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University Microfilms International 300 North Zoeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 40106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe. Bucks, England HP10 8HR 78-12,397 VONTSOLOS, Nicholas, 1936- ' A STUDY OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN (BASED ON THE BEZOBRAZOV COLLECTION). The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1978 Language, linguistics

U n iv e rs ity M ic ro film s I n t e r n a ti o n a l , Ann Arbor, Michigan 4 oio 6

© Copyright by Nicholas Vontsolos 1978

« A STUDY OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN

(BASED ON THE BEZOBRAZOV COLLECTION)

DISSERTATION

Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate

School of The Ohio State University

By

Nicholas Vontsolos, B.A*, M.A.

The Ohio State University 1978

Reading Committee: Approved By

Professor David F. Robinson, Chairman Professor Leon I. Twarog Professor Hongor Oulanoff jh\ ^ / - 3 /?

A dviser Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures To my aunt Georgia and my sister Catherine

l i VITA

December 21, 1936 ...... Born - Lamia, Greece

I960...... B.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1962-1964 ...... Teaching Assistant, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1964 ...... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1965-1967 ...... NDEA Title VI Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1967-196 ? ...... IUCTG S cholar Exchange, Moscow S ta te U n iv e rs ity , Moscow, USSR

• 1968-196 9 ...... L...... NDEA T itle VI Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1969-197 5 ...... Lecturer in Russian and Linguistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Slavic Languages and Literatures

Slavic Linguistics. Professors Use Lehiste and David F. Robinson

Slavic and Russian Literatures. Professors Leon I. Twarog, Frank Silbajoris, Hongor Oulanoff, Nicholas Vakar and J u s tin e Epp

Historical Linguistics. Professor Catherine Callaghan

i l l t a b l e of contents

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... 11

VITA ...... I l l

PREFACE ...... V

C hapter

X. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

I I . ORTHOGRAPHY ...... 8

I I I . PHONOLOGY...... 14

IV. MORPHOLOGY ...... 19

N o u n s ...... 19 Adjectives ...... 59 Pronouns ...... 72 Numerals ...... 81 Adverbs ...... 84 Verbs ...... 87

V. SYNTAX...... 104

V I. DIALECTS ...... 121

V II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ...... 123

APPENDIX...... 126

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 131

*

lv PREFACE

In che present thesis we examine the orthography, phonology, morphology, end syntax of 17th-century Russian as reflected in private letters and petitions contained in the Bezobrazov collection, published and e d ite d by S. I . Kotlcov and N. I . Tarabasova (Pajnjat- nikl russkoao narodno-razgovornoRQ jazyka XVII stoletija: Iz fonda A. I . Bezobrazova. Moscow, 1965). The editors have Included remarks on additions, deletions, and decipherment problems. They have left the original spelling intact except for their introduction of the symbol *h * which indicates a non-decipherable ’yer'. The original superscripts (vynosnye bukvy) are given in italics. For technical reasons! in the present thesis we underline these italicized characters. We give references according to letter and line. Thus 25/5 stands for letter 25, line 5. For the petitions (celobitnye) we use a capital P. Thus P5/6 means petition 5, line 6 .

v INTRODUCTION

1* Tha Linguistic Dualityi Russian and Russian Church Slavonic With the advent of Christianity among the Slavs c. IX century A.D., Old Church Slavonic, *a literary elaboration of a spoken Maeedono- Bulgarian dialect of Proto-Slavic' (Lunt, 1968, x), became the lingua franca of the Slavs much in the sane uay as Latin had served for the Western non-Slavic peoples. By the end of the tenth century, Russia had accepted Christianity through Byzantium. A consequence of this event was the adoption of Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical language in Russia. This event laid the foundation of a written language in Russia because 'there is no evidence that the East Slavs previously possessed an alphabet' (Worth 1968, 1 ). This adopted written language, however, was gradually adapted to the local Russian spoken language. As a result of this a recension of the original Old Church Slavonic cane into being: Russian Church S lavonic. Meantime, the Cyrillic alphabet in which Old Church Slavonic texts were written, was also used by the Russians to record natters of a non-ecdeslastical nature such as judicial documents, mercantile transactions, personal and diplomatic correspondence. These were based on the spoken language. The existence side by side of the two written languages led to what Unbegaun (1935, 5) calls 'le dualisme linguistique'; Church Slavonic was reserved for literary and ecclesi­ astical usage while Russian was employed for texts of adninlBtrative and secular nature 'qul s'& rit sans nulle pretention k la litterature' (Unbegaun 1935, 6 ). This dichotomy of the two written languages, i.e. literary vs. non-literary, has created two schools of thought regarding the origin of literary Russian as both Worth (1968, 3) and Borkovskij/Kuznecov (1963, 28-29) point out; a) the Saxmatov partisans who consider the 1 literary language of Old Russia to have been Russian Church Slavonic, and b) the Obnorskij camp. which argues that an indigenous Russian literature existed prior to the Christianization of Russians and that the importation of the Cyrillic alphabet became the catalyst for its written form. In addition to these two schools of thought there is also Vinogradov's position (1940) which states that the two literary languages coexisted. Vinokur (1971, 52), on the other hand, states, that there were three basic types of written language: the' bookish ecclesiastical style, the business (delovoj) style, and the strictly literary style. He claims that the third style was an amalgam of the bookish and business styles. Our position in the present thesis is not to argue for or against any of the above theories as to whether literary Russian was indigenous or Church Slavonic. As Worth points out (1968, 4), the problem is unresolved and w ill remain so until more investigations are made. It is only hoped that our study of the 17th-century Russian vernacular, as reflected in the Bezobrazov collection, will contribute to the understanding of the role which the spoken language has played in the development of the Modern Russian language. As to whether our study w ill solve the problem concerning the origin of literary Russian remains to be seen in the light of other, perhaps similar, investi­ gations as Worth suggests.

