buckler was encouraged in the Spaniards by many of th eir soverei ns oremost amon whomwas g , f g the
- warrior in Ch arles . Inth e e innin of K g, V b g g the
SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
s a manu actor and a storehouse f a f y o arms .
Ara on and to a les s mar ed ex tent Castile g , , k , , were always inth e vanwh ere th e improvementof armour was concerned ; and alth ough ex perts con sider th atItaly setth e fash ioninth e craftduring th e Mi dle A es it is no means certainth at d g , by
Barcelona did not at some eriods assume th e , p ,
Swords as inth e da s of th e lea . Caes ars con d , y , tinned to be ex ported to Italy fromCatalonia th rou h th e twel th thirteenth and ourteenth g f , , f centuries the traffic curiousl enou h bein , , y g , g chie in th e h ands of that u nwarli e race th e fly k ,
ws J e .
Bu t while arms and armou r h ave ever beena study in th e Peninsula which has engaged th e closes t attentionof in s sol iers and artificers K g , d , , no istinct st le no essentiall national t e of d y , y yp
volv N r armour was or cou l be e e . o is this , d , d
act calculate to cause sur rise for it is o vious f d p , b that th ere canbe no Spanish sch ool of armoury inth e sense th atthere is a Spanish sc hool of paint
mus c W ea ons and means f in or of i . o e ence g, p d f must vary according to periods rather than localities and th us it ollows th at while the , f armour of one centu ry may be easily distinguished
romthat of anoth er to dif erentiate etween a f , f b G ermanand a French suit of th e same period is SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 7
w si le al a s a difi cult fre uentl an imos tas . y , q y p b , k The warrior could notpermithimself to be swayed by fanciful or patri otic prej udice inth e fashion or make of his arms ; his life de pended on th e stoutness and ualit of his wea ons and be q y p , secured th e best that his means could command w n herev er th ey were obtai able . If th e enemy were osses sed of stron er more liant or e tter p g , p , b temered wes ons or accoutrements th e soldier p p , had no choice but to learn the methods of
e irn rove ents th his foeman. Th secrets of p m in e science of armoury could only be pres erved in times of eace for once the wea ons were used p , , p inth e tente field the ri dle of their su eri ori t d , d p y w v v hed h as sol ed . Th e harness of a anquis knig t be came accordin to th e laws of ch ivalr th e , g y ,
ro e of s In this manner p p rty hi conqueror. a constantinterch ange of arms and armour wenton th rou h th e ronA es and th e e ui ment and g I g , q p meth ods of victorious and vanquished nations w v ere sooner or later di u lged and adopted .
There is th e re ore as has ee nsai no national , f , b d , school of Spanish arms ; and the Royal Armoury itself althou h admitte l the finest collectionof , g d y
its kind inth e worl is not a aller of S anish d , g y p
w hanks to th e ran e and ex tent orkmanship. T g
the dominion of its ounder Charles V th e of f , I O SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
Hewitt— A”d entA rmour a nd Weapons inEurope — who proves th atthis importantarticle of military a arel was worn th e e rmans Normans and pp by G , ,
- Anlo Sax ons at a ver remote eriod . arro g y p V ,
nv n onto th e auls indeed ascri es its i e ti . The , b G
An lo- Sax on e ic Beowul ei h th centur g p , f ( g y ) " contains man allusions to th e rin ed rnie y g by ,
’ while inth e Volsu nga Saga we read th at Sigurd s sides so swelled with rage th at th e rings of his
w n is evi nt by rnie ere burst asu der. It de from this passage that what was meant was mail armour sic comose of interlin e rin s not ; p d k d g , merely the quilted tunic onwhich were sownmetal
iscs such as was however u n ou tedl worn d , , , d b y t also at that time and for many cenuries after. Both kinds of defensive armour may h ave been
rou h tto S ain th e isi oths or a ainado ted b g p by V g , g p by th emsu bsequ ent to their settlement in the
counr t y . I h ave beenunable to discover onefi gies or in illuminated manuscripts any spec imens of Visi
h er i oo r on o eliev t gothic armou r. T e s g d eas t b e tha n it was far frombe ing of a rude descriptio . The methods of tempering stee l which h ad made the blades of Toledo and Bilbilis renowne d through out the Roman world could hardly h ave been for gotten and Baron Davillier has shown tha t a SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
' — cra ft closely allied to the armourer s th e gold — smith s received liberal encouragement fromth e
su ccessors of Ataulfo . Th e Saracens accordi to , ng th eir ownhistorians were amazed atthe s len our , p d and rich nes s of th e tres s ure accumulated inth e
n Th arik BenZe whenh e oo cities of S ai . a t k p y d ,
oled o in 12 oun amonsta ro u sionof crowns T 7 , f d g p f ,
eweller and la te il ed armour da ers j y . p , g d , gg , and swords richl mounte ows lances and y d , b , , " v arms o fens v arious i e and e ensive . Th e , f d f s oils as enumerate anoth er writer included p , d by , one thousand swor s for th e use of the kins and d g , v w one h undred and se enty cro ns of pure gold . This testimony is confirmed by th e priceless relics of isi oth ic dominion res e rved in th e V g , p
Clun Museu mand th anks to th e li eralit of y , , b y
u een sa el . inth e Ro al Armour atMadrid Q I b II , y y (see plate Th e circumstances of their dis cover as rela te DonPe ro de Madrazo and y . d by d , set forth Co n e de alencia de San uan are of by d V J ,
romant ineres t almost ic t .
Onthe ni h tof Au usta th 18 8 a manand g g s , 5 , a womanwere j ou rneying ontwo small donkeys alon th e roa rom ole o to u On g d f T d G ada mar. a roachin the G uarrazar ountain th e o se rve pp g f , y b d b th e li h tof the moon that the rainwhich had y g , fallendurin a reat stormth e revious da had g g p y , SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
wash ed th e earth downtowards th e issue of th e
wh at loo e li e ountain and le t are tombs . f , f b k d k
Out of curiosit or necessit th e woman ot ofl y, y , g
h er don e and a roach e th emand ina s uare k y, pp d , q
hole made Of stones and lime ill- concealed with , ,
two flat stones etween which the moonl ht , b ig
ene tra te sh e sawwith wonder th at somethin p d , g
l nin On her ex lai ni stran e was iste . c r n the g g g g,
manalso dismounte and u ttin h is h and into d , , p g
the h ole h e touch e anO ectli e a collar made of , d bj k
r s He too it u t and ter th at other t h ea t . o a h ins k , f , g of differe ntsh a es th ena cross th ena crown and p , , , th ena larger one washing th emwith th e water romth e a oinin ountain ol and re f dj g f , g d p cious stones revealed th emselves to their astonish ed
h e a terwar s declare th atthe th o eyes . T y f d d y ugh t
awa e t th ey were dreaming. Th ey took y th reasure th ey h ad found with all sec rec y said nothing in the town and th e ollowin ni h t with th e same , f g g , secrec and rovi e with a small lanternand th e y , p d d necessar tools th e retu rned to ex amine th e mar y , y vellous hi in - lace wh ence th e too all th at d g p , y k
a remined . W ithina fewdays piec es of valu able gold and silver work of anunknownpe riod beganto be seen
’ inthe ole o silversmiths Sho s and a oldsmith T d p , g and dealer stones and ems inth e town who in g , SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
b th e a us near the Sword actor and who y T g , F y , was distinguish ed among his fellows by his taste for arche olo h ad th e atience to ac uire one gy , p q by one and to match to eth er th e diflerent ieces , g p under observation after many combinations and rectifi ca tions leavin ou t some ieces and with , g p , , consummate art su l in oth ers th atwere mis , pp y g sin h e atlast orme or rath er res tored several g, f d , , crowns amon th emone ver lar e and valua le , g y g b ,
which th e h anins was oun to be the crown , by g g , f d of K ing Recesvinto (649 W ith the same secrecy th atth e discoverers of th e treas u re h ad o serve Navarro for th is was b d , ( th e name of th e de aler instones and gems) pro ceed ed with th e diffi cult task of restoring to th eir original sh ape those inestimable insignia of Visi
R oo nd oth ic o alt . H e t th emto rance a g y y k F , th ey were already ina case inth e Cluny Museum wh enSpainh ea rd of th e discovery and ex traction
h rown of t e c s of G u arrazar.
Bu t th e treasure ta en in 18 8 rom uar , k 5 f G razar to G uadamr was n e A ou t a ot x h austed . b
Ma 1861 a villa er of G u adamar Domin o de y , , g , g
' la Cruz who h ad oun in th e same G u arrazar , f d cemeter butina ifferenth ole to the one alrea y , d dy ex lore oth er crowns and o ects use for wor p d , bj d I 4 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
shi res ente himsel atAranuez wh ere uee n p , p d f j , Q
sa el was at th e m is an ter ti e . h m a man I b T , f y
ami uous and rounda out ro osals h avin as b g b p p , g certained th at no h armwould come to himfrom
th e revelationh e was a ou t to ma e and above b k , , all stimulate th e romises which rel in on , d by p , y g th e enerosit of th e ueen th e nten ant Don g y Q , I d
Antonio lores cleverl let all inth e conversation F y f ,
said h e w r u es as th e possessor of th ese t eas r . The
cra t rustic h ad th emwith himbu tatth e moment f y ,
h e did not sa so and onl sh owe th emwh en y , y d
lores h avin o tained th e consent of h er F , g b
' Ma est ormall offere h imin th e ueens j y , f y d , Q
name a li e - ension ooo reals a ear which , f p [4, y !,
fromth atday was religiously paid to him. Th e Armou ry and th e Cluny Muse umprobably
containonly a h alf of th e treasure of G uarrazar.
As we h ave seen much Of it was ro enu and , b k p
ol melted downbv th e goldsmith s of T edo . Itis said th at it comrised a eau ti ul ol en dove p b f g d ,
wh ich came into th e ossessionof a eweller who p j , had so many ualms of conscience concernin it q g , thath e atlast took th e drastic course of throwing
s v it into th e Tagus . Th at rapid treammustha e received a good deal of Visigoth ic treasure since it
we l firstflo d under th e arches of To edo . Th e crowns pres e rved at Madrid and the Cluny
I 6 SPA NISH ARMS AND ARMOUR consists of our links Sh a ed li e the leaf of th f , p k e
- pear tree . Hanging fromone of th ese chains is a cross of eautifulwor manshi comosed of ieces b k p , p p fromtwo other crosses elonin inall robabilit , b g g p y
w diffe to t o rentcrowns .
Th e ex hibits N4 and N6 are floral ornaments similar to th at fromwhich th e crown of Suintila
s sus ende Th e vo i o i p d . tve crown f the Abbot Theodosius (N2 ) is of less elaborate workmanship and des n sevenof its e i h t endants of old ig g p g .
earls and sa hires e Close to it N is r main. p , pp ( 3) the B zantine cross which the letters stamed y , p u on it in reverse or er tell us was of ered b p d , f y
Bisho Luc s Ith se ven endants etiu . as li ewise p , k , p of old and - S The various g pear haped sapphires . articles inthis collectiondo notdiffer appreciably inst le and material itis erh a s unnecess ar to y , p p y observe romthose of similar ori ininthe Clun , f g y
of z e Museum. All ex h ibit the traces By antin influence . To th e Visigoth ic era is also ascribed (Conde de Valencia thinks with good reason) a very ancient ' hors e s bit (F123— plate found ona battlefi eld in ndalusia and said to h ave eenused b W itiza A , b y ,
' - e th e ill fated Roderick s predec essor. Th mouth piece does not differ greatly fromth e modern
attern but in lace of rins it has our oblon p , p g f g SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR I 7
ieces ierced with holes for the reins and hal er p p t . ' The e a ertu res formdra ons heads and cross es p g ,
with cruciformmon Th bi alternating ograms. e t is of unusual thickness and th e rou hnes s of the , g wo rk to ether with th e silver incrustation com , g , plete its resemblance to oth er relics classified as
During the th ree centuries that followed the
e d ul da s of th e G uadale te th e aniard must dr a f y , Sp needs have looked well to his armour and his wu om: Innative swords and native ranks p ,
dw The ord th e only hope of courage elt. sw in ch a tty of Toledo had passed under the control of
nvaders and we read thatAbd- ur- Rahman th e i . , II
- o G al 852) regula ted and ref rmed it. One of the numerous friendly passages between Moor and Ch ristianwas marked by a giftof Toledanblades
Sancho Coun o Nav fromAl Hakim . to t f arre II ,
ea nwhile amon th e fastnes ses of M , g
Asturias and th e P renees the hard- res sed y , p Spa niards were forging for themselves arms and armou r against which the sword of the dough ty
oland was shivered and which succes s ull with R , f y fl ood th e swift strong lance thrusts of Saracen
v ff h the were ro the rest ch r alry . Cuto thoug y f m of th e Christianworld the earl de enders of , y f Sp nish liberty do notseemto have array ed them C 18 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R selves for war ina fashionvery differentfromth at
th ntemo In th e cathedral of eir co p raries . of ‘ viedo is reserved th e i ro G otico a curiousl O p L b , y illuminated codex wh ere we see armi ers , g carr in circular and kite- sh a ed Shields and y g p , wearin inone case what seems to be a hauberk g, ,
The se ulch re of th e three da h ters of of mail. p ug
o A on n r h e amiro . f ra dati f omt last ears of R I g , g y the eleventh centur is scul tured with th e forms y , p of three kni h ts two mounted and a ou tto ena e g , b g g incombat while th e th ird Samson- like is forcin , , , g
e th e ws of a ons o t Th e cav op n j a m tr us beas . alier! wear close- fittin ca s seeminl uted and ver g p , g y fl , y much like th e chapclles- de - fer of a later age long su rcoats reachin elowth e knee and decorated g b ,
' with ornamental orders at the nec cufl and b k , ,
O enins one is arme with a s ear the other p g ; d p , with s ear sword and ite- sha ed shield with p , , k p bosses and both wear greaves or leg- armour of
late or lea er Th e h orses are not rovided w p th . p ith any defensive armour th e customof barding ch argers not be ing introduced till a much later
date .
Itis a work ascribed to th e twelfth centu r butresem y , ble more a work of the nth There is internal evidence to show te .
' that the costu mes were ac tually those of th e Kings of N ay o s l n i e . SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 19
Th ere is an ex tremely interes ting manuscript in th e British Museumcalled the Comenm'io
A e-li ase said to have beenex ecu ted etween p p , b
t re erred 1089 and 1109 . I is frequently f to by
Hewitt and throws much li ht onthe armour of , g
W have reasonto be teful fo th e period. e gra r the absurd practice pers isted inby ancient illu minators and ainters of de ictin ersons su p p g p , p
ose d to have lived inG ree and Romantimes in p k ,
o th w One of the illu th e c stume of eir o nday . minations shows four knights mounted . They wea r lo coats of mail rea chin belowthe nees ng , g k , wth sleeves which intwo cases reach onl to i , , , y w n the elbo s . Inone ease the coatof mail is sh ow as cornosed of blue seales with red stu s and p , d , h e we seemto have an instance of jazerine
' l t s armour (fromth e Italiang ue zefi no) . I seem clear that the des igner did notmeanto represent ch ain- mail inthis wa for whenthe bod of the y , y gamutB obviously of mail he has takencare to distinguish a diflerent patternonthe ch ausses or
t nthis class o t lg armour. S ill i f illustra ionitis alwa y s a moot point what kind of armour th e
did mea n o re P artist actually t present. ossibly a
of chain- mail was some times worn with shirt ,
tockins of leather set with scales of metal as s g , mnrc flexible and allowing greater freedomto the SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
are of special interestto th e studentof arms and
armou r
kl ed with ncee W ith buc ers brac be fore their breasts , la
ointin low p g ,
W ith stoo in crests and head s bent d own above th e p g , w saddle bo ,
mf d and h i h of h eart th e roll u onth e t o han oo. All fir g , y p
he that in ood h our was born his clarion voice And g ,
rin s ou t g ,
And clear above th e clang of arms is heard his battle - sh ou t
mon th em entlemen! strike h ome for th e love of A g , g
— — Th e Cha mpionof Bivar is h ere R oy D ie s I ambe P
in wh ere Be rmuez still mainta ins u ne ual fi h t Th e nbear g q g ,
e h u nd red lances d own th e come th eir enna rs Th re , y , p flick ering wh ite ;
w o th ree h und red Moors to earth a man to ever Do n g . y
blow
wh en th e wh eel th ree h und red more as ch ar in And y , , g g
h o back t ey g . Itwas a sigh t to se e th e lance s rise and fall thatd ay
Th e shivered shie ld s the rivenmail to see howth ick th e , , y " lay .
' Rivenmail inth e ori inal is lon a a word g g ,
’ o viousl erive romth e atinlonca bu tM b y d d f L r.
rms whose translation ive is un ou tedl O by , I g , d b y ri htinhis re nderin of the word as cu irasses or g g , , breast la tes were not worn in S ain for p , p one
h undred and fi t ears a ter the ate of the oem f y y f d p . Here is another passage of some technical in
terest SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 23
[111c beholds approaching th e army of th e Cou nt of arcelona and encoura es h s own B , g i followers !
( h with ou r harness cavaliers l uick s d e y . q a dl and to horse !
— - V a d er th ey come th e linenbreaks—a ll downth e moun
Pa - ddlee th e have lloorish ads with slackened irth s y p , g
O md dlee are G alician make ou r le in s tou h and ar . gg g g
stou t
h undred of as entlemen sh ou ld scatter such a rou t. g .
aminclined to think thatth e linen- reeks so I b ,
scornfull alluded to were the trousers or shalwars y ,
worn by Moorish auxiliaries of the Count. The “ ” “ ” wo rd leggings in the original is huesos
French M us which seems to meanthe same ( ) ,
B t des cribed as ein wornon things . u they are b g
chausses or stockin s of mail and ma not the g , y may have beengreaves or defences of plate w after the Romanpattern. Thes e ould seemto
be an anach ronismat the end of the eleventh
Solano Icono century ; bu t DonV . Carderera y (
‘ gre fie Espe rfola ) says that there are in Spain
several has- rel efs of the twel th centur which i f y , represent knigh ts wearing pieces similar to the
o nthe whole more likel R man . It is o ocreas , , y thatth e bu ses th atprotected the stou tlegs of the 24 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR — Cid were of the jaserine pattern o f leather faced
e s st s with mtal di es and rip .
