Gender Paper

GENDER PAPER

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY INFLUENCE TOWARDS RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS

POLICY DISCUSSION DOCUMENT 2014

GENDER PAPER

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY INFLUENCE TOWARDS RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS

POLICY DISCUSSION DOCUMENT

2014

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 1 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS 1. INTRODUCTION

The advent of democracy presented the South African government with the opportunity to change the life trajectory of women ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘ŵƉŚĂƐŝƐǁĂƐƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶĂŶĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞƐŽĐŝĞƚǇĂŶĚŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽŚĂĚďĞĞŶŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůǇĞǆĐůƵĚĞĚĨƌŽŵƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŽĨƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘tŽŵĞŶ ƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂŌĞƌϭϵϵϰĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽůŝǀĞůŽŶŐĞƌƚŚĂŶŵĞŶĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞŵĂŶǇůŝĨĞƐƚǇůĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƉŽƐƚ ϭϵϵϰ͘dŚĞƉŽůŝƟĐĂůǁŝůůƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀĞůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨĂůůǁŽŵĞŶǁĂƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ environment to achieve gender equality.

ƐǁĞŵŽǀĞĨƌŽŵĂĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶ͕ŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐǇƐƉĂĐĞŝŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ ƚŽĚĂǇǁĂƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇĂŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕ĂŶĚůĞƐƐŽŶƐůĞĂƌŶƚǁŝůůƐŚĂƉĞƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŬŝŶĚŽĨůŝǀĞƐǁĞĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŽůŝǀĞ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌƉŽůŝĐǇůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚ mould South Africa’s future trajectory is embraced. dŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƚƐĂŶĂŶĂůǇƟĐĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĂŝŵĞĚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŐĂŝŶƐŵĂĚĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ ƚǁĞŶƚǇǇĞĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶĚƌŝŐŚƚƐĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŚĂƚƉĞƌƐŝƐƚ͕ĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞƐǁŚĂƚ ƉŽůŝĐǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŵŽǀĞƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂŐĞŶĚĂĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘

ƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞũŽƵƌŶĞǇƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĂĚǀĞŶƚŽĨĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŶƚŚĞĨĂĐĞŽĨĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŝƌƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͘dŚĞ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐůĞĂƌŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞďǇĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůǇĂŶĚďǇ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůǇ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĞƉŽůŝƟĐĂůŝŵƉĞƚƵƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĂƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶďǇƚŚĞ ĮŌŚĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝŶŐƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůǇƚŽĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚǁŽƵůĚŵĞĂŶƚŚĂƚ ƌĂĚŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘,ĞŶĐĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐǇĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐŝƐŶŽƚƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚŝŶĂŶĚďǇƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐʹǁŚĂƚŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚĂƌĞƉŽůŝĐǇ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĞǆƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌǇ͕ĂƐƚŽŶŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚďĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂůŵƐŽĨ͚ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƐƵƐƵĂů͛͘ŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐǇŐĂƉƐ͕ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐǁŝůůƚŚƵƐĂƐƐŝƐƚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ĂƐŝƚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƚŚĞĂƐƐƵŵƉƟŽŶƐŵĂĚĞďǇŐĞŶĚĞƌͲ ďůŝŶĚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌͲŶĞƵƚƌĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĐĂŶďĞƚƌĞĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǁĂǇĂƐƚŚĞǇĂƌĞĂīĞĐƚĞĚĞƋƵĂůůǇďǇƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ͘ 2. PROGRESS IN CONTEXT dŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŵĂĚĞďǇ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƐƟůů ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ͕ŝƐŐůŽďĂůůǇĐŽŵƉĂƌĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƐŽŵĞŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐƚŚĞĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƐǁĞŚĂǀĞŵĂĚĞĂƌĞŵĂŬŝŶŐƵƐŐůŽďĂůůĞĂĚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ dŚĞtŽƌůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚZĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϭϮ͗'ĞŶĚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚďǇƚŚĞtŽƌůĚĂŶŬ͕ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐ ŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚŚĂǀĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇ͕ĂƚĂƉĂĐĞĂŶĚƐĐŽƉĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĞǀĞŶϮϬƚǁĞŶƚǇǇĞĂƌƐĂŐŽ͘ tŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞŵĂĚĞƵŶƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞĚŐĂŝŶƐŝŶƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽũŽďƐĂŶĚůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐ͘DŽƌĞĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂŶĞǀĞƌ ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞĞƋƵĂůƌŝŐŚƚƐŝŶƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͕ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ͘'ĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶƉƌŝŵĂƌǇƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐŚĂǀĞĐůŽƐĞĚŝŶŵĂŶǇĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͖ ǁŚŝůĞŝŶĂƚŚŝƌĚŽĨĂůůĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŐŝƌůƐŶŽǁŽƵƚŶƵŵďĞƌďŽǇƐŝŶƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇƐĐŚŽŽů͘DŽƌĞǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĂŶŵĞŶĂƩĞŶĚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶϲϬĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŵŽƌĞŝŶƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞ͗ƚŚĞǇŶŽǁŵĂŬĞƵƉĨŽƌϰϬйŽĨƚŚĞŐůŽďĂů ůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞĂŶĚϰϯйŽĨŝƚƐĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ǁŽŵĞŶŶŽǁůŝǀĞůŽŶŐĞƌƚŚĂŶŵĞŶŝŶĞǀĞƌǇƐŝŶŐůĞƌĞŐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘

ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐĂƚƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůůĞǀĞů͕ŐĂƉƐƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŵĂŶǇĂƌĞĂƐ͕ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƐŝŵŝůĂƌŝƟĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞ tŽƌůĚĂŶŬZĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϭϮŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƐŽŵĞĂƌĞĂƐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͗ŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽĂƌĞ ƉŽŽƌ͕ůŝǀĞŝŶƌĞŵŽƚĞĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂƌĞĚŝƐĂďůĞĚ͕ŽƌďĞůŽŶŐƚŽŵŝŶŽƌŝƚǇŐƌŽƵƉƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽůĂŐďĞŚŝŶĚ͘tŽŵĞŶƐƟůůĨĂůůďĞŚŝŶĚŝŶĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌǀŽŝĐĞƐŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĚŝĞʹƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽŵĂůĞƐʹŝŶŵĂŶǇůŽǁͲĂŶĚ ŵŝĚĚůĞͲŝŶĐŽŵĞĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐŝŶƌŝĐŚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐʹĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŝŶĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĂŶĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞǇĞĂƌƐ͘ Primary and secondary schooling enrollments for girls remain much lower than for boys in many Sub-Saharan African countries ĂŶĚƐŽŵĞƉĂƌƚƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚƐŝĂ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂŵŽŶŐĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŚĂŶŵĞŶƚŽǁŽƌŬĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚ ĨĂŵŝůǇůĂďŽƵƌĞƌƐŽƌŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͖ƚŽĨĂƌŵƐŵĂůůĞƌƉůŽƚƐĂŶĚŐƌŽǁůĞƐƐƉƌŽĮƚĂďůĞĐƌŽƉƐ͖ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞŝŶƐŵĂůůĞƌĮƌŵƐĂŶĚůĞƐƐ ƉƌŽĮƚĂďůĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͖ĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇĞĂƌŶůĞƐƐ͘tŽŵĞŶʹĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƉŽŽƌǁŽŵĞŶʹŚĂǀĞůĞƐƐƐĂǇŽǀĞƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚůĞƐƐĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽǀĞƌ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘/ŶŵŽƐƚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ĨĞǁĞƌǁŽŵĞŶƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƉŽůŝƟĐƐƚŚĂŶŵĞŶĂŶĚĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ upper echelons of power.

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 2 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ϯ͘ UNDERSTANDING WHAT WE MEAN BY GENDER EQUALITY

'ĞŶĚĞƌƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂů͕ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐĂŶĚĞǆƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƌŵƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚďĞŝŶŐĂǁŽŵĂŶŽƌ ĂŵĂŶ͘'ĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽŚŽǁƚŚĞƐĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŚŽǁǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĂŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƉŽǁĞƌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚƌĞĞŬĞǇĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͗ x ƚŚĞĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŶĚŽǁŵĞŶƚƐ;ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐͿ͖ x ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞŶĚŽǁŵĞŶƚƐƚŽƚĂŬĞƵƉĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĐŽŵĞƐ͖ĂŶĚ x ƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĞŶĚŽǁŵĞŶƚƐƚŽƚĂŬĞĂĐƟŽŶ͕ŽƌĂŐĞŶĐǇ͕ĂīĞĐƟŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĂŶĚĨĂŵŝůǇǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇǁŚĞƌĞƐŚŽƌƞĂůůƐŽĨĐŚŽŝĐĞĂƌĞƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƐŚŽƌƞĂůůƐŽĨǁĞůĨĂƌĞ͘dŚĞǇŵĂƩĞƌŝŶĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͘ ƵƚƚŚĞǇĂƌĞĂůƐŽĐůŽƐĞůǇŝŶƚĞƌůŝŶŬĞĚ͘

'ĞŶĚĞƌ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŝƐ ďŽƚŚ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ƚŽ ĂŶĚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƌĂĐĞ Žƌ ĞƚŚŶŝĐŝƚǇ͘ dŚƌĞĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂƌĞŽĨƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͗ x dŚĞǁĞůĨĂƌĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĂŶĚͬŽƌĨĂŵŝůǇŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůǇ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐ compounded by the paucity of data on outcomes in the household / family. x WƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŶĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĐĂŶĚŝīĞƌƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůǇďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶ͕ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐďŽƚŚďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ and “learned” social behaviours. x 'ĞŶĚĞƌĐƵƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶƐŽĨŝŶĐŽŵĞĂŶĚĐůĂƐƐ͘

,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŽŝŶƚƚŽďĞĂƌŝŶŵŝŶĚŝƐƐŚŽƵůĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇďĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĂƐĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐŽƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨ outcomes?: x tŚĞƌĞŝĨŝƚǁĂƐĂĐĂƐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐŝƚǁŽƵůĚĂůůŽǁŽŶĞƚŽĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌŝƐĞĨƌŽŵ ĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐďĞǇŽŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞƚŚĂƚƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ͘ x tŚĞƌĞŝĨŝƚǁĂƐĂĐĂƐĞŽĨĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐƚŚĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĂƫƚƵĚĞƐĂƌĞůĂƌŐĞůǇ͚ůĞĂƌŶĞĚ͛ĂŶĚŶŽƚ ŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚʹƚŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞǇĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚůĞĂĚŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝǌĞƐŽĐŝĂůŶŽƌŵƐĂŶĚ ĞǆƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘WĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƉŽǁĞƌĂŶĚƐƚĂƚƵƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĐĂŶďĞĐŽŵĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝǌĞĚŝŶĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐĂŶĚƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŚĂƚƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƚĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͘

/ƚ ŝƐ ƚŚƵƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐ ŚŽǁ ĂĐƚƵĂů ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ͘ KŶůǇ ďǇ ĂƩĞŵƉƟŶŐƚŽĞƋƵĂůŝǌĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĐĂŶŽŶĞďƌĞĂŬƚŚĞǀŝĐŝŽƵƐĐǇĐůĞŽĨůŽǁĂƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚůŽǁŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇ͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚŝŶ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůǇĨƌŽŵŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĂƐƚŚĞǇĂƌĞďŽƚŚƟŐŚƚůǇŝŶƚĞƌůŝŶŬĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌǁŚĂƚŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝƐƚŚĂƚ ŐƌŽƐƐŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ͘

ϰ͘ UNDERPINNINGS OF THIS PAPER tŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƚŽƐĞĞŬŶŽƚũƵƐƚŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐďƵƚĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚĐĂŶƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŚĂƌĚůǇ ŝŐŶŽƌĞƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶŚŝƐƚŽƌǇ͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞƐŚĂƉĞĚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ /Ŷ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂƌŝĐŚŚŝƐƚŽƌǇŽĨƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƐĐŚƌŽŶŝĐůĞĚĨƌŽŵǁĂǇďĂĐŬŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇϭϵϬϬ͛Ɛ͘DŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƚŚĞtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŚĂƌƚĞƌŽĨϭϵϱϰ͕ƚŚĞϭϵϱϲŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐDĂƌĐŚƚŽƚŚĞďĂƐƟŽŶŽĨĂƉĂƌƚŚĞŝĚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞϭϵϵϰtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŚĂƌƚĞƌĨŽƌ īĞĐƟǀĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇůĞŶĚĐƌĞĚĞŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞƌŽůĞǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞƉůĂǇĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽƉůĂǇŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝƐƐƵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘dŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂůŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƐƚƌŽŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞEtŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ>ĞĂŐƵĞ͕^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶtŽŵĞŶŝŶŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ;^t/ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞWƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ;WtD^Ϳ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 3 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS There are four ways women’s ideas have had an impact on development and advancement of women: x dŚĞǇŚĂǀĞĂůƚĞƌĞĚŚŽǁŝƐƐƵĞƐĂƌĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĂŐĞŶĚĂƐĨŽƌĂĐƟŽŶ x dŚĞǇŚĂǀĞƉƌŽĚĚĞĚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽŐĞŶĚĞƌŝƐƐƵĞƐ x dŚĞǇŚĂǀĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŶĞǁƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƚƐĨŽƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĐŽĂůŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůĨŽƌĐĞƐƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ x dŚĞǇŚĂǀĞďĞĐŽŵĞĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĐĂƌƌǇƚŚĞƐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘

ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĚŝĸĐƵůƚǇĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵĂƩĞŵƉƟŶŐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚĂƌĞ͞ǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŝƐƐƵĞƐ͟ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞǆƚĂŶĚĚǇŶĂŵŝĐƐŝŶ a deeply unequal world that we live in. Previously women’s movements may have been primarily concerned with working toward ĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐďĞƩĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ͘dŚĞĨŽĐƵƐǁĂƐŵĂŝŶůǇŽŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĂƚǁĂƐĂŐƌĞĂƚůǇŶĞŐůĞĐƚĞĚ ƐƵďũĞĐƚ͕ŝƚǁĂƐŝŶĚĞĞĚĂŐŽŽĚĐŽƌƌĞĐƟǀĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐƚŚĞĂŝŵƐĂŶĚŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŚĂǀĞŐƌĂĚƵĂůůǇ ĞǀŽůǀĞĚĂŶĚďƌŽĂĚĞŶĞĚĨƌŽŵĂ͞ǁĞůĨĂƌŝƐƚ͟ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĂĨƵůůĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĂĐƟǀĞƌŽůĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂŐĞŶĐǇ͘EŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌƚƌĞĂƚĞĚĂƐƉĂƐƐŝǀĞƌĞĐŝƉŝĞŶƚƐŽĨǁĞůĨĂƌĞͲĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇƐĞĞŶʹďǇŵĞŶĂƐǁĞůůĂƐǁŽŵĞŶʹĂƐ ĂĐƟǀĞĂŐĞŶƚƐŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞĂŶĚĂƐĚǇŶĂŵŝĐƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƌƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĂůƚĞƌƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨďŽƚŚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶ͘tŚĞŶ YƵĞĞŶsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ͚ŵĂĚ͕ǁŝĐŬĞĚĨŽůůǇŽĨ͞ǁŽŵĂŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕͛͟ƐŚĞŵŝŐŚƚŚĂǀĞƌĞĂůůǇƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌ ŽĨƚŚĞ͞ǁŝĐŬĞĚĨŽůůǇ͘͟dŚĞƌŽůĞĂŶĚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƌĞĂĐŚŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂŐĞŶĐǇŚĂƐŚĂĚĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚŝŵƉĂĐƚĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ĂīĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞ ůŝǀĞƐŽĨĂůů͗ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŐŝƌůƐ͕ŵĞŶĂŶĚďŽǇƐ͘ tŽŵĞŶĂůƐŽĨĂĐĞƚŚĞĚŝůĞŵŵĂŽĨŚŽǁƚŽƉƌŽĐĞĞĚŵŽƐƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇʹǁŽƵůĚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƐƉĂĐĞĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞŵƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĞŝƌŐŽĂůƐŽƌ ǁŽƵůĚŝƚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝǌĞĚ͚ŐŚĞƩŽ͍͛ŽŶǀĞƌƐĞůǇƐŚŽƵůĚƚŚĞǇĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŽƌǁŽƵůĚƚŚĂƚĚŝůƵƚĞƚŚĞŝƌŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵ͍ These are key concepts that the women’s sector in South Africa must grapple with now. How do we arrive at that middle ground ƚŚĂƚŝƐƐƟůůĂďůĞƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ͕ƉƵƫŶŐƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵĂƐĞƋƵĂůĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͕ǇĞƚƐƟůůƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŚĞůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĂŐĞŶĐǇ͍ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůǇƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌƌĂŝƐĞƐƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƐĞĐƚŽƌŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽďĞŐŝŶƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĂƚ ͞ƌĞƐƵůƚ͟ŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇĚŝĚŶŽƚĚĞƐŝƌĞŽƌǁŝƐŚĨŽƌʹĂ͞ŶŽƚƚŚŝƐ͕ĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇŶŽƚƚŚŝƐ͟ŵŽŵĞŶƚ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŽƵůĚĞǀĞŶ be called “unintended consequences”. Together. with this must ensue a discussion on the backlash to women’s empowerment and gender equality. tŽŵĞŶĂůƐŽƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞŝƐĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůŽƌƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚʹŚĞŶĐĞĂƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚʹŽŶĞǁŚŝĐŚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŐƌŽƐƐŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚƉĂƚƌŝĂƌĐŚĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐƉĂĐĞĂƐƉĂƌƚĂŶĚƉĂƌĐĞůŽĨƚŚĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽďĞĨŽƵŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘͘Ő͘ŽŵĞƐƟĐ sŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͖ŝƐƐƵĞƐŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĂƐĞĂƌůǇĂŶĚĨŽƌĐĞĚŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞƐ͕ƵŬƵƚŚǁĂůĂĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞŐĞŶŝƚĂů ŵƵƟůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŽĨ͞ǀŝƌŐŝŶŝƚǇͬ͟ĐŚĂƐƚĞŶĞƐƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ dŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌƐĞĞŬƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽďĞƚŚĞǁĂǇǁŽŵĞŶǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘tŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞďĂƐĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŽƵƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽĞůŝĐŝƟŶŐƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞǁĞǁĂŶƚƚŽƐĞĞ͘tĞŶĞĞĚƚŽ ĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚŚĂƌĚͲĐŽƌĞƚŚĞŽƌĞŵƐŽĨĞƉŝƐƚĞŵŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƚŽƌǇƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚŝĞƐĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚ ĂŶĂƫƚƵĚĞŽĨ͞ŶŽƚƚŚŝƐ͕ŶŽƚƚŚŝƐ͟ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌ͞ƚŚĂƚ͘͟tĞŵƵƐƚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞĚŝĐŚŽƚŽŵŝĞƐŽĨĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƌǇĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ŚŽŵĞĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ͘KƵƌĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞǀŽŝĐĞƐŽĨƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽǁŽƌŬŝŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞĂĐĂĚĞŵǇĂƌĞŐƌĞĂƚůǇƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĨŽƌƵƐƚŽĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƚĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂƚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌ of all spaces.

KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐƌŝƟĐĂůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐǁĞŵƵƐƚŐƌĂƉƉůĞǁŝƚŚŝƐǁŚĂƚŬŝŶĚŽĨŝĚĞŽůŽŐǇƚŚĂƚŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐ ƚŚĞƐĞĞŵŝŶŐůǇŽƉƉŽƐĞĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞďŽƚŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĂŶĚĞƋƵĂůƚŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŚŽǁŵƵƐƚƚŚŝƐŝĚĞŽůŽŐǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇ ƵŶĨŽůĚĂƚƚŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁĞŵŽǀĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚ equality of outcomes for women forward. tŚĂƚŝƐĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐƌŝƟĐĂůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨŵŽǀŝŶŐĂǁĂǇĨƌŽŵƉĞƌĐĞŝǀŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂƐƌĞĐŝƉŝĞŶƚƐŽĨǁĞůĨĂƌĞĂŶĚ ďĞŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞƚŽŽŶĞǁŚĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞƐĞĞŶĂƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƐ͘,ĞŶĐĞŝƚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞ women in the process of planning and making decisions of how development should unfold. The development of women must be based on their roles as producers and not necessarily as consumers or home managers. This concept of “producer’ incorporates ǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƌŽůĞƐĂƐƵŶƉĂŝĚĐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞƌƐ͕ĂƐŵŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĂƐŚŽŵĞŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ĂƐƐƵďƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 4 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚŝƐ ƉĂƉĞƌ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶũĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƌƵǆ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ůŝĞƐ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŚĞƌƌŝŐŚƚƚŽŽǁŶŽƌŚŽůĚŽƌŝŶŚĞƌŝƚŽƌĂĐƋƵŝƌĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ͖ĐĂƌƌǇŽŶĂŶǇƚƌĂĚĞ͕ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶŽƌǀŽĐĂƟŽŶ͖Žƌ ĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂŶǇƌĞŵƵŶĞƌĂƟǀĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͘^ŽůŽŶŐĂƐƚŚŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƌŝŐŚƚŝƐŶŽƚĨƵůůǇĐŽŶĐĞĚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĂĐƚƵĂůůǇƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚŝŶĚĂŝůǇůŝĨĞ͕ ĂůůƚĂůŬŽĨƌĞůŝĞĨ͕ƌĞŵĞĚǇŽƌƌĞĨŽƌŵǁŝůůũƵƐƚďĞŚŽƚǁŝŶĚ͘dŚĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶŵƵƐƚĐĞŶƚĞƌŽŶǁŚĂƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐǁŽƌŬʹƚŚĞƌŽůĞƐ ĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĂůůŽƩĞĚƚŽǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƐĞĐůĂŝŵĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐʹŵƵĐŚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚƌĞŵĂŝŶƐŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞ͘

ϱ͘ HOW DOES SA FARE?

dŚĞĞŶƐƵƐϮϬϭϭĚĂƚĂŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚůǇĨĞŵĂůĞ͘tŽŵĞŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞϱϭ͘ϯй;ŝ͘Ğ͘Ϯϲϱϴϭ ϳϲϵͿŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶǁŚŝůĞŵĞŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞϰϴ͘ϳй;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϮϱϭϴϴϳϵϭͿ͘KĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨϱϭϳϳϬϱϲϬ͕ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ;ϬͲϭϴǇĞĂƌƐͿ ŵĂŬĞƵƉϯϲ͘ϴйĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞϭϬ͘ϯй͘KůĚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϴйŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ but this group is growing rapidly1.

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GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 5 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS The Census Survey 2011 shows that more people in South Africa are living in urban areas than in rural areas.

KĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ŵŽƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϲϮ͘ϱйͿĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϯϳ͘ϱйŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵĞŶŽƵƚŶƵŵďĞƌǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵŽƌĞǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĂŶŵĞŶŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽ ŵŝŐƌĂƚŽƌǇůĂďŽƵƌƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘

&ŝŐϭ͗'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ϮϬϭϭ͗^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗^ƚĂƚƐ^͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ĞŶƐƵƐϮϬϭϭƐƚĂƟƐƟĐŝĂŶƌĞůĞĂƐĞWϬϯϬϰ͘ϭ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 6 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS

ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĞŶƐƵƐϮϬϭϭ͕ϰϭ͘ϮйŽĨŚŽƵƐĞͲŚŽůĚƐǁĞƌĞŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇĨĞŵĂůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘dŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚƐŽĨ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŐĞ͕ƉĞĂŬŝŶŐĂƚϲϬ͘ϮйĨŽƌŚĞĂĚƐĂŐĞĚϳϬǇĞĂƌƐĂŶĚŽůĚĞƌ͘/ŶƚŚĞϭϴͲϯϰǇĞĂƌĂŐĞŐƌŽƵƉ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞϯϰ͘ϰй ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ǁŚŝůĞŝŶƚŚĞϯϱͲϱϵǇĞĂƌĂŐĞŐƌŽƵƉƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞϰϬ͘ϮйǁŽŵĞŶŚĞĂĚŝŶŐŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘ƚƚŚĞϲϬͲϲϵǇĞĂƌ ĂŐĞŐƌŽƵƉ͕ϰϳ͘ϳйŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐǁĞƌĞŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŽϲϬ͘ϮйĂƚƚŚĞϳϬнǇĞĂƌĂŐĞŐƌŽƵƉ͘

&ĞŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞͲŚŽůĚƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĂůĂƌŐĞƌĂǀĞƌĂŐĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŝǌĞƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚĞĚ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϭϬйŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂƌĞƐŬŝƉͲŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ ;ǁŚĞƌĞŐƌĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŐƌĂŶĚŵŽƚŚĞƌƐĐĂƌĞĨŽƌŽƌƉŚĂŶĞĚŽƌŐƌĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨƌŽŵĂďƐĞŶƚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐͿ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϯ͘ϮйŽĨŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ2. dŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƐŬŝƉŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŝƐĞǀĞŶůĂƌŐĞƌĂŵŽŶŐŽůĚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ;ϭϱ͘ϭйͿ͘ĞŶƐƵƐϮϬϭϭĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚϯϭ͘ϴйŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϭϴ͘ϰйŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇŵĂůĞƐ͘tŽŵĞŶŚĞĂĚĞĚ house-holds in general tend to be predominantly responsible for the care of children.

2 Ibid

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 7 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS WŽǀĞƌƚǇƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽďĞŐĞŶĚĞƌĞĚ͘&ĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞƉŽŽƌ͕ŵŽƌĞ ůŝŬĞůǇƚŽŚĂǀĞůŽǁŝŶĐŽŵĞƐ͕ŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚůĞƐƐůŝŬĞůǇƚŽŚĂǀĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶ ŚĂůĨ;ϱϭ͘ϰйͿŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂƌĞƉŽŽƌĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϮϵ͘ϱйŽĨŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘ϰϰ͘ϯйŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐǁĞƌĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚŵĞŵďĞƌĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϮϯ͘ϱйŽĨŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘ŚŝůĚͲŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĨĞŵĂůĞͲ ŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂƌĞŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŚƵŶŐĞƌĂŶĚĨŽŽĚŝŶƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇƚŚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘ dŚĞ>ŝǀŝŶŐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ^ƵƌǀĞǇ;>^ͿϮϬϬϴͬϵĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĨĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͕ĂƚƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ;ZϯϬϱƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂƉĞƌ ŵŽŶƚŚŝŶϮϬϬϵƉƌŝĐĞƐͿǁĞƌĞĂůŵŽƐƚƚǁŝĐĞĂƐůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞƉŽŽƌ;ϮϮ͕ϳйǁĞƌĞďĞůŽǁƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ ;ǁŚĞƌĞϭϭ͕ϵйǁĞƌĞďĞůŽǁƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞͿ͘ƚƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌůĞǀĞů;ZϱϳϳƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂŝŶϮϬϬϵƉƌŝĐĞƐͿ͕ϰϵ͘ϵйŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇ ǁŽŵĞŶǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽďĞƉŽŽƌ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϯϬ͘ϰйŽĨŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐϯ͘ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽŶŐĞƌůŝĨĞͲĞǆƉĞĐƚĂŶĐǇ͕ĞůĚĞƌůǇ ĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂƌĞŵƵĐŚůĞƐƐůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞ;ƐƟůůͿŵĂƌƌŝĞĚƚŚĂŶǇŽƵŶŐĞƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŵǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƚŽƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂŶĚĨŽŽĚŝŶƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ ƋƵŝƚĞŽŌĞŶĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞĚďǇďĞŝŶŐƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĐĂƌĞͲŐŝǀĞƌƐƚŽŐƌĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

tŽŵĞŶ͛ƐůŝǀŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞĂƌĞĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĞŝƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽďĞŝŶŐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƐĞĐƵƌŝŶŐďĂƐŝĐŶĞĞĚƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĨĞƚĐŚŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĮƌĞͲǁŽŽĚͿ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĐĂƌĞͲŐŝǀĞƌƐƚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶũƵƐƚ ƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶŽīƐƉƌŝŶŐŝŶĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘dŚŝƐƌŽůĞŝƐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞĚďǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚŽƌƉŚĂŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ,/sĂŶĚ/^ƉĂŶĚĞŵŝĐ͘ The persistent lack of access to basic services increases these poor households’ vulnerability to disease. Larger percentages of ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚŝŶĐŽŵĞŝƐŽŌĞŶƐƉĞŶƚŽŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇůĞƐƐĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĂŶĚůĞƐƐŶƵƚƌŝƟŽƵƐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨĨŽŽĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞ ŚĞĂůƚŚƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶĨĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ;ůƚŵĂŶĞƚĂůϮϬϬϵͿϰ.

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GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 8 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS 6. OVERVIEW OF ACHIEVEMENTS

'ƌĞĂƚƐƚƌŝĚĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞŝŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵĂŶĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂďǇŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶŐƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ ŵĂũŽƌƐŚŝŌƐŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŽƐŽŵĞĚĞŐƌĞĞƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĂƌƌŽǁŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐƚŚĞǁŝĚĞŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŐĂƉŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŚĂǀĞƐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞͲŶŽƚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚǁŝƚŚƌĞŐĂƌĚƚŽ ĚĞũƵƌĞĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞĞǇĞƐŽĨƚŚĞůĂǁ͕ǁŚĞƌĞůĂǁƌĞĨŽƌŵŚĂƐƐĞĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚŽƌǇůĂǁƐĂŶĚ enactment of laws that foster an enabling environment for the advancement of women and the achievement of gender equality. tŝƚŚƌĞŐĂƌĚƚŽĚĞĨĂĐƚŽĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƐƟůůŵƵĐŚƚŽďĞĚŽŶĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨƵůůĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨůĂǁƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘

^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇŶŽƚĞĚŝŶĂƌĞĂƐƐƵĐŚĂƐůĞŐĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ĂƫƚƵĚĞƐ͕ǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĂƚ ƚŚĞƉŽůŝƟĐĂůůĞǀĞů͕ŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨŚŽŵĞƐĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞũƵƐƟĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂĐĞŽĨĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽďĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƐůŽǁ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĂǀĞƌǇŐƌĂĚƵĂůĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƌĞĂůŶŽŶͲƐĞǆŝƐŵ ĂŶĚƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟǀĞŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘

6.1 LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY ENVIRONMENT

^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐůĂǁƐĂŶĚƌĞĨŽƌŵƐĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƐƵĞƐ͗;ŝͿĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůũƵƐƟĐĞŽŶǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝǌĞĚƐĞĐƚŽƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞůĞƐďŝĂŶ͕ŐĂǇ͕ďŝƐĞǆƵĂů͕ƚƌĂŶƐŐĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞǆ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĂŶĚ ŐŝƌůƐ͖ ;ŝŝͿ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĂƌǇ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞƐ͖ ;ŝŝŝͿ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƵŶĚĞƌ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĂƌǇ ůĂǁ͖ ;ŝǀͿ ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ͕ƐŵĂůůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƚƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚǇŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚĞŶĚĞƌƐ͖;ǀͿŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽůĂŶĚĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĨĂƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ͖ ;ǀŝͿ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ͖ ;ǀŝŝͿ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů͕ ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͖;ǀŝŝŝͿĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͖;ŝǆͿĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĐƌĞĚŝƚĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͖;ǆͿƐŽĐŝĂůƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͖;ǆŝͿůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͖;ǆŝŝͿŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĞǆƵĂůĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚ,/sĂŶĚ/ƐƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĐĂƌĞĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͖ĂŶĚ ;ǆŝŝŝͿũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ůĂǁ ƉƌŽŚŝďŝƚƐ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ ǀĞŶƵĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ,ƵŵĂŶ ZŝŐŚƚƐ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ;^,ZͿ͖ƚŚĞŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌ'ĞŶĚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇ;'Ϳ͖ƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽƵƌƚƐ͖ƚŚĞŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌŽŶĐŝůŝĂƟŽŶ͕DĞĚŝĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌďŝƚƌĂƟŽŶ ;DͿ͖ƚŚĞKĸĐĞŽĨƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐWƌŽƚĞĐƚŽƌ͖^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƚƐ͖&ĂŵŝůǇŽƵƌƚƐ͖>ĂŶĚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͖ĂŶĚƚŚĞ>ĂŶĚůĂŝŵƐŽƵƌƚƐ ĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽďƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƌĞĐŽƵƌƐĞ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 9 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŬĞǇƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĞƐŽŶǁŽŵĞŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞŶĂďůŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĨĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞůĂǁƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƉŽůŝĐǇƉƌŽŶŽƵŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŬĞǇƉŽůŝĐǇŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝƐƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂůWŽůŝĐǇ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ'ĞŶĚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇ;ϮϬϬϬͿĂĚŽƉƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͘ This Gender Policy Framework sets the tone in the country for gender mainstreaming across all sectors of society while at the same ĂĚŽƉƟŶŐĂŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘/ƚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞŽƵƚůŝŶĞƐĂEĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŶĚĞƌDĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇ ;E'DͿƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŐĞŶĚĞƌƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘dŚĞE'Dt^ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŶĚĞƌWŽůŝĐǇ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨ ϮϬϬϬEǁĂƐƌĞŐĂƌĚĞĚĂƐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘dŚĞE'DŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĚĂƚŝƚƐƉĞĂŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐϮϬϬϯͲϮϬϬϱ͕ďƵƚŝƚƐ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŐƌĂĚƵĂůůǇǁĂŶĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐ͘

6.2 WOMEN IN POLITICAL AND DECISION-MAKING POSITIONS

^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐŝŶϭϵϵϰ͕^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƐĞĞŶĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽŵĞŶƚĂŬŝŶŐƵƉůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƌĞĂƐƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇŵĞŶ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐŽĨŽƵƌĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇŝƐƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲ ŵĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͘/ŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐŽŶĞŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŐůŽďĂůůǇĂĐĐůĂŝŵĞĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘ dŚĞĞůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƌEŬŽƐĂǌĂŶĂůĂŵŝŶŝͲƵŵĂŝŶ:ƵůǇϮϬϭϮĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĨƌŝĐĂƚŽĐŚĂŝƌƚŚĞĨƌŝĐĂŶhŶŝŽŶŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͖ ƚŚĞĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƌ͘WŚƵŵǌŝůĞDůĂŵďŽͲEŐĐƵŬĂ͕ĨŽƌŵĞƌĞƉƵƚǇWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ĂƐƚŚĞhŶĚĞƌͲ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌǇͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĂŶĚ ǆĞĐƵƟǀĞ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ hEtŽŵĞŶ͖ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ǁŽŵĞŶ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ DƐ͘ 'ĞƌĂůĚŝŶĞ &ƌĂǌĞƌͲDŽůĞŬĞƟ͕ ^ƉĞĐŝĂů'ĞŶĚĞƌŶǀŽǇƚŽƚŚĞĨƌŝĐĂŶĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶŬ͖DƐZĂƐŚŝĚĂDĂŶũŽŽ͕^ƉĞĐŝĂůZĂƉƉŽƌƚĞƵƌŽŶsŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŝƚƐ ĐĂƵƐĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚ:ƵĚŐĞEĂǀŝWŝůůĂǇĂƐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĞƌ,ŝŐŚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞƌĨŽƌ,ƵŵĂŶZŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĞƌůǇĂƐĂũƵĚŐĞŝŶ ƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌŝŵŝŶĂůŽƵƌƚ;/ͿŝƐĂŶŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉĂĐƚƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐŚĂǀĞŝŶǁŝŶŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƚƌƵƐƚĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŝƟǌĞŶƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽƵĚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌŝĚĞƐŝƚŚĂƐŵĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐŝŶĂďŝŶĞƚ͘ƐĂƚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ͕ǁŽŵĞŶ ŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞϰϯйŽĨƚŚĞĂďŝŶĞƚ͕ĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĚĞƉƵƚǇŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐŵĂŬĞƵƉϰϱ͘ϵйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĞƉƵƚǇŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂϰϭйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůƐƐĞŵďůǇ͘

WƌŝŽƌƚŽϭϵϵϰ͕^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂĚŽŶůǇŽŶĞǁŽŵĂŶ;tŚŝƚĞͿ:ƵĚŐĞ͕ǁŚŝůƐƚƚŽĚĂǇǁŽŵĞŶũƵĚŐĞƐŵĂŬĞƵƉĂůŵŽƐƚϯϲйŽĨƚŚĞ:ƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇ͘ Women are making inroads into business leadership and heading up global giants in the country. Women own conglomerates in the country with some business women being millionaires. Women also can be found as Chairpersons of corporate boards ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇ ŵĂůĞ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WĂůĞĂŽŶƚŽůŽŐǇĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨĂƉĞdŽǁŶŝƐĂǁŽŵĂŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŝƌǁĂǇƐ;^ͿŶŽǁŚĂƐǁŽŵĞŶƉŝůŽƚƐ͕ ƐŽŵĞŇǇŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůďŽƵŶĚŇŝŐŚƚƐ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞĚĞĨĞŶĐĞĨŽƌĐĞ͕ŶĂǀǇĂŶĚĂŝƌĨŽƌĐĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘/ŶĨĂĐƚǁŽŵĞŶŵĂŬĞ ƵƉĂůŵŽƐƚϰϬйŽĨƚŚĞ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĚŽǀĞƌĂůůǁŽŵĞŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱϬйŽĨĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ in the Public Service.

Women in Cabinet dŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƐƚĞĂĚǇŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƚĂďŝŶĞƚůĞǀĞůƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚĞůĚŝŶϭϵϵϰ͘ ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƌĞĂĐŚĞĚƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚŽĨϯϬйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ^ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ŝŶϮϬϬϯ͘/ŶϮϬϬϱ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂĚŽƉƚĞĚƚŚĞϱϬйŐĞŶĚĞƌƉĂƌŝƚǇƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞhŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƚĂƌŐĞƚ͕ĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϬϴǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ ^WƌŽƚŽĐŽůŽŶ'ĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĂďŝŶĞƚůĞǀĞůĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϬϭϰŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ƐƚĂŶĚƐĂƚĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϰϯй͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 10 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂďŝŶĞƚDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐĨƌŽŵϭϵϵϰƚŽϮϬϭϰ

Women Cabinet Ministers from 1994 to 2014

ϭϵϵϰ ϭϵϵϲ ϮϬϬϯ ϮϬϬϰ ϮϬϬϵ ϮϬϭϰ No. of Women Ministers ϯϰϵ12 ϭϰ ϭϱ No. of Male Ministers Ϯϰ 21 ϭϴ 16 20 20 Total No. of Ministers in Cabinet 27 Ϯϱ 27 Ϯϴ ϯϰ ϯϱ йƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐ ϭϭй ϭϲй ϯϯ͘ϯй ϰϮ͘ϴй ϰϭй ϰϮ͘ϴϱй

Women Deputy Ministers dŚĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĞƉƵƚǇ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ŝƐ ϰϱ͘ϵй͘dŚĞ ƚĂďůĞ ϱ ďĞůŽǁ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĞƉƵƚǇDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐĨƌŽŵϭϵϵϰƚŽϮϬϭϰ͘

Women Deputy Ministers from 1994 to 2014

1994 1996 2003 2004 2009 2014 No. of Women Deputy Ministers ϯϴϴ10 11 17 No. of Male Deputy Ministers ϵϱϴ10 17 20 Total No. of Deputy Ministers in Cabinet 12 ϭϯ 16 20 Ϯϴ ϯϳ йƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶĞƉƵƚǇDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐ Ϯϱй ϲϮй ϱϬй ϱϬй ϯϵй ϰϱ͘ϵй

/ƚŝƐĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϬϭϰĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐƐĞĞŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐŝŶĂďŝŶĞƚ͕ǁŝƚŚDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐĂƚϮ͕ϴйĂŶĚĞƉƵƚǇDŝŶŝƐƚĞƌƐĂƚϱ͕ϰй͘dŚŝƐŚĂƐĞǆĐĞĞĚĞĚƚŚĞϮйĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐƚŚĂƚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐĞƚŝƚƐĞůĨ͘

Women in Parliament dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůůĞŐŝƐůĂƚƵƌĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĮǀĞĞůĞĐƟǀĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚƐϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϭϰ͘

1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 йǁŽŵĞŶŝŶWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ Ϯϳ͘ϴй ϯϬй ϯϮ͘ϴй ϰϯ͘ϯй ϰϭй йǁŽŵĞŶŝŶWƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂů>ĞŐŝƐůĂƚƵƌĞ Ϯϯ͘ϱй Ϯϳ͘ϳй ϯϭ͘ϳй ϰϭ͘ϱй ϯϳй

Women in Local Government Level dŚĞ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞǀĞůŝƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƐƚĞĂĚǇƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͘&ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϬϭϭ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐŽŶ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽƵŶĐŝůƐŝƐĂƚϯϴ͘ϰйĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϮϴ͘ϮйŝŶϮϬϬϬ͘dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐƉĞƌŵĂũŽƌůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐ

Women members of local government councils 2000-2011

2000 2009 2011 ййй WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ϯϴй ϰϮ͘ϰй ϰϯ͘ϯй Ward ϭϳй ϯϲ͘ϲй ϯϮ͘ϵй Overall Ϯϴ͘Ϯй ϯϵ͘ϳй ϯϴ͘ϰй

ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ;^>'Ϳ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĐŽƵŶĐŝůůŽƌƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵϮϵйƚŽ ϰϮйďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϵϰĂŶĚϮϬϬϲĚƵĞƚŽŝƚƐϱϬͬϱϬĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƚŽƚŚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘ƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ ĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞ ĨŽƌ ĞƋƵŝƚǇ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ ůŽĐĂů ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ůĞǀĞůƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚĞ ^>' tŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ Commission.

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 11 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁƐƵŵŵĂƌŝǌĞƐŐĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞůĞĐƟŽŶƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽǀĞƌĨŽƵƌŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘

'ĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞůĞĐƟŽŶƌĞƐƵůƚƐϭϵϵϱͲϮϬϭϭ

Year % Women ward % women PR % women overall ϭϵϵϱ 11 Ϯϴ ϭϵ 2000 17 ϯϴ Ϯϵ 2006 ϯϳ ϰϮ ϰϬ 2011 ϯϯ ϰϯ ϯϴ Source: Gender Links 2011 dĂďůĞĂďŽǀĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĞƐƚĞĂĚǇƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŵĂĚĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚŚƌĞĞůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĞůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϭϵйŝŶϭϵϵϱƚŽϮϵйŝŶϮϬϬϬ͘&ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶďǇƚŚĞEŽĨƚŚĞϱϬͬϱϬƋƵŽƚĂĂƚĂƉĂƌƚǇůĞǀĞůŝŶϮϬϬϲ͕ƚŚŝƐ ĮŐƵƌĞƌŽƐĞĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇƚŽϰϬйŝŶƚŚĞϮϬϬϱ>ŽĐĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐŚŽǁĞǀĞƌĂƐůŝŐŚƚĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶǁĂƌĚƐĞĂƚƐƚŽϯϯйŝŶϮϬϭϭ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐŽǀĞƌĂůůϮƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƉŽŝŶƚĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͘

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶŝŶ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ dŚĞWƵďůŝĐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐĂ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ;^D^ͿǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƉŽĨĨŽƵƌĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵůĞǀĞůƐϭϯĂƚƚŚĞ ĞŶƚƌǇůĞǀĞůƚŽ^D^ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͖ƚŽůĞǀĞůϭϲ͕ĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƉŵŽƐƚůĞǀĞůŝ͘Ğ͘ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌƐͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŽƌ,ĞĂĚƐŽĨĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂůƐŽĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇ ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐKĸĐĞƌƐ͘dŚĞĚĂƚĂƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŝƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞWĞƌƐĂů^ǇƐƚĞŵŽĨ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ

ƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇƚŚĞƌĞŝƐϰϵйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŝŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶǁŝƚŚŝŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĨƌŽŵϮϬϬϱƚŽĚĂƚĞ͕ǁŝƚŚĂŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞŽĨĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϭ percentage point increase annually. dƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶ^ĞŶŝŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞŝŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͗ϮϬϬϱͲϮϬϭϰ

YEARS PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN SMS LEVELS ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϱ ϯϬй ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϴ ϯϰ͘ϯй DĂƌĐŚϮϬϬϵ ϯϰ͘ϴй March 2010 ϯϲй March 2011 ϯϳй March 2012 ϯϴ͘ϭй DĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ ϯϵ͘ϴй :ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ ϰϬй

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 12 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐƚƵĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƐĞŶŝŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚďǇƌĂĐĞĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĚĞƌĂƐĂƚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ͘ĨƌŝĐĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐŵĂŬĞƵƉϮϴ͘ϵϭйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů^D^ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘

Race Gender Female Male Total % women per % women per total ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉ SMS members African ϮϳϮϴ ϯϵϴϬ ϲϳϬϴ ϰϬ͘ϲϲй Ϯϴ͘ϵϭй Asian ϮϰϬ ϯϰϴ ϱϴϴ ϰϬ͘ϴϭй Ϯ͘ϱϰй Coloured Ϯϵϯ ϰϵϯ ϳϴϲ ϯϳ͘Ϯϳй ϯ͘ϭϬй White ϱϮϬ ϴϯϮ ϭϯϱϮ ϯϴ͘ϰϲй ϱ͘ϱϭй Total 3781 5653 9434 40.07%

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ^D^ůĞǀĞůƐďǇŐĞŶĚĞƌĂƐĂƚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ

Salary Level No of women No of Males Total No йŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ ϭϯ 2722 ϯϵϭϱ ϲϲϯϳ ϰϭ͘Ϭϭй ϭϰ ϳϵϮ ϭϮϱϮ ϮϬϰϰ ϯϴ͘ϳϰй ϭϱ 226 ϯϳϳ ϲϬϯ ϯϳ͘ϰϴй 16 ϰϭ ϭϬϵ ϭϱϬ Ϯϳ͘ϯϯй Grand Total 3781 5653 9434 40.07% dŚĞĮŐƵƌĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƚĂďůĞĂďŽǀĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞƐĞŶŝŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚĂƚ ƚŚĞĞŶƚƌǇůĞǀĞůŽĨŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ůĞǀĞůϭϯͿĂƚϰϭ͘Ϭϭй͕ĂŶĚƚĂƉĞƌƐ͕ŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚǇƉŝĐĂůŐůŽďĂůƚƌĞŶĚƐĂŶĚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͕ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞ ŵŽƌĞƐĞŶŝŽƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ůĞǀĞůϭϲͿĂƚϮϳ͘ϯϯй͘dŚŝƐůĞǀĞůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐǁŚĞƌĞŝƌĞĐƚŽƌƐͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐ and Heads of Departments are located.