2. The Language of XVII-century Moscow As Moscow gradually attained to power over the other Russian principalities, and as governmental authority became more and more centralized, the use of the administrative language became more apparent with the advent of bureaucratic institutions which consti­ tuted the logical result of the creation of a-more sophisticated government. By the XVII century the functional distribution of the two written languages - Church Slavonic and administrative - had been solidified (Vinogradov 1940, 1). 3 Although the administrative language was based on the spoken language (Ivanov 1964, 17), it contained numerous Church Slavonicisms such as legal formulae. Simultaneously there existed, obviously, the vernacular vhich was not reflected in the administrative language in toto because of the strictly legal style of the latter. How is it possible then to make a study of the spoken language of that period without recourse to documents representing the vernacular? This has prompted Larin (1961, 22) to pose the question as to whether research on the Muscovite vernacular can be considered an Independent problem. The problem was apparent enough to warrant the title of Mark Ridley's 1599 publication Dictionarle of the vulgar Russe tongue (Unbegaun 1962, 47) in which Ridley notes that Russian was a living language. The same Is asserted in Richard James' Russian-English dictionary of 1618-19 (Larin 1959). The linguistic dichotomy of the XVII century is best Illustrated by Ludolf's oft-quoted statement: '...apud illos dicitur, loquendum esst Russice 6 scrlbendum esst Slavonics' (Unbegaun 1959, Praefatio), Although Ludolf's assertion is considered an hyperbole (Kotkov 1964, 7), it does, nevertheless, point to the real and indisputable linguistic duality which.existed in XVII- century Russia: the written language was not necessarily the spoken language. This reality is also illustrated by a satirical story of that period ('Skazanle o krest'janskom syne') which shows an awareness of the existence of the two languages and indicates that only angels can speak Church Slavonic: "Ne tat' xodlt, no angel gospoden*, a govorlt on vse bozestvennye slovesa' (Andrianova-Peretc 1954, 111). Another example of the linguistic dichotomy is illustrated by Awakum's autobiography (Gudzi 1962, 491) written in 1672: '...ne pozazrlte prostoreciju naSemu, poneze ljublju svoj russkoj prirodnoj Jazyk, virSaai filosofskimi ne obyk re£i kraslt', poneze ne sloves krasnyx bog sluSaet, no del naSix xosSet*. By and large the language of XVI and XVII-century Russian was quite sim ilar to Modern Russian as testified by works of Unbegaun (1935), Nikiforov (1952), and Cernyx (1953). However, the majority of the sources on which these works were based were administrative in nature, hence of a rigid and tradition-bound style. Our sources, on the other hand, are private, letters. Although private correspondence did conform frequently to traditional salutory opening and closing remarks, its contents were of a looser style and orthography which betrayed the incursion of the vernacular.

3. Sources used in this study In our attempt to unearth the spoken language of XVII-century Russia, we have chosen texts which are most likely to represent the vernacular more clearly than are the texts of administrative and Church Slavonic styles. Our study, therefore, is based on private correspond­ ence of the XVII century (Kotkov/Tarabasova 1965). The title of this publication (Pamjatniki narodno-razgovornogo jazyka) has prompted Professor Unbegaun (1970, 273) to consider it a 'paradox' because the letters therein are utilitarian in nature and, therefore, far removed from the spoken element of the language. However, Professor Unbegaun asserts that personal correspondence was subjected to tradition.^ We do not disagree with Unbegaun's assertion (and Kotkov [1972] would concur) that the letters were subjected to tradition. We do not assume that the scribes were not subjected to or influenced by the accepted literary norms. This is true of any period; any literate person is eventually influenced by his/her contemporary literary norms. The pis'movniki, azbukovniki, and grammatlki, with which the scribes of the 17th century were fam iliar, were based on or at least greatly influenced by Church Slavonic. It is only reasonable, therefore, to expect that lexical and phraseological intrusions from Church Slavonic had become part of the spoken language of, at least, the literate per­ sons. The use of certain non-Russian terms was indispensable much in

^'Tradition 1 is taken to mean the style and formulae employed in correspondence. 2 And especially because of the Second South Slavic influence. the same way as certain legal and medical terms from Latin and Greek are widely used in Modern spoken English.

4 . Sty le of l e t t e r s Each Intact letter consists of three parts! t a) salutation (greet­ ings and concern for the recipient's welfare), b) main body (stating of business, asking for favors, transmitting information), and c) close (farewell greetings). Both the beginning and ending are, by and large, consistent and standardized in all letters, the intimate relationship of the corre­ spondents notwithstanding. This standardization of salutory remarks is due to the epistolary tradition of the XVII century which was based on various pis'movnlki (letter-writing guides) of that period. The con­ te n ts o f some p is'm o v n ik i re f le c te d the w rite r 's and recipient's per­ sonage and social position (Foslanie dvorjanina. dvorjaninu) while others served as general epistolary references (Poslaniem naSalo egda x o sc e sl komu poslati)The pis'movnlki contained Instructions on what epithets to use in addressing the recipient, on how to inquire of his/ her health, and how to end the letter with polite salutory remarks. Most of these salutory formulae were Church Slavonic in tone and i character as seen in one of A.I. Bezobrazov's letters (Ho, 21):

&ICTRBOE I*C(5pb KOH KO UHO KHOb 3&CSUXCK BaCWIbOBE'Ii I agp&BCTB&x r c /ip i eoji luxcTxssoji o Xpcro s a bcke h npe- .0KBBH BO BCEKEXli paflOCTftXtb B C T6HK JCTO TOG'S I*C/ip» itoouy scflKOBa ;jo<5pa se.iaeTi* n ^aapoBtB TBoero ctfcTOperaoT.