Thc Armour atMadrid was tilllatel be eve y , y , li d to containman relies of the reatnational hero y g , amon th ernth e Colada a sword which the Conde g ,
e sw blade nu thirteenth centu ry . Th ord mbered
G r80 ma however be ascrib ed inthe O inionof y . , , p the same authorit to the v cent r It ele enth u . y , y is double- ed ed and ends in round o n wn a i t. o g , p D the re a ter artof its len th runs a roove onthe g p g g ,
oertainletters and hiero l hics th e meanf of g y p , ng was included in th e treasury of Ferdinand and
Isabel atSe ovia and corres onds closel cn0t h g , p y g with th e descriptioninthe inventory of thatcollao tionof a sword called Tizona which belo c , ng d to " th e Cid There is therefor a stron ro bab t , e g p ili y that the weaponbefore us is actually that with which Ruy Diez de Bivar car-ved out a kingdom
for himself infair Valencia .
with nasal be anto fall into disuse thou h itm g , g w nG erman as late as orni y xxgs. Abou tth e last quarter of the century the flat- topped cy lindrical was r heaulme or helm ene all ado ted . It m , , g y p
26 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
e as beinb rmanbeinb thata cr a romth e e er an. g g , f G g He admits th atthey mighth ave beencopied from th e ex amples of classical times with which th eir w s in tal would hav iliarized the eu ar I y e fam T tons. Inthe Sou th of EurOpe th e greaves were already become of a hi hl ornamental ch aracter as we g y , may see fromth e sculpture of G ulielmus de Balmis
froma h as- relief in th e Annunziata at
ce The reav e orna ented w Floren . [ g es ar m ith
oral devices and écussons and are stra ed onto fl , pp
Bu we e ch ausses of mail. ! t in Spain g t a y et earlier ex amle even su osin th e le - armour p , pp g g onth e J aca and Benevivere efiigies was notof this
sort.
DonBernaldo Gu illende Entenza was major domo of Ara on and one of th e raves t ni hts g , b k g n th e eror. inth e trainof King J aime I . Co qu He died a fewdays after the victory over th e Moors atEnes a in12 and was urie atth e Monaster 37 , b d y
n His scul tu red of Pu i near ale cia . fi ure g, V p g reveals every detail of his apparel (see plate H e wears a bauberk of mail reaching to th e middle of th e thi h and to th e fin er- ti s th e fin ers of th e g , g p , g glove being separated th e face is framed inth e h ood of mail camail and the head rotected ( ) , p by a round cha elle - do- cr ornamented with studs and p f , , d a strength ening ban . Over the hau berk is worn SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 27 a d eeveles sumoat embroidered atth e r d , b eastan reach ing belowthe knee ; itis splitupatthe sides w rea freedo to h e Bo to allo g ter m t limbs . th sur omtand hauberk are ordere d with a frin e ex ce t b g , p atth e neck where th e sureoatseems to be ed ed , g w f stones or stu A baldric ith a setting o ds . en
les th e lower bod and su orts a Sh ort road circ y , pp , b
-hilted sword on the left hi and a da er a un p, gg
- a misere c orde onthe righ t. The pommel of the dagger is earved into th e res emblance of a
Th e legs are protected by greaves of pla te
w ntal l n e ddl m ith orname e ths u th mi e . . g p Th e kne es appes r to be furnish ed with genouilleres
a M a s of iron. The sollerets ointed shoes p , p ,
are of mail.
Ilene th en inAra on in12 we find a ni ht , , g , 37 , k g armed with those defences which did not become
an in Euro e for another centur The m p y . ci cnmstanoe thou h itma notinitself a ear to , g y pp he of much imortance is interestin as rovin p , g, p g howquick was the Spaniard of thatday to avail Hmelf of the lates t appliances and inventions of
th e a e . Ara on at least seems to have ke t g g , , p
ace with tal which is enerall allowed to have p I y , g y
th e as And we set f hioninmilitary equipment.
’ find th at the armourer s craftwas sufi ciently im 28 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
ortant at Barcelona to constitu te a nild w p g , bicb was ex s i ting inlzsy . Intbe citadel of le rida there is a fine sepulclual
monument showin us that valiant kni h t Don g g ,
G uillelmo Ramonde M nc da Senesc o a , hal of Cata
lonia armed ca - d He died a . p bout th e mddle o e t r ee t e tu i f th hi t nh c n ry . Like his
broth er- ins rms atPui he wears the camail , g, and h hauberk . Over the fore ead he weama coronet .
with shields and studs and iltfleurs-d e - e g ly s. Th mos t which shows the hauberk beneat , h, i tastefufly embroidered with pearla and is charged
with ei htécussons or shield each su orte b g , s pp d y Tbe armentmusthave bee a h two doves . g n m
' what are unms takably genouillermof the shd
to us— th e round late called alettes or rondd s p s p . elsewhere rarely found before th e end of the cen
a n and inthe articulated fi ur . Here a i neu t y g , g of the maflglove we have evidence of the advanced ' rer s art in conditionof the armou Spain. This is also dernonstra ted by a comperisonof this em — with one of identical date that of a knight in w Hasele Ch urch Oxforch hire He itt Vol. y . ( . L . SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 29
late ere th e armour is entirel of mail p H y ,
neither ams nor cou es coudiéres el ow- lates j b d ( , b p )
be Nor re ere an traces of th e rich ing sh own. a th y ’ ornamentation seen on the Aragones e warriors
surcoats and mantles .
Thes e were th e Spacious days of Ferdinand of
Castile and ames of Ara on wh en rovince a ter J g , p f
rovince cit after cit were wrested romth e p , y y , f
lfoor and th e defeat of Roderic was wi ed out , k p onthe very spot where h e had endured it five
hundr dova alencia Murcia ed ears efore . Cor y b , V , ,
Seville fell in turn e ore th e Ch ristian arms . , b f
The armourer- ser eants wanderin th rou h th e g , g g
baza ars of th e ca tured Moorish cities and curi p , ously examining th e products of th eir dusky fellow
cra tsmen mustdou tless h ave leaned man new f , b g y
ide w Ibn- id as and scra s of use ul no led e . a p f k g S ,
bornatG ranada in12 1 has le titonrecord th at 4, f inhis time Murcia was renowned for its coats of mail its cuirasses and for ever escri tion of , , y d p ironarmour incrusted with gold itwas likewise celebrated for its saddles and harness richly gilt
nfact continues the Moorish ch ronicler for all I , , articles of militar e ui ment such as ucklers y q p , b , swords uivers arrows and so forth th e wor , q , , , k ShOps of Andalus surpassed th ose of any oth er
He country . boasts th e beautiful inlaid swords 30 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR of Seville w w , hich ere no tinferior to th ose of tlIe n ‘ dies. Cordova the reat centre of industr I , g y and refinement intbe P ninsula never achieved e . fame for its steel mnu es but a factur , its oval leath er Shields (adargas) were knownas early as the tenth centur and used ll ve 8 uro e but y , a o r p . more articularl inS ain inthe fourteenth and p y p ,
Some interesting relics of Saint Ferdinand m enshr ned t e i in he Roy al Armoury . Th rernains d
(N9) are th us deecribed inthe Catalogue (see plate “ Its texture is of silk and old made lilre an g ,
Orientalta estr checkered the firstof the s uares p y , . q
bein crimsonand a dirt white with old castls g y , g .
and the second with red lions ramant like thoee p ,
e S anish arms butt rned to the left of the of th p , u
e w ntal hans shield . Th bord er is oveninh oriso d .
w one inthe centre corn osed of racd ul a ide . p g
floraldesi ns blue and red ona old round two g , , g g :
narrowones ellow on the ou ter ed es of the . y , g formanand outside thes e other two bands of Arab ” laceworlr of gold ona crimsongmund.
O v ncked Moorish s urs of Th e encd a G ng e p ) St. Ferdinand (F189 and 160) are of easily - worked
‘ G ey u mnohmmedmm al l. SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 3 1
ned with little silver castles Similar h s hi , eraldic devices ingiltbeing distingu ishable onthe springs of the straps . The Conde de Valencia de SanJ uanendeavou rs to ove —end think with success— that the m , I , wa d numbered G 2 1 believed at one time to be ,
’ s famous blade Colada is no other than fi e Cid , th e Lobera of St. Ferdinand . Howth e name
“ Lohera es me to be applied to a sword is nu
w nd ds a conec ure h i kno n. The Co e hazar j t t at t was named after a gentleman called Guillen
hen who is referred to in th e memoirs of Lo ,
. w Jaime I . of A ragon Th e word as firs t used in this conne ctionb th e Saint himsel who onhis y f. , death - bed e uea th ed to th e nante Manuel for , b q I f all his inheritance his o era swor which was , L b d ,
< eat virtue and b means of which G od had 1 p , y " gru tly helped him. Not less interes ting is th e passage in the chronicle of Alfonso XI refe rring to the famous ta ttle of Salado Th enthe King sent word to
Don uan sonof the nfante Manuel randsonof J , I (g
Ferdinand b a entleman to ask wh he and ) . y g , y d an th e inth e frontdid notpass the river. An
« uire called arci ofre Tenor o son of the q . G J y ,
Admiral killed b the Moors who was a vassal of y , the Ki and in e front said to Don uan that ng th , J , 32 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
do the mostw ork tha tday .
The blade see late is smooth double-e d ed ( p 4) . g . and round~ pointed ; onboth sides for two -thirds of its lenth it is rooved like most swords of th g g , at time . Inside both grooves are certain sigmor letters enraved and ilded which the Cond e de , g g , — Valencia reads as the words i N nn. This S , o, o somewhat cr tic inscri tion th e learned anti. y p p . quary ex plains as being part of the motto of St.
Ferdinand which ma be rou hl translated , y g y "
Let our ea be ea and onr na be na . The y y y . y y y hiltis of the sixteenth centu r and was the work y . of alvador de vila a swordmaker of oledo who S A , T ,
ed di in1539 .
Nex t to this sword is another of the same era
G as erroneousl a tribu ed to Ro e ( ) , y t t land. th
e t famed Paladin of th eighth century . I is not imossible that this al was one of St F p so . erdi ' w nand s ea ons . t is ver lon a brosd p I y g nd . thin and flexible double- ed ed scallo - ointe d and , g , pp ,
roove or two- rds o s e g d f thi f it length . Th groove is enraved with rin s or circles and ends in an g g ,
elaborate cruciformdevice . The uard of mad ve g ,
ward and bears the arms of Castile onone side , nd a those of le ononthe other. The hilt is of
34 SPANISH ARMS AND A RMOUR
embroidered surcoat confined at t w richly , he aist b a baldric beneath which he is wearin a com y , g plete suit of bas ded armour of a very elabou te
Onthe orear the ail s s pattern. f m m eemto he composed of rings placed end to end vertically
'
. instead of horizontally . The gauntlets and lg armour are composed of alternate horizontal bands some showin nai - za attern th e o thers , g g gp ; ,
s v l perhaps ring set ertical y . Banded mail of various designs seerns to have been fashionable all over Emope atth e close of the thirteenth cm
ewtt enumerates fo ex e tury . H i ur ampls inEng
s st a He ex ou nds the v r t es li h atu ry . p a ious heorl advanced to ex lainth e natu re of th is armour and p .
ll confesses tha t the riddle is still s v fina y unol ed. As Aragonseems inall improvements inaI-mour to have ke t well ahead of th e restof the world p . we need notbe surprised to find th ere anexample of what was evidently a fashionable sty le in
e the heaulrne or helm. About th e middle of th centur th e aventail or hined 0 enin for th e y , g p g
fac was introduced and accordinl we find 5t. e , g y Ferdinand (repres ented inthe windows of Ch artres Cathedral) wearing a casque with anaventail d eft SPAN ISH ARMS AND A RMOUR 35
enerall wornun e r th e heaulme which res ted g y d , not only onthe head bu t onth e shoulders of th e
w and was secured b w u rer a ch ain. It as t . y oo
heav to wea r habituall and was th erefore y y , , , carried at the saddle or the es uire to be ut , by q , p
roa o ona t th e app ch f anenemy . Steel caps also were often worn underneath bu t much must obviou sly have depended on th e degree of strength and foolh ardines s posses sed by th e
Fromthe collec tiono f medizeval Prover s b ,
or we h ve so o o Mr marks the au th a ten u ted . f q ,
Hewitt we lea rn that S ainwas the avourite . p f mart for th e knigh tly ch arger. Denmark and Brittany had also a ce lebrity for th eir breeds of
e inner. of a differentcharacter. Th flatof popu lar approval is give nto the
'Dex ners d e Castillo t .
Ron-ins de B eta n r g e.
Such was th e natu re of th e high - bred de x trarius that whentwo ni h ts had ismounted and were , k g d , crmtmuin the fi h t on oot their horses le ft to g g f . , th emselves instantl commenced a conflict o f , y their ownof the most gallant and des pe rate ch ar
Buce halus and Pe asus were inferior acter. p g 36 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
NOTE
The representation of armour on tombs and se ulchral efii ies was sub ect durin the iddle p g j , g M
A es to re ulations which throwli tonthe mk g , g , @ and th e circums s e dea tance of tb th of the deceesed .
' ‘ InCarderera s Iconogre/ea we find the followim o d o ero r inances ascribed t the Emp r Charles V.
If any personduring his life shallhave accom plished any notable featof armsmr gained honw in e list he shallbe shownarmed de f -m- th s pd ce’.
helmetonhis head visor raised and hands oined. , , j
His sword shall be athis side and his s urs on . p
‘ lh ese sh all be of gold if he shall have beenan
w ave armed knigh t; other ise he sh all h none . " ve ai d no honours ntbe lifi s If he shall ha g ne i .
e shall have the v s lowered and his e net h i or , h h
c e shall be pla ed besid him. “ lf he shall nothave distinguished himself h the tourne bu t shall have died onthe fie ld of y , battle contributin to the victor he shall be re . g y .
re se ted armed dc rea m visor lowered p n p p . . naked swo rd inhis hand the ointu wards and , p p . e s h ve nof his shield inhis l fthand . lf he hall a bee SPANISH A RMS AND A RMOUR 37 re van uished he shall be re resented arme q , p d
ed -c l a his sword inits sheath visor raised f p , , ,
d d his s urs 5 hanch oine an uton. he sh all j , p p If we beenmade prisoner and died onth e field or
1ca tivit he shall be re resented as inth e re p y , p p din article bu twith out s urs and with emt g , p p y
All thes e personages may be repres ented in leir su rcoats if th e sh all have ta en art ina , y k p rtch ed ba ttle at which the Prince inwhose a , p y
Ie shall have een Shall have een res ent y b , b p therwise the shall not be th us re resente , y p d , nless the be of the ran of in Prince Duke y k K g, , ,
nt or lar u is Co u Baron. q , ,
No man howsoe ver no le shall be re res ented , b , p I his surcoatunless he be the Lord and Proprie tor
he Ch urch or Cha el or th e succes sor de f t p , r e and Pro rie tor endant) of th Lord p . If any personshall h ave followed the wars as
man- at- arms he ma be re rese nted armed but , y p ,
rthou t surcoatand h elme t.
No one sh all be represe nted with a fringe to
nless he b e o the ran o B o Is surcoa t u f f ar n. , k
t shoul be sa i inconclusion tha t these rules I d d ,
e no t alwa s strictl obse rved and cannot be e r y y , zlied uponinth e abse nce of corroborative ta ti my fromoth e r sources . II
THE FOU RTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTU RIES
‘ transformationinmilitary equipment. The ln troductionof firearms and the marked improve mentinweapons of ofience led to th e almostcum plete abandonmentof the coats of mail which had served the chivalr of EurO e so lon and so well y p g . and to the substitutionof plate armour for atleest
e th e more vital points of th e harnees . InSpainw have seenth e transitionbeganconsiderably earliar thaninNorth ern uro e butthe ado tionof th e E p , p newfashioninits entirety did notproceed quite so rapidly as this early startmigh tles d one to expect.
ra on thanks to its intercourse with Ital A g , y to which countr as has been noted swords y . , — were exported fromBarcelona led the van in
- o armourership. The ccmpanions inarms of jaime el Conquistador are nearly alway s represented w a c s d ble we htof late armu earing oni era ig p o r.
onRamonFolch Vie conde de Cardona D , , sur
‘ l have not heu able to discover a eingle eped nnnd f t enth ce tt r armour tnthe lto el A rm ot l our e u y y oury ad nl . SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 39 name d onaccountof his commandin ersonalit , g p y and abilities of Pro/mu is sh ownonhis tomat , , b
Poble t wearin ams or reaves of steel it is g j b , g ( d ifi cult to sa which and at the nec a h i h y ) , k g
mentonni re which must h ave beenwornwith a e ,
l - heaulme or visore sala e . The c ose fittin , d d g
d e ne- de er is adorned with cardonflowers th e fi f ,
So also e o an arms of his house . is th l ng d taste
full -embroidered surcoatwith sleeves which de y , w w scend s belo th e knees . Beneath th is as worn w a hauberk o f mail ith articulated loves . , g A
d deco t a c su o s a sho swr broa ra ed b ldri mpp rt rt o d . Th is monumentdates fro 1322 .
No reaves or an la te armour onthe oth er g y p , hand a ear on the se ulch ral monument . pp p ,
e x ecuted abou t twent ears later over the y y ,
remains of Don Rodri o de auria son of the g L ,
e w or famou s Admiral. Th arri is cloth ed entirely
ma suitof mail with hoo and camail a race ul . d , g f
with eu - e- l s e nc rcl n he or head coronet fl rs d y i i g t f e .
The surcoat or tunic is as inthe other e xamles , p , ch arged with th e armorial bearings of the
deceased and has th ree o enins— at the si es , p g d , — and in the middle with a gilt fringe a
fashion remarks Don ale ntinCarderera which . V , we have observed inSpainonly onthe statues of
Th e Sw d ch lon er Aragonese knights . or is mu g 40 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
d narrower s l nd reveals fine worlc an thanu ua , a
nsh s s oi th e oad sha e . ma ip. Th e pur are g p
Th e Historic Tro rma ex ecuted inCastile ahout y ,
1 0 re resents warriors clad similar su s oi 35 , p in it mail with ointed h eaulmes with visors bu t no , p ,
with th e chausses . Inone instance a surcoa t is shownof scaled and studded pattern. This may have beensome rare sort of ambeson o a g , r gain
— leatlier conunon all over liurope and the East
The sta tue oi DonAlonso Perez de G uzmn .
seli atth e takin oi Al eciras in1 is interest g g 344, ing tech nically as showing several newpieces of
- - late armour. Th e ams le lates are closed p j b ( g p ) ,
vambraces on h Defencas oi l t o t e iorearm. pa e i r the armwere comin into use about s t e g thi irn.
The earliest ex amles date from1 28 but th e p 3 , y
' occur ver rarel rior to 1 60 Y et ths onu y y p 3 . m mentis believed to hnve beenex ecu ted some y ean
’ before e n s t It v th k ight dea h in1351. is e ident that the Castilians were not lagging behind in
42 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
w we s bl ith gold flo r ona ue field .