Female DGs in the following National Departments x HEALTH x JUSTICE & CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT x ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS x WOMEN x ENERGY x SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE x COMMUNICATION x ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT x AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES 10 FEMALE DGs OUT OF A TOTAL OF 35 DGs AT x NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE NATIONAL LEVEL

KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞϵϰϯϰ^D^ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĮůůĞĚĂƐĂƚ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ͕ϯϳϴϭ;ϰϬ͘ϬϳйͿǁĞƌĞĮůůĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚϱϲϱϯ;ϱϵ͘ϵϯйͿǁĞƌĞĮůůĞĚďǇ ŵĞŶ͘dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĨƌŝĐĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂƚƚŚĞƐĞŶŝŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůĞǀĞů;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϮϳϮϴŽƌϮϴ͘ϵϭйͿ͕ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞŵ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϭϵϲϵŽƌϳϮ͘ϭϴйͿĂƌĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĞŶƚƌǇůĞǀĞůŽĨƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůĞǀĞůƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ůĞǀĞůϭϯͿ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽŶůǇϯϯ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ ϯ͘ϴϱйͿŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŽĨϮϳϮϴĂƌĞĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƉͲŵŽƐƚůĞǀĞůŽĨŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 13 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS Male Female Level White Asian Coloured African White Asian Coloured African Male Female Total Total Total ϭϯ ϱϵϳ 221 ϯϭϵ Ϯϳϳϴ ϯϳϵ ϭϳϰ 200 ϭϵϲϵ ϯ͕ϵϭϱ Ϯ͕ϳϮϮ ϲ͕ϲϬϯϳ ϭϰ ϭϱϱ ϵϬ ϭϯϬ ϴϳϳ 106 ϰϵ ϲϴ ϱϲϵ ϭ͕ϮϱϮ ϳϵϮ Ϯ͕Ϭϰϰ ϭϱ ϲϰ ϯϭ ϯϳ Ϯϰϱ ϯϭ 17 21 ϭϱϳ ϯϳϳ 226 ϲϬϯ 16 16 6 7 ϴϬ ϰ 0 ϰ ϯϯ ϭϬϵ ϰϭ ϭϱϬ Grand-Total 832 348 490 3980 520 240 293 2728 5,653 3,781 9,434 Percentage 59.93% 40.07% 100%

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶďǇ'ĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚǇĂƚ^D^ĨŽƌϮϬϭϮͬϭϯ

dĂďůĞ͗ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶďǇZĂĐĞĂŶĚ'ĞŶĚĞƌĂƚ^D^ůĞǀĞů Gender Race Female Male Total Av no % Av no % African ϭϯϴϳ Ϯϲ͘ϵϭ ϭϵϱϬ͘ϯϯ ϯϳ͘ϴϰ ϯϯϯϳ͘ϯϯ Asian ϱϱ͘ϯϯ 1.07 ϴϲ 1.67 ϭϰϭ͘ϯϯ Coloured ϭϲϴ ϯ͘Ϯϲ Ϯϴϳ ϱ͘ϱϳ ϰϱϱ White ϱϬϴ ϵ͘ϴϲ 712 ϭϯ͘ϴϮ 1220 Total 2118.33 41.1 3035.67 58.9 5154 DPSA: PERSAL dĂďůĞƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƚ^D^ůĞǀĞůƐƉĞƌWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĂƐĂƚ:ƵůǇϮϬϭϰ

Province Gender Total % Ranking Female Male Eastern Cape 260 ϰϭϲ 676 ϯϴ͘ϰй ϱ Free State 107 ϮϯϮ ϯϯϵ ϯϮй 10 Gauteng ϯϮϳ ϰϭϮ ϳϰϬ ϰϰ͘ϭй 1 Kwa-Zulu Natal ϮϮϱ ϯϰϭ ϱϲϲ ϯϵ͘ϳй ϯ Limpopo ϭϵϱ ϯϬϯ ϰϵϴ ϯϵ͘ϭй ϰ Mpumalanga 120 ϮϬϰ ϯϮϰ ϯϳй 6 EĂƟŽŶĂů ϮϮϬϱ ϯϭϭϳ ϱϯϮϮ ϰϭ͘ϰй 2 Departments North West ϭϭϯ Ϯϭϯ ϯϮϲ ϯϰ͘ϲй ϴ Northern Cape ϴϵ 170 Ϯϱϵ ϯϰ͘ϯй ϵ Western Cape ϭϰϬ Ϯϰϰ ϯϴϰ ϯϲ͘ϰй 7 Grand-Total ϯϳϴϭ ϱϲϱϯ ϵ͕ϰϯϰ ϭϬϬ͘ϬϬй dŚĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽŝƐǀĞƌǇƐŝŵŝůĂƌĂƚƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůůĞǀĞůŝŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƚƐĞŶŝŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůĞǀĞůƐ͘dŚĞ ƚĂďůĞĂďŽǀĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐŝƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƚƚŚĞ^D^ůĞǀĞůƐ͕ Ăƚϰϰ͘ϭйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂůƐŽŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŚŝĐŚƐƚĂŶĚĂƚϰϭ͘ϰйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶĂƚ^D^ůĞǀĞůƐ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƚ^D^ůĞǀĞůƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŝƐϰϬ͘Ϭϳй͕ŽŶůǇ'ĂƵƚĞŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĂƐĂǁŚŽůĞĂƌĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂďŽǀĞƚŚŝƐ͘dŚĞǁŽƌƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶŝŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůĞǀĞůƐŝŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂƌĞƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶĂƉĞWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞĂƚϯϰ͘ϯйĂŶĚEŽƌƚŚtĞƐƚWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞĂƚϯϰ͘ϲй͘

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞŝŐŶ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ

ŝƉůŽŵĂƟĐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞĞƋƵĂůůǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇ͘/ŶϮϬϬϭ͕ŽŶůǇϴǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŶŐϭϳ͘ϰйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ͕ǁĞƌĞƐĞƌǀŝŶŐĂƐ,ĞĂĚƐŽĨDŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĂďƌŽĂĚ͘dŚŝƐŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŽϮϰ͘ϮйŝŶϮϬϬϱ͘/ŶϮϬϬϴ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĞĚĨŽƌϮϲй ŽĨĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚŵďĂƐƐĂĚŽƌƐ͕,ŝŐŚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞƌƐĂŶĚŽŶƐƵůͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŽϮϵ͘ϭϯйŝŶƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϮƚŽϮϵ͘ϯйŝŶϮϬϭϯ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 14 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS D^^KZ^E,/',KDD/^^/KEZ^ Male Female Vacant TOTAL йŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ August 2012 ϳϯ ϯϬ 10 ϭϭϯ Ϯϵ͘ϭϯ ƉƌŝůϮϬϭϯ ϴϳ ϯϲ ϰ 127 Ϯϵ͘ϯ

OOPS!

Even though number of women ambassadors has increased, overall percentage remains constant

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞ:ƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇ tŽŵĞŶǁĞƌĞĮƌƐƚĂůůŽǁĞĚƚŽĞŶƚĞƌůĞŐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶϭϵϮϯ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞŶ͕ŝƚƚŽŽŬƐĞǀĞŶƚǇǇĞĂƌƐďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ƐĂǁƚŚĞĮƌƐƚǁŽŵĂŶũƵĚŐĞ;ĂǁŚŝƚĞǁŽŵĂŶͿǁŚŽǁĂƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇŝŶϭϵϵϯ͘dŚĞĮƌƐƚďůĂĐŬǁŽŵĂŶũƵĚŐĞũŽŝŶĞĚƚŚĞ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇŝŶϭϵϵϰĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨĂƉĂƌƚŚĞŝĚ͘

^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĞŶƚƌǇŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞĚ͘/ŶϮϬϬϱ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚϮϴ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϭϯ͘ϱϮйͿŽĨ ƚŚĞϮϬϳũƵĚŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ŽŶĞŽĨǁŚŽŵǁĂƐĂĞƉƵƚǇ:ƵĚŐĞWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͘ǇϮϬϬϴ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽŵĞŶũƵĚŐĞƐŚĂĚƌŝƐĞŶƚŽϯϬй ŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨũƵĚŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŽĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϯϲйŝŶϮϬϭϰ͘

/Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ƚŚĞ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ :ƵƐƟĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚůĂƵŶĐŚŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŚĂƉƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶ:ƵĚŐĞƐ;/t:Ϳ͘ dŚĞ/t:ǁĂƐůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŽŶϴƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϬϰ͘DĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ/t:ĂƌĞŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚũƵĚŐĞƐ͘dŚĞŝĚĞĂďĞŚŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ^Ͳ/t:ŝƐƚŽĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŵĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ :ƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇǁŝƚŚĂǀŝĞǁƚŽĞƋƵĂůŝƐŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶ͘ĚǀŽĐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂƩŽƌŶĞǇƐŝŶƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞĂƌĞĞůŝŐŝďůĞ ƚŽũŽŝŶƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐ&ƌŝĞŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘dŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉ;ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŝŶŐŽŽĚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐͿŽĨƚŚĞŚĂƉƚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĨƌŽŵŽŶĞŚƵŶĚƌĞĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌƚǇĨŽƵƌ;ϭϯϰͿĂƐĂƚϴƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϭƚŽϭϰϯĂƐŽŶϭϱ:ƵůǇϮϬϭϯ͘dŚĞĂŝŵƐŽĨ^ʹ/t:ŝƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶũƵĚŝĐŝĂůŽĸĐĞƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚũƵĚŝĐŝĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŵĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƉƵƌƐƵĞƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂůŽĨũƵƐƟĐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌƵůĞŽĨůĂǁ͕ĂŶĚĂůƐŽƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͘ dŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐ͖ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚŽŶĞƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞ ũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇ͘^ƉĞĐŝĂůĂƩĞŶƟŽŶŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂƚĂůůůĞǀĞůŽĨƚŚĞũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞ^ƵƉƌĞŵĞŽƵƌƚŽĨƉƉĞĂůĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŽƵƌƚ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨǇĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŶŶƵĂůŝŶƚĂŬĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŝŶďŽƚŚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĞƌĐŽƵƌƚƐ͕ůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚĂůůůĞǀĞůƐĨƌŽŵƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚĂĐƟŶŐũƵĚŐĞƐƚŽ:ƵĚŐĞƐ WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞŶƚŽĨĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƐϭϳϰ;ϮͿŽĨƚŚĞŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 15 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dĂďůĞƐŚŽǁŝŶŐWĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ:ƵĚŐĞƐĂƐϯϬ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ

COURT MALE FEMALE TOTAL ŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŽƵƌƚ ϴ 210 Supreme Court of Appeal ϭϴ 7 Ϯϱ Northern Cape Division ϯϯ6 Eastern Cape Division ϴ 210 Eastern Cape Local Division ϯϰ7 Eastern Cape Local Division 1 2 ϯ Eastern Cape Local Division ϰϯ7 Western Cape Division ϭϵ 11 ϯϬ North West Division ϯϯ6 Free State Division ϴϱϭϯ Gauteng Division ϯϱ ϭϱ ϱϬ Gauteng Local Division Ϯϯ ϯϯ 'ĂƵƚĞŶŐWd;>ŝŵƉŽƉŽ>ŽĐĂůͿ 101 'ĂƵƚĞŶŐWd;>ŝŵƉŽƉŽŝǀŝƐŝŽŶͿ 000 'ĂƵƚĞŶŐWd;DƉƵŵĂůĂŶŐĂŝǀŝƐŝŽŶͿ 000 <ǁĂƵůƵEĂƚĂůŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ϭϯ ϰ 17 <ǁĂƵůƵEĂƚĂů>ŽĐĂůŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ 76ϭϯ Labour Court ϴϯ11 Labour Appeal Court 0 0 0 ŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶƉƉĞĂůŽƵƌƚ 11

ƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϰϬйǁŽŵĞŶŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ǁŝƚŚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŵůŽĐĂƚĞĚĂƐZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŽƵƌƚWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ϱϬйͿ͘KǀĞƌĂůůǁŽŵĞŶŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĞǆĐĞĞĚƚŚĞϯϬйŵĂƌŬŝŶĂůůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞDĂŐŝƐƚƌĂĐǇ͘

African Coloured Indian White Post Class Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total

% Regional Court ϯ 11 16ϱϬй President Regional ϳϰ ϰϮ ϭϯ ϴ ϴ 17 ϭϬϵ ϯϲ ϯϬϳ ϯϯ͘ϱϱй Magistrate Chief Magistrate 6 ϯ 1112ϯ 2 ϭϵ ϰϮ͘ϭϭй Senior ϰϭ ϵ 221ϯ 22 ϭϴ ϵϴ ϯϮ͘ϲϱй Magistrate Magistrate ϯϭϳ 211 61 ϰϮ ϱϮ 67 ϯϯϰ ϭϵϬ ϭϮϳϰ ϰϬ͘Ϭϯй Grand Total ϰϰϭ 266 77 ϲϰ 62 ϴϵ ϰϲϴ Ϯϰϳ ϭϳϬϰ ϯϵ͘Ϭϴй dĂďůĞƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨDĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŐĞŶĚĞƌĂƐĂƚKĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϯ

Post Class Total Males Total Females Total Regional Court President ϱϰϵ Regional Magistrate 212 112 ϯϮϰ Chief Magistrate ϵϵϭϴ Senior Magistrate 70 ϰϬ 110 Magistrate ϳϰϮ ϱϬϴ ϭϮϱϬ Percentages 61 ϯϵ 100 Grand Total ϭϬϯϴ ϲϳϯ 1711

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 16 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞWƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ dŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞďŽĂƌĚƐĂŶĚĂƐŚĂŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƐŽĨŽĂƌĚƐŽƌKƐŽĨ corporate companies in South Africa is obtained from the South African Women in Leadership Census conducted annually since ϮϬϬϰďǇƚŚĞƵƐŝŶĞƐƐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ;tͿ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞĐĞŶƚƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐƚŚĂƚŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝƐƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚĞϴth Women in Leadership ĞŶƐƵƐ^ƵƌǀĞǇ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶŝŶϮϬϭϯĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϯǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŽŶďŽĂƌĚƐ͕ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ĞǆĞĐƵƟǀĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕͘ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ :ŽŚĂŶŶĞƐďƵƌŐ ^ƚŽĐŬ ǆĐŚĂŶŐĞ ůŝƐƚĞĚ companies. tŽŵĞŶŝŶŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞWŽƐŝƟŽŶ͗ϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϭϮ

ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨtŽŵĞŶŝŶŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞWŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ ϮϬϬϴ ϮϬϬϵ 2010 2011 2012 ŚŝĞĨǆĞĐƵƟǀĞKĸĐĞƌƐͬDĂŶĂŐŝŶŐŝƌĞĐƚŽƌƐ ϯ͘ϵй ϯ͘ϲй ϰ͘ϱй ϰ͘ϰй ϯ͘ϲ Chairpersons ϯ͘ϵй ϱ͘ϴй ϲ͘Ϭй ϱ͘ϯй ϱ͘ϱ Directorships ϭϰ͘ϯй ϭϰ͘ϲй ϭϲ͘ϲй ϭϱ͘ϴй 17.1 ǆĞĐƵƟǀĞDĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ Ϯϱ͘ϯй ϭϴ͘ϲй ϭϵ͘ϯй Ϯϭ͘ϲй Ϯϭ͘ϰ dŚĞ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ZĞƉŽƌƚ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϯ ďǇ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŐĞĚϭϱͲϲϰǇĞĂƌƐďǇŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚϲйŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϱ͘ϰйŵĂůĞƐďƵƚϲ͘ϭйĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞƌŝĂůĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽϭϬ͘ϰйŵĂůĞƐ͕ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŶŐƚŚĂƚŵĞŶĂƌĞ more likely to be decision-makers in their jobs compared to women.

6.3 EDUCATION dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶWŽůŝĐǇĐƚϮϳŽĨϭϵϵϲĂŶĚƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ^ĐŚŽŽůƐĐƚϴϰŽĨϭϵϵϲƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĂůů͘ dŚĞ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŽůůĞŐĞƐĐƚϭϲŽĨϮϬϬϲƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ ŝŶƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇŵĂůĞͲĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĮĞůĚƐ͘dŚĞ^ŬŝůůƐĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĐƚϵϳŽĨϭϵϵϴƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁƐŬŝůůƐĨŽƌĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͘ hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇĂƌĞĂůŝƚǇ͘dŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶ͞ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌůů͕͟ϮϬϬϵŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŐĞŶĚĞƌƉĂƌŝƚǇ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ďĞĞŶ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ͘ ŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ ƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵϵϬ͘ϭйŝŶϮϬϬϮƚŽϵϲ͘ϭйŝŶϮϬϭϭĨŽƌŐŝƌůƐ͘ŵĂũŽƌĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĂƚƉŽƐĞƐĂƚŚƌĞĂƚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŐŝƌůƐŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐƚĞĞŶĂŐĞƉƌĞŐŶĂŶĐǇ͘KŶĞŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨ's͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƐĞǆƵĂůǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚŚĂƐƐŽƵŐŚƚƚŽƌĞĨŽƌŵůĂǁƐĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘WƌŝŽƌŝƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĞĚƚŽƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 17 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS WƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶ,ŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ

^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŶŽǁ ŽƵƚŶƵŵďĞƌ ŵĂůĞ ĞŶƌŽůŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ϭϵϵϯ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƉ ϰϯй ŽĨ ĞŶƌŽůŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝŬŽŶƐ;ŽƵŶĐŝůŽŶ,ŝŐŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ϭϵϵϵͿ͘Ǉϭϵϵϳ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶƐǁĞƌĞĂůŵŽƐƚĞǀĞŶ͕ǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĞŶ ƐƚƌĞƚĐŚŝŶŐĂŚĞĂĚĂƐƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘ǇϮϬϭϭ͕ǁŽŵĞŶŵĂĚĞƵƉϱϰйŽĨĂůůƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ;ϵϯϴϮϬϭƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶƚŽƚĂůͿĞŶƌŽůůĞĚŝŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂŶĚϲϯйŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĞŶƌŽůůĞĚŝŶĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘;,d͕ϮϬϭϯͿ

/ŶϮϬϭϭǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƐŚŝŌĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͕ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ;Ϯϲ͕ϭйͿĂŶĚĂǁĂǇĨƌŽŵĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĮĞůĚƐ;ϭϵ͕ϴ йͿ͕ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĞƌ ĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ ĮĞůĚ͘ tŽŵĞŶ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ďůĂĐŬ͕ ǁĞƌĞ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŝŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐͲƚŚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůĂƌĞĂƐŶĞĞĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘ůĂĐŬ tŽŵĞŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƉŽƐƚŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇǁŚŝƚĞŵĂůĞƐ͘ dŚĞE^&^ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂƐĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨŽƌǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĚŝƐďƵƌƐĞĚĂŵŽƵŶƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵZϯ͘ϱďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶϮϬϬϵƚŽZϳ͘ϰďŝůůŝŽŶ͘

'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŚĂƐŵĂĚĞŚƵŐĞƐƚƌŝĚĞƐŝŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂƐŵĂŶǇĂƐϵϵϭϳϱϵƐƚƵĚĞŶƚďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ZϮϱŵŝůůŝŽŶŝŶEĂƟŽŶĂů^ƚƵĚĞŶƚ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůŝĚ^ĐŚĞŵĞůŽĂŶƐĂŶĚďƵƌƐĂƌŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϵϭĂŶĚϮϬϭϭ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌůĂĐŬŽĨĚŝƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶĚĂƚĂĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƐŚŽǁŚŽǁŵĂŶǇǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶďĞŶĞĮƩĞĚ͘

KƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŚĂǀĞŽƉĞŶĞĚƵƉ͘ǇϮϬϬϵ͕ϴϱйŽĨƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŽŶůĞĂƌŶĞƌͲƐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚ ŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĐŽŵƉůĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐϱϰйǁĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶ͘

ƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϰϱϬϬϬƐƚĂīŵĞŵďĞƌƐǁĞƌĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚďǇƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐĞĐƚŽƌǁŚĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇƵŶĚĞƌͲ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚŽŶůǇĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĚϯϰйŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂīĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ;KϮϬϬϴͿ͘

6.4 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƐĞǆƵĂůǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŚĂƐƐŽƵŐŚƚƚŽƌĞĨŽƌŵ ŝƚƐ ůĂǁƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ ŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘ WƌŝŽƌŝƚǇ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂĐĐŽƌĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƐĞǆƵĂů ŽīĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĚŽŵĞƐƟĐ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ ƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐŝŶǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ͘ŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĂĚŽƉƚĞĚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵ ,ĂƌĂƐƐŵĞŶƚĐƚϭϳŽĨϮϬϭϭǁŚŝĐŚĂŝŵƐƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨŚĂƌĂƐƐŵĞŶƚ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĞǆƵĂůŚĂƌĂƐƐŵĞŶƚͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞWƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚ ŽŵďĂƟŶŐŽĨdƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐŝŶWĞƌƐŽŶƐĐƚϳŽĨϮϬϭϯǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌĂƐŝŶŐůĞƐƚĂƚƵƚĞƚŚĂƚƚĂĐŬůĞƐŚƵŵĂŶƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐŚŽůŝƐƟĐĂůůǇĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇ͘dŚĞ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚƌŝŵĞhŶŝƚŝŶƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůWƌŽƐĞĐƵƟŶŐƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĂƚŝŶϮϬϭϬͬϮϬϭϭƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽƐĞĐƵƚŽƌƐ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐĂƉĂĐŝƚĂƚĞƉŽůŝĐĞŽīĞƌƐŝŶŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐŽĨ^ĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐĞŽĸĐĞƌƐ ǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐ&ŝƌƐƚZĞƐƉŽŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƵƌƐĞĂŝŵĞĚĂƚĮƌƐƚƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞƌƐƚŽƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐ͘sŝĐƟŵ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚZŽŽŵƐ ĂƌĞƌŽŽŵƐĂƚƉŽůŝĐĞƐƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚƉŽůŝĐĞŽĸĐĞƌƐĂƌĞƵƐŝŶŐĨŽƌŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ͕ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƚĂŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨƐĞǆƵĂů ŽīĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĐŚŝůĚĂďƵƐĞĂŶĚĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘^ĞƌǀŝĐĞŚĂƌƚĞƌĨŽƌsŝĐƟŵƐŽĨƌŝŵĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ;ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞsŝĐƟŵƐŚĂƌƚĞƌͿ ǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǀŝĐƟŵƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽƚŚĞũƵƐƟĐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŽĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇǀŝĐƟŵŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘sŝĐƟŵƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŝƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞdŚƵƚŚƵǌĞůĂĂƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞϮϰͲŚŽƵƌŽŶĞͲƐƚŽƉĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂǀŝĐƟŵͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚ ŚĞůƉƐĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇǀŝĐƟŵŝǌĂƟŽŶƚŽƌĂƉĞǀŝĐƟŵƐ͘dŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂůůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐĞ͕ĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐ͕ĚŽĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ĐŽƵƌƚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽƐĞĐƵƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞŽŵĞƐƟĐsŝŽůĞŶĐĞĐƚǁĂƐĞŶĂĐƚĞĚƚŽĂīŽƌĚƚŚĞǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŵĂǆŝŵƵŵƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂďƵƐĞ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĂǁĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ͘dŚĞĐƚĚĞĮŶĞƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞŝŶďƌŽĂĚƚĞƌŵƐƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů͕ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ƐƚĂůŬŝŶŐ͖ ƐĞǆƵĂů͕ĞŵŽƟŽŶĂů͕ǀĞƌďĂůĂŶĚƉƐǇĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂďƵƐĞ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂďƵƐĞ͕ĞƚĐ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶůŝĞƐŝŶƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽƌĚĞƌƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƉĞƌƉĞƚƌĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŝŵƉƌŝƐŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞĐŝĚŝǀŝƐƚŽīĞŶĚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƵŶŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞůĂǁǁŚŝĐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚŶĞŐĂƟǀĞůǇŽŶǁŽŵĞŶ͘&ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞŽŵĞƐƟĐsŝŽůĞŶĐĞĐƚ ϭϵϵϴŚĂƐŵĂŶǇŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĂĐƚŝƐƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨďƵŝůƚͲŝŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐĐĂƵƐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŝĚŝǀŝƐŵ͘/ŶŵĂŶǇŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐǀŝĐƟŵƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽĞŶĚƵƌĞĂďƵƐĞĚĞƐƉŝƚĞŚĂǀŝŶŐƐĞĐƵƌĞĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽƌĚĞƌƐ͘/ŶƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐĂƐĞƐƚŚĞĂďƵƐĞĐĂŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐƚŽŵƵƌĚĞƌŽƌ͞ŝŶƟŵĂƚĞ femicide”.