^For more on pis'movniki see the two works by Demin (1964a, 1964b). For others the observance of the formulae was looser as seen in F .I , B ezobrazov's l e t t e r .(No. 6 0 ):

S&TKa | (Spaieui. reap! AHflpe£ ftzhwtb ajspaflCTayH

rc^pb sa KBorHH JifeTe. sj c a’feBicTixoo c Ara&te»

BacBJzz>eBHOio# the strict observance of the formulae and an awareness of the epistolary style and choice of'words Is evident* however, In letter 31 •written apparently by a professional scribe for A.I. Bezobrazov and corrected by the latter.*' Bezobrazov has corrected the verb 'oberegaet* to 'osteregaet*. He also inserted ...B ern s e ... 31/6 for syntac­ tical lucidity. The one stylistic expression which is standard in most letters is 6 htz» hojiou . Originally this expression was reserved for official petitions but gradually it attained the meaning of a simple polite 2 salutation. Although the study of the epistolary style is beyond the scope of the present thesis, we shall, nonetheless, include observations on mor­ phological and phonological elements contained in the traditional for- 3 mulae which were, basically, Church Slavonic in nature.

5. The Bezobrazovs and their correspondents In our study of 17th-century Russian grammar we began with an analysis of the letters and petitions of A.I. Bezobrazov and F.I. Bezobrazov. The letters of these two brothers werved as the norm to which the letters of the other correspondents were compared.

1The author of a letter was not necessarily the correspondent. Profes­ sional scribes were hired.

It is interesting to note that the denotation of this phrase (touch one's forehead to the floor) is substituted by 'poklon* (bow) in A.I. Bezobrazov's letters to his wife (letters 13, 14, 15, 16). A more emphatic version appears in letter 13 : h 0JIOM y^apKT 134/15.

For epistolary tradition see Pankratova (1969). Notwithstanding the various dialectal peculiarities displayed in some letters, including those of the Bezobrazovs, our conclusion is that there are no appreciable differences between the Bezobrazov letters and those of the other correspondents. The main difference is not on the grammatical level, but in a tti­ tude. That is to say, the Bezobrazovs, especially Andrej, by and large do not make great use of supplication. While the formulae employed by both Bezobrazovs contain some supplicatory terms, one has the feeling that they were Included because of the acceptable norms of' that period, i.e. the necessary niceties. On the other hand, the formulae in the letters of the other correspondents show a more 'profuse* supplication and humbleness and they seem deprecatory in tone. There was a difference between the Bezobrazovs and the others and namely that of social and economic standing: Bezobrazov was a land­ owner and a member of the lower nobility (stol'nik). The others were his workers (rabotniki). adopted sons (vskormleniki). or persons seeking favors who show their lowly status through the servile tone of their letters and their effusive pleas for forgiveness. In order to illustrate the difference in attitude, we have in­ cluded in the appendix two letters: number 3 written to A.I. Bezobra­ zov by G. Anlckov, and number 39 w ritten by A.I. Bezobrazov to a person whose identity has not been established by the editors of the collec­

tio n . * The attitudes displayed in these two letters are diametrically opposed. In letter 3 G. AniSkov, while reproving A.I. Bezobrazov for not keeping his promises and treating the former Intolerably, he nevertheless manages to stay within the bounds of civility and sustain a degree of respect in deference to Bezobrazov's position. Bezobrazov, on the other hand, rebukes the addressee in letter 39 very sharply and without any pretense to delicacy or subtlety. ORTHOGRAPHY

Abbreviations All of the letters and petitions contain words which are not written out in fu ll. These abbreviated forma have their origin in the spelling practice of Church Slavonic: (SlTb (<5or), £Wa (flyina), XipKB & (nepKOBt). in the letters and petitions examined the prac­ tice of abbreviating a form is not limited to the nomina sacra but in­ cludes secular terms as well; this seems to have been a space-saving device: am. (Ham), ucu'b (uecn«), jxpSBH (jxepeaxx)' Also circled abbreviated words were used in petitions: ( m) , ® » © . The deciphering of these circled forms is beyond our scope. Superscripts As it was pointed out in the preface, not all components of a word were written in a linear fashion. In many cases one or two letters in a word were written slightly above. We are not here concerned with textual or paleographic analysis since we do not have the original manuscripts, but we do want to show that the practice of superscribing 2 did follow a pattern of sorts. a) The letter TO' is usually raised when preceded by a vowel and in 3 word final position: TBOH 9 / 3 , UOK 1 8 /1 , soCpo/jen 18/1, wsem Tea 66/16, n p ed K B aa 2 6 /3 , a o e n 61 /k, O T nncen 61/21 ,n o a Jw e i? P1A>

<5e3jHe£HOH P1 / 7 *

^For a complete list of abbreviations see the appendix.