' The monument of one of DonEnrique s parti sans uan lfonso ord of A otrin see late , J A , L j ( p was erected a y ear or two alter his death onth e w field of Al ubarrota in 1 8 . He ears a short j , 3 5
u erk with a sleeved surcoat which ro ba bl ha b , p y
- — concealed a cu irass . The le armour ambs g q . gauntlets are of ex traordinarily delicate workman
h nd hand are of te shi . Th e cu a la richl p p , y ch ased ; the finge rs are articula ted and composed of small annular lates which musthave allowed p , perfectfreedomto the j oints : th e tips are shaped to imitate th e nails zand th e knuckles are fu rnished
ve r our G a tlets of beau l well as defensi a m . un tifu
shi w t m eculiar to S m workman ere no i coum p e p p . but were adopted th ere as early as inany other
r Th e ord of A ofrin wears la inated county . L j m
ts and carries a sword of unusual len h sollere , gt . wth droo in uillons and a shield or mtcheon i p g q ,
s le owed not oul th e corselet butanim~ Ca ti , y ,
r ved head iece to the White Coman whk h po p p y , crossed the Py rene es to supportth e claims oi Don SPANISH A RMS AND ARMOU R 43
u e in Itsh ould h owve be s d h nri 1 66 . e r ai t at E q 3 , ,
DonPedro inhis will dated 1 62 e ueath s his , 3 , b q ‘ " s o son Don uan Th h e ba si nett his . e aulme , J ,
M h Prou h avin eco oo sa s M. at ieu me t h eav y , g b y , was from1300 onwards little more th an a h ead
o In ion piece f r parade . act th e knigh ts preferred to comatwith uncovere ace th e h ea rotected b d f , d p
a cas ue calle bassinetor bascinet which was by q d , w o n roun r ow ith uta asal, d , atfirstrath e l , bu tto w v r ards 1330 assuming an o oid form. F omth e beginning of th e fou rteenth century itbecame th e customto fix to th e ironcap a visor moving on
ivots or attach e to hin es and O enin li e a p , d g , p g k sh s w n o u tter. Thi visor as ordi arily p inted and elon ated inmuzzle formand rovided with two g , p horizontal slits for th e vision occularia and ( ) , h A numerous oles for respiration. s this h elmet did not rotect the th roat to th e lower artws p , p a soon added th e iece calle beavor over which p d , v w w th e isor fell h enitwas lo ered . The celada or salade was also worn in Spain
e The co on abou t this tim. llecti of Don J ose
Estruch at Barcelona contains such a h ead iece , , p
w s v o f some h at peculiar h ape . Th e crest is ery
d th e rimver road To it s astened h igh an b y b . i f a ee vor inthree lates to which a ainis lace a b p , g d
‘ nd d V l ncia C tal o d e l R l r Co e e a e a o a ea A meria . , g 44 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R covering of mail for the back of the ne cls The ' bascinetis wornby th e Lord of Ajo frins contem
orar DonBernardo de Anlwola of ra on p y , g , A g
I is en ble band o (see plate S) . t circled by a dou f
breast. Th e hamees is com t auberk olmail M .
surcoatma be intended to conceal a corsel y et. Froissart throws some light on the military equ ipment and peculiaritics of the Castilians of
ro ore than one assa in the his day . F mm p ge
C nid es it is evident that the slin a wea nn h o g, p lon discarded b oth er W esternnations was still g y , esteemed inS ain where the avelinalso was a p , j
‘ the e of Lancaster of all the arms the said Duk , Castilians and y our country menmake and ml
v th e d r best and love to see itused lo e a t , ; they are ver ex ertatit and I tell ou wboever the y p ; y , y wth he must be indeed stronl med hit i it, g y , “ ’ ‘ he be not piereed th rough and through . Yon
’ ‘ sa trul re lied the s uire ior sawmore y y , p q , I bodies transfix ed atth ese assaults thanever l saw
W e lostone whomwe before inall my life . mucb re retted Senhor oao Loureno da Cunha who g . J e , SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R . 45
was struck with a dart that pierced through his pla tes and his coatof mail and a gambesonstuffed
with silk and his whole bod so thathe ell to the , y, f
Th e address of th e Cas tilians with th e dart or
javelinis againre ferrwto at the attack onVilh a
o bos in1 86 while atthe attle of Na ara th e L 3 ; , b j ,
S aniards and Castilians h ad slin s romwhich p g , f the y h urled stones and crushed heaulmes and bas ” c w ine ts in hich manner th ey wou nded many . inanoth e r passage we are told thatth e troops were
“ armed accor in to th e usa e of Cas tile with d g g , darts and arrhegay es (assegais) and th rowing stones
ro f mslings . There is a te nde ncy among ce rtainhistorians to e xaggera te the influence e x e rcised by the Moors o n h e a l e r s So far as armou r t pp i d a t inSpain. was conce rned it is lear that th e Ch ristians of , c th e Peninsula whe re th e did not ori inate , y g
ash ions ollowed those of tal or inlater times f , f I y , o e f France . T h y ce rta inly did notlo ok to Granada
for a lead . And if the Spanish Moors had bee n
s uch skilful armo u re rs as some would h ave us be
lieve it is ha r l li el tha t their insmenand , d y k y k
nei h bou rs the Moo rs o f Bar ar woul have g , b y , d gone so po orly eq uipped as they seemto have
' one inFroissa rt s time g . 46 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
For sa s Mes sire Froissart the are notao , y , y well nor so strongly armed as the Chr-istians r for they have not th e art nor th e method nor thr workmen to forge armour as the Christians do.
Neither is h e material hat is iron and steel t , t , . commonwth a our is usual of i them. Their rm ly leath er and at their necks th e carr ver li ht , y y y g shields covered with cuir- bou illi of Ca adocia , pp . which if the leath e as n be noverheated , r h ot e .
“ no wea e e poncanp netrat .
Onthe other hand th ere canbe no doubt that th e conquest of Andalusia had le t the Cas m artificers no e secrets of an new e ods i t th my mth . such as damascenin and enamellin b which g g, y
w w of they ere not slo to profit. The traditions
’ th e oldsmith s cr t handed down fromVid g af ,
othic times had neve r beenlost and certainit g , ; is th at inth e fourteenth centur wh enthe con y , querors h ad had time to assimilate the arts of the con uered to their own armour and metal work of q , all kinds began to assume a rich and elabou te
s f B c ch aracter. The old miths o ar elona Toledo g . . Vafladohd and Seville enjoy ed a Europeanrepnta
Th - w tion. ey worked inclose co Opera tion ith the
r - I th e le f o a mour smith . n e xamp o a f urteenth — century harness we have j ustconsidered that of
Don ernardo nlesola- not onl bassine B A g y t. SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 47
au ntle ts coud es and enouill res are chased and g , , g e , at some ea ses set with recious stones but th e p , hauberk has a rich rine of ilt and each late of f g g , p the ru e- braces has a decorative band atthe lower bo orne with studs and rder . The baldric is ad d
- - v of Don Benrs d e l s . In the statue a t Se ille y , ,
Alvaro de uzman A mira l of Castile wh o ie G , d , d d in 1 the same ela orationma be notice in 39 4, b y d th e ro ed ed es of th e enouill res th e auntlets p g g e , g , and the tas te ul floral evices alternatin with f d , g w ro s of stu ds inth e ornamentationof th e aldric . , b
Th e ommel of the swor as was customar is p d , y , e w w A rd mblazoned ith the arms of th e o ner. cco lr to roissart th e ascine tof the in of Castile g F , b K g (1385) was encircled by a fille tof gold and precious " e wons qui bienvaloient vingtmille franes . Helme ts at the close of the fou rteenth century a re notonl richl bu t as was o tenthe case in y y , , f
e W v rec din a es antasticall ecorate . e ha e p g g , f y d d Inexcellent illustrationinth e Armou ry (plate 9 ) nth e cres tof King Martinof A ragon( 139 5
Intmerl attri u te to aime el Co n u ista or and y b d J q d , nrried for ma ny yea rs in the procession of the " Standart at Palm It re rese nts the , p bead neck and wins o f a dra on— the Drac , , g g w the evice is la ed infiel and tilt- ar , d d p y d y d >y th e Princes of th e House of Aragon from 48 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
Pedro IV . to Femando II . (1336 As was enerall the case itis made of boiled archmmt g y , p and ilded laster and was setonthe crest e g p , of th helmet encircled b the crownor oomnal aM d , y , dancin lu s e ca on which th e g p me . Th p Dnr W is mou nted was adde d inth e firsty ears of the fifteenth cenur thatitmh tbe wornb e t y , ig y th manwho carried inth e procmionth e standard d i A J a me I . t th e renowned and honourable pes e e of arms of DonSue mde uifiones 1 the ag Q ( 434) ,
’ crest of one of th e knigh ts helmets was in the shape of a golden tree with green leaves and
oldenfruit ound the trunk was coiled a ser mt g n p . and inth e middle was a naked sword with th e db v e— Le w rue fri d ic a m en . y y . (T ) To the last y ear of the fourteenth century be longs th e efi gy of a knigh tof the Anay as lamily in th e Cath edral of alamanc des cribed b S a, y
F e e e is e Carderera . r nch influ nc a ttested by th corselet and by the brigantine or hauberk of
e s s es teeminFrance atthattime . The l g and arm are as nowcustomar shu thed in la e the , y , p t , coudes beingof tastefuldealgnand sharply pointed. Th e transitionfrommail to plate is well illustratd
w r o by a medallion hich rep esents Alf nso V. of ra on whena ou th about ina cos t of A g , y ( so SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
nd his a - we s e Alvaro de uanII. a ll o rml mini t r J p ,
una Consta le of Castile deli h ted in ou ta L . b . g j and tournaments and encoura ed th e sentiment , g and ex ercise of chivalry by all the means inthd r
w o po er. The C nsta ble himseli ottenappeared in the lists as a mantenedor or ch allener or aven ( g ) .
The s r t ot the turero (or res pondent) . pi i age is ex emplifie d by th e tamous passage of am to
which I have alread made refere nce . In y n“ .
Don uero de uinones a ni htof ood S Q . k g g m. besough t the King to grant himrelease truma vowhe had made to his lad b allowin himto y . y g hold the Brid e of Orbi o near Le on with nine g g , . friends for t irt da s ai st l e s h n a l comrs . m , y y ag Maj es ty convolted th e Cortes to deliberate upm this rave ro osal with the result hat a e g p p , t h rg sumof money was voted to detray the expermol the tou rnament nd inv w e sen . a ita tions er t to all
arts of the N in as ed p Continent. oth g w omitt thatcould lend di i le gnty and sp ndonr to the scene. ‘ ‘ lhere were inall sixty -eight competitomand
One Aragoneee knigh t having been lnM und
themSuern de uifiones himself the latter- m Q . ad ud ed to have l ed s vow and to v j g hrlfi l hi . ha e SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 5:
ota l dis a e d N b y ch rg d his uty to his lady . This m orable contest was considered to h ave re
ted immortal lustre onCastilian arms and flu ,
Ki uanno dou t felt rouder of himself his ! J b p ,
' kn h ts and his kindomthanif h e had driventh e g . g
Th on o de Don l oos fromSpain. e H ros Paso
' Snero de Quinones is set forth inminute detailin a s ecial ch ronicle and is fre uentl and lovinl p , q y g y t S referre d o in panish history . Stimula ted by such public display s of prowess an! kni htl address and es ite severe sum g y , d p p tuar laws armou r and militar ear became y , y g
orna te v In th e m and costly e ery y ear. dn'onicle of DonAlvaro de una inth e account L , atthe battle of lme o in1 we read O d 445,
So lon had th e wars inCastile lasted thatthe g , grea teststudy of everyone was to have his armour
I d l decorated and his horses well ch osen so much no that it would scarcely h ave been possible in
’ I I th e Consta ble s hostto find one whose horse h ad no coverin or th e neck of whose horse was with g.
s e o e ntle ou t t el mail. Th us all th ose noble y ung g
’ menof the Consta le s house and man others b , y , wre ver r So e had dif erent e y ichly adorned . m f
M ice: ainte onth ve ns of their horses p d e co ri g , and oth ers jewels fromtheir ladies ontheir h elmet
bells with s . i ver a est Others had gold and s l , 52 SPANISH ARMS AND ARHOU R
had baW studded with pearls or costly stones
onthe helmet- crss ts for some had insi nia of v , g ild
beasts others lumos of various colours and otheu , p ,
had feathers that spread like wings against their sh oulders ; some affected simple armour ; others wore plated coats over th e cuiram: oth ers rieh
martial ex ercises brough t about a demand for
not be worn habitually ex cept by men of the
n in th e e c o stro gest phy sique field . H nef fl nrd
i a s ecimenof the t tltin hm . As la ter be g p .
middle fifteenth centur we have inthe o a ( y ) , R y l
rmour a S anish tiltin breast- late E A y , p g p ( sq), thus described inth e 1898 Ca talogue :
anish tiltin reast la te middle fifteenth Sp g B p , SPANISN ARMS AND ARMOUR 53
tin- lated to avoid oxidation reserves the nails p , p
d the br w w t w v Th e ocade ith hich i as co ered .
over-breastpla te was also called th e volant
adefence much used intilts inth e fifteenth and six
ten w th centuries . Itwas strenthene ith ironas g d , stated inth e des criptionof th e h onourable passage
d Do S dou tul if is n uero de Quinones . It is b f th
second iece was also covere with rich cloth like p d , others of a later period ithas its original hollow
lance- res t for tilt fastene with a olt and four , , d b
Sta le It i o n which w s . has also a ece f iro e call p p ,
h onused as a wed e etweenth e shield and th e , g b
breast late and formin a resistin wh ole a ainst p , g g g
’ the adv his n e onl iron ersar s lance . ao th y T fl , y
th e we have seen serves also to astenth e h elmto , f — the breast inth e manner sh ownonth e piece AI6 . [Th e flame was nearly alway s of wood ! Th e headpiece was correspondingly strength ened . Rderring more particularly to th e tilting h elm that forms part of the su it (A I 6) belonging to
Feli of 1 o w pe I . Castile ( 478 fr m hich th e
Cas ue worn DonSuero ro a l did notdifi er q by p b b y , the Conde de Valencia says
The tiltin helmor round closed almete as it g , ,
was celled a eared atth e end of the fourteenth , pp
centu r and continue inuse with sli htmodifi y , d , g cations ineach countr until th e be inni of th e y , g ng 54 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
e sixteenth . Da igned to resistthe impactof a lanc infront the artarou nd the vizor or the horieontal , p ,
strenth ened attainin a thickna s of nine milli~ g , g metres insome laces inoth ers as th e sida and p ; ,
cci u t or back of th e helme t it raduall o p , g y Its ve and al ost c li drical diminish es. rtical m y n lenth is such thatitmi h trestonthe shonlders g , g , so th a fastened to the breast late b th e hi e h p y m, an to the ack l te b a stron stra it d b pa y g p, ’ might protect th e tilter s hee d with ou t incan ' i t veniencin hmmovements . Incerta n ilts this g .
lance - thrust at full gallop of two horses going in ano osite direction and th enthe horsemen ro pp , p tected th e e d with a stiflened ca which in h a p, G ermanwas called lumdselo kam
The armet the rnost raceful formof steel heed , g
ainabou t the middle of th e fifteenth cen Sp tury .
' A fre sco inthe EscoriaL copied fmma paintng of the first half of th at centur re re sentin th e y , p g
t is s eci h p es of helmet. It supeeseded the bes
onint heee pages. ‘ ‘ Ihe sword continued as duri the reced , ng p iq SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 55 marries to be two -ed e of rhomboidal or , g d , aboa rd-sha ed section intende much more for p , d
ttin and c th rus The m g ha king than ting. grip nowtended to lenth en and th e ommel which g , p ,
w usuall - ecame l r o as eer sha ed i hte . T this y p p , b g
eriod belon s G the sword res ented b Po e p g 4, p y p
t Inth e six teenth ear of Ew e IV. o J uanII y his pontifiee te as th e inscriptionengraved w on e rimsso records Th e lade ith aqua fortis th . b
w v nth e v is ide and groo ed . I groo e are inscribed w the ords PIERVS ME FECE .
The uard nota le for its ele antsimlicit g , b g p y , is all of silver ilde over and chased with th e , g d ,
w - - a mof straigh tarms ith fieurs de ly s atthe ends .
bal t r ll illar Th e hiltis a festoone lis e i . e . a sma d , , p swellin inth e centre or towards the base and th e g ,
a nmel covered with leaves also festoone is p , , d ,
- The des cri on e venor of pa r sh aped . pti inth in t y
’ thi Treasury (King J uans) makes us aware tha t th e hilthas lostmuch of its mostbeautiful decora
' tl m Another sword with a groove inth e middle
th e words ier“: me ace il ed has the cross and p l , g d , me hand inlenth th e ommel hilt cross and all g , p , , ,
e sh eath of ilde silver and onth is are some th g d , open leaves soldered to some trunks ; and the “ b a sement with wings enamelled green th imwhich is the first iece of the sheath is r . p , 56 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
sword ntto e G . Blade of a Po tifical se H n s n , sy n of C s Calixtus III. i 1 8 . IV. a tile by Pope 45 (This
' ’ anish ontifi Alfonso Bor ia of Valmcra was Sp p , g , .
elected in1 and died in1 8 . 455. 45 )
It has four sm'faces with false uard and lo , g g
o idth . w onb th sections . e n th 1 180 o. 0 . L g . : . 39 The history of this weaponleads us to suppoee thatthe mark is thatof anunknownltaliansword
nea h side o the blade is a c maker. O c f ircular shield with the arms of th e Pontifi (a bull ona
round comosed of beeants surmounted b g p , y
S C M G LADIVM MVNVS A DEO I QVO DEI CIES (sic) ADVERSARIOS P P LI HEI
XPIANI.
According to the note inthe Cmiconol Veile ' w V W thmsword as sentto Enri ne I . of Cas , q tfle
b Calixtus III. to encoura e himto fi ht y , g g unre has gone ; bu twe may judge of ite richnes and artistic value by th e sketch of itinthe lnventoey of th e ek am of Segovia : it say s swu 'd all ilded nearl to the , g . y lastthird m with lar e letters ineach ortion and the mark g p ,
58 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
n - ted The sword len th and is diamo d oin . 6 1 g , p ( 3
— late 11 is of similar ma e and is enrave d in p ) k , g
er on a field Of old with texts G othic charact g ,
THE LORD IS MY HELP ; I WILL NOT
FEAR WHAT MAN CAN DO U NTO ME, AND I W ILL DESPISE MY ENEMIES SU P ERIOR T M W R W H On O THE , I ILL OVERTH O T EM .
r f ch a of th e a circle a to verse 8 ter x viii. G oe el , p , p p R S of St. ohn: E ME J IF YE THER FO E EEK . THE E G O T R WAY BU T E LET S HEI , J SUS
P E TH H the midst of them and ASS D ROUG ( ) ,
also inthe centre V R N . Inanothe , MARY I GI circle partof th e anth emof the Purificationof Oor
Lad AKE W H PRA HEE s ME ORT Y TO ISE T . B D BE THE SW T VIRG IN LESSE EE MARY,
e e o o amof esus and inthe c ntre th mn r Christ. , , g j traces of gold : th e guard curved towards the blade and twisted at the ends : circular pommel with two facee with a cavit ro und e cen y ( ) inth tre . which was frequ mtly incrusted with the shield of
ms of the ow ar ner.
