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Biocontrol of Eurasian Water-Milfoil in Central New York

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Biocontrol of Eurasian Water-Milfoil in Central New York BIOCONTROL OF EURASIAN WATER -MILFOIL IN CENTRAL NEW YORK STATE: Myriophyllum spicatum L., ITS INSECT HERBIVORES AND ASSOCIATED FISH Paul H. Lord ,~t.~'f?('0. - , i~ "~ . ", .. 'tt',· ,"if:' .... BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK Occasional Paper No. 38 August 2004 STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE AT ONEONTA 3 ABSTRACT The recreationally impeding, exotic aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water-milfoil) has been the target of control attempts in North America using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Much recent focus has been on the use of the latter, particularly the use of herbivorous insects. This work describes an attempt to augment existing populations of an M. spicatum herbivore considered)o have M. spicatum control potential in the Northeast U.S., Acentria ephemerella, an aquatic macrophyte moth, and follow-up work monitoring insect herbivores of M. spicatum, plant community structure, and fish community structure in nine central New York State lakes. Results show poor recruitment ofA. ephemerella after emergence of the initially introduced larvae with no significant control ofM. spicatum. Fish predation on A. ephemerella was suspected to be responsible, leading to another season's work contrasting populations offish, M. spicatum, and M. spicatum herbivores found in Otsego Lake, a lake with controlled M. spicatum, with those same communities found in theA. ephemerella augmentation site, Lebanon Reservoir. Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) was identified as the most likely controlling predator on M. spicatum herbivores. A final season's work contrasted those same communities in eight Madison County lakes with varying degrees of dominance by M. spicatum. Results indicate that L. macrochirus and L. gibbosus (pumpkinseed) are effective controls on A. ephemerella while substantial Sander vitreus (walleye) populations may limit Lepomis spp. populations pennitting M. spicatum insect herbivore densities to expand. 4 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 ABSTRACT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS .4 LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 6 INTRODUCTION 8 BACKGROUND 8 Myriophyllum spicatum and control methodologies 8 Aquatic Macrophyte Moth: Acentria ephemerella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) 12 Milfoil Weevil: Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) 13 Milfoil Midge: Cricotopus myriophylli (Diptera:Chironomidae) 14 Herbivory Potential. 15 Fish Predation 15 2001 STUDY: LEBANON RESERVOIR AUGMENTATION 16 2001 STUDY BACKGROUND 16 2001 STUDY HyPOTHESIS 18 2001 STUDY METHODOLOGy................... 18 2001 STUDY RESULTS 23 2001 STUDY DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 28 2002 STUDY: COMPARISON OF TWO LAKES 28 2002 STUDY BACKGROUND 28 2002 STUDY METHODOLOGy 29 2002 STUDY RESULTS 33 2002 STUDY DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 36 2003 STUDY: COMPARISON OF EIGHT LAKES 39 2003 STUDY BACKGROUND 39 2003 STUDY METHODOLOGy 39 2003 STUDY RESULTS 40 2003 STUDY DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 44 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .49 REFERENCES 50 APPENDIX A: Identification of herbivory on Myriophyllum spicatum, Eurasian water-milfoil, stem samples 67 5 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2001 Lebanon Reservoir site and plot location data. 20 Table 2. Counts and calculations used to estimate numbers ofAcentria 24 ephemerella larvae and pupae transferred into Lebanon Reservoir on 31 May and evaluated on 1 June 2001. Table 3. Counts and calculations used to estimate numbers ofAcentria 24 ephemerella larvae and pupae transferred into Lebanon Reservoir as of8 June and evaluated on 11 June 2001. Table 4. Counts and calculations used to estimate numbers ofAcentria 25 ephemerella larvae and pupae transferred into Lebanon Reservoir as of 14 June and evaluated onI5 June 2001. Table 5. Counts and calculations used to estimate numbers of 25 surviving augmented Acentria ephemerella larvae and pupae in Lebanon Reservoir. Table 6. Lebanon Reservoir Acentria ephemerella larvae per stem 26 calculations. Table 7. Otsego Lake electrofishing catch rates (catch / hour) for game 35 and non-game fish for June 2000, October 2001, June 2002 and October of2002 (modified from Cornwell [2003]). Table 8. Lebanon Reservoir electrofishing catch rates for game and 35 non-game fish for July 2002. Table 9. Statistically significant regression equations defining the trophic 41 relationships between Lepomis macrochirus and L. gibbosus, Acentria ephemerella, and Myriophyllum spicatum as calculated from 2003 Madison County lakes data. Table 10. Regression equations for Myriophyllum spicatum stems at 3 m 42 and M. spicatum percent oftotal biomass at 3 m, average M. spicatum stem length at 3 m, M. spicatum biomass weight at 3m, and all plants biomass weight at 3 m. Table 11. Myriophyllum spicatum percent ofbiomass at 3 m and notes 42 regarding fish contrasted for eight Madison County, NY lakes in 2003. 