2 For textual analysis and superscripts see Tvorogov (1966).

^It would seem that this practice was reserved for /j/. However, In nJBDMKHRnKH tboh . . . 9/3, T®°2L is nominative plural and, therefore not / j / . On the other hand, in (Spall* TBOK12/9 the (/j/) is not raised. _ 9 b) In a consonant cluster the first consonant is usually raised:

UOCKSO 1 2 /1 1 , patfoTHHK 17/17 # nocjxe^Hetty 2 2 /1 3 , OTz&mz 2 2 /1 6 , *npsM?TCTBo 2 5 /1 0 , n o c jra ia 2 6 /1 3 , sorqnHHO® 2 9 /1 2 , xpoacxy® 3 9 /1 2 , im o ro ssH 6 0 /9 , uocKOBCKOit 6 I4./&6 , cJiyxfffe6 8 /7 , npeacEeutf P 3 /1 3 , cto £ H H I« . Pl|./2, cBemcHHHKa P 7 /2 , gBopwnKa P 0/7 • c) In masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives and pronouns the letter »r» was sometimes raised. In that case the ’o' was deleted: BffiBHexv 10/3, Tsoer 3l*/9, i«£THBar 20/30, Moer 107/lf, se-iMKOr 121/10, wa*ror 170/16, d) Many consonants, especially the *x' and tjt• ^ are raised when in word final position:

scakhx paAOCT^x 1 l / 2 , Tex tfervntx 10/ 1 2 , xoponmx 2 6 / 0 , KHarax 66 / 2 0 , 2x0 nx P 1/ 5 , npnHe£ 12/ 6 , /ifc*iaji 1h/5> npKRTe£ 17 / 1+, nowiajr 2 U/1 0 , m icas 10/ 5 , uon« 2 2 / 9 , paCoTKHR 17 / 1*6 , or 2 9/ 10, saJiyen 32/7*

In general, spelling habits seem to have been personal with each individual scribe. This personal preference notwithstanding, the over­ all impression is that of a lack of consistency in orthography. One and the same word may be spelled differently not only in different letters (which would be expected since not all of the letters and petitions were written by the same person), but in the same letter and, sometimes, on the same line or sentence:^

^As can be seen from the examples, in addition to the Modern Russian orthographic signs. 17th-century Russian utilized the following l e t t e r s : QJ ( o ) ( * ) , I ( h ) , £ (a ), 3 (k c ), Q ($ ) (e ) , s ( y ) * * 10 £ IO /II4. £A«ce 10/18 £3e£ 10/31 /?v 11^/17 KU15/22 ^ 1 2 0 /1 9 a 120/20

♦ soanuu 1 0 /2 0 s^aKioi 10/21 13/6 Ct)T 13/9 nejioM 80/2 neJKJM 80/3 h 1 8 /2 i 1 8 /2 h 1 /2 i 1/3 xeolb 18/2 Tetfe 18/8 AfcJiax I 4.7 /7 Ae.iax ■ lj.7/10 aa^a ot»hos> 1 8/10 naao kkoio 18/13 -AJie|tn 19/1 AACKt&ceB 19/9

H saa y 2 2 /8 X BaHy 22/11; urfo 60/5 mho 6 0 /9 HGB'DCTXiKII 61 /lf K^BeCTTiKH 6l/6 HtsicTSKH 60/9 Icmyr 65/7 ncniyT 65/17 aciuy* 65/35

» copoic comb 66/16 copoK* cew 66/17

0 e T K a 66/21; <*>eTi>Ka 6 7 /8

* koh ?2 /8 koks P2/8

T£flP^ Pll/s r£APR PJ1/10

aoMjno Pl;/7 J&omjuo P1+/9 U^UOIUHXII P5/3 nOkfelltHKH P5/5 .sai£ 137/9 Klffl 138/8 c HBBHOXn. 193/9 ch H behom l|3 /6

The choice of y/K seems to have been arbitrary: cynpyrw 199/6, c lfn p tfra 199/9,O p a iy m /2 2 , OpaTS m /1 , npom y 131/11, nponlf 131/ 1 6 , c B o eu y 36/21, c a o e u tf 36/16. As Cernyx points out (1953, 157) there was a time when the spell- ing rule was to write y under stress and when not stressed. Apparently this was the pattern prior to 1630's. Furthermore, Smo- tryckij (1648, 53) is quite confusing regarding the use of y/g and 11 leaves the decision on the judgment of bygone Russian w riters. From the letters studied it is apparent that some writers were aware of the existence of *fe , but this was most probably due to tra­ ditional orthography rather than phonology. For example, many scribes used o in the formulae which were standardized and, quite often, Church Slavonic. The letter % was frequently used with personal pronouns, but even then there were contradictory spellings: ime 109/6, UH* 109/7, u«e 84/7,UHt> 84/10,Te0e 116/23,Te(S4 116/29. Other examples of contradictory spellingsi BetOHOU 140/2, BtEJMOK 140/15, Beaaua 48/15 , Btaama 48/12 , wenoBeKa 134/31, uejioatKa 134/32, aeaouocTi. 225/5, BtaouocTM 225/5, Ee* 3 a - (SpaaoB 19/18, 5t3o6pa30B7> 18/15. In reference to the last example: if there had been a difference in the pronunciation of £ , one should have been aware of the pronunciation of one's own name! The use of % seems to have been so arbitrary that sometimes we find hyper-corrections: crfeau 3/30, cjtoau 221/4, cnt 3 u 3/T3,

?etf* 134/21, rfctf* 134/33, qfcu* 168/5,HtM* 168/5,JttcHT 141/20.