Th e two- handed sword was introduced in the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century . The — Armoury contains a specimen (G i g plate I o) belonging to th e firs t half of the latter era. It SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 59
lade is - ca nes fromallorca. The almond Sha ed M b p , metre lon road it has a lon g, by b g rh i no counter- uard alsa uarda and th ree , g U g )
v The uard is of co er once ilded i roo es. wth g g pp , g ,
uillomdroo in ver sli h tl the ri of q p g y g y g p , corded wood covered with lea ther the ommel , p
- pear shaped and face tted .
ore th e centu r was th ree uarters one Bef y q g , m pIete suits of plate - armour were worn in tile thou h th e hau er was still retained in Cas . g b k ,
me cases as anad itional defence . Th e ower , d p
amitious uan Pach eco Mar ues de ful and b J , q
ena and randmaster Of St. ames who died Vill G J ,
ea r as his soverei n nri ue in the same y g E q IV .
is shown late 12 wearin ina itionto (p ) g, dd th e pieces which had nowbecome a regular partof th e harness es aliers infive ieces and lassd s or , p p , armor for th e hi s of five ieces inth e raceful p , p , g oak - la ! a ttern which endured till the time of p ,
Th e o tw n th e Ch arles V . pening be ee tasse ts is defended the s irt of th hau er worn be by k e b k ,
neath the cuirass . hat iece and th e vamraces T p , b ,
ex uisitel ch iselled with floral d s Th are q y e igns . e armour of Don ui o o ez de Mendoza Conde de I g L p ,
Tendilla who ied five ears after illena is ver , d y V , y
si nilar. His coudes are ver lar e chased and y g , ,
wth tstuds ro d th e set i gil un borders . 60 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
W e have nowreach ed the beginning of th e moet
Th e chivalric s irit w had been ain. hich sedn Sp p , lously fostered inthe nationduiing the two pre
' “ ' ' cedin rei ns in the a e of the Catholic ins g g , g K g .
— martial age th e era of th e Conquestof G ranade
of arms became the subject of close study and a
have redicted even as earl as the takin of p , y g
’ G ranada thatth e armourer s craftwas a doomed ,
n s industry . Consideri g the production 0! its
lata t a es we mi h t be temted to imu te its g , g p p ex tinc tionto its having reaehed a point bey ond
Aninteres ting relic of this period is the sword (G r3) which th e Conde de Valencia thinks may be s e ascribed F r e tholic to af ly to e dinand th Ca Mate ) . The blade is ri id of rhomboidal sectionand wi h g . . t o ricasso the croes ece is ilded iron ver ut ; pi of g , y plain; velvet- bound grip ; the pommel ie pear SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 61 s ed e nes rl all th sw h p and facetted. Lik y e ords h th e saddle -bowof th e fifteenth and six teenth c enturies which were fastened the sca bard to , by b
’ th e fronthowof th e man- at- arms saddle this lade , b
‘ has a hilt of th e kind th encalled a hand and a
’ lu ll because its len th allowed of its ein used , g b g with one or both hands withou t distu rbing th e equ ilibriumneces sary for th e proper h andling of w "— th e ea on. alencia Catalo o. p V , g G r (plate 11) is the Ce remonial Sword of Fer
la is e re lo dinand and Isabel. The b de mt ng b road almond- sh a ed and withou t y b , p , v rh ino . Th e crossguard is of gilded and engra ed
o e cus Onth e cus iron the ends f th arms ed . s . p p ‘ are the inscriptions TANTO MONTA and
M e MEMENTO EI O MATER DEI MEI. Th
w - w v grip is ire bound and covered ith red vel et.
Th e pommel is disc - like and cu t and perforated into a cruciformdevice itbears onone side the y oke the emblemof e rd inand onthe other the . F , ,
w h e le o sh e l f of arro s t em mf sa el. . b I b
sh O he sw O2 is th e eath f t preceding ord . It is of wood covered with crimson sil minus , k , the rimand th e ferrule ; it bea rs th e Spanish shield of arms as charged after the taking of
‘ lnal neionto th e e qnal rights claimed and a c d eed by 62 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
G ranada and the devices of the two Sovere m , k
ever wa as itwas the same thatFerdinand and y y ,
sabella and th eir randson the Emeror used I g p , l s inth e ceremony of conferring knighthood. T fi statement is in th e Rd aoion M uriel do Veile
' doh d, thus kni h ts with fiat ommel with holes and ilded g , p g — cross a description which agrees with the illustrationof the same sword inthe Illuminated
Inventory of Charles V .
“ Inour o inion it is th e Ro al sword whim p , y . dufi ng th e nde of th e House of Ausuimand in accordance with the etiquette of the Houses of Castile and Bur und inth e solemnentrie s into g y . c e and onP nces takin th e oath was ed iti s ri g , carri bare by the Chiq uerry of the n in the ‘ absence of the Countof OrO esa whose rivil e p , p q
’ it was inCastile and th e Countde Sasta o s in , g
’ su or of this o inionwe a Aragon. In pp t p my b stance picture 787 inth e Museumof Paintings in adrid called the Pacificatiou of Flanders wh ere M . .
V resented crowned b the odd s Philip I . is rep y g e
Pallas assisted b th e Count- Duke dc Olivam , y . ” who has the sw l ord referred to inhis efthand .
(G 3 1— plate The battle sword of Feed i “ nand the Catholic is th us described : The blade SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 63
h e x a onal u ted rimsso with sca llo for the is g , fl p
e x fin er and narrow roove down to th e ind g , g middle inth e centre of which are th e words ,
O ME FE T his ust have been ANT NIVS CI . (T m the famous swordmaker mentioned by Diego
' Hurtado de Mendoza inthe Vida del Lazanflo dd
n h read Tomes . e t th ) L g , b ,
Th e wh ole of th e hilt is of ilded iron deli g ,
tel chiselled th e arms of th e cross which ca y ; , broaden at th e en s are flat and curve towards d , the blade ithas branch es cu rving to the ricasso the grip is also gilded and chiselled ; pommel disc- like with our crescent- sh a ed in entations , f p d e uidistant romeach oth er aroun oth aces q f d b f , inmonach al letters are th ese octos lla ic verses , y b ‘ PAZ COMIG O NVNCA VEO Y IEMP RE G V ERA i D E EO ’ S (s c) S .
' I here is never eace with me and m esire is alwa s for ( p , y d y w ar. ) Both th e au th or of th e 1849 Catalogue and J ubinal attribu te th is sword to Qu eenIsabel th e
Ca th olic bu t with ou t ivin th eir reasons for , g g
W e n th e so doing. find th at th e great Queeni
ear I 00 owne several cuirasses of Milan lates y 5 d p , covered with ol wh ich Sh e ou tless wore to g d , d b defend h erself fromattacks like th at at Velez
Sh r he ol ala a . e also h ad a small a e t M g d gg , g d and e namelled h andle of which was formed like 64 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR a sheai oi arrows mhioh was her had e ; a m. g ) with hiltof silver and enamel with stra wa h ‘ , p ‘ ' an wh hilt os ibl the gold : d another it iron , p y
w w As th ese w are one e are no describing. ords not su n of themselmto dia niss all doubt fi cie t . we may reier to the documentwhich proves the t the armin questionbelonged to Ferdinand the his does ot e t hav be Cath olic. T n prev n its ing
The Hispano -Moresque sword (6 27 ) was la g sw n de cherishe d as th e ord of Boabdil. The Co de Valencia and oth er antiquaries have rudely
blades numbered G z r and G zz to tt id and to
res ectivel The blade comes fro the Roland p y . m
er district and the hiltis oertainl m0dern. Berb , y At this point th e remarks of DonJuanRiafio (Industrial Arts inSpain) onth e manufacture d “ tt oledo blade cannotiailto be oi interest. The oelebrity oi Toledo blades has excited thc curid ty of many who wished to ascertainth e eause otth eir
ea e ow So e su gr texcellence and r n n. m ppoeed the w tor temerin their arms . Itwas uotso ho evc p g , . e secret bei waters oi t e th ir only ng the h TagU .
' ' w s and the fine hite sand onit banks. Tha sand was used for oooling the steel : whenthe steel wu
66 SPANISH AR MS AND ARMOUR
The suits numbere d Ar to AB inthe Catakgne of the Armoury belong to the last deced e ol thr
fifteenth centm and were th e ordi war y , nary harness of th e Spanish man- at- arms of th e period
The do not difie r materiall and confi st otthe y y .
followin ieces : armet breast late and back g p , p
e mme liers — lat taces e a or es alier ankh p , , , p p p u hauberk of mail with short sleeva rend xilg to
elbows and showin atthe armits coudes van g p , ,
- ts s of n sa ne s uare toed sollere or sh oe mail. q , I cases heavy reinforcing pieces only used ior the
tilthave beenadded such as h eav elbow- unts . y p “ " lets and the rande - arde or ex tra iece f0r the g g , p
Th e ar ets or hel ets eritc os e leftarm. m m m l e att n
t of sui tion(plate 14) . Tha the t Ar has a cmnb
sharply pointed ; large side or cheek ~ pieces com
in the chin hined above the ears and semred g , g , at the nape of the neck by a small rondel : and
ve r of two lates with attachment to m bea p ,
e r ddito late . lnA th a met has ina i n to the p s , beavor a ti et or skirtin of mail th e bee vor is , pp g ; of one plate only ; and the neclr is protected by a
e b n gorget. The hd mt Ag elongi g to the early SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 67
art of the six teenth centur and worn b the p y , y Du ne del Infantado has no beavor and is of the q ,
s arrow- beak t e like thatof A wh ere the p yp , 7 , occulariumis the interval between the crown
' The horses bards for the most art belon to a , p g ' later period th an the riders suits . The barding (A3) probably dates fromth e last years of th e
o l fifteenth centu ry . Itis composed f arge plates of bu rnished steel and comrises chanron , p f , — mainfaire (mane - cove ring) croupiere with wide han ins attach ed th ic ta s of silk— fiechiéres g g by k g , and oitrel with hin es and ins allowin free p g p , g
' play to the horse s shoulders . The ma rriage of the third child of the Catholic
with Phili h eir to th e houses of a s ur p , H b b g
Bur und in1 6 d rewcloser th e relations and g y , 49 , w of Spain ith the restof Europe . Th e going and mi nin of forei n rinces amassa ors and states g g p , b d , men rapidly familiarized the Spaniards with th e
s fash ions and rod ucts o other counries stom f t . c u . , p
ative arthad newmo els and e anto lose some N d , b g
e of its individuality . The arliestex ample of fore ign armour we find inthe Madrid Collectionis the half
A - x — late It is of lemish make suit ( rr s p F ,
and th anks to the investi ations of th e Conde de , g
Valencia ma be attri uted with certaint to , y b y 68 SPANISH ARMS AND A RMOUR
Phili the Handsome afterwards Phili . of p , p I
ieces are the followh : Cas tile . Th e constitu entp g
late faces laced over the last- named to p ; , p ' prevent th e adversary s lance finding anupward
' openmg ; backplate with garde - rein(lowM- placed under it; hauberk of mailwith shortslee ves
niére or bee vor- or et inthree lates eculiar , g g , p ; p steel hat or ca er-umwith wide brimturne d u , p , , p wards and outwards of the sha e of the cloth or , p velvetcaps worninFlanders atth e period (plate rfi). w The neck defences are strength ened ith mail. The suit is decorated with gilding and em'av
e e bl ing. Onth e breastplate we note th memof ‘ the Order of th e G oldenFleece of which Phili , p was G randmaster and th e inscri tion ESVS , p , J N On ASARENVS REX JVDEORVM. the back late O MATER MEI MEMEM onth e left p , :
' rondel th e a elic old Fla , ng salutation in nnh. WEEST G HEG RVT MA RIA VOL VAN G RACIEN DE HER ES METV CHEBEN On the ri h tcoude IHES NASARENVS REX on g , : the n left, O MATER MEI MEMENTO MEL O the ri ht auntlet AV MA A G R g g , E RI SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 69
IHES N A and onth e left IHS M AS R , ARIA
X e RENVS RE J VD . On th brimof th e ca eruza ESVS M A RAC P N p , J ARI G IA LE A
DOMINVS TECVM BENEDICTA TV- IN
RE sic M E ( ) .
The two- handed sword bears the device of
Ph ili and th e decorationis in e rmanst le bu p, G y t th e mark is the same as that of the sword G r, belonin to erdinand and sabel rovin th at g g F I , p g th e blade is of Spanish make . The Armou ry contains a variety of pieces dating fromthe end of the fifteenth century (plate 17 at B sq ) . y using odd pieces of the ancientstock in the Armour others romth e dis ersed collection y , f p of the Du es of suna and articularl a series of k O , p y
Ara onese bri antines ac uired li e th e reced g g . q , k p
n v ous o i b Alfonso XII. i 1882 ari t es f ng, y , y p
S anish soldiers have een formed such as p b ,
ike—men mace- earers and other infantr of the p , b , y
fifteenth centur — c o in at C1 and C2 scul y py g , p tured figures decora ting the portal of th e Church
l at all olid and the choir seats of of St. Pau ad V ,
oledo t edral ca rved the master Rodri o T Ca h by , g repres enting the then recent victories gained by the Cath olic Kings over the Moors of
Andalusia .
Moorish li ht cavalr shield 086 is a lea ther g y , 70 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR probably a trophy of the Conqufi t of G rmm
nside is bound inlin late IOI . Th e i n » (p ) e . bmidered es eciall th e clas with fiml and , p y p,
v For n other de ices incoloured silk . mi a blmd g . which ex tends round th e circumference and e , r
’ eated on ei h t oval medalhons is an Arabic p g , “ scri tionwhich reads And onl G od is in p , y cen
ber r l e ueror. Ona like num of ci cu ar mdallimn q , smaller than those mentioned ma be e , y r ed.
Th e more interestirig of the other obje cts of the
late m formerl attri uted to Boa dil is cer (p 3) , y b b , tainl th e work of th e famous Mis a lias of Miln y g . who began to be knownby th e name of Neg uh
This helmetis of one piece mnd is strengtho ed
and ut onat will beiri b its rare rnah e a p , g, y ,
Withoutthe added ieces itis a simle helmetf0r p , p w similar to thwe onthe low- reliefs of t » ar, h e tti
’ wi the ern rcrn ieces it is transf0rmed th r fo g p , into
taste. Ths e extra ieces are of lated steel p p . SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 7 1
' ch nelled with the ou tlines of leaves and ara hea u es inniello and th e whole des i n eautifull q , g b y t d shaded. The crus is efended by a coif like that
a - used for comb t on foot. The plume holder is
v r I placed o er th e fo eh ead . t is to be regretted th ata piece of so much meritand value has been w of much of th e cres t- work that once
wish ed it.
The nextpiece (D 13) is a salade (or helmetcover it the na e of th e neck of e rman ashion but ; p ) , G f ,
b ne o N made o f the e roli famil . Itis a ure y g y p ,
‘ v orous iece of wor cast ex ce tthe visor inone g p k , , p ,
decoration pi ece . The exhibits th e same happy cmnhinationof the Italianand Oriental styles that d nracterises D 12 . Th e des igninside th e circles a the skull mi ht easil at a cursor lance g y , y g ,
ersuade one of the Moorish ori inof l p g th e h e met. The headpieces D 14 to D22 emana te from
Flanders . The Salade D 14 (plate wornby
- Ph ili I. has th e skull iece of octa onal sha e p . p g p
and endin in a kn0 surmounted a ome g p, by p
e h v granate . Itse ms to a e bee nsugges ted by th e
oorish helme tand tur an and we read infact M b , , th at Philip appeared before Ferdinand and Isabel
the t- ar at oledo M o in til y d T in o rish dress . D2 2 — is a Flemish cabasse t anungraceful head-cover
— one q forged In piece . III
THE AG E OF CHARLES V
ARMOU R reached its highestpointof development ata time whenithad become atleasthighly pur bable thatth e use of fire- arms would drive italto
craft so far fromlan uishin seemed to renewits , g g,
of enr V . of nland of Francis I. of Franee H y III E g , . M of Ferfi mnd of M gmw mw " th e om and ano l of lorious war and p p p py g . who were keenly alive to the potentialities of the knightly harnes s as a mediumfor display and osten
tation. Ih is too was the e of the RmM , , ag . whenthe setting of a gemor the moulding of a goblet was a matter th at would occupy a gmv e
tentate to th e exclusionof affairs of sta The po te .
' armourer s art came infor a h rge share o f the
e e int r st takeninall the applied arts . But as h the latter half of the fifteenth centur armour y , hnd already arrived ata purity of line and adaptaM ty to its purpose wluch could notbe irupmved nm
74 SPANISH A RMS AND ARMOUR
This handsome helmto ud e b the chmee , j g y
sions of the shu tter mi h t be thou , g ght eithw Spanish or Italian; but in forming a definih Opinionitmustbe remembered thatitis marh ed
with a ew- de s ver similar to t fl b , y h a t of a
Cha mdo M onfas bc n which we have seen fi , inthe ” lle t ma c Hefner co c k tMuni h .
Th e cuirass dec0rated with old bro , g cade, b
composed of two stou tplates of ste eL tin- plated to
re ventoxidationthe lower defmdin the bo p , g dy to
the waist and the u er or over- bre ast late o , pp p d y protecting th e breast downto a horizontal line of s are fas ten t e gilded nail . They ed og ther by a screwin th e centre of a rosette of gilded afl
third late which covers th e shoulder- blin p , ds . connectin with the back late and g p , protecte th
lders fromth e re ssure of th e h shou p elm. It il
hi the central rosette inside the lates is a m g , p u k which shows its Valencianorigin. Itis th e te tra gonwith the Amgonbamgivenas a shield of arm ” s e n b ame . to the cit h had co y J I y quered. SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 75
lance -restis of the hollow ind eculiar to The k , p
No e on th e ht hi th e Sp in and Italy . t rig p
ocket cork- lined onwhich th e butt- end of th e p . , Abov h a te was res ted before being couch ed . e
left bres st is a lar e rin to which b means tin g g, , y
I! a bolt th e tar et was astened and held in . g f
The leath e r ball filled with tow h osition. an p , , g
' i to ths rin was to deadenthe ef ectof a blow g g, f
e e W e are norantof th e use of th a th shi ld . ig e b ur rings hanging fromth e ce ntral ridge of th e
a e e ets are of th ree lam s Th tass ina . bre a tpl t . The left hip is protected by a strong reinforcing
' w le tar bein e en pece int o pla tes . The f m g d f ded b th e ta r e t has no es alier or aul ron bu t y g p p d ,
a ll conde vambraces and auntlets . Th e ri ht y , , g g armin addition to th ese ieces has a sort of , p , s alier- auldron ca lle é ardc- de- mord on with p p , d p ,
e uar Th e nce is o - wood a uted ik d . la f ine fl p g p ,
e e and has th point blunted . Th e n x t su it (A 17) diflers only ina fewunimportantparticulars from
s th e one j u tdescribe d .