6 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Table 12. Principal results of May - June 2003 monitoring in eight 43 Madison County, NY lakes. Table 13. Sander vitreus stockings in Eaton Brook Reservoir 46 1993 ­ 2003. Table 14. Sander vitreus stockings in Tuscarora Reservoir 1993 - 2003. 47 Table 15. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 47 stocking rate for June Sander vitreus fingerlings compared to the stocked rates for each of the four Madison County S. vitreus lakes. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Graph from Hairston et at. (2000) illustrating inverse 16 relationship found in fish numbers and Myriophyllum spicatum herbivore numbers in Cornell University Research Ponds. Figure 2. Lebanon Reservoir (from DeLorme 3-D TopoQuads® 19 New York) annotated with Sites 1,2, & 3, Plots A - F and water quality (WQ) evaluation point. Figure 3. Acentria ephemerella augmentation bundle design and jars 21 used for transport ofbundles. Figure 4. Low impact aquatic macrophyte sampler rake designed and 22 built for 2001 research compared with a standard 30.6 cm measuring stick. Figure 5. Acentria ephemerella larvae per stem sampled on ten different 27 2001 dates in Lebanon Reservoir control plots. Figure 6. Acentria ephemerella larvae per stem sampled on ten different 27 2001 dates in Lebanon Reservoir augmented plots. Figure 7. Otsego Lake grid pattern for 2002 aquatic macrophyte and 31 herbivore sampling. Figure 8. Lebanon Reservoir grid pattern for 2002 aquatic macrophyte 32 and herbivore sampling. 7 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Figure 9. Results of2002 research comparing Lebanon 33 Reservoir and Otsego Lake Myriophyllum spicatum, M spicatum herbivores, and fish. Figure 10. Hypothetical model illustrating understood trophic 38 relationships between Lepomis macrochirus, Myriophyllum spicatum herbivores, and M. spicatum as perceived from Otsego Lake and Lebanon Reservoir data. Figure 11. Confirmed model (refinement ofFigure 9) illustrating 44 statistically significant trophic relationships between Lepomis macrochirus and L. gibbosus and the Acentria ephemerella, and M)wiophyllum spicatum as calculated from 2003 Madison County lakes data. Figure 12. Hypothetical model illustrating understood trophic 48 relationships between Sander vitreus, L. macrochirus and L. gibbosus, milfoil insect herbivores, and Myriophyllum spicatum as perceived from Madison County 2003 lakes data. 8 INTRODUCTION The question central to the four plus years of research reported upon here is: Why does Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water-milfoil; Haloragales: Haloragaceae) cause such problems in the U.S. when it is noted to be relatively sparsely present (Center, 1981, Lambert-Servien, 1998) and rarely a problem (Smith, 1982) in its native range? Is it because of the relative paucity ofAcentria ephemerella (the aquatic macrophyte moth) found in the U.S. (Hairston, et al., 2000; this study) when compared with that same species populations in Europe (Gross and Kornijow, 2002; Gross et al., 2002)? BACKGROUND Myriophyllum spicatum and control methodologies Myriophyllum spicatum is an exotic species believed to have been introduced into North American waters sometime in the early l880s near the Chesapeake Bay (Reed, 1977), although Couch and Nelson (1985) make a good case that it may not have actually been introduced until the early 1940s. Aiken et al. (1979) authoritatively describes it. Myriophyllum spicatum is difficult to distinguish from congeners native to North America (Aiken et al., 1979; Aiken, 1981; Center, 1981, Gerber & Les, 1994) as noted by a review of Crow and Hellquist (2000), which differentiates members of the genus by flower parts. This is unfortunate since, in many Northeastern U.S. lakes, Myriophyllum spp. flowers are evident for short periods, if at all (personal observation). Compounding the identification challenge, M. spicatum can hybridize with native milfoils (Moody & Les, 2003; Thurn, 2003). Species identification of M. spicatum, when not in flower, is based on the relative flaccidity and number of the dissected veins that form the leaves, the acuteness of the leaf, and the depth at which the plant flourishes. Myriophyllum spicatum typically has more than 11 dissected veins on each side of the leaf (Crow & Hellquist, 2000), however, care needs to be exercised in using this guideline since M. spicatum can have between 5 and 25 vein pairs (Aiken, et at. 1979). Unlike local native water­ milfoils, these dissected veins appear flacid and lay against the stem when the plant is removed from the water (Johnson, 2000). Additionally, M. spicatum branches copiously as its stem approaches the water's surface, while natives rarely branch in water greater than 1m deep. Finally, native water-milfoils overwinter as turions, which are evident in late autumn,
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