In some letters (especially those of Semenov and Bogdanov) there is a relative consistency in the use of *fe according to stress: when stressed and £ when not stressed. However, even in these letters the consistency breaks down. They even contain hyper-corrections:

0 T pe 3 aH 0 167/4, Tttft 163/21, ntuT, 168/5, Ktwi 162/15, Teww 163/21,

otfemaHHomty 163/7, k Mockbo 72/17, b Bejiese 70/5 (compare

Etnea 26/6 from bSlyl). 3aMeoKaj> 71/17, npexHHXfc 76/9. In his study of the UloSenie of 1649, £ernyx (1953, 215) con­ cludes that there was no difference in pronunciation between j} and £ . The consonants u, x , m.were hard: KX3Heu# 149/5,pyKaBHUH 13/7. There are some instances where x /o are followed by » , but it is due to spelling rather than being a reflection of phonology as Ser- nyx, too, concludes (153, 227): npomy 117/8,npoaw 118/5,xaxw 41/20, 12 xoxy 133/31, nttnw 64/21, ornnray 65/36, bhx» 157/6, iron# 157/ 8 . Letter number 120 contains a few instances of x/m followed by to s nyoio 120/35, CtOKK) 120/3, H&OK) 120/55, but in the same letter: onmyw Hanuo 120/55 where had it been a case of a soft SI the scribe should have written * onmioio. On the other hand there are examples of hard x : utfxuueHKa 211/4, xus 137/9 (compare XHB 138/8). Arbitrary spelling can be misleading as, for example, in the case of AHKOB 116/19, 55/5 which seem to point to a sim­ plification of C'j to C1, and yet in ABHKOB 117/9, SAoposfen 134/4 C'j is evident. The fact that in the former examples the immediately preceding consonant is raised may Indicate 'softness 1 which would explain the spelling. On the other hand in 3A0p0Be 133/4 the let­ ter 'B' is not raised as is in SAOpoBe 111/5 while in 3AOpoBbe 135/6 there is evidence of C'j. Superscripts do not always Indicate softness. Consider, for example, the following spellings where the underlined (raised) con­ sonants could hardly be considered soft: AOUOM 217/2 (AOMOfcrB 203/4), MOrJia 120/20, XMByr 24/9, K&M 226/6. On the other hand there are examples where certain consonants would be expected to have been raised, if we were to consider 'raising 1 a sign of softness: t o j i k o 198/9 CronKa 132/16), a o b o a c t b o 162/4. The scribes themselves cannot be wholly blamed for such inconsist­ encies in spelling. Even the pis'movniki and Rrammatiki of that time lacked consistency and lucidity. For example, in the most popular source of that time (Smotryckij 1648), the postulations of spelling rules are quite complicated and probably were immensely confusing for ______r V the lay scribe of the XVII century. On page^B (52) of Smotrycklj's grammar we find, for example, that 60/o could be written in word- in itial, word-middle, and word-final positions. Then Smotryckij pro­ ceeds to ascribe various positions of these two orthographic symbols. The end result is confusing and, needless to say, it lacks an under­ lying principle. Not only did a source like Smotrycklj's grammar * lack lucidity but its uniformity and consistency in terminology suf­ fered as veil. For example, the term 'rule 1 { npaatwio ) on page (51) is replaced a page later by 'canon' ( K&HOKl ). The spel­ ling of the vord 'mesto* is given as MfccTGJ . Also consonantal prep­ ositions were to preserve the ' V . Yet, on page ^IA (51) ve find both B1 LiecTCJ and B uecTO , and, further, on page %IB (382) it appears as B uecTO. The absence of an accepted spelling norm in the XVII century was the reason which probably prompted Tsar Aleksej's decree of 1675. This decree provided that if, for example*, the author of a petition was ignorant of proper spelling, he would not be held in reproach. (Matthews 1960, 168). PHONOLOGY

I , Vowels Seventeenth-century Russian had five vocalic phonemes: /i,u,e,o^a/ with [y] being an allophone of /i/:

In unstressed positions there was loss of contrast between non- high vowels: 1. Unstressed [o] is often replaced by [a] (akanje). Examples:

Toxxa 5/11; ( t o j i k o 5/8), Taro 7/5* aT 8/2, aTea* 8/9*

aaapoBe 9/ 7 , Ha^a 18/10 (Kaso m h o » 18/13), Kauy 19/13* xa.rejti> 20/11, catfaitii 20/11, aaxoBa 27/5/ »a 29/8, saexax ;*a 60/20, a«a I;5/3, ami 210/11;, assiK 1;1/21* /tapore 65/21;, naraBapiiTi. 67/12, Hanpacsa 221/8, xapamo 2 2 5 /6 , caiu^a 1;3/18,. Manx* P2/12 , oicoxa P8/12*

The loss of contrast between [o] and [a] in unstressed position apparently confused some scribes to the extent that they wrote £ in place of etymological £ and vice versa even under stress. Examples: £ in place of etymological a:

h i i r o x o h 8 /8 , flOBa.an 61/22, rpaMOTKa nocjiano 35/11;* uenKOB 11/B, ssexox l;2/5* aaexoio Ig/11, npi:exoB 1;7/16, 6oT»niKy 106/20 (CaTaiUKy 1 0 6 /2 2 ), exox, exo*r 132/5*

noexox 138/1 5 (noexax 1i;2/2*d, j i h c o e h 132/8, npnexoxa

63/9, npaKOKH 65/55 (npxKasrn 65/5U)* torbk 177/22*

14 IS a in the place of etynological £: Tasa 2 0 / 1 0 , (xaso 1 9 / 1 3 ), uoeaa 31;/llj., (uoeBo 3 6 /2 0 ), nojraxaHa 6 6 / 5*

2. Loss of contrast between [e] and [a] In unstressed position after jod, soft consonants and palatal consonants: 2 a) (a) replaced by tel Examples: GJtXmeji 5/ 18, JiomesH 22/$, aauer 6 l / l 5 , zecy 27/$ , jr»<5entKMH 25/3, neTaec^T 65/A , Jiomeaen 39/26, jiomexttx 110/19 (Jioma^nx 111 /?), OKxetSps 65/60, ji&bjiz ?7/6 (aojuik P7A)-