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 18 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞƌŝŵŝŶĂůůĂǁŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚ;^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚZĞůĂƚĞĚDĂƩĞƌƐͿĐƚϯϮŽĨϮϬϬϳƐĞĞŬƐƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶďǇ͕ŝŶƚĞƌ ĂůŝĂ͕ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůŝǌŝŶŐĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĂĐƚƐŽĨƐĞǆƵĂůĂďƵƐĞĂŶĚĞǆƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚƌĞƉĞĂůƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶůĂǁŽīĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĂƉĞĂŶĚƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐ ŝƚǁŝƚŚĂŶĞǁĞǆƉĂŶĚĞĚƐƚĂƚƵƚŽƌǇŽīĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĂƉĞ͕ĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞƚŽĂůůĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƐĞǆƵĂůƉĞŶĞƚƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŶƐĞŶƚ͕ŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŽĨ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͘/ƚĂůƐŽƌĞƉĞĂůƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶůĂǁŽīĞŶĐĞŽĨŝŶĚĞĐĞŶƚĂƐƐĂƵůƚĂŶĚƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐŝƚǁŝƚŚĂŶĞǁŽīĞŶĐĞŽĨƐĞǆƵĂůĂƐƐĂƵůƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐĂǁŝĚĞƌƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĂĐƚƐŽĨƐĞǆƵĂůǀŝŽůĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŶƐĞŶƚ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĐƚƚĂƌŐĞƚƐĨŽƌƉƵŶŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐĞǆƵĂůƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĂƚƉƌĞǇŽŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘/ƚĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůŝǌĞƐƐĞǆƵĂůĞǆƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶŽƌŐƌŽŽŵŝŶŐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞŽƌĚŝƐƉůĂǇŽĨĐŚŝůĚƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚǇŽƌƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚǇƚŽĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝůĚƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ͘

KƚŚĞƌůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƉůĂĐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗ x dŚĞƌŝŵŝŶĂůWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĐƚϱϭŽĨϭϵϵϳ x ƌŝŵŝŶĂůWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ^ĞĐŽŶĚŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚĐƚϳϱŽĨϭϵϵϱ͗ĞĂůƐǁŝƚŚ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ďĂŝůŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŽǀĞƌǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ against women x &ŝůŵĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĐƚϲϱŽĨϭϵϵϲ͗ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ&ŝůŵĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĂƌĚǁŚŽƐĞƌŽůĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ĐŽŵďĂƟŶŐĐŚŝůĚƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞƐƚĞƌĞŽƚǇƉŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ x ƌŝŵŝŶĂůWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ^ĞĐŽŶĚŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚĐƚϴϱŽĨϭϵϵϳ͗ƟŐŚƚĞŶƐďĂŝůƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽƐĞƌŝŽƵƐĐƌŝŵĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ against women. x dŚĞ&ŝƌĞĂƌŵƐŽŶƚƌŽůĐƚϲϬŽĨϮϬϬϬ͗ŶĂďůĞƐƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŝůůĞŐĂůůǇƉŽƐƐĞƐƐĞĚĮƌĞĂƌŵƐĨƌŽŵƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƵƉƉůǇ͕ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨĮƌĞĂƌŵĂŶĚƚŽĚĞƚĞĐƚĂŶĚƉƵŶŝƐŚƚŚĞŶĞŐůŝŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůƵƐĞŽĨ ĮƌĞĂƌŵƐ͘ x ƌŝŵŝŶĂů>Ăǁ;^ĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐͿŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚĐƚ͕ϯϴϬĨϮϬϬϳ͗ƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĂƚĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐƐŚĂůůŶŽƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐũƵƐƟĨǇŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨĂůĞƐƐĞƌƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞǁŚĞŶĂƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞŵƵƐƚďĞŝŵƉŽƐĞĚŝŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ŽĨƚŚĞŽīĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĂƉĞ͖

ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĐŽƵƌŐĞŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϰŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƐĞǀĞƌĂůŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƐĞǆƵĂů ŽīĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ included the following: x ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚĐŽƵƌƚƐĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƚŽƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐ͖ x dŚƵƚŚƵǌĞůĂĂƌĞĞŶƚƌĞƐƚŽŚĞůƉƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇƚƌĂƵŵĂĨŽƌǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐƌŝŵĞƐ͖ x /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚƉŽůŝĐĞƵŶŝƚƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĨĂŵŝůǇǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ĐŚŝůĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐƵŶŝƚƐͿ͖ x ZĞƐŽƵƌĐŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐǀŝĐƟŵͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇƌŽŽŵƐĂƚƉŽůŝĐĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ͖ x ŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƉƌŽƐĞĐƵƚŽƌƐ͕ƉŽůŝĐĞŽĸĐĞƌƐ͕ŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĚŽĐƚŽƌƐǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚƐŬŝůůƐ͖ĂŶĚ x <ĞĞƉŝŶŐĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĚĞƌƐƵŶĚĞƌůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶŽŶƌĞůĞĂƐĞĨƌŽŵƉƌŝƐŽŶ͘ dŚƵƚŚƵǌĞůĂĂƌĞĞŶƚƌĞƐǁĞƌĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĨŽƌƌĂƉĞǀŝĐƟŵƐĂŶĚǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨƐĞǆƵĂůĂŶĚĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘dŚĞƐĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞϮϰͲ ŚŽƵƌŽŶĞͲƐƚŽƉĐĞŶƚƌĞƐĂƐƐŝƐƚǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨƌĂƉĞďǇŽīĞƌŝŶŐĂǀŝĐƟŵͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŚĞůƉƐĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇǀŝĐƟŵŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘ ƚƚŚĞƐĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐƌĂƉĞǀŝĐƟŵƐŚĂǀĞĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂůůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐĞ͕ĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐ͕ĚŽĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĐŽƵƌƚƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽƐĞĐƵƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨdŚƵƚŚƵǌĞůĂĂƌĞĞŶƚƌĞƐ;ddƐͿŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵϭϬŝŶϮϬϬϳͲϮϬϬϴ͕ϭϳŝŶϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϬϵ͕ϮϴŝŶϮϬϬϵͲ ϮϬϭϬ͕ĂŶĚĂďŽƵƚϯϱĨƵůůǇŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƐŝƚĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϭͲϮϬϭϮǇĞĂƌ͘dĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞddƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ ŽĨĨŽƵƌĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůǇĞĂƌƐ͘ tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞũƵĚŝĐŝĂƌǇ͕ƚŚĞ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶϭϵϵϯƚŽƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĮŐƵƌĞƐŽĨƌĂƉĞĐĂƐĞƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƐĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐĂƐĞƐƌĞĂĐŚĞĚŝƚƐŚƵŐĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĂƐŝƚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƚŚĞĐŽŶǀŝĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŽĨƵƉƚŽϴϬйŽǀĞƌĂƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨĂǇĞĂƌ͕ĂŶĚďǇƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨϮϬϬϱ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞϳϰ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƚƐĐŽƵŶƚƌǇǁŝĚĞ͘ ǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽƵƌƚƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĞǇǁĞƌĞƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚŽŽŶůǇĮŌǇ;ϱϬͿŝŶϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϬϵĚƵĞƚŽĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚĐŽƵƌƚƐďĞŝŶŐďĞƩĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĚƚŚĂŶŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵĐŽƵƌƚƐĂŶĚůĂƩĞƌĚĞŵŝƐĞĚ͘dĂƐŬdĞĂŵǁĂƐƐĞƚƵƉ ŝŶ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϮƚŽůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƚƐĂŶĚĂůƌĞĂĚǇϱϳZĞŐŝŽŶĂůĐŽƵƌƚƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨŽƌ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 19 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ƵƉŐƌĂĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚŵŽĚĞƌŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĂƐ^ĞǆƵĂůKīĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƚƐ͘/ƚŝƐďĞůŝĞǀĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞƐĞǆƵĂůŽīĞŶĐĞƐ ĐŽƵƌƚƐ ǁŝůů ŚĞůƉ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƐĞǆƵĂů ŽīĞŶĐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ ƌĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ ƐĞǆƵĂů ĐƌŝŵĞƐ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞ>'d/ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͘dŽĚĂƚĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐŽƵƌƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌĞͲŽƉĞŶĞĚĂŶĚĂƌĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů͘ dŚĞƐĞĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƵƐĞŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƌŝĞƐ͕ĂƵĚŝŽͲǀŝƐƵĂůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ ƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚĂŶĚƐĞǆƵĂůŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚůĞƐďŝĂŶ͕ŐĂǇ͕ďŝƐĞǆƵĂů͕ƚƌĂŶƐŐĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞǆƉĞŽƉůĞŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘DŽƌĞǁŽƌŬƐƟůůŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚŽŶĞŽŶƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůZĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĨŽƌ^ĞǆKīĞŶĚĞƌƐ͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌŝƐŶŽƚ ŽƉĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͕ĞŵƉůŽǇĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͕ĐƌğĐŚĞƐĂŶĚŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ĂƌĞĂĐĐŽƌĚĞĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƚŽ ĐŚĞĐŬǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĂũŽďĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚŝƐĮƚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŽƌŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĚŝƐĂďůĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůŐĂŝŶƐƚ'ĞŶĚĞƌͲĂƐĞĚsŝŽůĞŶĐĞ;E'sͿĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϭ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂŶĚĂƚĞĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŚŝŐŚͲůĞǀĞů ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĐŽŚĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶĂŶĚŵŽďŝůŝƐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĞƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐ͘dŚĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŝůůŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞ>'d/ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ͘dŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŽƵŶĐŝůĂƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞƐ ĨƌŽŵŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽŶĂƌĞĂƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘dŚ/ƐŽƵŶĐŝůŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇďĞŝŶŐ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚďǇƚŚĞϱthĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͘

6.5 HEALTH dŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚƐǇƐƚĞŵŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨĂƉĂƌƚŚĞŝĚ͘dŚĞŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚͲĐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĐŚŽŝĐĞ͕ĂŶĚĨƌĞĞŵĂƚĞƌŶĂůĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚŚĞĂůƚŚͲ ĐĂƌĞ͕ĂŵŽŶŐƐƚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘dŚĞWŽůŝĐǇŽŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĐĐĞƐƐƚŽWƌŝŵĂƌǇ,ĞĂůƚŚĂƌĞ͕ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶϭϵϵϰ͕ƉĂǀĞĚƚŚĞǁĂǇĨŽƌĞīĞĐƟǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĂƌĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘/ƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌĨƌĞĞŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƚŽƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚĂŶĚůĂĐƚĂƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĂŐĞŽĨƐŝǆ͘ dŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŝƐĂǁĂƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĞĂůƚŚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĨĂĐŝŶŐƌƵƌĂů ǁŽŵĞŶƐƵĐŚ ĂƐƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ ŽƌĐůŝŶŝĐƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞŽƉƟŽŶƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŚĂŵƉĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŵŝŶƐĞĞŬŝŶŐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƚƌĞĂƚĂďůĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐďĞŝŶŐĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚ ďǇŵŽďŝůĞĐůŝŶŝĐƐĂŶĚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶƐ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶ ŝůůŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĚĞĂƚŚĂŵŽŶŐƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂŶĚƵƟůŝǌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶƚĞŶĂƚĂůĐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘

/Ŷϭϵϵϰ>ŝĨĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĂŶĐǇĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ͗ x ǁŚŝƚĞƐǁĂƐϲϵǇĞĂƌƐĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚϳϲǇĞĂƌƐĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ x Africans was 60 years for males and 67 years for females

/ŶϭϵϵϱŝŶĨĂŶƚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞĂŵŽŶŐƐƚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĂƐϰϴ͘ϯƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐʹϲƟŵĞƐŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŽĨǁŚŝƚĞƐ;ϳ͘ϰƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞ ďŝƌƚŚƐͿ

ZŝƐĞŝŶ,/sĞƉŝĚĞŵŝĐǁĂƐƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚƐĞĐƚŽƌŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚǁŽĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘/ƚƉůĂǇĞĚĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞŝŶƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐŽƉƟŵĂůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŶĂůĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚŚĞĂůƚŚ͘

KǀĞƌϲ͘ϰŵŝůůŝŽŶĂĚƵůƚƐĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ,/s͘/ŶϭϵϵϬůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽŶĞŝŶĂϭϬϬ;ϭйͿƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚǁŽŵĞŶǁĂƐŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƐƌŽƐĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƚŽĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϬŝŶĂϭϬϬƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚǁŽŵĞŶ;ϯϬйͿďǇϮϬϬϰǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐƚĂďŝůŝǌĞĚ͘dŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂĚĞĐůŝŶĞ comparable to scale in most countries was largely associated with mother to child transmission of HIV.

/Ŷϭϵϵϲ͕ƚŚĞ^,ĞĂůƚŚZĞǀŝĞǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞĨŽƌĨƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĂƐϮϯƉĞƌϭϬϬϬϬϬǁŚŝůĞĨŽƌǁŚŝƚĞǁŽŵĞŶŝƚǁĂƐϯƉĞƌ 100 000.

/Ŷ ϭϵϵϰͬϵϱ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ ĐĂƌĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ǁĂƐ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ŽŶůǇ Ϭ͘ϴ ĐůŝŶŝĐƐ ƉĞƌ ϭϬ ϬϬϬ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞt,KƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚŶŽƌŵŽĨϭĐůŝŶŝĐƉĞƌϭϬϬϬϬƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐ͘dŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐŵĂůů͕ ĚŝůĂƉŝĚĂƚĞĚĂŶĚĐŽůůĂƉƐŝŶŐŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶĐůŽƐĞƉƌŽǆŝŵŝƚǇƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌĞĂƐůĂĐŬĞĚŚĞĂůƚŚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ /Ŷϭϵϵϲ͕ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛Ɛ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂů^ƚƌĂƚĞŐǇWƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚŝŶϮϬϬϯͬϰĂ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůZĞǀŝƚĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 20 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ǁĂƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨϭϴŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐŚĂǀĞƐŝŶĐĞďĞĞŶŶĞǁůǇďƵŝůƚŽƌƌĞĨƵƌďŝƐŚĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚŝƐŝƐƐƟůů ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐŚĞĂůƚŚĚĞŵĂŶĚƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘

ŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶƵŶĞƋƵŝǀŽĐĂůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶƐ͘>ŝĨĞ ĞǆƉĞĐƚĂŶĐǇŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďǇϯ͘ϱǇĞĂƌƐĨŽƌďŽƚŚŵĂůĞƐ;ϱϳ͘ϮǇĞĂƌƐďǇϮϬϭϭͿĂŶĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϲϮ͘ϴǇĞĂƌƐďǇϮϬϭϭͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶĨĞƌƟůŝƚǇĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĐƌƵĚĞďŝƌƚŚĂŶĚĚĞĂƚŚƌĂƚĞƐ͘ dŚĞŶƟƌĞƚƌŽǀŝƌĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ;ZdͿƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŵŽƚŚĞƌƚŽĐŚŝůĚƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ;WDddͿƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŚĂǀĞŚĂĚ the most profound impact on the health outcomes of SA. dŚĞZĂƉŝĚDŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇ^ƵƌǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵŽĨƚŚĞDĞĚŝĐĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨ^ŝŶϮϬϭϮƌĞŇĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐĂϮϱйĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚĂŶĚŝŶĨĂŶƚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϵĂŶĚϮϬϭϭ͘/ŶƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌͲϱŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐǁĂƐϱϲƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞ ďŝƌƚŚƐŝŶϮϬϬϵĂŶĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŽϰϮƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐďǇϮϬϭϭ͘dŚĞŝŶĨĂŶƚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞǁĂƐϰϬƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐŝŶϮϬϬϵĂŶĚ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŽϯϬƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐŝŶϮϬϭϭ͘

/ŶϮϬϭϯ͕ůŝĨĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĂŶĐǇĂƚďŝƌƚŚĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐǁĂƐϱϳ͘ϳǇĞĂƌƐǁŚŝůĞŝƚǁĂƐϲϭ͘ϰǇĞĂƌƐĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͖ƚŚĞŝŶĨĂŶƚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞǁĂƐĂƚϰϭ͘ϳ ƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌͲĮǀĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞǁĂƐĂƚϱϲ͘ϱƉĞƌϭϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐ͘ dŚĞZdWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŐƌĞǁĞǆƉŽŶĞŶƟĂůůǇĨƌŽŵϰϳϱϬϬƉĂƟĞŶƚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐZdƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐĞĐƚŽƌŝŶϮϬϬϰƚŽϭ͘ϳϵŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ ŽŶZdƐŝŶϮϬϭϭƚŽϮ͘ϰŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĂƟĞŶƚƐďǇƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϯ͘/ŶϮϬϬϰ͕ŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƟĞŶƚƐƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐZdƐǁŽŵĞŶ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚϮϱϲϬϬĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ;ƵŶĚĞƌϭϱǇĞĂƌƐͿϰϮϬϬ͘/ŶϮϬϭϭ͕ŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĮŐƵƌĞŽĨϭϳϵϯϬϬϬƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚϭϬϵϬ ϬϬϬĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƵŶĚĞƌϭϱǇĞĂƌƐ͕ϭϱϮϬϬϬ͘ tŚĞƌĞ^ŝŶϮϬϬϱǁĂƐŽŶĞŽĨŽŶůǇĨŽƵƌĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚǁŝƚŚĂŶƵŶĚĞƌͲĮǀĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞϭϵϵϬďĂƐĞůŝŶĞĨŽƌ ƚŚĞD'Ɛ͕ůĂƚĞƐƚĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůĚĂƚĂŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨĂƐƚĞƐƚƌĂƚĞƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ world.

^ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚĂŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞĂŶŶƵĂůƌĂƚĞŽĨĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽĨĐŚŝůĚŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇŽĨϭϬ͘ϯйďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϲĂŶĚϮϬϭϭ͘dŚĞZdƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŚĂƐ ĞŶƐƵƌĞĚƚŚĂƚĂĚƵůƚƐĂƌĞůŝǀŝŶŐĨŽƌůŽŶŐĞƌʹŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚƌĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƐŽͲĐĂůůĞĚ͞/^ŽƌƉŚĂŶƐ͟ŚĂƐďĞĞŶŚĂůƚĞĚ͘WĂƌĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ living longer and taking care of their children. dŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽƐĞůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚŝŶĂŚĞĂůƚŚĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵϲϮ͘ϮйŝŶϮϬϬϭƚŽϴϴ͘ϯйŝŶϮϬϬϵ͘DĂƚĞƌŶĂů ŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͗ŝŶϮϬϬϳƚŚĞDDZƐƚŽŽĚĂƚϲϮϱƉĞƌϭϬϬϬϬϬůŝǀĞďŝƌƚŚƐ͘ĂƌĞŽĨƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚ,/sŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚǁŽŵĞŶŚĂƐ ĨŽĐƵƐƐĞĚŽŶƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨ,/sƚŽƚŚĞďĂďǇĂŶĚWDdd͘dŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŚĂƐďĞĞŶŚŝŐŚůǇƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů͘dŚĞƌĞĐĞŶƚ,/s ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚZdƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŽĂůůƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚǁŽŵĞŶůŝǀŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ/^ĂƚϭϰǁĞĞŬƐŽĨƉƌĞŐŶĂŶĐǇŝƐůŝŬĞůǇƚŚĂƚǁĞǁŝůů ƐĞĞĂĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŶĂůŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇĨƌŽŵ,/sŝŶƚŚĞŶĞǆƚϯͲϲǇĞĂƌƐ͘

6.6 ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŶŽǁĂďůĞƚŽůŝǀĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůǇŽĨŵĞŶǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĂůůƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚǇĐĂŶďĞĂƐĐƌŝďĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĞŵĂŶĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͕ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞƐƚŚĞǇĐĂŶŵĂŬĞƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐŚŽǁŵĂŶǇĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƚŚĞƐƉĂĐŝŶŐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂŶĚǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŽŚĂǀĞƚŚĞŵŽƌŶŽƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐƉŽŝŶƚƐŽƵƚƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐďƵƌĚĞŶŽŶǁŽŵĞŶĂƐŚĞĂĚŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐƚŽƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŽĨƐƵĐŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 21 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS 6.6.1 RIGHT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY AND ACCESS TO LAND

/ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨůĂďŽƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŝŵŝŶŐĂƚĞƋƵĂůŝǌŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϰ͘dŚĞĨŽĐƵƐ ŝƐŽŶŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶĞǁůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŽƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵůĂďŽƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂǀŝĞǁƚŽĂĸƌŵŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚ ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŝŶĞŶĐůĂǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇĐůŽƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŵ͘/ŶϭϵϵϲĂŶĚϭϵϵϵ͕ ƚŚĞĨĞŵĂůĞƐŚĂƌĞŽĨǁĂŐĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚǁĂƐϰϯйŝĨĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞǁĂƐĞǆĐůƵĚĞĚ͘dŚĞƐŚĂƌĞƐŚŽǁĞĚĂŵŝůĚƐƚĞƉǁŝƐĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŽϰϰй ŝŶϮϬϬϱĂŶĚƚŚĞŶϰϱйŝŶϮϬϭϬ͘DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƉůĂĐĞƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇƐĞǀĞƌĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽĂƌĞůŝǀŝŶŐďĞůŽǁƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐ͕^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐďĞůŽǁƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞŽĨZϭϰϴŝŶϮϬϬϬĂŶĚZϮϬϵĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚŝŶϮϬϬϲĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵϮϴ͘ϱƚŽϮϰ͘ϴƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇ͘dŚĞƐĂŵĞ ĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƚƌĞŶĚǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϬĂŶĚϮϬϬϲĨƌŽŵϮϲ͘ϳйĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐƚŽϮϮ͘ϵйĂŶĚĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐŝƚĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵϯϬ͘ϮйƚŽϮϲ͘ϰй͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐůŝǀŝŶŐďĞůŽǁƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƐŚŝŐŚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĂƚŽĨŵĂůĞƐ͘

6.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND OWNERSHIP OF LAND

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞƐƚŚĞůŝŶŬďĞƚǁĞĞŶŐĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůǇƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĂƚ͚ƚŚĞǀŝƚĂůƌŽůĞŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚǇŽƵƚŚŝŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĨƵůůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞŝŶŵƵƐƚ be promoted’. Women have been reasonably represented in environmental policy development. The South African White Paper ŽŶ>ĂŶĚZĞĨŽƌŵůĂŝĚƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐǇĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƚŚĞĂďŽůŝƟŽŶŽĨĂůůůĂǁƐƚŚĂƚĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘ƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϭϯ͘ϯйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐƚŚĂƚďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ>ĂŶĚZĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚdĞŶƵƌĞZĞĨŽƌŵ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚϭϵϵϰƚŽĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϳǁĂƐĨĞŵĂůĞͲŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ͘īŽƌƚƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŵďĂůĂŶĐĞƐĂƌĞ ŵĂŝŶůǇƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĂƚůĂŶĚƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐƚŚŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐŵŽƌĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƐĞƚƚĂƌŐĞƚƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽŽǁŶůĂŶĚƚŽϯϬйďǇϮϬϭϱ͘ϰ͕ϯϭϯ͕ϭϲϴŵŝůůŝŽŶŚĂƵŶĚĞƌ>ĂŶĚ ZĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚϮϯϯ͕ϮϱϬŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϱϬ͕ϰϳϯĂƌĞǁŽŵĞŶ͕ϯϮ͕ϱϴϵĂƌĞǇŽƵƚŚĂŶĚϲϳϰĂƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĂƐŽĨϯϭDĂƌĐŚ ϮϬϭϰ͘dŚĞĚĂǁŶŽĨĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇŝŶϭϵϵϰŽƉĞŶĞĚƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐŽĐŝĞƚǇďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨŚƵŵĂŶĚŝŐŶŝƚǇ͕ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚĨƌĞĞĚŽŵƐ͕ŶŽŶͲƌĂĐŝƐŵĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐĞǆŝƐŵ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐŵĂĚĞƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞ ĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨůĂǁƐĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇƚŽǁŚŝĐŚ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐĂƐƉŝƌĞŚĂƐŶŽƚǇĞƚďĞĞŶĨƵůůǇƌĞĂůŝǌĞĚ͘ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƟůůŝŵƉĂŝƌƚŚĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽĂƫƚƵĚĞƐ͕ďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚ patriarchy while demeaning women.

6.6.3 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂΖƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůǇǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶƚŽĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůǇƌŽďƵƐƚĂŶĚ ƐƚĂďůĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĞƌĂ͘/ƚŐƌĞǁĨŽƌϰϬƋƵĂƌƚĞƌƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌŽĨϭϵϵϴĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌŽĨϮϬϬϴ͕ ĂŶĚŚĂƐŐƌŽǁŶƐƚĞĂĚŝůǇĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌŽĨϮϬϬϵƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌŽĨϮϬϭϯʹƚŚĂƚŝƐ͕ĨŽƌϭϳƋƵĂƌƚĞƌƐƐŽĨĂƌ͘

/ŶϮϬϭϯ͕ƚŚĞƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƌĂƚĞǁĂƐĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϮϱй͘dŚĞƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƌĂƚĞŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϵϰĂŶĚϮϬϭϯ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽƵůĚďĞĂƐĐƌŝďĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŚŝŐŚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂďŽƵƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ as well as the high number of people being counted in the labour market. The number of people entering the labour market ŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďŽƚŚĚƵĞƚŽƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞĞŶĚŝŶŐŽĨĂƉĂƌƚŚĞŝĚ͘DŽƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞďĞŐĂŶĂĐƟǀĞůǇƐĞĞŬŝŶŐǁŽƌŬ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇŝŶƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶďůĂĐŬƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ǁĞƌĞƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞƌĞŚĂƐƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϰďĞĞŶĂďƌŽĂĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂŶĚ ƌĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵǇǁŚŝůƐƚĚŝƐŵĂŶƚůŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƉĂƌƚŚĞŝĚůĞŐĂĐǇ͘DĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞŵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶƉůĂĐĞďĞĨŽƌĞϮϬϬϵĂŶĚ ĂƌĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚǁŚĞƌĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƋƵŝƚǇĐƚϱϱŽĨϭϵϵϴ͖ĂƐŝĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ Đƚ ϳϱ ŽĨ ϭϵϵϳ͖ >ĂďŽƵƌ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ Đƚ ϲϲ ŽĨ ϭϵϵϱ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ĂƐĞĚ ůĂĐŬ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ Đƚ͕ ƚŚĞ WƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƟĂů WƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚWŽůŝĐǇ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĐƚ͕ƚŚĞŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐĐƚ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 22 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ&ƵŶĚ;E&ͿǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚďǇĐƚEŽϭϬϱŽĨϭϵϵϴ͕ĂƐĂĚƌŝǀĞƌĂŶĚĂƚŚŽƵŐŚƚͲůĞĂĚĞƌŝŶƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ĂŶĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐďůĂĐŬĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĂŶĚŶŽŶͲĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽďůĂĐŬĞŵƉŽǁĞƌĞĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐďǇƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐĂĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨƐĂǀŝŶŐƐĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŵŽŶŐďůĂĐŬƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĂǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞƚŚĞůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌŽĨŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘ dŚĞE&͛ƐƌŽůĞŝƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƌŽĂĚͲĂƐĞĚůĂĐŬĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ;ͲͿ͘ƐƚŚĞĚĞďĂƚĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐǁŚĂƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ Ͳ ĞǀŽůǀĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ E& ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞƐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ďůĂĐŬ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŽĚĞƐŽĨ'ŽŽĚWƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƟĂů ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͕ďƌŽĂĚĞŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞĂĐŚŽĨďůĂĐŬĞƋƵŝƚǇŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƚĂīĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞĚŝůƵƟŽŶ of black shareholding. dŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚĂĸƌŵĂƟǀĞƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝŶďŽƚŚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ƚŚŝƐŚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶĂůĂƌŐĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐŵĂůůĂŶĚŵĞĚŝƵŵƐŝǌĞĚďůĂĐŬͲŽǁŶĞĚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐŝŶĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ͕ĐĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͘ dŚĞůĂĐŬĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĐƚϱϯŽĨϮϬϬϯ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ;ƚŚĞŽĚĞƐĂŶĚ^ĞĐƚŽƌŽĚĞƐͿĂƌĞĂŝŵĞĚĂƚƚŚĞ following among others: x /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐŽǁŶĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŬŝůůƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͖ x /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚďůĂĐŬǁŽŵĞŶŽǁŶĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞĞǆŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŶĞǁĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƐŬŝůůƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͘

/ŶϮϬϬϳƚŚĞŽĚĞƐŽĨ'ŽŽĚWƌĂĐƟĐĞǁĞƌĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚƚŽĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĚĂĚǀŝƐĞďŽƚŚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐƚ͘dŚĞŽĚĞƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĂŶĚĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨďƌŽĂĚͲďĂƐĞĚĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŝŶĂŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘dŚĞWƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƟĂůWƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚWŽůŝĐǇ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĐƚϱŽĨϮϬϬϬƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƟĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐǁŽŵĞŶ ĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐͿŝŶƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƉƵďůŝĐƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶƐĞƌǀĞĂƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŽůŝĐǇŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĂĚǀĂŶĐŝŶŐŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚĂƐǁŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘^ƚƵĚǇĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƉƵďůŝĐƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐϭϬͲϭϱйŽĨ'WŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚƵƉƚŽϮϬйŝŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘/Ŷ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝƚŝƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚĂƌŽƵŶĚϯϴйŽĨďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŽǁŶĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶϱ͕ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐŵĂĚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶƟĂůƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĐĐĞƐƐĂŶĚǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŝŶƉƵďůŝĐƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƐƟůůĨĂĐĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ government procurement and supply chains.

/Ŷ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ͕ ǁŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ƵŶĚĞƌƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ǁŚĞŶ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵĂůĞ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞƵŶůŝŬĞůǇƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĨŽƌŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϱйŽĨƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĞŶĚ6ŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘KǀĞƌƚŚĞϮϬϭϭͬϭϮĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ǇĞĂƌ͕ƚŚĞƐƚƵĚǇƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶďǇƚŚĞƵƐŝŶĞƐƐtŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐǁĞƌĞ ƌĞĐŝƉŝĞŶƚƐŽĨZϭϲ͘ϱϲďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽƵƚŽĨĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨZϭϴϯ͘ϯďŝůůŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐĂŵƉůĞ;ǁŚŝĐŚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐŽŶůǇϯϬйŽĨƚŽƚĂůƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌͿ͕ƚŚƵƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐĨŽƌŽŶůǇϵйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶƚŚĞ sample studied. dŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůWŽůŝĐǇ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬǁĂƐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶϮϬϬϳ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďǇĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƌŽůůŝŶŐƚŚƌĞĞͲǇĞĂƌŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƉůĂŶƐ ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞ/WW͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵŽƟǀĞ͕ĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƚĞǆƟůĞƐ͕ĮůŵĂŶĚƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŵĞƚĂůƐĂŶĚ engineering industries have registered some progress

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GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 23 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS KǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚǁŽĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͕^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐĐŽƌĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƉŽůŝĐǇŐŽĂůƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ x dĂƌŐĞƚůĂďŽƵƌͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĐĂƉŝƚĂůͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͘ x ŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƌŝĐŚŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇƵƐĞĚŝŶůŽĐĂůŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƐŽĂƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ ĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞĂĚĚĞĚ͘ x WƌŽŵŽƚĞĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶďǇůŝŵŝƟŶŐƚŚĞĂďƵƐĞŽĨĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŵĂƌŬĞƚƉŽǁĞƌĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐƐŵĂůůĞƌĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶƚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ ĂŶĚŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚďƌŽĂĚͲďĂƐĞĚďůĂĐŬĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ;ͲͿ͘ x ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĮŶĂŶĐĞĂƐĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽĐĂƚĂůǇƐŝŶŐŶĞǁŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƐŽĂƐƚŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨǇƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵǇĂŶĚĚĞĞƉĞŶ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ x ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚƌĂĚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚĨĂƐƚŐƌŽǁŝŶŐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͕ŶŽƚĂďůǇŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞǆƚŽĨZ/^͕ǁŚŝůĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ to development in the African region. x ŶŚĂŶĐĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĂŶĚŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ͘ x Increase skills development and target it to meet emerging skill needs dŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨƐŵĂůů͕ŵĞĚŝƵŵĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ;^DDƐͿ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůŝƐƚƐĂŶĚĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐ͕ŝƐŐůŽďĂůůǇ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽĨũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͕ƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĨŽƌĂůů͘ dŚŝƐŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨ^DDƐŝƐǀŝƚĂůƚŽĚƌŝǀĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ͘/ƚŝƐĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƐŽŵĞϱ͘ϵŵŝůůŝŽŶ^DDƐǁŚŝĐŚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞϰϬйŽĨŝƚƐŐƌŽƐƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ĂŶĚϲϬйŽĨĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘tŽŵĞŶĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐĂƌĞůĂƌŐĞůǇƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶ^DDƐ͘ tŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞƐŵĂůůĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌŵĂůĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐ͕ƚŚĞǇƚĞŶĚƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌŝŶůŽǁͲ ǀĂůƵĞĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞǇƚĞŶĚƚŽŐƌŽǁĂƚĂŵƵĐŚƐůŽǁĞƌƌĂƚĞ͘ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞĚĨĂĐĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽǁŶĞƌƐŝƐƚŚĂƚŽĨĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽĮŶĂŶĐĞƚŚĂƚŝƐĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŶĞĞĚƐĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĂƚŵŝĐƌŽͲůĞŶĚŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂƌĞǁŝĚĞůǇ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘tŽŵĞŶ^DDŽǁŶĞƌƐĨĂĐĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐůŽǁĞƌůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ůŝƚĞƌĂĐǇ͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ͕ůŽǁĞƌŝŶĐŽŵĞůĞǀĞůƐ͕ůĂĐŬŽĨƚĂŶŐŝďůĞĂƐƐĞƚƐŽƌĐŽůůĂƚĞƌĂůƐ͕ƟŵĞĂŶĚŵŽďŝůŝƚǇĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐ͕ŝŶƚĞƌͲ ƌŽůĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐĨƌŽŵũƵŐŐůŝŶŐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƌŽůĞƐĂŶĚůĂĐŬŽĨŵĂƌŬĞƚĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞ&ŝŶƐĐŽƉĞƐƵƌǀĞǇĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶϮϬϭϬƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϱ͘ϲŵŝůůŝŽŶŽǁŶĞƌƐŽĨŵŝĐƌŽĂŶĚƐŵĂůůĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇǁŝƚŚϱϴйďĞŝŶŐĨĞŵĂůĞŽǁŶĞĚ͘dŚĞĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌ/ŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶŬŝŶŐŝŶĨƌŝĐĂĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨWƌĞƚŽƌŝĂŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƐĞǁŽŵĞŶĨĂůůŝŶƚŽŽŶĞŽĨƚŚƌĞĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͗ƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůŝƐƚ͕ŵŝĚͲůĞǀĞůĂŶĚƐŵĂůů͘ƚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƐĐĂůĞ͕ƚŚĞǇĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚϲϬй ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕Žƌϯ͘ϯŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĂƚĂƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůŝƐƚůĞǀĞů͕ǁŝƚŚŽǁŶĞƌƐƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŽďĞďůĂĐŬ͕ĨĞŵĂůĞĂŶĚƉŽŽƌůǇĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚ͕ and are mainly informal traders whose businesses are not registered7.

'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŚĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ^DDƐǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͖ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƚĂǆĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ ďƵƌĚĞŶ͕ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ĐƌĞĚŝƚ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐƵďĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨǇŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘ /Ŷ ϮϬϭϮ͕ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐŵĂůů ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĮŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ; <ŚƵůĂ͕ƐĂŵĂĨĂŶĚƚŚĞ/͛ƐƐŵĂůůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐͿǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ^ŵĂůůŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐŐĞŶĐǇ;ƐĞĨĂͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ŚŽƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶ ;/Ϳ͘ dŚŝƐ ǁĂƐ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ ĂŌĞƌƚŚĞ ĂĚŽƉƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ EĞǁ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ WĂƚŚ ;E'WͿŝŶϮϬϭϬǁŚŝĐŚŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂƐĂŬĞǇƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇ͘ZĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŝŵƚŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐŵĂůůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉďǇŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŬŝŶŐŵŽƌĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽ^DDƐ͘ ^ŵĂůůŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐŐĞŶĐǇ͛ƐŵĂŶĚĂƚĞŝƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƚŚŽĨ^DDƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂůůĞǀŝĂƟŽŶĂŶĚũŽďĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƉƵƚŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŽĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞǁŽŵĞŶƚŽƐƚĂƌƚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌŵĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŽƉĞŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌǁŽŵĞŶ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐĂƌĞŝŶƉůĂĐĞƚŽĂƐƐŝƐƚǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽǁĂŶƚƚŽƐƚĂƌƚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶ business.

7 UNDP: Draft Report: Inclusive Finances – Exploring the Finance Pipeline for Women Owned SMMEs in South Africa, 2012. Unpublished

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 24 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞ^ŵĂůůŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŐĞŶĐǇ;^ͿŝƐĂŶĂŐĞŶĐǇŽĨƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨdƌĂĚĞĂŶĚ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ;ƚŚĞĚƟͿ͘ ^ǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϬϰ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů^ŵĂůůƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚĐƚ͕ĐƚϮϵŽĨϮϬϬϰǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵĂŶĚĂƚĞ to: x /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚEĂƟŽŶĂů'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛ƐƐŵĂůůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇ͖ x ĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ Ă ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŵƵƐƚ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵůǇ ĂƉƉůǇ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐŝŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƐŵĂůůĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͖ĂŶĚ x /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐĂůůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĨƵŶĚĞĚƐŵĂůůĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƟĞƌƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͘

^͛Ɛ ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ͕ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƐŵĂůů ĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͕ ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŝŶĐŽʹŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƌŽůĞƉůĂǇĞƌƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŐůŽďĂůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŽŵĂŬĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůďĞƐƚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽůŽĐĂůĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ͘

/ƐŝǀĂŶĚĞtŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ&ƵŶĚ;/t&ͿŝƐĂŶĞǆĐůƵƐŝǀĞĨƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĂŝŵƐƚŽĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚďǇƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞ ĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞ͕ƵƐĂďůĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞĮŶĂŶĐĞƚŚĂŶŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘dŚĞ/t&ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐĨŽƌŵĂůůǇƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚ͕ϲϬйǁŽŵĞŶͲŽǁŶĞĚĂŶĚͬ ŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶĞǆŝƐƚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐĨŽƌƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞǇĞĂƌƐǁŝƚŚĂůŽĂŶƌĂŶŐĞŽĨZϯϬϬϬϬƚŽZϮŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ͛ĂǀƵŵŝůĞƐŬŝůůƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŝƐĂǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞĂŝŵĞĚĂƚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚĂůĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƚƐĂŶĚ ĐƌĂŌƐĂŶĚƚĞǆƟůĞƐĂŶĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐƐĞĐƚŽƌƐĂŵŽŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͘/ƚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂĨŽƌŵĂůƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉǁŽŵĞŶĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ͛ ĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŵĂƌŬĞƚĂďůĞŐŽŽĚƐĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨĨŽƌŵĂůĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĞĂŶĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƚĞǆƟůĞƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ dŚŝƐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇǁŝƚŚĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽĨĂƐƚͲƚƌĂĐŬƌƵƌĂůǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŐƌŽǁƐ number of women owned enterprises that are integrated into the economic mainstream. dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ĨŽƌ tŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ;dt/Ϳ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ĂŝŵĞĚ Ăƚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ ŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŝŶ^ŵĂůů͕DĞĚŝƵŵĂŶĚDĂĐƌŽŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ;^DDƐͿ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŝŶϭϵϵϴ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶƚŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŐƌŽǁƚŚŝŶǁŽŵĞŶͲůĞĚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇŵŽǀĞ women-led enterprises from the side-lines towards the mainstream economy. dŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ ŽĨ dt/ ĂƌĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ĂĐƟŽŶ ďǇ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ Ăƚ Ăůů ůĞǀĞůƐ͖ ƌĞĂƟŶŐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ƌŽůĞ ŵŽĚĞůƐ͖ ƵŶůŽĐŬŝŶŐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŽƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽĚŽŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŝŶĂŐůŽďĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͖ĂŶĚĞǆƉůŽŝƟŶŐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞdt/ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂůƐŽŚŽůĚƐĂŶŶƵĂůĂǁĂƌĚƐĐĞƌĞŵŽŶǇƚŽƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞĂŶĚƌĞǁĂƌĚǁŽŵĞŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐǁŚŽŚĂǀĞƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůǇ ƵƐĞĚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽĐƵƐĞƐ ŽŶ ĨĞŵĂůĞ ĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ Ăƚ Ăůů ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͕ ĨƌŽŵ ^DDƐ͘ /ƚ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ mentoring and training.

DĂŶǇǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐĂƌĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂƐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ/ŶĐĞŶƟǀĞ^ĐŚĞŵĞ;/^Ϳ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂϭϬϬй ŐƌĂŶƚĨŽƌƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐ;ĂƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĮǀĞŽƌŵŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐͿ͘dŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚĞ/^ŝƐƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐďǇůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŽƐƚŽĨĚŽŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞ ƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƌŽĂĚͲĂƐĞĚůĂĐŬĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐĂƌĞĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ x WƌŽŵŽƚĞĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĂŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐŐƌĂŶƚ͖ x /ŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐďǇůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨĚŽŝŶŐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͖ x ƐƐŝƐƚĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐƚŽĂĐƋƵŝƌĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƚĂƌƚƵƉƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͖ x ƵŝůĚĂŶŝŶŝƟĂůĂƐƐĞƚďĂƐĞĨŽƌĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐƚŽĞŶĂďůĞƚŚĞŵƚŽůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͖ĂŶĚ x WƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐďƌŽĂĚͲďĂƐĞĚďůĂĐŬĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 25 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS sŝƐŝƚƚŽǁŽŵĞŶŽǁŶĞĚͬŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐŚĂƐƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůĞǀĞůƐĂƚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƐĞǁŽŵĞŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐ ŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĞĂĐŚĨĂĐŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘dŚĞtŽŵĞŶǁŚŽŚĂǀĞůĞƐƐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƐƚĞŶĚƚŽĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůǇ seek government support in understanding how to run a business yet these women can support their businesses with the income ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŝƚƐĞůĨƐŽƚŚĞǇŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚ͘dŚĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐǀŝƐŝƚƐĂůƐŽŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŽǀĞƌĂůůƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŽƐĞǁŽŵĞŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐǁŝƚŚĂƐĂǀǀǇďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ͕ƵƐƵĂůůǇŶĞĞĚŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƚŽƚĂŬĞƚŚĞŵ ŝŶƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌůĞǀĞůŽĨǁĞĂůƚŚĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ͘

/ƚǁĂƐĂůƐŽŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞǀĞůĂƚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƐĞǁŽŵĞŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐĂƐƉŝƌĞƚŽŐƌŽǁƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂůƐŽĚŝīĞƌƐ͘/ƚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚŚĂƚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶƵƐĞƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĂƐĂŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŝŶĐŽŵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƚŽĨĞĞĚƚŚĞŝƌĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƐŽŵĞ of the women are seeking ways to make the business grow and spread to other parts of the country. They wish to also seek other measures to process their products in-house. This means that training is required as well as access to resources which would ĞǆƉĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͘

6.6.4 WOMEN AND POVERTY

The laws and policies that South Africa has put in place to address poverty in women are two-fold: these include addressing women ŝŶĂďũĞĐƚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶƌŝŐŚƚƐŶĞĞĚĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĞŵƉŽǁĞƌǁŽŵĞŶĨŽƌĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐǁĂǇƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĐĂŶďĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ͖ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂŶĂďƐŽůƵƚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝǌĞƐƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ as lacking the income to purchase a minimum basket of food and non-food items was adopted in the discussion of MDG1 by South ĨƌŝĐĂ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉŽǀĞƌƚǇƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚŽŶĞĚŽůůĂƌƉĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƉĞƌĚĂǇďĞŝŶŐŽŶĞƚŚĂƚƌĞŇĞĐƚƐƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚĞǆƚƌĞŵĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͘ tŝƚŚĞĂĐŚƉĂƐƐŝŶŐǇĞĂƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐƐĞĞŶǀŝƐŝďůĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůŝĨĞĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͘tŚŝůƐƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƟůůƐĞĞŵ ƚŽďĞƐŽŵƵĐŚĚŽŽŵĂŶĚŐůŽŽŵ͕ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĂƚĂƐĨĂƌĂƐƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŚĂƐŵĂĚĞĂůŽƚŽĨƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐĂŶĚ ǇĞƚǁĞĂƌĞĂǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂŵŽŶŐǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŐƌŽƵƉƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ ůĞǀĞůƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ƐƟůůƌĞŵĂŝŶĂŵĂũŽƌĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞ͘1

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ͕ŵŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůǇ͕ŚĂƐĂƉŽůŝĐǇƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨŽƌƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘Halving the share of ƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĞĂƌŶŝŶŐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶΨϭ͘Ϯϱ;WWWͿƉĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶƉĞƌĚĂǇŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƐŚĂƌĞŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝŶŐŚƵŶŐĞƌ ŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶŚĂůǀĞĚ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐĞůĨͲƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚŚƵŶŐĞƌ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚŝƐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚŝƐƚƵƌďŝŶŐƚƌĞŶĚƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌ͗ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ǇŽƵƚŚĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶƌĞŵĂŝŶĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞůǇ vulnerable to all forms of poverty. dŚĞ ƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ ŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ŝƐ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ŝƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨĂƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚƐŽĐŝĂůǁĂŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƚƌŝƉůĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͕ƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘^ŽĐŝĂůǁĂŐĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂƌĞ ƉĂĐŬĂŐĞĚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞůŝƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗ĨƌĞĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞ͖ŶŽͲĨĞĞƉĂǇŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůƐ͖ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕;ƐƵĐŚĂƐŽůĚĂŐĞƉĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŐƌĂŶƚƐͿĂŶĚZWŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ͖ƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨďĂƐŝĐĂŶĚĨƌĞĞďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ ŽĨƌĞƟĐƵůĂƚĞĚǁĂƚĞƌ͖ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇ͖ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞǁĞƌĂŐĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐŽůŝĚǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂŶĚŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƚŚŽƐĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĞĚĂƐŝŶĚŝŐĞŶƚ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚĂŶĚƐŝŶĐĞϮϬϬϭƚŚĞŝŶĚŝŐĞŶƚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚŝƐĞŶƟƚůĞĚƚŽĂŵŽŶƚŚůǇĨƌĞĞƐŝǆŬŝůŽůŝƚƌĞƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĮŌǇ ŬǁŚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇ͕ZϱϬǁŽƌƚŚŽĨƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƐĞǁĞƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƌĞĨƵƐĞƌĞŵŽǀĂů͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 26 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS Figure on Access to Free Basic Services for Indigent Households

The ĮŐƵƌĞŽŶĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ&ƌĞĞĂƐŝĐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĨŽƌ/ŶĚŝŐĞŶƚ,ŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĂďŽǀĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚĨŽƌĂůůĨŽƵƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚĂďŽǀĞ͕Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵϮϬϬϰƚŽϮϬϭϭ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝŐĞŶƚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐǁŝƚŚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĨƌĞĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇ͕ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞǁĞƌĂŐĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐŽůŝĚǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƉŽŝŶƚƐϵ͘ϴ͕ϯϬ͘ϯ͕ ϭϵ͘ϰĂŶĚϭϱ͘ϰƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇĨƌŽŵϮϬϬϰƚŽϮϬϭϭ͘dŚĞƐĞďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƉŽŽƌŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĂĐĐĞƐƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚǇƉĞƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞŝƌůŝǀŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĐƵƐŚŝŽŶĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĚĞďŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐǀŝĐŝƐƐŝƚƵĚĞƐŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŚĂƐĚŽŶĞĂůŽƚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨĂůůĐŝƟǌĞŶƐĂƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚĞ>ŝǀŝŶŐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ^ƵƌǀĞǇ ϮϬϬϴͬϮϬϬϵƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚĨĞŵĂůĞƐŚĂĚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŚĞĂĚĐŽƵŶƚ;Ϯϳ͘ϯйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞƐ;Ϯϱ͘ϮйͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇƉĞƌŝŽĚǁŚĞŶ ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ͘dŚĞƚĂďůĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŚĞĂĚĐŽƵŶƚĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐǁĂƐϮ͘ϭйŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŽĨŵĂůĞƐ͘ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƉĂƩĞƌŶŝƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚǁŚĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌͲďŽƵŶĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ͕ǇŝĞůĚŝŶŐϱϰ͘ϭйĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚϱϬ͘ϰйĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ͘dŚĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞĨŽƌŵĂůĞĂŶĚĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌͲďŽƵŶĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞǁĂƐŚŝŐŚĞƌĂƚϯ͘ϳй͘

Poverty indicators by sex

^Ğǆ Food poverty line >ŽǁĞƌͲďŽƵŶĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ;ZϰϭϲͿ hƉƉĞƌͲďŽƵŶĚƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ;ZϱϳϳͿ

;ZϯϬϱͿ P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 P0 P1 P2 Male Ϯϱ͘Ϯ ϴ͘ϭ ϯ͘ϲ ϯϳ͘ϯ ϭϰ͘ϯ 7.2 ϱϬ͘ϰ 22.7 ϭϮ͘ϯ Female Ϯϳ͘ϯ ϴ͘ϴ ϯ͘ϵ ϰϬ͘ϰ ϭϱ͘ϱ ϳ͘ϴ ϱϰ͘ϭ Ϯϰ͘ϱ ϭϯ͘ϴ RSA Ϯϲ͘ϯ ϴ͘ϱ ϯ͘ϴ ϯϴ͘ϵ ϭϱ͘Ϭ ϳ͘ϱ ϱϮ͘ϯ Ϯϯ͘ϲ ϭϯ͘ϯ dŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŐĂƉĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐǁĂƐĂůƐŽůŽǁĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚŵĂůĞƐůŝǀŝŶŐďĞůŽǁƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞǁĞƌĞĐůŽƐĞƌƚŽ ƚŚĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĨĞŵĂůĞƐůŝǀŝŶŐďĞůŽǁƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇůŝŶĞ͘dŚĞƐĞǀĞƌŝƚǇŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚ ƚŚŝƐƉĂƩĞƌŶŝŶŐĞŶĚĞƌƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͘

Percentage share of poverty by sex

Sex Food poverty line Lower-bound poverty line Upper-bound poverty RSA (R416) (%) line (R577) (%) (R305) (%) (%) Male 46.2 46.2 46.4 48.2 Female 53.8 53.8 53.6 51.8 RSA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 27 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞůŽǁƌĂƚĞŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶǁŚǇŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚŝƐƚƌĞŶĚŝƐŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞYƵĂƌƚĞƌůǇ>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞǇŽĨϮϬϭϯĂƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͘

dŚĞƉĂƩĞƌŶŽĨŚŝŐŚĞƌƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĂŵŽŶŐǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĂŶŵĞŶŝƐŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ŵĂŶǇǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞĚŽŝŶŐ ƵŶƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬƐƵĐŚĂƐďĞŝŶŐĐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞŚŽŵĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞĚĂƐĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞĂůƐŽĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇĨŽƵŶĚŝŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐƚƌĞĞƚŚĂǁŬŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ͘

ŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŐƌĞǁďǇĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϱ͘ϲŵŝůůŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϵϵϰĂŶĚϮϬϭϯ͕ŽƌďǇϲϬй͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂůĂƌŐĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚ͕ƚŚŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŽīƐĞƚďǇĂůĂƌŐĞƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌǁŽƌŬ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĨŽƌ ƚŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƵƌďĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ;ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚƵƌŶǁĂƐƉĂƌƚůǇĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐŵĂŶƚůŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŚŽŵĞůĂŶĚ ƐǇƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞŵŽǀĂůŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƐůĂǁƐͿĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶůŽŽŬŝŶŐĨŽƌǁŽƌŬ͕ĚƵĞƚŽĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƐŝŶŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞŝŶĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƌĂĐĞĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚ͘/Ŷϭϵϵϰ͕ũƵƐƚϯϰйŽĨǁŽƌŬŝŶŐͲĂŐĞĨƌŝĐĂŶƐǁĂƐĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚĂŶĚŽŶůǇϮϲйŽĨĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ϲϲйǁŚŝƚĞƐĂŶĚϱϭй ŽůŽƵƌĞĚĂŶĚƐŝĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚ͘ǇϮϬϭϯ͕ĨƌŝĐĂŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŚĂĚĐůŝŵďĞĚƚŽϰϯй͕ĂŶĚϯϴйŽĨĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶŚĂĚƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬ͘

ŶŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝƐƚŚĞĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƚǇďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĞĂƌŶĞĚŝŶĐŽŵĞ͘/ŶϮϬϬϭ͕ƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞĂŶŶƵĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ ŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶǁĂƐZϮϳϴϲϰ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚZϲϯϲϮϲĨŽƌŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇŵĞŶ͘ǇϮϬϭϭ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞŝŶĐŽŵĞĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶƐƟůůĞĂƌŶĞĚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϱϬйŽĨŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŚĞĂĚĞĚďǇŵĞŶ͘dŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶ ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐĨŽƌĂǁŚŝƚĞŵĂŶǁĞƌĞƐŝǆƟŵĞƐĂƐŚŝŐŚĂƐĨŽƌĂŶĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĂŶ͘dŚĞĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƚǇǁĂƐŵŽƐƚůǇŶŽƚĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƵŶĞƋƵĂůƉĂǇĨŽƌ ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨǁŽƌŬ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĂƚƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĂĨĂĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶƌĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌƉĂǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂůƐǁĂƐƚŚĂƚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐ͕ĂŶĚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶ͕ǁĞƌĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽďĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚŝŶůŽǁĞƌͲůĞǀĞůũŽďƐ͘ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚŝƐĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƚǇŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŝŶĐŽŵĞĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĨĂƌůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŝƌŵĂůĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐ͛ƐĂůĂƌŝĞƐ͘/ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽǁŽƌŬĂŶĚƉĂǇĂƌĞĂůƐŽƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚ in household incomes. dŚĞĮŐƵƌĞďĞůŽǁŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨĂĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐͲĂŐĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚϰϭͲ ϰϱй͘dŚĞƚƌĞŶĚƐŚŽǁƐĂƐůŝŐŚƚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϴĂŶĚϮϬϬϵǁŚŝĐŚŵĂǇďĞĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůĐƌŝƐŝƐŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ĞĂƌůŝĞƌ͘dŚĞƌĂƟŽŝƐŚŝŐŚĞƌĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĨĞŵĂůĞƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐďĞƩĞƌĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƚƐĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐĂƐŽƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͘ &ŽƌďŽƚŚŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƟŽĚĞĐůŝŶĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϴĂŶĚϮϬϬϵ͘

ŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚͲƚŽͲƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƌĂƟŽ

>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞǇ;ϮϬϬϭͲϮϬϬϳͿ͖YƵĂƌƚĞƌůǇ>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞǇ;ϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϭϭͿ͕^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 28 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞŐŽĂůƚŽŚĂůĨĞǆƚƌĞŵĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŚĂƐĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇďĞĞŶĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůǇĚĞĂůƚǁŝƚŚďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĚĞĞƉĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƟǀĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐŚŝŐŚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƐŽŝŶƉĂƌƚďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚŝŐŚƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽǁůĂďŽƵƌĨŽƌĐĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŝŶŽƵƌĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘ dŚĞ ǆƉĂŶĚĞĚ WƵďůŝĐ tŽƌŬƐ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ;WtWͿ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ŵĂŶǇ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƐŚŽƌƚͲƚĞƌŵũŽďŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚ;ƚŽƵŶƐŬŝůůĞĚƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌͿ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞĂŝŵŽĨƚŚĞWtWŝƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĨŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ͘ƵĞƚŽƚŚĞƐŚŽƌƚŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨŵŽƐƚWtWƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐŚĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ ďĞĞŶĂƚĂďĂƐŝĐ ůĞǀĞů͘ DŽƐƚWtWǁŽƌŬŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ĨƌŽŵ ƵƐŝŶŐ ŵŽƌĞůĂďŽƵƌͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŝŶƉƵďůŝĐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌƵƉƐĐĂůŝŶŐƚŚĞWtWƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯŵŝůůŝŽŶǁŽƌŬŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐďĞŝŶŐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϬϬϵĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϯ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇtŽƌŬƐWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;tWͿŝŶ ϮϬϬϵ͕ǁŝƚŚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĨŽƌĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĐƌĞĂƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƉƌŝŽƌŝƟƐĞĚďǇĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ dŚĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĐƌĞĂƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞWtWƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŝƐƐƟůůƐŵĂůůĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƵŶƐŬŝůůĞĚƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ EĞǀĞƌƚŚĞůĞƐƐ͕ƉƵďůŝĐĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĂƌĞĐƌƵĐŝĂůŝŶĐŽŵĞͲƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘ŽƚŚƚŚĞWtWĂŶĚƚŚĞtWŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŝŶƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͕ƚŚĞǇŽƵƚŚĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽ ǁŽƌŬƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĚŝŐŶŝƚǇĂŶĚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐŝŶƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƌŬƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘'ĞŶĞƌĂůůǇ͕ďĞƐŝĚĞƐĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƌŬƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŚĞůƉƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƵŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ͕ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨƐĞůĨͲĞƐƚĞĞŵ͕ ĚƌƵŐĂŶĚĂůĐŽŚŽůĂďƵƐĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂůŽƐƐŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ƐŬŝůůƐĂŶĚŚĂďŝƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŚĂǀŝŶŐĂũŽď͘

6.6.5 WOMEN, THE MEDIA AND ICTS dŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŚĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌǇĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂ͘ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƵƚŝŶƉůĂĐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌͲƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĚĂƌĞĂƐĂƐƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂŶĚŵĂŬĞƐĂŶĞīŽƌƚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨĂŶĚŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ďǇƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͘ dŚĞ/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ;/^ͿĐƚ͕ϮϬϬϬ;ĐƚϭϯŽĨϮϬϬϬͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƚŽŽůŝŶƚŚĞ ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉŝĞĐĞŽĨůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ ŵĞĚŝĂ͘ dŚĞ ůĂǁ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ ƚŽ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƚŚĞ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ ƚĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐďǇƉĞŽƉůĞĨƌŽŵŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͘

^ĞĐƟŽŶϱ;ϵͿ;ďͿŽĨƚŚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĐƚ;ĐƚϯϲŽĨϮϬϬϲͿƐƟƉƵůĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇŵƵƐƚ͕ŝŶŐƌĂŶƟŶŐĂůŝĐĞŶĐĞͶ ;ďͿƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƚŚĞĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚƉĞƌƐŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞǇŽƵƚŚĂŶĚƉĞŽƉůĞǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ in accordance with the requirements of the ICT charter. dŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶ'ĞŶĚĞƌĂƐĞůŝŶĞ^ƚƵĚǇƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϬĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚŽŶůǇϭϵйŽĨŶĞǁƐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐǁĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĂŶĚďůĂĐŬǁŽŵĞŶ ŵĂĚĞƵƉŽŶůǇϳйŽĨƚŚĂƚƚŽƚĂů͘dŚĞǀŽŝĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŵĞĚŝĂĂƌĞŵĂůĞǀŽŝĐĞƐ͘/ŶůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚ ƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĚŝĂƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞ'ĞŶĚĞƌĂŶĚDĞĚŝĂĂƐĞůŝŶĞ^ƚƵĚǇĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇďůĂĐŬǁŽŵĞŶǁĞƌĞƐƟůů heavily underrepresented in South African news-rooms. They were best represented as television presenters and worst presented ŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƐĨŽƌƌĂĚŝŽƌĞƉŽƌƚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƚƌĞŶĚŝƐŵŽǀŝŶŐƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƉĂƌŝƚǇ͘ dŚĞƐƚƵĚǇŽŶƚŚĞhŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨtŚĂƚŝƐ,ĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐŝŶ/dŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐůŝƩůĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐǁŚŽŽǁŶŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĂďŽƵƚϴϲйŽĨŵĂůĞƐĂŶĚϴϮйŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐƐƚĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇŽǁŶĞĚĂƚ ůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϱϵйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϰйͿƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇŚĂǀĞĂŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨďƌŽǁƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐƵƐĞƚŚĞŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞƚŽďƌŽǁƐĞƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ;ϯϯйͿĂŶĚƚŽĂĐĐĞƐƐ&ĂĐĞďŽŽŬ;ϮϵйͿƚŚĂŶǁŽŵĞŶ;Ăƚ ϮϯйĂŶĚϮϮйƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇͿ͘

DŽƌĞĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϲйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϯйͿƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇŽǁŶĂĚĞƐŬƚŽƉĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϯϵйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϵйͿ ƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇŽǁŶĂůĂƉƚŽƉ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚǇĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨŵĂůĞƐ;ϯϲйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϯйͿƵƐĞĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͘ DĞĂŶǁŚŝůĞ͕ĂŵŽŶŐĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƵƐĞƌƐ͕ĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂƌĞŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇ;ϲϰ͘ϲйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞƐ;ϱϵйͿƚŽƵƐĞĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĂƚŚŽŵĞ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞ ĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϯϭйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϴйͿƵƐĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐĂƚŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚĐĂĨĞƐ͘DŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϴйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϯϬйͿ͕ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƵƐĞƌƐ͕ƵƐĞĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĂƚǁŽƌŬ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 29 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS DŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϬйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϵйͿƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇƵƐĞƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘ŵŽŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚƵƐĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϳϮйͿƚŚĂŶ ĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϱϳйͿǁŚŽĮƌƐƚƵƐĞĚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚŽŶĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵŽƌĞĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϰϯйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϴйͿǁŚŽĮƌƐƚƵƐĞĚƚŚĞ internet on a mobile phone.

/ƚǁĂƐĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚŵŽƐƚŵĂůĞƐ;ϳϭйͿĂŶĚŵŽƐƚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϳϬ͘ϵйͿǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽŚĂǀĞƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚǀŝĂƚŚĞ ŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐϭϮŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘DŽƌĞŵĂůĞƐƵƐĞƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚĂƚǁŽƌŬ;ϰϱйͿĂŶĚĂƚŚŽŵĞ;ϰϲйͿƚŚĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;Ăƚϯϴй ĂŶĚϮϱйƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇͿ͘DĞĂŶǁŚŝůĞ͕ŵŽƌĞĨĞŵĂůĞƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚǀŝĂĂĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚĂĐĐĞƐƐĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ;ϯϲйͿĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ;ϮϮйͿƚŚĂŶŵĂůĞ;ĂƚϯϬйĂŶĚϮϬйƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůǇͿ͘

^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛Ɛ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ;/dͿŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇŝƐƐůŽǁůǇƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽďĞŵŽƌĞǁĞůĐŽŵŝŶŐĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽǁŽŵĞŶ͘KǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĨĞǁǇĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐĞŶŝŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞĞǆĞĐƵƟǀĞƐŚĂǀĞŵŽǀĞĚƵƉƚŚĞƌĂŶŬƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽŵĂůĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉĂƌƚƐĂƌĞƐƟůůůŽǁ͘

^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚďǇƚŚĞ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ;//dW^ͿƐƚĂƚĞƚŚĂƚϱϲйŽĨŐůŽďĂů/dƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůũŽďƐ ĂƌĞŚĞůĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ďƵƚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂʹǁŚĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞϱϱйŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͛ƐĞŶƟƌĞǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞʹŽŶůǇϮϬйŽĨƚŚĞ/d workforce are women.