Th e body- armour (C11) may have beenbrought to Spainby Ph ilip . It is the work of a Milanese armourer Be rnardino Cantoni who lived in , (
and consists of a ri antine with tassets m) , b g
d sleeves ree reech-s o chausses for the an , G k b r
nd ra e e h th i h a tt . ese ieces are comosed of g , b y T p p 76 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
scale armour overl id with canvas and a irman , a
' o r e silk . The b rde s and joints ar garns hed with
s On th e rivets s fine teel mail. i stamped tl! Immrial eagle which goes to prove that tht
to N armour belomged Maximilian. o la th n
ieces of late and more man v p p ri ets
' The armourer s mark th e h eraldic . devioa oi
ustria and Bur und and the lates e A g y , p cut inth
formof dol hins onth e back la te are wor of p p , thy
Attach ed to th e salade shownwith this body armour are beau tiful win s of steel inh id wml , g ,
old and oth er decorations which could g , be u smned or removed according as th e helmet wu require d for war or tilting (pla te The most remarkable exhibits inthe Am are th e eigh teensuperb suits th atbelonged to the
Emperor Ch arlmV . They are the work of w reats t armourers of that or an a and mw g y ge " trate the transition fromthe Gothic to the
Th e suit A 19 (plate zo) was made for Ch nds
whenhe was a ou th b KolomanG olm mrs y y ,
s o n he K. D I i kn as t . of Augsburg. t w mitfrm
78 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
enonilleres ambs and laminated sollerets a g , j , , p
This hamess belongs to the best period of and th ere is nothing superfluous or ex aggerated w be inthe hole suit. Th e armetomrld strengthefi
nard and auntlet of the ri ht arm and the g , g g ;
— - handsome arde de reinattached to the backm g
The cuisses have a frine of rmil atthe knee “ g . tbe houghs are defended by deoorated shields a ls d ronde . The jnnctionotthe jambe an sollerets
is similarl s re n ened b y t gth y mail.
’ The horse s barding appa rs to have beenw
o era ted inmen insta ees with Cohnan. All tbe p y n SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 79
of strikin with s arklin flint bars and attitu de g p g , ineach festoonis a rose and th ree pomegranates
The irst are emlems Of th e “ rou nding it. f b
G olden Fleece the rose alludes to one Of th e
’ aeg neuries of th e Emperor and th e pomegranates are a favourite de vice adopted by th e childrenand
a ndchildrenof erdinand and sa el inmemor g F I b , y d th e triumph over th e Moors atGranada . The ironborne by th e horsemanweighs thirty
' ’ nx kilos and the horse s ard and sa le as much , b dd w e if the weigh t Of anaverage manbe added
t r ed th e horse . th e ra ul is abou t 150 kilos . ca ri by The mos t notable fea tu res of th e suit A27
a ts 2 2 8 which is mainl comosed of (fl . 9 . y p
extra or reinorcin ieces are the helme t walled f g p , ,
d u h de inante with se rrated com decorative f , b ,
bands dee ointed visor ormin a stron rein . p p f g g
forcin iece bea vor bellows- a ttern with g p , p
alternate ri es and rows of er orations and dg p f , laminated gorge t pla tes and the targe t screwed
w l use to the le ftshoulder. Th is de fe nce as ony d
a tilts and tou is concave and t rnaments . It
trellised and is beautifull enraved b Daniel , y g y
' 82 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R worthy of mention as they are very mre then
belonging to as many suits of armour of the
ta s tries and so e Emperor. On pe m sepulchral efiigies of the fifteenth century they are womover
e Sleeves of the coat of mail to d th , e fend the ou tside partof th e armfrmnthe shoulder to the
nd e n divided inarticulated la ha b i mina . , g Thou
have t eir o n - ture of Charles V. h w gaIni of mail and " s o round strap to g the arm.
etween 1 1 and 1 five comle te s ts B 5 9 539 , p ui . almostidentical indesi n were made for C es g . h arl
e Ol n o by th C ma s f Augsburg. Th ey are all decorated with ornamental vertical bands nd , a differ mainly in th e distances betwe en the e
d dimensions . N O are istin an in d guished. however b lambo s or bases th e u l kiltin of , y y , g y g armour added to th e h arness abou t this tirne to
v gra tify the craze for no elty and ornamenta tim. Itmay elso have beensuggested by the pre nilhg
fashionincivil dress .
The most ancient of th ese suits is that known
' as the oak- leaf hamess aondd c do lwyas dc mbk ) [Mg It could not have beenmade earfier th 1 the ear inwhich Ch arles as an 519 . y cended the thmne of the llol Roman Emre s y pi . a the SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 83
erial Ea le is en rav Itw Imp g g ed onth e coudes . as
o anHel made by C lm mschmied .
is w r Th e armour sho nonth ree se parate figu es . Th e first (M o— pla te 24) is a harness for j ousting on t wi he w- n wr mace r foo , th t t o ha ded s o d , , o
- w half i e . Th e helme t of the in S anish riters p k , k d p c all the celada dc enole has a se rrate comand g , d b pornted viso r ridged horizontally th e ch eek pIe ces ope nat the sides and the nape covering
' or colodnllo is or ed se ara tel romthe helmet f g p y f ,
e w ve s his h ea iece h as Six and fast ned ith ri t . T dp reinforc in ieces which are laced at th e si e Of g p , p d
the fi u re . Amo n these is a cu rious be avor com g g ,
osed of two lates naile onleather which clas p p , d , p o e l e cl r f nthe h mt and ose at the chin. The estO the suit consists Of : laminated gorget; globose brea st la te ro e at the e es and ecora ted p , p d dg , d with orname ntal len th s taces to th e lower ed e g , g of which is attached the lamo comosed of two b y , p bell-s ha ed halves each of e i h t semi- circular p , g
la tes across which the le n ths are continue and p . g d , th e lowest or ou te rmost Of which is decorated all ro und with e mbossed oak- le aves inter
e es aliers a re s all twined round a tru nk . Th p m and beautifully decorated with the device Of
Th e oudes show th e G olden Fleece in relie f. c
u th e Imperial Eagle embossed ona gold gro nd . 84 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
O . The second e lates has a (A5 ) figur (p 25. 99)
sides and has a lar e visor inone semi- s rical , g phe iece erforated sli htcrmt and stri es of old p p ; g , p g which unite at the back to formtwo fantastic
fi u res and lastl ei ht holes on each side g , , y , g , uard wi ed th metal for h earin . ndou tedl g , g U b y it was altered ata very remote pcliod by cutting hmiwntafly atthe nech atth e back of which the Golden Fleece is engraved ; and doubtless itwas cut in order to add the neck - lates which p . . s we on o th e s s ve ns e cre d t cuira s, er i t ad of a
Note the heavy tilting elbow-guards and
be innins Of th e lobster- tail armour worn so g g .
du r sevent much ing th e eenth centnry . The beck of the es paliers is beautifully designed to resemhle
w s e th e ing of an egle . has (A57 . ) The third figure tilting pieoes of the s I e in w i ame armour. h helm t o pm united at the side b means of sevenslidin rive ts is m~ y g , ag nificen with ointed visor ver stout at the t p , y j ust described (plate Th e barding of the horse (A65) is ex qu isitely engraved with fanciful
fi u res inwh ich we reco nise th e h and Of Daniel g , g
o Th e rmet Of th e th ird fi u re A H pfer. a g ( 75
r plate rot) is Of th e sh ape al eady sh ownatA19 . Th e reinforcing piece over th e crownis cu t to re semle an ea le and ears such evices as the b g , b d
ol en leece and Pillars Of ercules and the G d F H ,
“ s r Ith as also th e mostco motto Plu Oult e . mplete
s set Of reinforcing piece inth e Armou ry . These are Shownonplate 97 .
Th e h arness nu mbered A93 ~ I O7 is th e third of the su its decora ted with vertical bands and the second with lamboys made for Ch arles by Colman
Th e on e de alenci H elmschmied . C d V a fix es its
ate at1 26 and h as elicite romvarious archives d 5 , d f th e following interesting historical details con cerning it SO long as th e young Prince Charles resided in lan ers un er th e tu tela e Of his ran ath er F d d g g df , w th e me ror Max imilianI . it oul be eas or E p , d y f th e armou rer ColmanH elmschmied to take and certi e rsonall h is measurements wit o fy p y , h u t neglecting th e large clientele th at came to his workshops bu t wh enhis patronwas obliged to
o to S ain h e wishe and ex resse this wish g p , d , p d th rou h his a ents th at th e armourer sh ould g g , te SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 87
move to oledo . Colmandemurred alle in th at T , g g
was full occu ied and romthis ith as een he y p , f b
e th at h e never crossed th e P renees inferr d y .
W e more fortunatel are a le to assert th atth e , y , b
e rated artificer at last o e in th e ex ress cel b , b y g p
mman of his Soverei n went to oledo in co d g , T
Decemer 1 2 and returned to erman th e b , 5 5, G y following month . A bill ordering th e payment Of th e ex penses
Of his ou rne oun inSimancas states amon j y , f d , , g oth er cu rious etails th at h e left Au s ur in d , g b g
December accomanied u ovico ax is an , p by L d T ,
Ofi c ial Of th e Imerial Post and two servants and p , ,
H e passed th rough LyoninFrance . was surn
moned to Court chie to recti measu rements fly fy ,
before ex ecu tin fresh or ers as ma be ath ered g d , y g fromth e ex tremely curious ch arge in ana ncient
’ account of th e meror s Armour th e date of E p y ,
’ w coinci es with e artificer s s a in ole hich d th t y T do . The French tex t begins th us Pour trois livres de cire et de plomb pour faire les patrons qu e
’
maitre Colman armo eur a ait &c . , y , f ,
’ Th e meror s ill dated oledo anuar E p b , T , J y
1 th 1 26 arranin for th e a mentOf ex enses 5 , 5 , g g p y p fromand to Augsburg to Colman and his com panions is so interesting in its details th at it to be known Itruns h us ough t . t 88 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMO UR
“ s Notre ecretaire . ehan I.alerna ¢lr S M J nd , pochez nos le ttres pa tentes par les quelles ori ent ' mandé a notre Argentier J ehand Adurea etda deniers de sonentremise a er bailler etdelivrer p y , comptant armoy eur de
Ludovico de Taxis se rviteu r du maltre des postes estant an dit Augsbourg In some de '
V . VI . d . A ducats d or de XXX II 5. iece Se v p , oir : au ditColman les oo endon ratuit our une 735, 5 g p ' fois pour aucunementdmpeines et travaux qu i a eu etsupporté venantpar notre ex prmse m'dm nance au mois dc decembre dernier enpoate db sa maison etant au dit Au sbour us ue ar g g, j q p devers notre dite maj esté ennotre cite de Tole rh : les 150 pour ses depenses tantde venir que de re tourner ensa dite maison; les 3o dncats pour oou vertir et employer en ung acoustrement pour se pers onne de nos couleurs etlivrees etles 5s am ducats pour une mulle que lui avons faitce jom'd huy acheter etpresente r aussi endonde par nous ; etau ditLudovico de Taxis 380 semblables ducatst
' les zoo pour ses peines etfrais par lui pay é d etre aussi par notre dite ordonnance venu accompagner
ar oste le dit Colman dés le dit Au sbour l p p , g g ’ qua tre chevaux jusqu ALy onsur Rhone enFranoe ' ‘ ‘ etdés le ditLy onjusqu ennotre cité de lolede i
90 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMBU R
shown on the second fi ure Axox— l e g ( pat so).
The h elmsimilar to tbatof is deoo , A37 , rate d vt&
ld bands and is fifteenmillimetres thiek atthe go ,
e r e dress otth pe iod . Th right oou de beu s the
emblemottbe G oldenFleeoe and wou ld a e r , pp a fromth e Relacionde Valladolid to have been;
rize wonor cometed for at tournamen p p ts . Th e armour onthe lettarmwill only permitthe armto
be benttowards the ommel oi th e sad p dle .
The third fi ure AI O described as incl g ( 3) . u dm e ieces necessar for war or hunti th p y ng, does not
A108 is a li hthamess ior war made b g . y Colmm
Relmschmied . The emblemotthe G oldenFleeoe
redominates inthe scheme oi its deooratio p n. Oi this suitthe Conde de Valencia say s : “ Time has dimmed tbe eflect oi its sober and ' A RMS A ND A RMOI R ( fl
« fl u nrrmmr nta tio n o f o ld o na blac k ro u nd g g , confi ned to a few narrow longitudinal stripes
v eng ra ed and gilded . It has the bars of th e
G oldenFlee ce onthe helme t th e uards and th e , g , shield two win ed rifiins su ortin the Pillars g g , pp g of Herc ules on the ac lates of th e auldrons b kp p ,
a e r a on l and the img of Ou L dy th e breastp ate .
' Acco rdin to the meror s inventor the ac g E p y . b k
w n t ex s r late hich does o i t o e th e ima e of St. p , , b g
It is the las tarmour th e famous Colmanmade
s s e v for Charles V . Thi i asily pro ed by th e da te e ngraved onthe lefttasse ts— a date wh ich agrees with th at givenus some yea rs ago by th e learned G e rman ro essor Carl usti to whomit p f , J , was communica ted by Canon Braghirolli onhis
n it inthe Mant r v s ntained findi g ua a chi es . Iti co ma le tter fro mDuke Federigo di Gonzaga to th e
' Du e o f l rbino o n th e th Novembe r 1 2 in k o , 53 , wh ic h he saw tha t the Emperor had shownhim his armour a mo n which was a bea uti ul suit b . g f y
Col-Ia n the last one he made or him or shortl . [ , [ y
f r e w a te he ha d died . Th stateme nt as confirmed by th e pa y me nt lists of th e Municipality of
A u sbu r romwhich th e name of the armourer g g, f
e e e e d isa pp ar d inth y ar 153 2 .
e e lme t a c la d dc iii a nt and has a visor Th h is e a / e, 92 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR w wide ratins fasbenin over e beav ith g g g th or. The evolution of leg- armour is well shown by the tassets ex tendin in several lates e w e g, p , b lo th
ee where th e overla e d - s ere kn y p th emi j amb . Th are no genomllerm. Th e lower plates of the tam
v e o s s of ord e ertibl int tas et inary l ngth .
The sh ield A 1O embossed with the devices ( 9) , otBurgnndy and th e G oldenFleece was found in the rovince oa r os wh ere it was bo fur p g , q ht It was u sevenpesetas . p rchased for the na tion
ns II . ata costof 1 2 0 eee s Alfo ta . by , 5 p
he suit A112 late 28 thou h of the same T , p . g
a ternas those ustdescribed is the work of the p t j , artificer Ca remolo Mondrone of Rh o Italian , , It is one of two suits preeented to the fi mperu e Duke of Mantua in ratitude fior fa o n by th , g v a
a The f e received and anticip ted . gi t licite d the
w letter of thanks fromCharles e follo in mrtolottt. g
‘
a . a i i tor III . Ph neeps cour ge G nng :
m my bien mbadas y a nosb a vd uM y b
mm M b efl d h- m y w y
SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
lu s na . Caro Divi faveute Clemeucia Rom. t A u ust. I us P e s i I mp. g ” ria rinc p consa ngu u
carissime .
Las armas sonmu bumas nos ha n anila y , y M enex trema ien contentado mucho ass nos he b y , y y satisfccho ct armero al qua! havremos plaza que
ar nuestro es ecto tena is ar encomdad De p r p g p o . — ” r lus . A lba d 23 de j utio dc 1536 . Ca o Th e suit appears to h ave beenoriginally blued
n hl ne n l M tof ra a d ric y damasce d i go d . os th e deco tion and th e blu ish h ue h ave nowdisa ppeared Gold palms inrelie f still remainonce rtainof the
e e Th e ex re e el cac of h e i c s . t m i t azziminia p d y . imitatin cufic inscri tions testifies to th e ex tra g p ,
r n s ll o lo o di ary ki f Caremo Mondrone . It will be noted th atmanv of th e mostimportantpieces are missing fromth e su it.
Th e h arness A 115- A 127 is known as the
Cornuco ia Suit romth e emlemwhich re p , f b p dominates in th e sch eme of ecorato e d i n. Th Conde de Valencia is of opinionth atitis th e work w of Desi e rius Colman and as ma e a out 1 . d , d b 534
Th e steel was ori inall lac ene and th e rid es g y b k d , g . wh ich corres ond to th e an s inth e other suits p b d , w x ess v ere engraved and gilded . E c i e cleaning h as reatl marred th e eaut of this armou r g y b y . Th e firstand fou rth figu res display the blazoned SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 95 boat sim wn on th e seals of . ilar to those sho ir e h e l s . as o e Attach ed to t V C untof Fland rs . rth fi Th e gure is a cu rious burgonetor h elmet. it is embossed and gilded inthe likenes s of a tea ue ace accor in to th e de ased taste of q f . d g b
a e hea ge . Th beavor does not belong to the d ' cc n . Th e h elme t A 120 wh ich ears Colrna s , b rlr is similarl emosse with a ar o le- like . y b d g g y i n lates 0 10 A . g (p 3 . 3 ) h e fifth suit with vertical ands ma e atA u s , b , d g g (A 128 is knownas th e Harness of Close rub o i s s It t distngu i h it fromthe four oth er . vrohabl th e wo o s Th e y rk f Desideriu Colman. and fi u re A rz — la te 1 is a race ul su it g ( o p 3 ) g f , nosed of arme t with visor and bea vor inone p , De (e ight re info rcing piece s) gorget breast te and ack late the orme r en raved with the b p . f g i e of th e Blesse d ir in th e latter with thatof g V g ,
arbara the two lates united b stra s over B , p v p shoulders : espalie rs of eigh t plates rondel
1 le ftarmit re re - races vamraces coudes p b , b , , lgauntle ts close - fitting tasse ts of many plates s es ams and chausse ttes of mail for the , j b ,
ties. Th e whole suit ever where stri ed or , y p
ided is sin ularl eauti ul and di nified . . g v b f g Vc me nowto th e work of the grea trivals of
ol a s— o e su i C mn the Negr lis of Milan. Th t 96 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
A 1 late 1 was made for th e meror in1 39 (p 3 ) E p 539, and is atonce distinguish ed fromth e G ermansuits by th e bands crossing th e body horizontally ia
l I was ori all stead of vertica l . t in lack d y g y b ene . so as to Sh owup th e gold and silver of th e decora
tion.