*■ -V

2 b) [e] replaced by (a) Examples:

=a 6/10 (se 6/22), Tosa 30/13, aana aaapose 61/9, tiaTHpe 1 9 /5 , 1 6 7 /1 3 , irHorojrbTHOH a^ap o sa 6 8 /3 aaaaao 62/11, Bcaxoa Mnaocecziae 6/j/32, BHapauiHeaa 3/|/9, He^iasa 65/39, c#aho« jfczo 122/10, A^ssr

138/12, th(5h 122/6, JtAHi 160/9, vjihr 177/7, npo ojjopoBa 53A

3. Loss of contrast between [e] and [i] in unstressed position:

s;eBe:r l|2 /7 (vs saraexi 5 /1 3 ), o a/iopoBH l 8 l / 3 , nepexaseBEui I4.I/IO , HHAOBeveHKa 6 7 /3 , npnoAKT, 65/1/;, BiiAUJiu P6 /9 (vs bxabjik PS/lSjjO saopobk 181/ 3 , B APBHHUIKK CB06H /|/l9 l 16 4, Stressed [e] when not from *e and when preceded by a soft or palatal consonant and not followed by a soft consonant, is often replaced by [o]:

flaaoT 5 / 2 1 , nepeao£ 1 6 / 2 , e«o 1*6/6,56/8, (eute 2 2 / 1 7 ) #

Hamo.r 61 /11*, ciuot 73/5, o vom 121*/11 (o *ieK 121^/13)

no CMOTy 1 6 1 / 7 , npHHioa 1 9 1 / 3 , aro-niae 1 6 3 /2 7 #

cjiooh 221 A*

II. Consonants 1. Voicing. Voiceless consonants are voiced when followed by a voiced o b s tru e n t. Examples!

S>r £ rejspBoio 9A# 3 sbhoio 11/10, nae^ajis 27/3

9 (SpaTow 39/22, 1*2/5, o AeJiourc» 1*2/7

oxeJioio h2/l 1 ,3 rojio^y 53/11 , 3 <5obkb 60/8 ,

9 £6TUH 153/10# 3 Asopa P3/12#. meoj*ecHT P2/10

(mec?z> + sec;iTi>: t ^ 0 , s)> r), c> d o&aawe 22/15 (oT^aHa 38/17), TaaCt 7S/1S.

2. Devoicing. Voiced consonants are devoiced when followed by voiceless con­ sonants, or in word final position. Examples: s^ cxacicy 9/11# hc xjopwn 31*/13, cicacxa 1*1 /12

(cxaaoKi 1*1/25)# $ec Tsoero 69/9#noecxKa121/25.

XAn apparent s c r ib a l e rr o r : AiKiTpoBCKOH 17 fle.iyurKit 1 9 / 1 0 1 b^p aonve 39/22 (sotoe) g> k sapoK 6 5 / 2 6 d^ 6 flanorr 5/21, Bnepex* 7/6, noTnHcajr 6/20, <5^7 20/6, cjiofioTKy 23/6(cvio(5o(5a),

3. Other consonant changes. The consonant [h] is often replaced by [scl before stops and

affricates: nnxxo 6 / 18, x k o m # 6/24# X T O 2 8 /3 ,

X 124/12, X t e<5t 124/ 2 1 , x xe(5e 142/23 (x TedS 145/11). 2 g)P * in word final position: khhx 61/14, flexex 136/4, BAP#* 179/16. The etymological Jg] is replaced by [v] only in the genitive singular of masculine/neuter pronominal and adjectival forms:

c b o g b o 4 /6 (csoero 4/9)# « b ° 5/12,6/18,10/19,

b o x r x o b o 13/2, xaBO 19/13, ttajioea 27/5# Oosp-

CKOBa 3 6 /1 0 , b c g b o 65 /1 6 , h c b o 79 / 12, m o g b o 112/18, Hireeso 130/6, HameBa ?8/l2.

^This word could have two origins: beluga 'white sturgeon' or beluxa 'white whale'. In this case i t must be the former since whales are rather cumbersome for the marketplace. The addition of the suffix *-tk- caused f ir s t palatalisation of g> 5, hence our attested form. 2 See section on Dialects. • 18 Sn^ Sn BegHosi 33/7 (Beamon 1Q/1 5)» napocrea 69/13

(fiapoMHO 69/12), uoiffiio 7 6/1 5 ( mo ^ ko 1 1 1 /1 1 ).

stn^sn noMecHait 35/6, noscetiacHo 117/6 (sceHacrso IO9 / 6 ) , eze^&cHo 1 8 5 / 6 , 113B-feCHO 1 7 1 / 6 .

stl^sl ecjxa 163/9 (ecwn 151/11)* c h scjik b o o 2 1 U /3 ,

MaCJIKBOM 219/3. , .

c t > s t H170 19A# 130/12, 1 8 0 / 6 , iutoOm 132/5* 136/11;*

mro 221/7 (^"O 221/7). 28>s1 KonVcKOK 211/ 2, KanVcnyio 211/4, KM7CK0M

Dissimilation: aHdap 10/11 (aMtfap).