Women in the ICT workforce dŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞ/dƐĞĐƚŽƌŝƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨƌŽŵƚǁŽƌĞĐĞŶƚƐƵƌǀĞǇƐ͗ϭͿƚŚĞ>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞǇƐĂŶĚ ϮͿƚŚĞĚƟͬ/^dd^dƐŬŝůůƐĂƵĚŝƚ;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘dŚĞƐĞƚǁŽƐƵƌǀĞǇƐĚŝīĞƌƌĂĚŝĐĂůůǇŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐƌĞĂĐŚĞĚŽŶƐŝǌĞ͕ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƐŬŝůůƐůĞǀĞůƐŝŶƚŚĞ/dƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞ>ĂďŽƵƌ&ŽƌĐĞ^ƵƌǀĞǇƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůǇƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ/dǁŽƌŬŝƐŶŽƚĞŶŐĞŶĚĞƌĞĚ͕ǁŝƚŚ ŵĂƌŬĞĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĐŽƌĞ/dǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ͘

The charts below show gender in the ICT workforce

ŽƌĞ/dKĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐďǇ'ĞŶĚĞƌ

ůƚŚŽƵŐŚϰϰ͘ϮйŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĐŽƌĞ/dǁŽƌŬĞƌƐŚĂĚŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶϮϬϬϱ͕ǀĞƌǇĨĞǁǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽŵĞŶ͕ǁĞƌĞĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚĂƐ/dŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ͕ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͕ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƌƐ͕ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐĂŶĚĂƌƟƐĂŶƐ͘tŽŵĞŶŵĂŬĞƵƉƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŝŶ/d ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƐĂůĞƐĂŶĚƐǇƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĂůǇƐƚŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϴ͘ϵ͘dŚĞ/dŵĂŶĂŐĞƌĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚďǇŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚƌĞŇĞĐƚĂůů/dŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĐŽĚĞƐĨŽƌĂůů/dŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ;ĞǆĐĞƉƚĨŽƌĐŽŵƉƵƟŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐͿŝŶƚŚĞ >&^͘/dŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐǁĞƌĞŽŶůǇĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞƌ͗ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƌĂƟŽƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŚŝŐŚͲůĞǀĞůĐŽƌĞ/d component in the ICT workforce

/ƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŚĂƚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϲϴйŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞĞŶƌŽůůĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ/dƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐŽƵƌƐĞƐĂƚƚĞƌƟĂƌǇŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŝŶ ƚŚĞůĂƐƚĨĞǁǇĞĂƌƐ͘DŽƐƚƚĞƌƟĂƌǇŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͛ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĨĂĐƵůƟĞƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇĨĞŵĂůĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŚĞƐĞĚĂǇƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 30 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS dŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƟŶŐĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϵ;ĐƚϰŽĨϭϵϵϵͿ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƉƵďůŝĐ ďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƚĞƌƐŚĂůůƐƚƌŝǀĞĨŽƌĂďƌŽĂĚƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƉƵƚŝŶƉůĂĐĞƚŽŐŝǀĞŐƵŝĚĂŶĐĞŽŶŚŽǁŵĂƩĞƌƐŽĨĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚĞƌĞŽƚǇƉŝŶŐĂƌĞƚŽďĞĚĞĂůƚǁŝƚŚ͘ƌŝƐŝŶŐ ŽƵƚŽĨƚŚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƚĞƌŵƵƐƚƐƚƌŝǀĞƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶũƵĚŐĞĚ͕ŝƚƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐĚŽĞƐŶŽƚ͗ x Promote violence against women x ĞƉŝĐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂƐƉĂƐƐŝǀĞǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂďƵƐĞ x ĞŐƌĂĚĞǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŝƌƌŽůĞĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ x Reinforce gender oppression and stereotypes dŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŝƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ/^͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ&ŝůŵƐĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶĐƚ͕ϭϵϵϲ;ĐƚϲϱŽĨϭϵϵϲͿ͕ ƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐĂůĞŐĂůƚƌĂŶƐŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƚŽĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽƌĮůŵƐǁŚŝĐŚĂĚǀŽĐĂƚĞŚĂƚƌĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƌĂĐĞ͕ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ĞƚŚŶŝĐŝƚǇŽƌƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐŝƚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŽŚĂƌŵĨƵůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƉŽƌƚƌĂǇĞĚŽƌĚĞƉŝĐƚĞĚĂĚǀĞƌƐĞůǇ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĚǀĞƌƟƐŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂ͕ƚŚĞĚǀĞƌƟƐŝŶŐƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇ;^ͿŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐĞƚƵƉƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂůůĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶƐ͘ tŚĞŶƚĂŬŝŶŐŵĞĚŝĂĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞŽŶŝƐƐƵĞƐĂīĞĐƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͕ŝƚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐƚŽŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƐƚŽƌŝĞƐŽŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŶĂďĂůĂŶĐĞĚƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘dŚŝƐĐŽŵĞƐĂƐŶŽƐƵƌƉƌŝƐĞ͕ǁŚĞŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛Ɛ ƚƌĂĐŬƌĞĐŽƌĚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŚĂƐƐƵƌƉĂƐƐĞĚĞǆƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͘

KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ŵĞĚŝĂŚĂƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚƚŽĞǆƉŽƐĞĂŶĚŚĞŝŐŚƚĞŶĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽŶƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨƌŽŵƉƵďůŝĐƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶŝƐƐƵĞƐĂīĞĐƟŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞĞǆƉůŽƌĞĚ͘

DĞĚŝĂ ĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽŶ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶƚ ĚƌŝǀĞŶ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ tŽŵĞŶ͛ƐDŽŶƚŚ;ƵŐƵƐƚͿĞĂĐŚǇĞĂƌĂŶĚĚƌŽƉƉŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘&ƌŽŵ&ĞďƌƵĂƌǇϮϬϭϯ͕ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐŽŶŝƐƐƵĞƐĂīĞĐƟŶŐ ǁŽŵĞŶŚĂƐƐŚŝŌĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĂƚŽĨĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚƚŽŝƐƐƵĞƐŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ƌĂƉĞ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĨƵĞůůĞĚďǇŚŝŐŚ ƉƌŽĮůĞĐĂƐĞƐŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘

The tone of coverage on government pertaining to women empowerment varies depending on the issue. The appointment of ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶǁŽŵĞŶƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽǀĞƌĞĚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞůǇďǇƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞŽŶƚŚĞƐĞĂƉƉŽŝŶƚŵĞŶƚƐŚĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇďĞĞŶƉŽƐŝƟǀĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůŝŵĞŶƚĂƌǇ͘ dŚĞŵĞĚŝĂĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽƉůĂǇĂƉŝǀŽƚĂůƌŽůĞŝŶƉƌŽĮůŝŶŐŝƐƐƵĞƐŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĐĂůůŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůũƵƐƟĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŽ ƚĂŬĞƐƚƌŝŶŐĞŶƚĂĐƟŽŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƉĞƌƉĞƚƌĂƚŽƌƐ͘ dŚĞ/dƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƌĞƐĞĞŶĂƐƚŽŽůƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ͘'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƉƵƚŝŶƉůĂĐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚǇŽƵŶŐŐŝƌůƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐƚŽƵƐĞ/dƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ƌĞĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁŽŵĞŶǁŝƚŚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ/dƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞŝŶĐŽŵĞĂŶĚƉůĂǇƐĂƌŽůĞƚŽĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŽƚŚĞƌ ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽĂƌĞŵŽƌĞŽƉĞŶƚŽƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘

dŚĞƉŝĞͲŐƌĂƉŚĂďŽǀĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŵŽƌĞǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞŝŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂƚ&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚdƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŽůůĞŐĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͕ǇĞƚĨĞǁĞƌǁŽŵĞŶƚŚĂŶŵĞŶĂĐƚƵĂůůǇŚĂǀĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŽƌŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ/dĮĞůĚƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 31 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS 6.6.6 DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL WOMEN

/Ŷ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ǁŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƌƵƌĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘ dŚĞ Agricultural Women Empowerment programme includes the Agricultural Development Finance programme where a total number ŽĨϮϵϱϯϴĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϮϬϬϳϴĂƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϵϰϲϬŵĞŶĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞƐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐĂƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞD&/^ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚϳϮϮϵ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϳϰϰǁĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶ͕ƚŽĂŶĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨZϲϱŵŝůůŝŽŶ͘ƚŽƚĂůŽĨZϮϮϮϮϮϯϯϯ͕ϬϬ ǁĂƐĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƵŶĚĞƌǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘>ĂŶĚĂƌĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͘ƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϲϯϰϱϭϴĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϰϭϭϭϲϳǁĞƌĞ ǁŽŵĞŶĂƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϮϮϯϯϱϭŵĞŶ͘dŚĞ&ŽŽĚ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚǇŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϰϯϮϬϬĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚϭϲϮĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉĂĐŬƐ͘ƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϭϱϳϲϵϰĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϭϭϱϵϮϵ ǁĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĂƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĂƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϯϲϱϵϳŽĨŵĞŶŚĂƐďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ dŚĞŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů^ƵƉƉŽƌƚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;^WͿďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϭϲϱϲϳϵĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚϮϴϳϬϵǁĞƌĞǁŽŵĞŶĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϱϱϬϳϱŽĨŵĞŶ͕ĨƌŽŵĂůůŶŝŶĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞ&ŝŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ>ĂŶĚ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ;&>ͿƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϯϰǁŽŵĞŶďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚǁŝƚŚϭϴǁŽŵĞŶďĞŶĞĮƟŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞEZ&ZD ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ŶĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨZϮϭϮϲϭϬϬϬ͕ϬϬĨŽƌϮϯƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĂůůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚϮϭŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐǁĞƌĞƵŶĚĞƌŽŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨϮϭϮǁŽŵĞŶǁĞƌĞďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚǁŝůůďĞƵƉƐĐĂůŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐƵďƐŝĚŝǌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŚĂƌŝŶŐŽĨŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĨĂƌŵƐǁŝƚŚĨĂƌŵǁŽƌŬĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞŽŶĞŚĞĐƚŽƌͲŽŶĞǁŽŵĞŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ͘ŝƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶďǇŐĞŶĚĞƌƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚ ǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚĞƋƵĂůůǇƚŽŵĞŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇǁŝůůďĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ͘

7. OVERVIEW OF CHALLENGES

ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞŵĂŶǇŐĂŝŶƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚƌĞŐĂƌĚƚŽǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͕ƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƐƟůů persist.

High levels of maternal death remain a key challenge for the health sector. Various factors contribute to overcoming this challenge. dŚĞƐĞƌĂŶŐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƵŶĞǀĞŶƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨƉƵďůŝĐŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ŚƵŵĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĨŽƌŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ ĚĞůĂǇĞĚŚĞĂůƚŚͲƐĞĞŬŝŶŐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌďǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͕ƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞĂďƵƐĞ͕ůĂĐŬŽĨĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚǇďǇƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĂŶĚĂŚŝŐŚďƵƌĚĞŶ ŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ,/sͬŝĚƐ͘ǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŽĨĨƌŝĐĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ϮϬƚŽϯϰǇĞĂƌƐͿŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨ,/sŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌǇ ŚĂƐƚŽďĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞǆƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͛ƐŚŝƐƚŽƌǇŽĨƌĂĐŝĂůĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘

ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌƉĂƌŝƚǇŝŶďĂƐŝĐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůŶŽƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐ ƌŽůĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŽŵĞŶ͕ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ŵĂŶǇ ǁŽŵĞŶ ŶŽƚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ Žƌ ŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂůŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘DĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂďůĞƚŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂƌĞŶŽƚĂďůĞƚŽƉƵƌƐƵĞ ƚŚĞŝƌĐŚŽƐĞŶĐĂƌĞĞƌƐĚƵĞƚŽďƌĞĂŬƐĨƌŽŵĐŚŝůĚͲƌĞĂƌŝŶŐ͘ǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƐĞĐƚŽƌĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽďĞ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶ͕ŵĂŝŶůǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞĨĂĐĞĚǁŝƚŚƉƌĞĐĂƌŝŽƵƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚŝĸĐƵůƚǇ ŝŶŵĂŬŝŶŐůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵƉůĂŶƐĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƚǇŝŶĞĂƌŶĞĚŝŶĐŽŵĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĂƐ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ''/͘/ƚŝƐĂůƐŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƚŽŝŶĐŽŵĞŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂƐƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ'ŝŶŝĐŽĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 32 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂƐůĞĚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐďǇǁŽŵĞŶĞǆĞƌĐŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ͛ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͘/ƚŚĂƐĞǀĞŶ ĞŶĂďůĞĚǁŽŵĞŶƚŽŐĂŝŶƐŽŵĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŝŶƚŚĞŝƌďĂƌŐĂŝŶŝŶŐƉŽǁĞƌŽǀĞƌŵĞŶ͘zĞƚ͕ƚŚĞĚĞĞƉĞƌƐŽĐŝĂůƐƚƌĂƚĂƵƉŽŶǁŚŝĐŚǁŽŵĞŶĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĨƵůĮůƚŚĞŝƌƌŽůĞƐŽŶĂĚĂǇͲƚŽͲĚĂǇďĂƐŝƐŚĂƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚŽƌƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ͘ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŽĨ ĂƐƐĞƚƐ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇ ůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ƌĞĂůŝƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŐŽĂů ŽĨ ĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͘ ŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ũŽďƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĞĂƌŶĂĚĞĐĞŶƚŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ŝƐŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽĞƋƵĂůŝƐĞƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘&ƌŽŵďĞŝŶŐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶŵĂůĞƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĨŽƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĨƌŽŵĨĞŵĂůĞͲ ŚĞĂĚĞĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐŵĂǇŚĂǀĞƐŚŝŌĞĚƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůƐƚĞƉŝŶƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐǇŽŶĂďƵƐŝǀĞŵĞŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽŶ's͘

ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĞŶƟƚůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŝƐĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĨŽƌƌƵƌĂůǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĂƌĞƵŶĂďůĞ ƚŽƌĞĂĚŝŶĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘ƚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞů͕ƚŚĞĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĂƐĂƵŶŝƚŽĨĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŝƐƚĂŬĞŶĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƉŽǁĞƌŶŽƚŽŶůǇǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŚŽŵĞ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ůŽĐĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽŶƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨŵĂƌŐŝŶĂůŝƐĞĚǁŽŵĞŶ͘KǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŵƵůƟĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂů ŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďǇĨĞŵŝŶŝƐƚĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞĚŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ͘/ƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐŽĐŝĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚĂŐĞŶĐǇ to empower women to live the lives they choose to live.

'ĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞŝƐĂƉĞƌǀĂƐŝǀĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝůůĞǀŝĚĞŶƚŝŶŵĂŶǇƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐ͘dŚĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚũŽƵƌŶĞǇĨŽƌ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŝŶĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ's ŚĂƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞĂƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐůĞǀĞůƐ͘ƚĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůůĞǀĞů͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůƚƌĞŶĚƐƚŚĂƚůĞĂĚƚŽƚŚĞĂůŝĞŶĂƟŶŐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨŵŽĚĞƌŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽŶǁŽŵĞŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůůĞǀĞů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨĂŵŝůǇ͕ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇĂŶĚƐƚĂƚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟƐĞĚ͘ĂƐĞĚŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϯŵĂŝŶĚƌŝǀĞƌƐŽĨ 's͗ x ŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƉĂƚƌŝĂƌĐŚĂůƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůŶŽƌŵƐƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶƵŶĞƋƵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐ ĂĸƌŵĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůĞŐĂůĚŽŵĂŝŶ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚǁŝĚĞůǇĞǆƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶĨĂŵŝůǇůŝĨĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘ x /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ'sŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂůĐŽŚŽůƵƐĞ͕ĚƌƵŐƐĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚĂďƵƐĞ͘DĞŶǁŚŽǁĞƌĞĂďƵƐĞĚĂƐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƌĞ more likely to be violent partners. x ƵůƚƵƌĂůŶŽƌŵƐĂŶĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐǀŝŽůĂƚĞƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ dŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞŽĨƵŶĚĞƌͲƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůĐŽŶǀŝĐƟŽŶƌĂƚĞŽĨǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂĐĂƵƐĞĨŽƌ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞƌĂƚĞƐŶŽƚǇĞƚďĞŝŶŐĂƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĨƵůůƐĐŽƉĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĐĂƐĞƐĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇƚŽĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƚŚŝƐŝŶƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŝƚŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽƋƵĂŶƟĨǇŚŽǁŽŌĞŶŚŽŵŽƉŚŽďŝĂƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŽǀŝŽůĞŶƚĂĐƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚŽƐĞƌĞŐĂƌĚĞĚĂƐƚƌĂŶƐŐƌĞƐƐŽƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞŚĂƚĞĐƌŝŵĞƐĚŽŶŽƚĨŽƌŵƉĂƌƚŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶŽĸĐŝĂůƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ

ZĞůŝŐŝŽŶĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĂƉƌŽĨŽƵŶĚǁĂǇŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇĂŶĚƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝĚĞŶƟƚǇ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĂůŽŶŐƐŝĚĞƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂŶƵŶƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚĚĞďĂƚĞ ƉŽƐƚͲϭϵϵϰ͕ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽǁŽŵĞŶĨƌŽŵƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐƐƟůůĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǀĞƌƐƵƐĐŝƟǌĞŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐďĞŝŶŐ ĨƵůĮůůĞĚ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 33 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS tŽŵĞŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ;ŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůͿ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂŶ ĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŐƌŽƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚďǇǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵ͘ŝƐĐŽƵƌƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůŵŽĚĞůŽĨĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚĨĞŵŝŶŝƐŵĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚƐŚĂƉĞŝĚĞŶƟƚǇĂŶĚƉŽǁĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶŵĞŶĂŶĚĂďůĞͲďŽĚŝĞĚƉĞŽƉůĞ͘dŚĞ ŶĞĞĚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĂƌĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚďǇŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞǆƉĞŶƐĞƐ͕ŝŶĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂŶĚ the costs of childcare or family members who are ill. It requires greater societal awareness and an understanding of rights and ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐƚŽĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƚŚĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƐƟůůǁŝĚĞůǇƉƌĂĐƟƐĞĚĂƚůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůƐ͘

/ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚůŝƚĞƌĂĐǇƌĂƚĞƐĂŵŽŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĨĞƌƟůŝƚǇƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŚŽƵƐŝŶŐĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨĂƐƐĞƚƐ͕ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇǇŽƵŶŐĞƌǁŽŵĞŶ;ϮϬͲϯϰǇĞĂƌƐͿŵŝŐƌĂƟŶŐƚŽĐŝƟĞƐŝŶƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĨĂŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽĨůŝĨĞ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ďǇƵƌďĂŶŝƐĞĚǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĐŝǀŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ůĞƐƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽŶŵĂůĞĮŐƵƌĞƐĂŶĚĨƌĞĞĚŽŵŽĨŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƐŚŝŌŝŶŐ ƉŽǁĞƌĚǇŶĂŵŝĐƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶʹǁŝƚŚĨĞǁĞƌǁŽŵĞŶĐŽŵƉĞůůĞĚƚŽĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞĂƐĂƐĂĨĞƚǇŶĞƚ͘ ŶĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŶŽƚƟĞĚƚŽĨĂŵŝůǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƉŽƐĞƐŝƚƐŽǁŶƐŽĐŝĂůƌŝƐŬƐ͘ƐŚŝŌŝŶŐĞŶĚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶƚŽƌĞĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞǁĂǇŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞǇĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƐŽĐŝĂů ŶŽƌŵƐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞďǇŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶĞǁǀĂůƵĞƐǇƐƚĞŵďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚ equality. dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨůĂďŽƵƌŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƐŝŶŐůĞƉĂƌĞŶƟŶŐĂŶĚŽƌƉŚĂŶŝŶŐŚĂƐŚĂĚĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞŽŶƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƐŝŶĐĞϭϵϵϰ͕ĂŶĚĞǆƚĞŶĚƐǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚǇĨƌŽŵŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƚŽĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͘^ƵƌǀĞǇƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁĂĚĞĐůŝŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŚŽůŝǀĞǁŝƚŚďŽƚŚƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĨƌŽŵϰϮƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŝŶϭϵϵϯƚŽϯϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŝŶϮϬϭϭ͘ dŚĞĐĂƌĞŽĨǇŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂŶĚŝůůŶĞƐƐĂŵŽŶŐĨĂŵŝůǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞǆƚŽĨŚŝŐŚďƵƌĚĞŶƐŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚĂůĂĐŬŽĨĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĐĂƌĞĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶǁŽŵĞŶƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐůŽĐŬĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞĂŶĚŶƵƌƚƵƌŝŶŐƌŽůĞƐ͘dŚĞĐĂƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵǇŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚŽƌ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ͕ŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞĚŝŶĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐƟĐ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĨĂŵŝůǇŵĞŵďĞƌƐƚŽĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŶĞĞĚ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐĂƌĞĂƐĂĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝƐƐƵĞ͕ĂŶĚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƵŶĞƋƵĂů ĐŽƐƚĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĐĂƌĞŝƐƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌďĂƌƌŝĞƌƚŽŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ;hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌ^ŽĐŝĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ϮϬϭϮͿ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 34 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 35 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS Reviewing Gender mainstreaming as a strategy

ǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚŐĞŶĚĞƌŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŝŶŐĂƐĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌĨŽĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ŚĂƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞůǇ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐǁŝƚŚĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇĂŶĚůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉƚŽĚƌŝǀĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚŽƐĞǁŚŽĂƌĞĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐĂůůǇƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĞĚƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƚĂůůůĞǀĞůƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͘

^ŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ͕ĂĸƌŵĂƟǀĞĂĐƟŽŶƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞŝƌĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͕ ŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝŶŵĞĞƟŶŐĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĞƋƵŝƚǇƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ͘ǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĂƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚĨŽƌ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ^'ĂƐĂƐŽĐŝĂůĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ŝŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƌƵƌĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐŚĂǀĞŶŽƚĞŶũŽǇĞĚƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐĚƵĞƚŽůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉŽŽƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇĂƚůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůƐ͘

ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŝƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌŝŶŐŶĞĞĚƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶ͘tŽŵĞŶĂƌĞŶŽƚĂŚŽŵŽŐĞŶŽƵƐŐƌŽƵƉ͘ZƵƌĂůǁŽŵĞŶŚĂǀĞŵƵĐŚ ŵŽƌĞŝŶĐŽŵŵŽŶǁŝƚŚƌƵƌĂůŵĞŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶƚŚĂŶƚŚĞǇĚŽǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶĨƌŽŵƵƌďĂŶĂƌĞĂƐ͘ tŽŵĞŶŝŶƌƵƌĂůĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶǁŝƚŚĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐĂƌĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞ͕ǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚ͕ŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ǁŝƚŚǁŽŵĞŶǁŚŽŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐŽĨďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐŚĂƐƚŽďĞƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚŝŶ ƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐŝĨĂŶǇƌĞĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚŝƐƚŽďĞŵĂĚĞ͘

ϴ͘ WHERE HAVE GENDER INEQUALITIES PERSISTED AND WHY?