The o is u mrion bea tifully decorated . Over the sku ll- iece and arallel with a eau ti ul lau relled p , p b f com run two wi e an s of ol damascenin b , d b d g d g th atmeetover th e rowina antastic ace inrelief b f f . surrounded by acanthu s leaves and volu tes the v s r amas ene Th e or e rs o he i o is also d c d . b d f t l l In l h elmet are simi ar y enrich ed . go d relief are th e letters PH ILIPPVS IACOBI FRATR , ET
B N XXX he NEG ROLI FACIE A T MD I X . T
’ - ch eek pieces are decorated with small lions h ands. Th e breast and backplates were adorned with
Bar ara— the images of th e Virgin and St. b
ter nowmss Th e aul rons cou es and lat i in . g p d , d ,
enou ill res are ver taste ull emossed and in~ g e y f y b ,
’ lai with lions h ea s sc rolls and eau ti ul folia d d . , b f tions th e decorationShowin u well onth e lain , g p p ground . Th e h elmeth as a reinforcing piece or coif (A 14O)
e ser entwith scales of ol and with shaped lik a p g d ,
— wr damascened rose ttes a fine piece of o k .
th er fine s ecimenof talianma e th e arti Ano p I k ,
9s SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
ing to Herr Le itner) after th e designs of th e famous
en raver ans Bur mair and came into th e os g , H g , p
sess ionof Ch arles onth e dea th of his randfather g ,
It o s d Maximilian. is f teel line with sil an , d k ,
e full scallo e at e ed Th e oitrel b au ti v p d th ges . p
and crou iere are a orne alle orical rou s p d d by g g p. illustra ting notable fea ts of strength th e figures w ht are inlo relief and partlv gilded . Onth e rig
si e we see ercu les stran lin th e ser ents d , H g g p .
wrestlin with Antz us sla in th e dra and g , y g Hy ,
su u in th e Minotau r onth e le t Samsoncanv bd g f ,
’ in Off th e ates of aza rea in th e lions aws g g G , b k g j .
e in shorn of h is lock s bv Delilah and ullin b g , p g
w l er ules child do nth e Temp e o f Dagon. H c as a again appears amid embossed foliations onthe
h e r o i e le e a ov the ch anfmn. T c uper is comp t d b e
' h e sa le evm tail by a dolp ins hea d . Th dd is richer th anth e ha rd and is a orne with antastic . d d f
figu res engraved onsteel. Attach ed to th e second figure of th e hams s
A 1 1 is a nota le helme tinth e ormof anea le. ( 5 ) . b f g
T he hea and bea ormth e visor th e le s inlow d k f , g relie f cross th e ch ee - iec es and th e talons a ear k p . pp to ras the beavor u h ol in e tweenth emthe g p . p d g b
his v was merial shiel finely en rave . bea or I p d . g d T th e subj ect of keen competition be tween King
no X II. a d e Ri ard ce Alfo s n th e lat Sir ch W alla . SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 99 wh o at last ave it u to His Cath olic Ma est , , g p j y [plate
Th e fi ure also Sh ows a fine coat of steel mail g ,
h l ve traditionally ascribed to C ar es V . O r this was worna corselet rotectin th e ac and reast , p g b k b ,
and des cendin romth e sh oul ers to th e waist g f d ,
di n r t i ds o At mi ishing inb ead h till ten ina p int.
ta it re shoul e - ds ee la ched to a d r guar of th r p tes . This is th e only piece of th e kind inth e Armoury
erh wrl w n u worn a s inth e o . It as o do t li e p p d b , k
the liar - e v ecu armi ce escri e on . 81 o er a p p d b d p , stoutleath er j erkin(plate
The li h th elmet A 1 h as a cleverl esi ne g , 54, y d g d
and eauti ull ex ecu te crest and visor wh ich b f y d , ,
’ looked at in front resemles an ea le s h ea , b g d ; ' behind some monstrous animal s mas and , k
Sidew l a s a o hin. y , d p
The li h t war h arnes s A 1 is incomlete g , 57 p , many of th e pieces being inth e Imperial Armoury a w er t Vienna . It as made for th e Emp or in
1 Des i erius Colman at th e time of th e 543 , by d , mmpaignagainstth e Duke of Cleves and Francis
of rance . th e ver I. F Th e suitis decorated with tical ands of which h rles was on ro a l b C a f d, p b b y
M use th e y made himlook taller.
Th e maker of th e suit A 159 - 163 (plate 34) is u known bu th e was certainl an talian and not , y I , I OO SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
mo l r Th e d i pr bab y th e illustrious Neg oli. eca n tion consists as usual of roa vertical banth , , b d , inlai alternatel of ol and silver th es e are cut d, y g d
ia onall sections of ol leaves which festoon d g y by g d , all th e pieces .
' Th e suitA 164 (plate 35) h as beenimmortalned i itian inwh ose icture No . nth e Prank by T , p ( 457) w w ar aller Ch arles is Sh o n earin it. The G y, g
' mouter s mark proves th atitwas made in1544 th ree ears e ore th e Battle of Miih lbe r where y b f g,
it was worn th e meror. his th inks the by E p T ,
Con e de alencia must h ave eenth e last suit d V , b
Th e ou r e worn by himin th e field . f complet cu irasses and th e ex tra ac lates comrised in , b kp p it Showth atth e Emperor was th ena victim of re u ent attac s of ou t and re laced uncom f q k g , p w ” fortable cuiras ses by such as ere eas ier. Th e first figure (A 164) h as been armed inas
’ I is cordance with Titians portrait. t composed of reast and ac lates with taces tassets b b kp , ; ; laminated gorget; espaliers reaching to elbows over sleeves of steel mail and strong gauntlets w with fingers united t o and two .
h es e ieces comine with th e tri le -crest T p , b d p morion th e avelin and istoletK 1 fastened to , j , p 5 , th e front bowof th e sa dle ormth e amour d , f called hmerud os which a eared for the firs ttime , pp
102 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
te ilded in The da te the the backpla g relief. of
W e x f ll w o es armou r i3 1546. e tract the o o ing nt fromth e Catalogue : " A An elucci inhis work Dm M M . g ,
a la storia deflc armi da m ufi rfifi p f m m g. 0 ublishes a brief ex tract fromthe bio p . 33 , p
ra h of Cami writtenb Promis which we a n g p y p , y , amlif thanks to th e documents which b tb p y , , y h ndness of th e Dukwob a we ha ve be enahk
r to oonsultinth eir impo tanthistoriml Archivu . “ Barth olomewCampi was bomatPes-ro inth be innin of th e six teenth centur bei inhis g g y , ng y outh a goldsmith and engraver of me mh u d merited th e eulogies of the celebrated writer Pedro
tholomewE nazio Atth att g (1545) . ime he mde the armour o ar s V b le . In1547 he directe d the fetus in Pesaro in honour of the wedding at G uidobd do d II . an Vittoria Famese ; and two ears after he finish ed the m w y , ad iruble 0rk of ert in old and silver which the Munici ali o g , p ty f Pea ro
resented to th e new- bornsonof th atPr p ince. " rom1 to 1 60 robabl he was mil r F 554 5 p y , ih y enineer inthe servioe oi th e Re ublic oi g p Siel l .
Venice and the French M narch He o . ss ined at ,
ie e the s of Calais. Inthe latter ear he s g y , olieited. SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 103 unsucces sfull ins ite of th e su ortof dinal y, p pp Car
G ranvela a mittance to th e S anish rm and , d p A y ,
thenh e returned to rance takin th e side of th e F , g
a th olics a en C gainst th e Hugu ots .
At last in 1 68 Cami served in landers , 5 , p F ,
under the or ers of e Duke f Al illus d th o ba . This
trions lea er ave hima commission which is in d g ,
the rchives of his h ouse as chie en ineer of th e A , f g
fortifi ca tion and investment of ortresses at the f , monthly salary of 500 escu dos (ordinary) and 50
ex traordinar and to his sonEsci ion esides ( y) , p , b his salar n wan 2 escu os a mo th as anallo ce . y , 5 d
Th e Du e of Al a h ad Cami insu ch esteem k b p , thatina letter to th e in ate une rd 1 6 K g, d d J 3 , 5 9 , he say s : I tell Your Maj esty th at y ou h ave a
h e is ood maninCa tainB. Cam ecause in g p m, b truth a soldier and h as art alth ou h notso well , g b unded as Pach ote and h e is th e bestman I have met with since I have knownmen— I do notsa onl en ineers butmenof an sort— ver v y g , y y w ’ steady and h appy inhis ork .
The eath of Cami occurred sa s Bernardino d p , y de Men oza inhis Commentaries as th e result of d , anar ue us- shotthrou h th e h ead atth e sie e of q b g , g
aarlemonMarch th 1 th e rief of the Duke H , 7 , 573 , g and all his army being very great.
’ Th s su er ano l lates 0 12 A is comosed p b p p y (p 4 , 5 ) p 104 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R of seven ieces of lackene d steel decora t wth p b , ed i
old and silver damasoenin and with omameats g g, o l n of ltbronze . The bur ouetis f e e a toutline gi g g . and bears a close enough resemblanoe to a fi a o
u It has cheek- ie e tianeasq e . p o s inthe Rmm e b v an na e st le . Th com isor d are adorned b y , , p y a wide damasoened band showing up well onthe blackened steel. Th e helmet is also girdled by s graceful wreafli of oak- leaves mgflh wh ich ta
Initiates at the na e intwo voluta fromwit h p ,
s - h spring the plume older.
Th e cuirass is a triumh oi art and is moulded p , inthe resemblance of the humantorso , thc out lining of th e muscles proving thatthe artificer ws w well acquainted ith anatomy . A tthe neck is s square piece composed of bands of gold inh id
’ work . eneath th is is th e ed usa s head from B M , which S rin two volutes endin insmall s v r p g , g il e w h s o stt e flo ers . T i c u i u t s the only deoorationol ' th e breastpla te . Campi s pride inlfis wmh nd the celerit with which h e execu ted it are y , W b the inscri tion BARTHOLOME S y p , V CAMPI AVRIFEX TOTIVS OPERIS ARTIFEX QVOD ANNO INTEG RO INDIG EBAT PRINCIPIS SUI NVTVI OBTEMP ERANS G IN ’D EN PE F EM A O M SE R ECIT. Th e taoe is composed of a series of gilded bm
106 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
presented Ch arles with a easque and tar-getby dg
late 1 8A 37 moulded inth e likenes s of a head p 4 ) ,
— Md mte . Th e tar e t Da late 1 85made to g ( p 4 ) .
’ match th e above bas a lions ha d and mane for , bm inhi h relief the border is wide and vu ' , g ; y
b limand linked b scrolls and y s . y also believed to have been the pmty of m
‘ ob ectis relieved the masterl chnellin so fine j ; y g, ‘ thatitmex prmiou into the hau nts “05 °
‘ and the ex msite ta ste of the damasemmwe ar-e q g. f of the " k SPAN ISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 107 musthave beenmore a master of his owu artth an th e des i ner iulio omano was of his late g , G R , (p
The helmetis or ed inone iece and ollows th e f g p , f
e Th e es o lines of th Bmotiancasque . d ign n th e crumb repres ents comba ts be twee n Centaurs and
Tritons for th e ossessionof n mhs onth e si es p y p ; d ,
w R ans and a comba t bet een om Carth aginians . A similar su ectis shownonthe shiel inth e ac bj d , b k ground be ing seenthe city of Ca rth age as described
iv Allusion of course is inten e to h e b . t y L y , , d d
ex pedition to Tunis . Th e border is admirably
nd wth wrea ths fi u res sc ro d desi e i lls &c . an g , g , , ,
R wo es the busts of oman rthi .
The helme tD5 and Shield D6 are of unknown
e we e o he w origin. Th v r pr bably t ork Of an
e o Italianartific r f the S ix tee nth ce ntu ry . Onone side of th e ca sque Bacchus and Ariadne are repre
sente d ina car ra wn centau rs onthe oth er d by ,
Silenus onhis ass su o rted Bacch us and re , pp by , p
s e S e ced ed by Mae nad . T h hi ld D6 is inseventeen
ieces screwed to e ther a nd is be a u ti ull chiselled p g , f y
e s o and decora ted . T h boss i f rmed by a mask
with dra eries race ull ath e re u and crowned p , g f y g d p
b an ele ant volute th e rich amascenin of y g , d g
s w w the which contra ts ell ith blackened face . mround is divided into ou r ovals onwhich g f , 108 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
th e abines of Deiamera and of Helen and thr S , ,
we en e r e Contestbet the C ntau s and La pithae . Th border amon other decorations has th e busts of , g ,
Caesar Aeolus Hercules and Theseus lat , , (p q ) Anoth er Bu r onet D O made fiu Ch arles b g ( 3 ) , y the Ne rolis for ed inone iece and ex uisitd g , g p q y damascened has th e comb moulded inth e form , of a recumbentwarfimwearmg a turbamhis ha d
fi ures Fame and Victor reclinin onthe brin g , y , g of the h elmet ras th e warrior b the mom , g p y
He seems to re rwentthe Tur s E re e p ld h mpi . On shield above th e visor is the inscri tion SIC T p , VA INVICTE CE SAR (plate
The ma nificentsh ield late 1 0A desi ned b g (p 5 ) . g y G iulio Romano and resente d to the Emeror , p p by
the Duke of Mantu a D6 is th us deecribed inthe ( 3) ,
W ithin a wide border wi , th decoratia u of
is the figure of the Spanish Ca ar inth e centre of the commsitiomarmed inthe heroic sty le mnd
in ina two -oared boat maintaini invi m g , m g attitu de the banner of the Douhle E le e ag , pr eeM
h Fame atthe rowcan- in the shield wit e y , p , y g h th motto Ptu s nd followed by Victa mmth
110 SPANISH ARMS A ND ARMOUR
r a e of his enty into Milan (1541) . On sepnu t plate in th e centre is daringly and vigomusly embossed the head of edusa ser ents oo M , p h a ve e and ser ents e bo and below. Th head p ar ces w w fined ithina broad laurel reath . Outside “
and richl inlaid with silver and old the secoe d y g ; .
v e m road and hammered rou hl and di id d is b g y , sections by shields bearing the inscription, IS TERROR QVOD VIRTVS ANIMA E FOR
TVNA P T the third damascened like the ARE ; ,
first sh owin sirens su ortin four circuh r , g pp g medallions with th Double Ea le r of e g . Pilla s
d laurel w ference of th e shield runs a secon reath .
Space does not permit us to describe indetail the many beautiful shields attributed to th e D66 te Emperor. That numbered (pla 151) is an example of the Moorish sty le of decorationso see cessfuny imitated by th e Italianartificers ; D68
Humanit across th e sea of life h er shield be y , ~
Fai G th and her have : of refuge Divine race. Specially worthy of note are aiBS and Efig) a a r of G othic auntlets late G erman late p i g (p 95) , .
’ l A - o r s fifteenth century fmmChar es s rmu y . Ra ch i SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R 111 mposed of twenty -sevenpieces of white steel
lated iron incised with a ua - ortis es tooned p , q f , f
wor w e a [ M o en and ith th e cuff ndin in oint. p k , g p They are forged and j oined toge ther with grea t skill to de fend th e h and with ou t hindering th e natural movements and at the same time armed , against th e enemy with sh arp points on th e
' es e nt knuck l like th cou p de poi améncain. Th ey are more delica te and handsome thanth ose of th e same in in the ienna Museum and if on k d V ; , account of the e rio to wh ich the belon th e p d y g, y do no tagree with the a rmour of Charles V though the are s e tch ed inthe Relacionde alla oli it y k V d d , 5 bey ond dou bt that th ey were part of some ma nificent armou r ossi l of his athe r er g , p b y f ; p
h is haps of his grandfather Max imilian. T is partly confirmed the st le of ornamentation which by y , agrees absolu te ly with th atof the work of Colman
Helmschmred .
everal swor s once the ro ert of th e Em S d , p p y
eror are inclu e inthe collection bu t th e do p , d d , y notpossess the sa me me ritor interestas the de fen
- ave armour. Th e battle swor s G G oth d 33 , 34, b th e wor of the Ne rolis have roa hex a onal k g , b d g blades the mi dle su r aces and ricasso be in inlai , d f g d w o iron similarl ith old . Th e hiltof th e firs tis f v g , inlaid with th e u illons and ommel terminatin . q p g 112 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR ingracetul volu ta ; a beautifully chase d shell s e a The protect th h nd . guard of the woo d is strengthwed by two branches ; th e pommel il facetted ; and the steelhiltdecora ted with vu 'tia l lines indamascene work alternati with acm , m th us leaves (plate 17o) .
’ To Charles s era belon thre e swords which oe g , , account of heir histo are o ecul t r iar t. y , f p interes ‘ ' G 29 (pla te 164) was the battle - swmd of Spah s
reatest eneral G onzalo Fernandee de Cordobs g g . . th e G reatCa tain 1 The a t p ( 453 bl de is fla , with bevelled ed es and a move alm the u er g , g g pp third of its length inwhich th e first words of tlx Angelic Saluta tioningilded G othic character may
be deci hered . The u ard is of ilded iron the p g g , uillons flatand dro in and with two r q op g, b a nch o
r The t to th e icamo . omrnel is of il c o p g ppa . circular and with two faces — the obverse re re , p sentin a attle scene with the inscri tim g b , p . CONSA LVI ACIDARI VICTORIA DE G A LIJ S
' AD CANNAS (referring to the Great Ca ptah s victmy over the French in 1503) th e reverse
' bearin the owner s arms with aninscri to g , p i n in “ Latin which translated reads Comic e , , , d
uilar van uisher of the Turks and French Ag , q . restored esce to ltal and closed the Ter e of p y , npl " s It is swo J anu . supposed th at this rd was
THE DECADENCE OF ARMOUR
’ E s n and s CHA RL S V . so ucces sor Phili II , p more a states manth Inhis ana soldier. h y out . however remar s th e learned comiler o the , k p f
Catalo ue h e was accounted a clever fi lter and g , , j ousts were frequently organised onth e m
o is visits to tal erman d The f h an Flanders . I y , G y, Conde de Valencia indignantly rebu ts th e allega tion that this Monarch was Opposed to martial
es and even h s defo The ex ercis p y ically rmed . tru th of th e latter statement may be j udged by
ex aminin his armour th e lines of which are a g ,
d r model of proportionan egularity .