^The fora cones from kaluga ( JXa Kojijth 60/20,ao KoJltfrsi 207/12) plus the adjectival suffix; *kalug + bskij)> kalussUij with palatali­ sation of [g] to [sj because of *b 1 and since [ 2 ) is voiceless be­ cause of the following [s) we should have had (pronunciation) [ka- luSskijJ. In the forms cited, however, the [a] is nissing. This could be due to orthographic reasons as Pankratova (1963, 61) sug­ gests that the omitted letters were to be understood as 'raised' (superscripts); a)JpO£l0 124/20 (stfpocTi»» 148/9) ,KpTbHHHHa 35/12. MORPHOLOGY

• #

NOUNS The classification of nouns is based on the Protoslavic declen­ sional types: First declension - contains feminine and masculine nouns of the *a/ja c la s s . Second declension - includes masculine and neuter nouns of the *o/jo class; any lnfluence(s) from the *a, *u, and *i classes w ill be so noted. Third declension - it is comprised of feminine nouns of the *i class^ Any influences from other Protoslavic classes w ill be n o ted . Mixed declension - contains a number of nouns which are slightly Irregular. Some of them show 'naraScenie* (stem extension)others change the stem final consonant while others delete a suffix in the plural.

I. First Declension 1. Feminine S in g u lar Nominative Examples: rpauoTa 8 / 3 ( . . .npncJiaHa rc^psa rpaitoT a...) pufia 177/21 (•••Ta y Hac, pu(5a...) cJitfEtfa 227/h (•••T a cvijfscSa Te(5|«*He . . ) u e sa 6 6 / 8 ( • . .u e x a nojiaaana.. •)

0 £ 4 a 'ia 3 8 /1 7 (... h o x fla n a ecTJ»...)

1Also one masculine noun: put1. 19 np&Bfla 6k/27 • *KaKaa npasaa* • • ) ao'pora 6 5 /2 5 ( . . .a .£pyi-afl a o p o r a .. . ) ijcHa P 6/5 ( . . - a aeHa r£api> .. .xpHTfcaaxi* pJfCJieB*i>.. . ) rpauoTKa 35/lfy (...TaKOBa rpaMOTKa nocnaHO...)

MofismiKa 61f/3l). (... oahq y ueHft MffmnKa.. . ) KaTjfiHKa 117 / 11* (.. .cica3HBae£ uaxynma...)

KopoBeHKa 119/2 ( • . • KopoBeHKR K o ^ o a a s ...) puCeHKa 17U/11 nptfflHniKjf ptatfeHxa ecTb...}

5eMJia 3 5 / 9 (.--a 6 y a e £ Box^HKHaa 5 eujta...) flpBHfl P 5 /3 (...spana Mar&iiHo cuexbHa...)

G en itiv e Ending is from *a class; one example from *ja class Examples: js y u m 132/T2 (*..ii aymJi csoeu ho norytSbJno. •.) peKH 65/9 (t. .(?o£inaa gapora ot p e K K .. . )

PH<5h 9 3 /9 (,.„b friose psCs . . . ) 1 uexn 65/11 (•••o£ tob o cxoficSa «a Mean...)

TlOp LUE 3ll/l3 ( ../l I1C XrapbUK...)

(SIsak 3/11 (...ne ox (Stan...) rO£HHHU 39/27 (...npOXH£ TOj! rC£KHIlH...)

Aopora 165/9 (• • .oxnifcxH.Tb 0 aoporn...) cjiy^fiu 110/8 ( ... co cjiyxfin seJimcux r£apeii.. •) % m CO£TpH 9 /8 (...n p o £flapOBO r£apHII...K C0£XpH...)

^"Also p«(S t 154/11 (..•ecThJW CKaejp JIO.B putffei..) This ending is from the *ja class and has been retained in Northern Russian dialects (Kuznecov 1951, 63). 21 ir.pK 19/11 (-• .KynKT.• .nya* iKpn...)

b a o b u UO/6 (•••cK03£um h t o Toe BAOBH...He oHaioT*...)

acesH 55/5 (...n p o osapoB H semi cBcesi...) neAejiii 2 3 / 5 (...a o c B e x o n HeAejiii...) s e w i n 6 5 /7 (•••y sa c a x seMJin a e T ...) 4 r£ApHH 53A (...npo £AOpOBK TCApHK...)

ACHTM 1 7 7 /2 0 ( • • • TpE aJITHHH ABB ACHrM...)

cxponKK 101/29 ( ...s a eA n aaii cipoaKH He otiikiuht^. . ) Hfcs*fccT2>KH 63 A (...npo 3A&P O B O litBtcTlKa. • . ) SOHKI1 110/23 (...paAK KQHKK. . * ) nTMMKB 161/fl (...ASfe nTHHKH...)

Dative^" The ending Is from *-e (*a class). Examples: setffc 13/1 (GJr OHApfes H a n n a aceafc moor...) rpawoxt l|l/ 6 (...a no toh rpawoxt...) aA&se 2 6 /1 8 (...no eBO 3A&ne...) uese 65 A3 (...a a c jboamh no Me ate eoAua...)

A a p o r e 65/21;. (• • .n o T on Aapore.. .He eaAST...) uaxyiHKe l/9 ( ...rcApw h MATyiffKO* • .hsjiom (5bk>...) seHHHiKt 60/ l 1 (...abhth oTAan aceEanntt m o g h . ..)