Change has come slowly or not at all for many women and girls in many dimensions of gender equality. Health disadvantages that ƌĞǀĞĂůƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĞǆĐĞƐƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇŽĨŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĨĂůůŝŶƚŽƚŚŝƐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ͘^ŽĚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŝŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ͕ŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐ͕ŵĂůĞͲĨĞŵĂůĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĨŽƌŚŽƵƐĞ ĂŶĚĐĂƌĞͲǁŽƌŬ͕ŐĂƉƐŝŶĂƐƐĞƚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐƚŽǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂŐĞŶĐǇŝŶďŽƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐƐƉŚĞƌĞƐ͘WƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶ ƚŚĞƐĞĚŽŵĂŝŶƐŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽƐĞĞ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞŵĂŶǇĂĚǀĂŶĐĞƐŝŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐ͘DĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂůŝĞŶƚĞǀĞŶĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞďĞƩĞƌŽīŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘

'ĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐƉĞƌƐŝƐƚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĚŽŵĂŝŶƐĨŽƌƚŚƌĞĞŵĂŝŶƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ͗ x dŚĞƌĞŵĂǇďĞŽŶůǇĂƐŝŶŐůĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůŽƌƉŽůŝĐǇ͞Įǆ͕͟ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞĚŝĸĐƵůƚĂŶĚĞĂƐŝůǇďůŽĐŬĞĚ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵǁŝƚŚĞǆĐĞƐƐĨĞŵĂůĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇ͘ x ŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐƉĞƌƐŝƐƚǁŚĞŶŵƵůƟƉůĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞƚŽďůŽĐŬƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐŝŶƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƉŚĞƌĞ;ƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐŐĂƉƐĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌƐĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶŝŶĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚͿĂŶĚŝŶĂŐĞŶĐǇ;ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůǀŽŝĐĞĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚͬĨĂŵŝůǇĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐͿ͘ x 'ĞŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂƌĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŚĞŶƌŽŽƚĞĚŝŶĚĞĞƉůǇĞŶƚƌĞŶĐŚĞĚŐĞŶĚĞƌƌŽůĞƐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůŶŽƌŵƐʹƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƚŚŽƐĞĂďŽƵƚǁŚŽĂƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĐĂƌĞĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚǁŽƌŬŝŶƚŚĞŚŽŵĞ͕ĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐ͞ĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ͟ĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶ ƚŽƐƚƵĚǇ͕ĚŽ͕ĂŶĚĂƐƉŝƌĞƚŽ͘ŶĚƚŚĞƐĞŐĂƉƐƚĞŶĚƚŽďĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 36 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ϵ͘ ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

ůŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŵĂƩĞƌƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŝƐĂĐŽƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŝŶŝƚƐŽǁŶƌŝŐŚƚ͘ƵƚŝƚŝƐĂůƐŽ ĂďŽƵƚƐŵĂƌƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘'ƌĞĂƚĞƌŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐĂŶĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚŵĂŬĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŵŽƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐďŽĚǇŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĂƚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚďŽƚŚŝŶƚƌŝŶƐŝĐĂůůǇĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉĂǇŽīʹĂŶĚǁŚĞƌĞŐƌŽǁƚŚĂůŽŶĞĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ĨŽƵƌƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐĐĂŶďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĨŽƌƉƵďůŝĐĂĐƟŽŶ͗ x ZĞĚƵĐŝŶŐŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂů͗ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞǆĐĞƐƐĨĞŵĂůĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇĂŶĚĐůŽƐŝŶŐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŐĂƉƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞǇƌĞŵĂŝŶ x /ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶ x /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐǀŽŝĐĞĂŶĚĂŐĞŶĐǇŝŶƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚ͕ŝŶƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůǇĂŶĚŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ x >ŝŵŝƟŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂĐƌŽƐƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂůůĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞŚŝŐŚĞƌŝŶĐŽŵĞƐďǇƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĚŽůŝƩůĞƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐ͕ďƵƚĨŽĐƵƐĞĚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĂƌĞĂů ŝŵƉĂĐƚ͘dŚƵƐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐĂĐƟŽŶƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ;ŽƌƌŽŽƚĐĂƵƐĞƐͿŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶĞĂĐŚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂ͘/ŶƐŽŵĞƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐʹƐƵĐŚĂƐĞǆĐĞƐƐĨĞŵĂůĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇŝŶŝŶĨĂŶĐǇĂŶĚĞĂƌůǇĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ǇĞĂƌƐʹŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌǇ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŽĨĐůĞĂŶǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŶĂůĐĂƌĞͿŝƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͘&ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐʹƐƵĐŚĂƐŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇʹƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŶĞĞĚƚŽƚĂĐŬůĞƚŚĞŵƵůƟƉůĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞŝŶ ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŽůŝŵŝƚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘WŽůŝĐǇŵĂŬĞƌƐǁŝůůŶĞĞĚƚŽƉƌŝŽƌŝƟǌĞƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĂŶĚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞŵƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůǇŽƌƐĞƋƵĞŶƟĂůůǇ͘ tŚŝůĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚĨŽĐƵƐŽŶĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞƐĞ ĞīŽƌƚƐŝŶĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂŶĚŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚƉƵďůŝĐĂĐƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚďĞƩĞƌĚĂƚĂ͕ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘dŚŝƐǁŝůůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂŵŝǆŽĨŵŽƌĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĞīŽƌƚƐƚŽĨŽƐƚĞƌŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚďƌŽĂĚĞƌƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ͘/ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨďĞƩĞƌŐĞŶĚĞƌͲĚŝƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŵŽƌĞĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĐŝǀŝůƐŽĐŝĞƚǇŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶƐ͘

UNDERSTANDING PROGRESS AND PERSISTENCE

/ŶĐŽŵĞŐƌŽǁƚŚďǇŝƚƐĞůĨĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĚĞůŝǀĞƌŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇŽŶĂůůĨƌŽŶƚƐ͘tŚĞƌĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŚĂǀĞĐůŽƐĞĚƋƵŝĐŬůǇ͕ŝƚŝƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨŚŽǁŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐʹĨŽƌŵĂůĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůʹŚĂǀĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĞĚĂŶĚĞǀŽůǀĞĚ͕ŚŽǁŐƌŽǁƚŚŚĂƐƉůĂǇĞĚŽƵƚ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁ ĂůůƚŚĞƐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŚĂǀĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘&ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĐŽŵĞŐƌŽǁƚŚ;ďǇůŽŽƐĞŶŝŶŐďƵĚŐĞƚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐͿ͕ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ;ďǇŽƉĞŶŝŶŐŶĞǁĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶͿĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ;ďǇĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐƐĐŚŽŽůƐĂŶĚ ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐͿŚĂǀĞĂůůĐŽŵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐŝŶĨĂǀŽƵƌŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚǇŽƵŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͘

'ĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐƉĞƌƐŝƐƚǁŚĞƌĞŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĨĂĐĞŽƚŚĞƌĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ͘&ŽƌƉŽŽƌǁŽŵĞŶŝŶƉŽŽƌƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ƐŝǌĂďůĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐƌĞŵĂŝŶ͘ dŚĞǇďĞĐŽŵĞĞǀĞŶůĂƌŐĞƌǁŚĞŶƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƌĞŵŽƚĞŶĞƐƐ͕ĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕,/sĂŶĚ/^ĂŶĚ gender based violence.

DĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽĐŽŵďŝŶĞƚŽůŝŵŝƚƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘'ĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂŶĚĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƐĂƌĞƉĞƌǀĂƐŝǀĞ͘ ŶĚƚŚĞǇĂƌĞĚƌŝǀĞŶďǇĚĞĞƉƐĞĂƚĞĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƟŵĞƵƐĞϵƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐƐŽĐŝĂůŶŽƌŵƐĂďŽƵƚŚŽƵƐĞĂŶĚĐĂƌĞǁŽƌŬͿ͕ŝŶƌŝŐŚƚƐ ŽĨŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽǀĞƌůĂŶĚĂŶĚĂƐƐĞƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƐŽĨŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƌŬŝŶǁĂǇƐƚŚĂƚ disadvantage women.

'ůŽďĂůŝǌĂƟŽŶĐĂŶŚĞůƉ͘/ŶƚŽĚĂǇ͛ƐŐůŽďĂůŝǌĞĚǁŽƌůĚ͕ĨŽƌĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚƌĂĚĞŽƉĞŶŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨĐŚĞĂƉĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐďǇĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶƚŽŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ƌĞƐŚĂƉŝŶŐĂƫƚƵĚĞƐĂŶĚŶŽƌŵƐĂŵŽŶŐǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶĂďŽƵƚŐĞŶĚĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶŽĨ ŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘dŚŝƐŶĞĞĚƐĞīĞĐƟǀĞĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƉƵďůŝĐĂĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 37 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS ,ĞŶĐĞŝƚŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŚĂƚǁĞƚĂƌŐĞƚƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŽĨĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůǇƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘&ŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͗

ZĞĚƵĐŝŶŐŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂůĞŶĚŽǁŵĞŶƚƐ;ŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿƐƵĐŚĂƐĞǆĐĞƐƐŝŶĨĞŵĂůĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇĂƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉĞƌŝŽĚƐŽĨ ƚŚĞůŝĨĞĐǇĐůĞĂŶĚƉŽĐŬĞƚƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĮǆŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĚĞůŝǀĞƌƉƵďůŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐ ďĂƐŝĐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŝŶ Ă ƟŵĞůǇ ŵĂŶŶĞƌ ƚŽ ĞǆƉĞĐƚĂŶƚ ŵŽƚŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ĐůĞĂŶ ĂŶĚ ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐ ǁŝůůŐŽĂůŽŶŐǁĂǇƚŽĐůŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶĞǆĐĞƐƐŝǀĞŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇ͘ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐĨŽƌ ƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĚďǇƉŽǀĞƌƚǇ͕ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ƌĂĐĞ͕ŽƌŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚǇ͘^ƵĐŚĂĨŽĐƵƐǁŝůůŚĞůƉ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞ͞ŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇƚƌĂƉƐ͟ƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƉŽŽƌĂŶĚĞǆĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͘dŚĞƐĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĐĂŶĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵĞŝƚŚĞƌƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚŽƌƐƵƉƉůǇƐŝĚĞďƵƚƚŚĞǇĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞŐĞŶĚĞƌďůŝŶĚ͘dŚĞǇŵƵƐƚĨĂĐƚŽƌŝŶĞǆƉůŝĐŝƚůǇ͕ďŽƚŚĨŽƌĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ ĚƌŝǀĞƌƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇƚŚĂƚĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌŐĂƉƐŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐƚŽƉĞƌƐŝƐƚ͘ŶĚŝƚŵƵƐƚďƌŝŶŐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐǇĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚŚĞǀŽŝĐĞƐŽĨƚŚŽƐĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐǇŝƐƚƌǇŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĂĐŚʹĞǆĐůƵĚĞĚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĞŶ and boys who live with them.

/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͗ǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐʹǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŝŶǁĂŐĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ŽƌŝŶĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉʹŝŶĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁĂǇƐ͘tŽŵĞŶƚĞŶĚƚŽŽĐĐƵƉǇǀĞƌǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƉĂĐĞĨƌŽŵŵĞŶĂŶĚĂƌĞĚŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶĂƚĞůǇĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞĚŝŶůŽǁĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ƐĞůĨͲĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘ ǀĞŶŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂůǁĂŐĞƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ǁŽŵĞŶĐůƵƐƚĞƌŝŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ƵƐƵĂůůǇůŽǁĞƌƉĂǇŝŶŐ͘dŚƌĞĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĚƌŝǀĞƚŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƩĞƌŶƐ͗;ŝͿǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶŚĂǀĞǀĞƌǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐĨŽƌĐĂƌĞĂŶĚŚŽƵƐĞǁŽƌŬ͕ĂŶĚĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚǀĞƌǇĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨ ƟŵĞƵƐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŵƉŝŶŐĞĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŽŶĐŚŽŝĐĞƐŽĨĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂĐƟǀŝƚǇ͖;ŝŝͿǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŵĞŶĨĂĐĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂůĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞŝŶƉƵƚƐĂŶĚŽŌĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďǇŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ͖ĂŶĚ;ŝŝŝͿƚŚĞƐĞŵƵƚƵĂůůǇƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐĐĂŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĂ͞ĨĞŵĂůĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚǇƚƌĂƉ͘͟dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƉĂǇŝŶŐĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŽŶĐŚŝůĚͲĐĂƌĞĂŶĚƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůůĞĂǀĞ͖ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ;ĞŶĞƌŐǇͬĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇ͕ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƉƵďůŝĐƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ƉƌŽƉĞƌƌŽĂĚƐ͕ĞƚĐͿ͖ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶŐŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͖ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐůĂŶĚĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƌŝŐŚƚƐ͖ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝŶƉƵƚƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͖ĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐŽĨĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĐƌĞĚŝƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͖ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͕ƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽĞŶĂďůĞǁŽŵĞŶƚŽĞŶƚĞƌ ŽƌƌĞͲĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞǁĂŐĞĞŵƉůŽǇŵĞŶƚƐĞĐƚŽƌͬǁŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ͖ĞŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞϱϬͬϱϬŐĞŶĚĞƌƉĂƌŝƚǇƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŝŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶ ƚŚĞŶŽƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĂĸƌŵĂƟǀĞĂĐƟŽŶǁŽƌŬƐďĞƐƚŝĨŝƚŝƐŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌǇ͘

ZĞĚƵĐĞĂŶĚĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͗ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂĐƟŽŶŽŶŵƵůƟƉůĞĨƌŽŶƚƐ͘dŚĞŐŽĂůŝƐƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞďĞĨŽƌĞŝƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶƐ͘WƌĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐŽĨŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĚƵƟĞƐĨŽƌĞŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͕ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐƐŽĐŝĞƚĂůĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƐŝŐŶĂůŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌůǇ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͛ƐĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞŐĂƌĚĂŶĚŝŶĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚůĂǁƐŶĞĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞƐĞĞīŽƌƚƐŵŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŶĚĂĐƟŽŶĂďůĞ͘ůƐŽĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝƐƚŽƐŚŝŌŶŽƌŵƐĂŶĚďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐĂŵŽŶŐďŽƚŚŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶĂƌŽƵŶĚ ŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŽŶĚŽŵĞƐƟĐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞƚŽĞŵƉŚĂƐŝǌĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐďĂƌŐĂŝŶŝŶŐƉŽǁĞƌŝŶƚŚĞŝƌ ŚŽƵƐĞŚŽůĚƐʹďǇŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽǀĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽůĞĂǀĞ ǀŝŽůĞŶƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐʹĐĂŶĂůƐŽĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌ͘<ĞĞƉŝŶŐŝŶŵŝŶĚƚŚĂƚĂďĂĐŬůĂƐŚĐĂŶƌĞƐƵůƚĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŵŝƟŐĂƟŽŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞƉƵƚŝŶƉůĂĐĞƚŽĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞ͘tŚĞŶǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĚŽĞƐŽĐĐƵƌ͕ǀŝĐƟŵƐŶĞĞĚƟŵĞůǇĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚ assistance ranging from the police and judiciary to health and social services. Hence there is a need to bring these services closer ƚŽǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐǁŚŽĂƌĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶǀŝĐƟŵƐŽĨŐĞŶĚĞƌďĂƐĞĚǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ͘

CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS

WŽůŝĐǇƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞĚŽŶ ƚŚĞĂĚŽƉƟŽŶĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶŶŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ as it guides how progress is measured:

;ŝͿ Development agenda x ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐŽŶŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŐŽĂůƐ x /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽŶƐŽĐŝĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶʹŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂƐŽĐŝĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶƚŽŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŝŶƐŽĐŝĂů͕ƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŶĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚƉŽǁĞƌ͘ x ĂƉĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ĂƐ ƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ WŽůŝĐǇ &ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ƉŽƐƚ ϭϵϵϰ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ WůĂŶ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐǀŝƐŝŽŶϮϬϯϬ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 38 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS x ŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͖ŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵŝƚǇĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇʹǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞĚǇŶĂŵŝĐƐĂŶĚƉŽǁĞƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĞŶĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶŝƐĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚ

;ŝŝͿ Public policy x WŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂŝŵĞĚĂƚŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐďƌŽĂĚĞƌƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚ͕ƌĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƐƚĂƚĞ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐǀĞƌƐƵƐŵĂŝŶƐƚƌĞĂŵƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĂƌĞĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ͘ x ŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐŽŶǁŚĂƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞƐƉƵďůŝĐŐŽŽĚƐǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐǁŽŵĞŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ͘Ğ͘Ő͖͘ĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽďĂƐŝĐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͖ĞƚĐ

;ŝŝŝͿ Governance x dŚĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽŵĞŶŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶͲŵĂŬŝŶŐ and the policy space. x ZĞǀŝǀŝŶŐ ĂĐƟǀĞ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƌǇ Ͳ tĞĂŬĞŶĞĚ ǁŽŵĞŶ͛Ɛ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ĐŝƟǌĞŶƐ ŚŽůĚŝŶŐ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ accountable x /ƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞǁŽŵĞŶĞŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚŽƌĂĮŐŚƚĨŽƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͍

;ŝǀͿ /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƚŚĞŽƌǇ x ,ŽǁĂƌĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟŽŶŝŵƉĂĐƟŶŐŽŶǁŽŵĞŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂĐƟŽŶ͍ x tŚĂƚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŽƌŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞůŝǀĞƐŽĨǁŽŵĞŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƌŝŐŚƚƐďĂƐĞĚ framework? Is there a comprehensive audit/review? x ZŽůĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƉŚĞƌĞƐŽĨŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĞīĞĐƟǀĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ

;ǀͿ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͕ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ x 'ĞŶĚĞƌƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͗ƐŚŽƌƚƚĞƌŵͬŵĞĚŝƵŵƚĞƌŵĂŶĚůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵ x ǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƐǇƐƚĞŵƐ ŝŶ ƉůĂĐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚƌĂĐŬ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŵĞĞƟŶŐŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƐ x dŚĞĞǆƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽŶǁŚĂƚǁŽƌŬƐĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŶĞĞĚƐƚŽ change. x What are the knowledge gaps?

;ǀŝͿ /ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶƚĞǆƚ dŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ'W&ĂŶĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝǌĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐ͕ŚĂĚďĞĞŶƉƵƚƚŽƚŚĞƚĞƐƚ ŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚϭϴƚŽϮϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘/ŶĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚďŽƚŚƚŚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůĂŶĚĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĞǆŝƐƚǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŶĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ƐƉůŝƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůŽĸĐĞƐ͕ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ǁŽƌŬůŽĂĚĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͘dŚĞWƵďůŝĐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƚĞŶƐŝŽŶƐĞǆŝƐƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ'ĂŶĚK^tĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞŵĂŶĚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ͘ x dŚĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌǇŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂĚĞĞƉĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůƉŽůŝĐǇŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ͘dŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶŽĨ͞ĨĂŵŝůǇ͟ĂŶĚ͞ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͟ŚĂƐďĞĞŶŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ gender equality and the wellbeing of families. x KƚŚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐůĞŐĂůĂŝĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂůŽƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ͕ƉůĂǇĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞĂƚƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůƚŽĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƌŝŐŚƚƐĂŶĚĞŶƟƚůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐƚŽ ƉƌĂĐƟƐĞƚŚĞƐĞƌŝŐŚƚƐ͘

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 39 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS x dŚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞĚĞŵŽĐƌĂĐǇ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂůůĞŐŝƐůĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůĐŽƵŶĐŝůƐ͕ĂƌĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇǁĞůůĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚƚŽƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĨƵůĮůƚŚĞŝƌŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚƌŽůĞƐƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽ ƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽĨĂŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďůĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽǀĞƌƐŝŐŚƚďŽĚŝĞƐƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐƚŽWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ;ƚŚĞŚĂƉƚĞƌϵ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐͿŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌŽďƵƐƚŝŶŚŽůĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞǆĞĐƵƟǀĞĂŶĚďƵƌĞĂƵĐƌĂĐǇƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͘ x dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐŽƵƌƚƐ͕ŝĨƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ͕ŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽƐĞƌǀĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϬŵŝůůŝŽŶ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶƐůŝǀŝŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůĂǁ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇǀĂůƵĂďůĞůŽĐĂůŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĞƐŽůǀĞƐŽĐŝĂůĚŝƐƉƵƚĞƐ͘dŚĞĐŽƵƌƚƐ ŚĂǀĞĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƉŽǁĞƌƐƚŽĚĞĐŝĚĞŽǀĞƌůĂŶĚ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƐĂĨĞƚǇ͕ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͕ĚĞĂƚŚĂŶĚďŝƌƚŚ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚůǇƉƵƚƐǁŽŵĞŶĂƚĂĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͕ŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƚƌŝĂƌĐŚĂůƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŝƐƐƟůůƌŝĨĞŝŶƌƵƌĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘

dŚƵƐ͕ĐŽŶĚƵĐƟŶŐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂůƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŶĚĞƌDĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂǁŝůůďĞĐƌŝƟĐĂůƚŽ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŵĞĚŝƵŵͲƚĞƌŵĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƐƚŽŵĞĞƚƚŚĞǀŝƐŝŽŶĂƌǇŐŽĂůƐŽĨƚŚĞEWƌĞůĂƟŶŐƚŽŐĞŶĚĞƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚǇ͘

AGENDA FOR ACTION AT A GLANCE

Priority areas /ŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐƚŚĂƚŶĞĞĚĨŽĐƵƐĞĚĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐ Increasing access to clean water Closing gender gaps in human endowments /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝǌĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĨŽƌƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ,/sͬ/^

WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ Increasing access to child care and early child development ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ /ŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶƌƵƌĂůǁŽŵĞŶ

Closing gender gaps in voice and agency /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞũƵƐƟĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ ^ŚŝŌŝŶŐŶŽƌŵƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚŐŝƌůƐ

WƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐŝŶƚĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ /ŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚďŽǇƐ gender inequality

^ƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞͲďĂƐĞĚƉƵďůŝĐĂĐƟŽŶ 'ĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐŶĞǁĂŶĚĚŝƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞĚĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ͕ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐƐ͘ Facilitate knowledge sharing and learning

;ŶĚŶŽƚĞƐͿ

ϭ D'ŽƵŶƚƌǇƌĞƉŽƌƚϮϬϭϯ͘dŚĞ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ/ŬŶŽǁ͕ƚŚĞ,ŽŵĞ/ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 40 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS

GENDER PAPER ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY 42 RADICAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN’S SOCIO- INFLUENCE TOWARDS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND RIGHTS