To Phili are ascri e six harnesses arraned p b d , g
li e those of his a th er each ontwo or more fi ure . k f , g
Th e firstsuit (A 189 - A2 16) is styled th e and: dc
’ lacmus romth e tracer of its ecorative lenths. , f y d g
Itwas ma e atAu s u r in 1 es iderius d g b g 545, by D
Colman a ear e ore th atartificer turned outthe , y b f
W e ex tractthe fol Miihlberg su itfor Ch arles V . lowing particulars fromth e Catalogue of 1898
’ Itis th e young prince s firs tarmour onbeam ing a man as stated inth e Inventory of the SPANISH A RMS AND A RMOU R 115
R oy al Armou ry of 1594. Fromchildh ood th e
C o lmans h ad made his armour as th e h ad done , y
“ his au ustfather and whenitceased to fithim g , ! i n ed t on th e ouths of e distribu t i amg y th Court.
our th en was ordered of Des i erius , , d but th e decorationwas doubtless by a
tinth e service of th e Prince named artis , Arroyo clear proof of this we find ' e h rlains book dated Feb note inth C ambe . , 1544 (a date which also appears onth e left
of th e e u es trianfi ure A1 0 readin th us q g 9 ) , g Diego de Arroyo des igned all th e pieces
of armour to be en raved to send to g , so th atby ita su itof armour mightbe — His Highness three ducats are given
’ Arroyo s des ign is composed of wide vertical
tends with riental lacewor in th e centre en , O k ,
" raved on a white round and on oth ed es g g , b g , gilded foliations mingled with ex tremely beau tiful o of e Renaissance eri decorati ns th p od .
Colmanin ersontoo his wor to alladolid at p k k V ,
e r h th attime th esidence of th e Court. T is appears
mth e ollowin merial schedule iven at fro f g I p , g “ s ul in Don orm 2 th 1 . Th e : W , J y 9 , 545 K g
rancisco de los Cobos &c and our Chie Ac F , f
n nt of Castile Colman our armourer we cou ta , , 116 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR have sent to y our Court to take certain armour which h e is convey ing to the Prince our sonsnd we have granted as salary for each day he msy occu two florins of fifteenbaeos each and we py , ,
tumin he willneed more mone we char e onto g y , g y provide for pay ing himth ere a like amountintfi " res ect— I the Kin p g. The firstfi ure A18 late shows a suitof g ( 9 , p 43) foo - r It has anar et with ta mour for jousting . m hi h rid ed comb visor with two slits for thr g g , tastefully -d ecorated breastplate has laminatd
umets and taces to w at c d e cm g , hich are ta he th
icu l of d sp ous amboy s . Th e border of this kilt ste is embomed ilded and etch ed with th e devica d , g , n th e G oldenFleece rtfi ns and scrolls . Es ahe , g , p ro tect th e sh oulders models the armits d p , p , small coudes the ow Th e auntlet o thr elb s . g f righthand is notable (plate 1ofia) : ita terl h il several articulations to the inside of th e m where it is closed with a hinge to prevent b
‘ ‘ sli in ofi the Ihe pp g hand . lega nnour is pe m
laminated cuisses accommodated to the curvs d w ith . Comare the suitA 1 made n ( p 49 , i
118 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
Benavene who lived nearl a hundred een t , y y The cornpment pieces are striped and bordered by wide bands d engraved and gflded mba qus designed inall
rob b e o o Inthe secund p ability y Di g de Arroy .
fi ure A2 18 late the tassets are of une ml g ( , p 49) q le The fi s of the r h t tnntle m ngth . nger ig g t o ed nc u le The united th ose f the left oin i o s. , j p
middle of the t f h This armour a a rs to h g . pp
‘ Philips third suit (Az3 1- Az38) was made for himat
M t e ec are no at Bn s. Wolf. any of h pi m w md The ornamentationis chaste cousisting of narrov bands etch ed with ra ceful scrolls and vo utes fi , g l w hite burnished swel.
Philip at Augsburg by Desiderius Colman and
G eor Si man in1 . Anorder exlsts g g , 552 , “
escudos on a ount of , cc 3 seems was the prioe of this splendid harneasa SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 119
all embossed and damascened he sh owed thath e , mid produce very diflerent work to that which
enerall left his worksho S th t is tiltin and g y P : a , g war- armour which onl re uired su erficial oma , y q p menta tion like th e en ravin and lowrelief onth e , g g
o lance- th parts lea st ex posed t rusts . His recog nised su eriorit in this ranch of his industr p y b y , and es eciall for in is attested his almost p y g g, by exclrs ivel su l in th e meror and his son y ppy g E p , and by th e many suits h e made for the chie f
d mce rs o e f th me rial Arm U d capta ins an o I p y . n er su ch circumsta nces be was j ustified inwishing to ex cel also inthe making of armour for parade or
It In“ his rivals the Ne rolis of Milan wh o a little , g , while be fore had made various magnificentpieces
ll Charles . amon th emarmour A 1 . i V g , 39
However it oes not see mthat Colman , d pma ed the neces sary Skill to undertake a work w of this kind alone . So at least it ould appear
romhis co -o e ratin with a erson whose f p g p ,
artistic ca acit be reco nised to such a de ree p y g g , th a t he permitted himto place his S ignature bes ide his own on the principal piece of th e
This associate was a e rman Silversmith G ,
named G eor i man who th ou h res ident in g S g , , g 120 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
Augsburg had not succeeded ingetting th e muni cipality to register himas a master inthe trad e to
e which he belonged . Colmansawdou btlminth skill of this artista powerful mediumtha twould permithimto nval the Negmfis mthe omm tionof armour de laxe and acce ted his aw , p inre tu rnfor his using his influence atthe lmperiel
’ r Cou tonSigmans behalf.
The sd leme of the decorationis as credita hle s th e ex ecu tion. On a ground of blackened steel all the pieces are adorned with broad va 'tical
b narrowou ter bands which are in th eir um y , t bordered by pretty trefoilwork projecting over thr
The crest of the burgonet is de cora tad with laurels and eltqu isite tracerias ; the rma ln surface is covered with small fi mes birds ecr g , , fi w t ined. Oneither side of the crestare medallim re resentin heroic combats alldelicatel c e d p g , y hi ek .
Atthe junctionof the visor aud hehnet msy be
w e ith th date 1 0. i man not con 55 S g , tent t has repeated themwith the date rmbaneath the
122 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
armed in classic style th e Imperial Eagle is Shownonth e insi e of th e iece and a mas d p , k at w N n th e el o . ote th e lami ated or et A2 bis b g g ( 39 . plate beautifuny decorated Inth e same way
as th e restof th e armour and suita le for wearin , b g ve coatof mail or leath er o r a dou blet. Th e shield A241 (plate belonging to this h arnes s h as a eculiar interestas commemoratn , p i g th e rivalry th atex isted betweenth e greatG erman
and talian armourers of th e Six tee nth I century .
Itis inone iece lac ened and richl deco p , b k y rated,
d inlaid wi embossed an th gold . Fromth e hm
s rea ra iations enclose a laurel wrea th and p d d d by , ou tside th is by a narrowband with th e following inscriptioninGerman DESIDERIO COLMAN CAYS MA Y HARNASCHMACHER AVSG E MACHT IN AVG VSTA DEN 15 APRILIS m
1 AR Desiderius Colman Armourer of His 552 J ( ,
aes arean Ma est finishe th is on A ril 1 th C j y , d p 5 , At equal distances round the Shield are disposed circular medallions encircled by wreath of laurel and mrtle and esi ne with the ollow y , d g d f ing subj ec ts Strength ina triumph al car drawn
men ictor inanother car rawnb lions by , V y d y ,
rva drawn horses and Peace orne on he Mine by , b t
Be ween Sh oulders of Kings . t th e medallions are seen oth er Kings enthroned and surrounded by SPANISH ARMS AND A RMOUR 123 oth er fi ures masks cartouch es and foliations in g , , , pu t profusion. Inth e rimbetween two laurel
ths t - wrea hunin scenes and ull fi hts are de icted . , g b g p Inone grou pColmanhas sy mbolised his supposed triumph over his Milanes e compe titor by a bull overthro wing a manwhose Shield bears th e word " e h Negrol. AS a matt r of factthe S ield is a far les creditable pe rformance th an th e res t of th e
' Irmour nor oes th e es tof Colmans wor es erve , d b k d to h e pre ferred to the Medusa shield ex ecu ted by
n s e o e a q oli. I j u tic t th e G rmn it Should be added however th at the Shiel Shows ever Si n , , d y g
v w - d h a ing beenle ft unfinish ed . Th e ar saddle w A 2 2 late 8 is the finer or . Th e su ect ( 4 , p 47 ) k bj of th e designof the centre- band is Venus riding th e waves in a Shell rawn ol hins and d by d p ,
Th e swor see in a attended by cu pids . d G 47 ( fr ) also belonged to th is harness . The armou r of Philip II called the Bu rgundy
v Armour was ma e in 1 1 Si mund t , d 55 by g
The or er e x ists au thorisin the e t Wolf . d g pay mn to the armourer onaccou nto f the Prince of two hundred gold escudos intokenand part pa yment
r of sa ne gilded a mou r made for him. The suitis very rich ly decorated with bands of th e natural colour of the steel onwhich are etch ed alternately th e Cross of Burgundy or of St. 124 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
Andmwand the emblems of th e G olden , Fleeoe
d M e o all gil ed. Onth e tplat f the fimfigme
A26 late o is enraved the ima e of the ( 3 , p 5 ) g g
The cuisses re h h and Madonna . a ig lanfine ted n ' s T s s in former ex ample . he hor e bard is very
a dsome and seems to be a re rod h n , p uction in metal of the richly- embro idered caparisonusually l womby the lmmria chargels .
The suitAz - a62 was made for Phili b Wolf 43 p y , of andsh ut somewhere abou t 1 h e L , 554, t date being fixed by th e chanfron of th e horse bm char ed with the arms of Enland which P g g . hfi p
e a o l Mary Tudor. Th p npy includee a gru m number of pieces for tilting thanany other owmd b this Prince and demonstratwhis e rtieli y , p ty
gilded and etch ed with black wam or undnh oms and bordered oneither side b namw ti , y bends
to have comrised about ei h t - nve ieces d p g y p .
Th e fifl tfisurfl M -ts plate fl l is m onthe left elbowmnd for the sy mmetry and é b
nnoe of the le -armou r g g .
126 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR nine kilo rammes which eould onl be m a tul g , y pp
” courses and inbreaking as many lancm.
s e i kill and ey e for sy mmetry . Th fifth figm (Az47) has prss erved the wlours of the decors tiw
fu tile unfortunate Prm’ ce Charla mof 11 I It , I .
ps uldrons goes tO pro ve that the Rrinee m sli htl deformed as inded men oftm g y , M ,
m e d by a hook mthe left antd a buttm SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 127
th e knee after the lobster- tail sty le thenbecoming
Of the arms and detached pieces of amour
luded in the rib ed to Phili . and inc asc p II ,
rmou r th e most remarka le is th e sword A y , b
- (6 47) belonging to th e parade armour AZ39 .
The blade is of diamon section with a sh ort d ,
v w e e rs third of its groo e belo th tang. Th fi t Ingth is adorned with engravings and smallsquares of old enclosed inwhich we find th ese inscri g , p — th us on one side PRO D PA R A . , FI E ET T I R S P R N R AR A PRO CH I TO ET AT IA . I TE M SILENT LEGES SOLI DEO GLORIA onth e — V N PR AR S ET other P G A PRO PATRIA . O I POCIS NEC M R NEC M D DE ; TE E E , TI I E , FI
V e of SED C I VIDE . Onth e ricasso is th mark
e hilt the maker Clement orn of Solin en. Th , H , g
is th e most re ma rkable in th e collec tion. It is lined and carved ingold relief in th e I talian
s e ce e o e d is M oe tyle . Th ntr f th gu ar u nrated with numerous figu res inhigh relief ona
’ lded round one uilloncurves ownwards th e g g q d ,
oth er u wards and oth end in the heads and p , b
w e w ro las ts of menent ind about ith spirals . F m ncartouche engraved with th e J udgmentof Paris
th e uard s rins an ex uisite counter- uard 0 g , p g q g “ posed of two beau tiful Caryatides united by 128 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR v d olu tm. The Ed is “ Qum r a n an ?
w s ord mi attribu te d to th e x3c SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
body frmnth e gorge tto th e ankle. Onthe -fi lm and midmost band is th e figure of j upiter ; be th hirnis Diana and lastl the i nea ; , y , nfantHereules
stranlin the ser ents . The other bands ho ou g g p , th breastand back lates likewise dis la mth p , p y y okgi e a dr are ve cal subjects . Th p ul ons e nmore richly omamented thanthe oth er pieces zatth e bsck and
ra ectivel Power Victor Peace and Nav i a im. p y , y , , g t The coudes display the four figures of th e Cnr
‘ ’ u t ul e e tic dmal Vu tum. Bea if mbl ma groups and
fi ure s adorn the enouilleres and d - g g emi jamh .
The tassets are detachahle half- wa u th e y p thigh.
ce with th e restof this ma nificentsu gan g it.
The armour Of Philil I. belorg s to the peried SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 13 1
' of the decadence of th e armourer s craft. The
final victory of th e firea rmin th e long struggle between attack and de fence was now very
enerall reco nised and comle te suits Of armour g y g , p w w were ornmainl for is la . iltin too as y d p y T g, ,
h e e h e going rapidly outOf fashion. By t middl Of t seventeenth ce ntur th e ur one t cuirass and y b g , ,
tasse ts we re well- nigh the only pieces Of armour worninthe field .
r t Th e suitBI to B3 (plates 82 etseq. ) p ese nted o n Phili . whenPrince atth e a e Of seve h is p III , g , by brothe r- in- la wCarlo mmanuele Du e Of Savo , E , k y , is obviously one Of th e h a rnesses intended for l ornament and not e e nce . It is a eau ti u , d f b f ex amle Of talian a rt inclu in twelve iec es p I , d g p , worked in il e iron and ec ora te with in g d d . d d w numera le fi u res mas s &c . in the lo relie f b g . k , , a mtained inca rtouch es sc rolls and ands— all , , b
e s o ernhmaed and damascened . Th re i n leg armour attache to the suit and th e auntlets d , g ha ve disa ppea red .
The helme t or celada dc en ole h as a la r e mask , g , g onthe visor and at the si es Victor and ame , d y F
( mthe outsi e a rt Of th e colla r Stren th and d p , g
dence and onth e othe r the Ducal Crown on Pru . , th e Il 'eas t la te the fi ure Of ortuna accomanied p g F , p
two wined enii with a h lacter onwhich by g g , p y y 132 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R is th e word SPANIA ; and in difierent place ,
tice eme rance and various small s mbolic J us , T p , y
fi ures which ma also be seenonth e back late g , y p .
th e auldrons and th e armlets . It bea rs no p ,
' armourer s mark .
8 nantr orio for ed inone ie e w 2 . m n c ith I f y , g p ,
Similar decoration to th e recedin a mask p g . in front on th e foreh ead figures re presenting
A un ance and Pros erit rotes ues and tro b d p y , g q , phies . S l A hie d for co a onfoot. B . m t medallion 3 , b covers th e centre onwhich are re resented u iter , p J p ,
Ne tune and Mars estro in th e Moors a ro d p , d y g un
' are four Eph esianDianas oncstrpites (pedes tals in the ormOf inverte rami s and e twee n em f d py d ) , b th an equal number Of panels with warlike and mythological subj ects : the decora tion o f the grou ndwork is completed by other s u bj ects
Similar to th ose Of th e preceding pieces . D iame ter
Th e h alf- su it B4- 5 (plate also prese nted to
the successor Of Phili . in his chil h ood is p II d ,
elieve to be th e wor Of ucio Picin o e b d k L in . Th decorationis very beau tiful and less profu se than
x w in th e preceding e ample . Onth e ide middle band Of the breastplate may be seen a mask u h eld two nu e fi ures th e oddes s Pa s p by d g , g lla ,
134 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR ated with cartouches and medallions with msrtid
d l e or c l sub an a l g i a j ects.
s co o eces of the two distinct plete . Iti mposed f pi ‘ mentioned in the Inventor me inh id bards y , with old and silver fluted and in rd ief afl g , , ,
’ nes and lluminate cr s als and the oth a ' sto i d y t ; , ‘ with the same pieces as the one above lacm nothing and this is of gilded ironinrelie ff “ Saddlw anfrons and mainfairu of both , ch , bards are reserved th es e sets bein that of the p , g dra onchanfrononth e horse AI o and thatwith g g , th e inlaid work on th e present figure ; but the cruppers and poitrels of both have beenbrobm u and their comonent arts have beenmml p, p p y
w v t dispersed abroad . What aS pre er e d in m rmour nowwimout stones or cr s b a A y , y t h gether with oth er remains found inthe ancieat edifice after th e fire cons titu te the cru er snd , pp " trel of s h rs poi thi o e. To the firstdecade of the seventeenth centmy belongs th e suit (A338-A346) attributed to tb d e Of I thir Duk Escalona . thas a tiltirg hh et with visor in two ieces and a s e p , hutter in th ventail the le - armour is still com ; g plata. The elaborate ornament tion consist of w a , ing ide SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 135 vertica l bands etched alternatin with tro hies , g p , medallions and lacewor has lost much Of i , k , ts rich ness owin to th e disa earance Of th e , g pp blackening and gilding.
' The h orse s barding is Older thanth e armour ; it B of th e earl six teenth centur and the y y , sty le of the ornamentationappears to be Spanish
e s e several ieces Of wh R nai sance . Th p ich it is na oaed are decorated with tro hies flowers p p , ,
otes ues and othe r devices in ood taste etch ed gr q , g , ,
e v h and part Of them ngra ed by and . On th e S oitrel ma be se en t. ames on horse ack p y J b ,
ni a ainst th e Moors accomanie two fi ng g , p d by
e r warriors of antiquity . Th ch anf on h as th e s cu tch eon Of the Alvarez de oledo amil th e T f y , surname Of th e cele rate Du e Of Al a rom b d k b , f w s v o h ompo sibly itmigh tha e c me . The day s had passed whenSpanish Kings sent
to A u sbur for th e ir h arness and in1620 we hear g g ,
a Ro alarmour actor atPamlona inNav d y f y p arre . The firstspecimeno f its work is the pa rade armour
ade for th e Du e Of Sa vo or e r Of Ph ili m k y by d p III .
A O- la te Be in a rese ntationsuit ( 35 353 . p g p , itwas lavishly deco ra ted with ve rtical bands and
nd s with a or erin o f tre oils o f silver inre fi , b d g f
le t er d e w . The initial t an th ducal cro nand lief , p lans of Savoy figure inthe ornamentation; and 136 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR onthe centre bmd of the cuirass may be seenthe — arms of the County of Nice a crowned we gazing atthe sun. ' h alf- suit of ar ou r n Phili III . S m umbmd p ,
- was also for ed at Pamlona . It is ot A354355, g p
- steel lated iron and Of extraordinar thickness. p . y ltis blued and decorated atth e borders with bands
rotes ues &c . A raceful ed n of silver tre g q , g gi g
or cabasset has a dr00 in brimand is for ad in , p g , g
wo eces T e bre st late s do e d b e t pi . h a p i a rn y th Coflar of the G oldenFleece and another colh r or riband er1 aved fromwhich hans the medald ( p ) , g the sevenindmtations made by the bullets of an marks do not say much for the quality of the
e al wh ch s te millmetres mt i i n i t c . s , hi k Tha ha h
late which is onl three millimetre s thiek h p , y . er e bul beenp forated by th let. The arms are ds fended b es aliers ru ch in to the elbow y p g , “ meetthe cufls of the tle they gaun bs.
' boy s armour for the three sons of PhflipllL—me antes Phili Charles and Fe Inf p, , rdinand. These
3 - 3 la su its 1 1 20 tes 8 &c . are como d ( 3 , p 7 , ) p se d
138 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOU R
were sent to himfi ornBrussels by his amL th e
Infanta lsabel Clara Eu enia wife of e Arch g , th
The first of these A 80 — ( 3 393) dates from1624.
It is shown on two fi ures b0th with the same g , decorationof vertical bands traced ou a ground wmk of gold. Onth e shield may be decipherad
s w - the M P . nd e initial . ith a crowna thre fieurs s w de o ly , hich leads th e Con de Valencia t hanrd the conj ecture th atthe armourer may have heeo w v one of th e Petits hO ser ed I.0u il lI . om , which nowwas never worninthe field ; but thr second fi u re A 81 late 60 has insmd tlu g ( 3 , p ) , , w h h is e s ted b Ve in hic P ilip IV . r pre en y lnqu s on uan os natu ral sonof Phili i his D j J e, p n ltaliancampaignin1652 . SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR 139 e amour A408- 413 was among th e gifts pre d by the Archduch ess Isa bel Clara . It was elegantly decorated with bands Of gold and - r ch iselled hand inzi za ashion. Th e , by g g f suit A I - 2 1 fromth e same donor was , 4 44 , , b Don uan Osé who is shownwearin y J J , g wins ona bustinthe Prado gallery . re two remaining su its attribu ted to Ph ilip were the i t of his roth er th e Cardinal g f b , l nte erdinand . Th e firs t A 22 ate F ( 4 , p 59) the lobster- tail tasse ts and is lue and , b d ra ted with ve rtical bands Of medallions with e w l r so e u s su c ts . h is su it as ormer fo m bj T f y , s l ond ure reason a c ri ed to Co umus . Th e sec , b b A 3 - 28 was ori inall lue and ilt bu t ( 4 3 4 ) g y b d g , ratural colo u r o f the me tal has nowreasse rted e ou r is is tri u te ove r th ree fi res I. Th arm u d b d g , includes se ve ral pieces fastbecoming Obsole te a ttime I 6 No tice the unusualsize Of th e - - o e e de rein nthe firs tfigu r . ' ‘ ith th ese s u its th e ( ardinal se nt another for bo - ne h e w Prince Baltasar Ca rlos 162 y p , ( 9 his ar o u r is lllllt‘ more th ana to and i . m ) T y , erves its blacke ning and gilding almost unim ed . he magnifice ntly e ngraved collar and gorge t Ibered A - A 1 lates are now 434 44 (p 93 , 9 4) 140 SPANISH ARMS AND ARnw-tm lmownmrepresentth e siege of OStend ufior- xfiou and the Battle of Nieu ort 1600 The p ( ) . details m ex ecuted with marvenous d earnmand the d xh d ling reflects th e greatest cre dit on the unkmn gorget is pao bably the Archduke Albrect b distinguish ed himself by his valour at th e m of Nieuport. Thwe pieoos were womover a bd This brief survey of the principal objwts d interes tinth e Roy al Armoury at Madr-id my be and vicissitudes of thates bl origin ta ishment. lb Fmeror Charles V . not with a viewto a m p , P tionbu tfor his personal use . bilip IL was wt slowto meogniae th e y alue of the W h o On queathe d himby his father. his re turu to ‘ a rid u o thc death of his wife Mar l uda M d , p n , y . added to itfrmntime to time trophiee wontrmth enmies of S ain and such anti uities of natimel p , q l a inerest as he could romo m: and mi it ry t p . ood examle was followed b his sum g p y the manufacture of defensive armour m ceased atthe end of the seventeenth centumfl 142 SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR enem twent leath er shields and all the wooden y , y , figures prepared for th e arrangementof the armour. W ith outh esitationth e work was begunall over Th e in a ded newand riceles s ac ua again. K g d p q tions to th e collection amon th ese ein eleven , g b g ex amples Of fifteenth - century brigandine armour (quilted j ackets with th e additional protectionof pla tes Of ironsecured among th e pads) discovered in ra on and several Of th e fines t ieces inthe A g , p armouries Of th e D ukes Of Osuna and del Infantado. Her Ma est u eenCristina durin h er re enc j y Q , g g y , was not forgetful Of th e interest taken by her lamented h usband inthis magnificent Museumof Arms and th an s to h er th e nume r of its , k , b sures h as e e N is trea b enmaterially incr ased . or it likely th at any Opportunity of adding to the value and usefulness Of th e collection will be neglected during th e reign Of a young Monarch evote li e so man Of his illustrious ances tors d d , k y , to manl ex ercises d v y an chi alrous traditions . P LATE tu . M U R P P H l P W E muoso u e. A 10. Til-TING AR O O U PLATE i n m t“ fl fl N n n m i m s urww fi rm-mo L O “ ou . e u s c . m r r s CA T ALOG U E To a luminu o wo m. l R YA T I ? A M ' A w V AR A50 0”. 8 A ol . O L L R OU R O N AM . C N ARLG . V . O V A "0 A RMOU R "nu rs e Y O OW LQ O V. I V 9 MAM OU KS 0 YU Ao ’ l l \TR Mt " RNU OOP UA A RMO R OP OH . A 6 . CO U M V ' P LA 3 0 l F. . A R M O U R o r u u rtt t s v P R O U A BL ' M A D : 6 1 N EG RO “ PLA Tl: 83 . A RM R F H A R E W OW O O C L S V . L AH O V U O O. ARMOU R ? OHARLEQ V AU O AU RO OR RU NN ER” O . A t ( i ‘s Ca rm e n. ) A my . ARMOU R or PRmct mm? to ) or e - . cu u s ’ ‘ PLA I R 46 . A an. ARMOU R mos ro e pru ne s e mu e tn) o r won r n o u e ve n u m). A 243 equs svmm ARMOU R o r mu min 0 M ND W OLF or LA N DS HU 8 | U T . w M R A R V " ER 'I'U RV fi A O60. AR A R O ( L TN O l U , , m l'l AT“ m H “ . 'PP ( “ MA R U l k fi Of u A RMOU R O? FRONOE PlL O ARMOU R RG RT P RO M FLAROQ RR OR u se RV M ARIA. CLARA EU O I RM TO RH OU PL ATE M . ARMOU R ABORODRO Y O DO N A LOR RO OCI RS O“ “ i t A l l R O RT L A ALC'OC‘. t,“ H AL F ARMO R C' T H E POS T OA RC‘L ASO 0 U 7. ' o G a va num \ u A. ) ? ARM U R R J AN ARM ! 0 ! AW U R T R MAL O O U “ . OO O ( th e Cs r A wrml - J ll G V MA ? A RMO R W OT" M G OA LL IOR O R OR A a O S L U . C Q OR MU TlU S PLATE 90. A t - ta . L OO H T W A R A RMO R or U v. counte r AR O mu tt? or lu ne roam ALS n n O N o i s a e “ . m BU RG OR ET OP KONG S EBAST lAN F ORTUG A A O P L. M H U P m O R'O R G IV EN TO P LO , W H E N RT TH E OU RE OF Tfi R RA NOVA P LATE “0. 0 b . I U RO N ( T OCT“ C NTU RY . “ cou nt 0 0 m 0 . E 0 ( L U ? N A 6 T}: 12 . A ‘01 “AS “ ON OW . M OI A we. ROMA N H Q L MCT r m “ ’ o e i t. " v ! ( omau s v. a ” OQ OASS Q Y W “ .CH OELON OED o t"( ‘S m “ a .” 7 ° no num“ Lo n-on to a n. m: “ g amma ‘ l lA T E 180. t r m n a ! fi n . H u o u o s M a a n 0 a nc e TA Q I Q TH E CAT“ ! OF FAVN 0 7 8 H | D . 8 EL PR ES ENTED TO PH 'U P BY W E U KE OF S A VOY IN 10 D 08 . S HI D AND SW O OF FRA NCIS I. 0 ? F M 6 . EL RD RA N I'I A IA D S IG N : T H E G A AT T fi B TT LE OP PAV . E LLI ATT mm N A T E . 0 07 DW O Of DH IU P II W IN TN ‘ “ A . RD . M NT H RN f III CLE E O O DOL DEN. PLATE ‘s‘ r c u ou u s u o no 0 6 H u mo r ; t a u nt ICY N CG NT U O V A O ? ”TM , ( L CI D Y U Q Y . mon o“ D'OU ONT P l l l l fl fl o I V TH. non W il l. DY OU R. O' DAM 10 e nn v m ! m( u i m . wool ‘ we PLATI; . Amt“ I W IT H N ARM ? “ “ OH tLD . T E ! 0 t“OO I A U AU N.’ PLAT! s wa W IT H u a o o T t. rou o b ua o a 0? V l: u n , o D c 00 c u ' Fu muo OP AmOH S W ORD O ? P N ILIP W swoao or 0 s ome a : unma n u m: m g . u c u nf u h DAOOCR A ’ H F W A . OC LLO I D AL Y swono mmR P INY r I . O U N D OA R AI n O . o O L O o L A Vt “ " wh o mm o o r h “n . T u o s ot t e t” o n . o o ; c m st D “ ma g nu mN OW !“ u noma “ ant enna o n ' (M ount owu t u k b ufi w 0: “ wa s \ Q “ a; m y swo uo r va c n r o cou t o n nm. w m co u e. r ee t: o r u t “ h ome or a “008 1. swno "TH c u " wu ! . a o . m . m mo. s o o 0 m v . an a we. mor 107 N n on n o " u r mn. . T c l u 0A oe u ' r u u nv o , voua e ooe o. o c t tu . twano r n mtn n n om o . ou : e w wn o . o o to u n . I’l ARMN l. l . T l N tLDl I7 ”. 04 H u a ng . g “ "mu s " u “ s t. m . Lu cia na!“ 0! a . a m o a t; c a n“ . m. mono 0 ! su ». s nD 0 5 P H I LIP 00 um swo uo mmr un u ns Ioe a u ml ww o s . o wow. mono or nu nmc omes u mm. aomnc tnt nmor 040 mm mu. LO DI RA EW OQ D OF DY VEND IN A N O. nu s S W ORD O’ DO N 0 0 00 "0 07 6 00 0 6 0 1 ’ ’ I N . I l. VI I: EOP ADOR o n LAM ) : two- nua nc e mono 00 w u u v N M S W ORD O F I N S COU T L E OO. VA LENCIAR OwORD OP '( RDIRAN O D A LA N O Q TW P ISTO LS O ! c u m" . moo. G EAU U L c onsona nt wmc n 0£ L0 ~ Oto 7 0 ”4t N tl ’A OOR O' DI KOD G ARC I A DE DA Rl Du l’ N U A Of AU OYRIA $ 0 0! r l u n ! P LA W NO S W OR D O DO O R . o g CW OR D O F i EORO “ ( R OI R OI AH LCD ‘ - l I 0“. I . \ T 2 I w - n c r n-no "00. mo o sw a o " J o v o o o b . N : tu r no u t: ‘ W at N N 1 I? " m. S O m ! O G AT 5 0 0 6 0 W CU . 0 J RD CLS. w - ou n s wn ! ms-n s ms. T o c e !) o o 0 e u v n um« Ac es 0! T m: c mmon 0 ! mmn t os o c o o m r . , c o c ou nts amno t S Y M IIU 'Q Of “ MM ! “ 7 0 's 0 ? c ontent v I’ I \T R Ifl R M ? lf l' RE N T wu r na V TROPIN PO ED O O t o . I Dl ( U M ‘ m l l W . 2 ’ I AO a n o a ! m L c a to a omqwu Of P R OU D u ' I‘L VI E as . ' TALL DAIALL DN ICLD OR “( A D S ” N wr mTn: “ a s 0? M n. . - NY AND V0 48 “ N i lR AFFARE . ms WW I . A LDO W 058 0 ? mo . qu u u u mv or me 9 OP DN IU P . BED AN DN AIR M n 0 on. ) M P t . - m H “ R W u m u amt1 0 0 ( 5mmnu u 247 . mW V. BU FE o r PASSE- G AR ESPALIERS RONDEL REREo BREAST PLAT E with LANCE- RE TAO BRACS TASSETS G amomu fi m J AM B T H E S P A N I S H S E R I E S VER By ALBERT F. CAL T NEW and imu ta nt se ries 0! volu mes d ealin with p , g S a min its vario u s “ oe ts Its h istor its cuties and A p p , y . mo nu me nts Ea c h volu me wI be co mle te initneII . p n a u nllmmInnd m a nd the nu mbe r a nd e x c e IIe nce of th e I g. “ te pro dnc tmmfro mpic tu re s “1 "ju s t v th e c la i mthat tha n Doc k s co mprw th e mm! c u pmmly Illu s tra te d s e nt-v that bu - e t be e n Is s u e d s o me v u lu me s h av in ov e r m) a e s of y , g 4 p g - f ll ll c lnlh u I u m«s e tc Th " wrlv w “ III “ mu move n t l t a . r p p , 6 u s IIIID I I J I IH II ‘ ( mY A “ II II akin-« rations TH I I I N : M s h k th I n N u I I x ‘ ' . I R H !“ ( “ R I -« A W 1- 1 h ; u n t : \ I I I I I. \ ' I m I Ii fl 'n I m I s : man : \ I ” ! F Y \ l’ \ x n o \ ' . I mu « w A l l ‘ I( I n “ I . . M us h " M u ss u m“ u m I: ( u ns u ng A M » m M a nn-a s L I H S IIP R 'J H ' ' T u wa n x n! I n I\ w. s l I n s o ! ( A ru m-"A a Inl mmc Is u s m a u u mn V in u m S wa n : t . a V ALL A oou o Ovu no Smwv u , . . l l a wn A vxu m Z A l aa o . o ta SPA N ISH A R M S D E D I CA T E D B Y S P E C I A L 9 8 8 3 8358 10 ”TD U N IFORM WI TH TH I S VOL U M E A G U IDE AN D H ANDBOOK TO TH E ROYAL PIC RE G ALL ER F MA D R ID ILLU STRA TED W ITH TU Y O . 2 2 1 RE P RODU CTIONS FROM P HOTOG RA P H S OF OLD M A S T E R S . B Y A L B E R T F . C A L V E R T A ND C G A S U OINE H A RTL E . Q Y HIS volume is an attempt to suppla ient the accurate but Itafl no ed e om ca ta l o a ic ' tes contain inth d al l p ture iralla y fi eh is c l - side cd th e fincs t in the world. t has been said th at th e day m ‘ enters tbe Prado ior the finttime is animptr tantewnt like “ th e birth ol a chilQ or th e coming into an Inheri tante z n n ' ' pa ience of which one fieels the enceta to the day of me s de a th . The ex cellence of th e Madrid gallery is the ex ce llence of exclu sion itis a ollecti oi Here one becomes conscious o i a trash t c on magnifi centgems. po h Murillo and is amazed anewb th e as onishin a ritionoi Velaz ez e , y t g ppa qu hu h v o tru t r miracles oi art. in , a ri al y i ’ The task oi selec ting ctures for reproductionfromt h at is perhaps h t endid aller of mas ters inex ista i ce was one o i onli t g y . tle d i ed ”. bu tit s belie ved th atth e collectionis re resenta tive and th t p , a th e la m wi forma service able comanionto th e Visitor to Th e P ii p rado . U N I FOR J I W I TH TH I S L A BIOG R A P H Y A N D A P P R ECIA TION . ILL U S T R ATED BY R EP ROD U CT IONS OF OV ER 140 O F HIS B Y L B E R T F C A L V E R T S A . P I CT U R E . A S U OIN E H A RTLEY C. G Q s h h s w i h ims at re se ntin e ve r as e c t t f S s ?! N a S e rie s uc as t i . h c a p g y p as mine nce ina rt a nd i t! h e r a rtis ts th e work o f Do me nic o Th e -t ‘t e , s t be a llotte d a volu me to itse lf. El G re co a s h e I s Ca ll d a t; mu . . ‘e fle ts m lse a d as be e nsa id to consti tu te th e s u re me f ! l C th e i pu . n h p g e s u t a Ve ne i a n I“ nin a z -ts of th e Ve ne tia n ra wa a C re e k b re e . t tra i g . y p l danb d o tion li l ic tu s inth e Prad o are sti ll ca ta lo mo T o e y a p . s re g uni a r f th e lta lmns c h oo l u i fore i ne r as h e “ as inh it» h e art h e “ I; tr: th ose o . g . as s h th S a nia d S pani h t an e p r s . l G re ni s t i ll a ona te l e xtra va anti S a nis h a d w s E e y p c a y . ssi y . g y p n i th h ad ve nt S anis h aintin a id aside e ve r trace o f Provinc u li s mand ne “ , p p g y . w Ne le c ted f forth to compe l th e inte re st of the world . e o r many ce nturi es and still ofte nmis ud ed h is lace inart is anassure d one . It Is i mo ssi h e j g . p p re s ma a o lo urist ina work o f th is natu re butth e a t t to p e nt h i s c . u h o r h as a — toge th e r re prod uctions of no fe we r th an no of h is picture s a greater ' u mbe th ve l h ed of El G ree ns wo n r anhas e r be fore be e npub is rks . T H E A L H A M B R A H Rs TOG ETHER WITH A P ARTIC A OP THE oo . U L R U NT OF THE CONSTR U CTION THE ARCHIm AOOO . TU RE AND THE DECORATION OF THE Hoontsn A ACE W ITH 80 COLOU RED PLATE AN EA P L . S D N RLY 300 BLACK AN D W HITE ILLU STRATIONS (NEw N D D IC T D BY P RMIS I N EDrrIO ) . E A E E S O 10 ml. x m KING ALFONSO . Size to x P RESS NOTICES “ t too much to sa that Has lnmany respects “ is one ot th e most mu nIficent any boob onthe Alhamhl -a ' h eh np the En iish to the e en ha g pt s t ve apf e ared inow W wn o W W “. o o tmtry a abroad “ It is one ol th e m (1. 5mm.minmising th most h eantlfd p ” m a m m ~ Mu ta tions. M ed ic ? “ “ ‘ ‘ M cQ u e n-time lhe mnst oomple to reootd ot this e ” “ de cl archltecttmwhich has evc M d fi nl f M as. c . m , bu n ca e -u lan much is. a g p d. E mm ' ‘ W “ a“ . “ Ibe mnst besutih l booh on e. “ A treasure to the student of - ” b oa adve nt. H ors t-( AW . sub ec t. “ j l a minar h as givenus a Book “ ltis the lastword onthe su b iect. “ A m w tm May be counted mm; the mm gl llfl l ti A fl ; , l. “ “ Ho s -ide a thath a A n d-d u h p ll ita , " ‘ m u n bon wwld c sdlt a hb s f -g ib d the month . d 'ii fi h hu