^No evidence of Second Palatalization of velars; analogical leveling had taken place. The only exceptions are found in some letters as part of the epistolary formulae and refer to Church Slavonic expressions, or nomina sacra: B 0 3 e 117/6, B* CtfntfueM Belie 133/18 (in this case Intimating the 'religious' century as the future after-life). . 22. afeBecrtxe 65/53 ( . . . r cspn n K^secrbxe.. ,ae-*iovn» 6 lstij) rc^pHe 5i+/l 1; (* • * rcap» n r£apHe • . . ^ejiow 6 ho .. *)

Accusative The ending is from *-u. Examples1 BABB^ 5/15 (. . .nOCTBBHJI. . .WaHy p»£5y 19/11 ( . . . Toe pufiy npHnmem.. . ) pyicy 28/35 (• • .npuxastn pyxy npiwio«H7.. •) Aocxy 9/21 (...a Aocxy...x aai:3> npaseajin.•.) raneHirny 39/3 («..nocJia£ k xetfe mueKHuy...) cxoGoay 23/1; (.;.a nofie*ajiu,. .a cjiodoay..•) TJOBMy 51/8 (•••CBO nOHKa^ K BKBKyT B T»£My. • . ) noxynxtf 111/18 ( ...AeHru aa noxynxV...) cjiotfOTxy 23/6 (.. .xoxejiH ktbt^. . .b cJiotfoTxy.. •) rpBMOTKlf 1+/15 ( • • • rpBMOTK# MO» OTOCJiaT. * . ) SEOHX^ 5/llf ( • • .nOCTaBK£ TO£KB *OHKtf • . • ) napbxy 20/ 11. (.. .npquHchJiHT napixtf catfax*..,) AeaoKtxy 11+3/11; ( .. •lcejrwiica «a AesoMsxy nowiaA.. . )

* BOAOHxy 183/21 (...BOAOBxy aa oaopob £ . . . )

AopeBKHmxy ,P2/11 (...aeax H b koio AepeBHxmxy,. . )

APBHK) 5/13 (...a 6BO B AP£ID0 W^n^CTXT. . • ) aeA'fcno 70/6 (...ao itxb npxxQAy aa HeAtjno...) aeujBo 12/5 (...aa aevuno axo xn xVnn£...) BO.TO 68/9 (...^nOBBR) Ha 6BO BOJDO...) Instrumental The endings are from *-oju (*a class) and from *-eju C*ja class) Examples: pyuoio -2U/11 ( . . . 3a cBoeio p y x o » .. . )

cecrpoio 9 /5 C ...c sameio c c e £ T p o » ...)

rpawoTow 1 * 3 /1 2 ; ( . . . a a noexy c rpauoTon. . . )

aoporcw 165/8 (...^>:ca£ k Mockbo poctobckoio soporoio..

ceMeio 1 7 5 /3 ( - . . a £ cewew cboo»...)

BO Jiew 116/25 (...aojiejo (Soacwew...) coacKTe^HHuen 122/2 ( ...c coxKTexHuueR cEoeio,..) aeujxeto P 5/6 (...oeM Jieio B ^aj;t»?>b.. . )

He HOB 11/10 (A A Ha MOCKBO H £ 5SOHOIO...)

£130010 61*/22j. ( . . . c K£0O». . .) ^BMOB 87/I4. (...jHMOB 05^^ n.TaTeiUHK. ..) clfnp£ro» 1^5/2 (...» c cynptfrow c B o e w ...) pa0o» 160/12 (... c pn0o» ho npHfeaacawT*.. •)

MBTlfillKOD 1 /2 (...C EaT^UlKOB MOOJO. . . ) xeTyniKOio 9/2; (•••2. r£iipKe» c TOTyun

C HeB'fecT^KOK) • . • ) uarKOB 8 1 /3 C• • • £ r£apHe» Htne»mhtkoio ...) zoBHSiKaao 158/10 ( . . . £ JKeHnmcaio h £ a e T V H ...) rc/xpaeio 9/I4. (...n £ rc«pHe» c aam e»...) aecKBaero 55/3* ( .. .aecKaue» BiaffiHfiro <5ra...) jopasen 65/7 (•••© Kaoren apBHeo...)

Prepositional The ending is from (*a class). Examples;

pa6e li/3 (...e CJhji aexoM o pufie)

BAaae 2 0 /1 7 (•••b tom a w e . . . )

p eae 3 5 / 3 (...aa peae Ha KocTpoMe...)

H3fie 3 7 /2 0 (... b H3tfe...)'

aare 30/12 (••*b nacEOBan xHre...)

cjiyacfffc 5 2 /5 ( - . s a cJiyaCobojihkhx rcApea...)

Tjopu’fc 1 7 0 /6 ( . . . tboe x s a n .. . CHA^TTi b TJopu^T.. . }

Aopore 72/11 (•••aa xajiycxoi* Aoporo.. •)

pH(5xe 19 /3 (... aa putf xe ...) ApSHKlDKe 1 0 9 /1 0 (...H H BT> AP3KMUIK0 CBOeE, . . )

AepeBHe 30/12 (*.. b AepeB_He E op O A aae...)

aeuxe P5/7 C-..H aa tok aeuwe...)

P lu ra l Nom inative The ending is from the *a class. No examples reflecting the *ja class ending (*-£) were found* Examples:

<5$jiymKH 19/3 (...Ta patfa ocexpHKH t tffcxyiEKH.. • )

ApBHH 3 9 /1 7 .(•••& *ApBHH -BC6 MOH *0...) 25 BO£H 15U/9 (...HHe BOflM Ue£KU...) UTHUU 169/6 C...H nXHHH TaKOBH...)

£Ae£KH 65/^6 (...£Ae£KH <5twif xaK me a tfHTb...) Aann 66/15 (...aimacax hxo y khx ^ h ...) cofiaKH 79/18 ( ...a cotSaxn r£Ap* KOJioAtae...) kjxhhb 95/3 (...noTOM y hxo mifiHH He x o a h t b ...)

G enitive Examples: ca<5aKi> 2 0 /1 2 (...Aa napiKif $opb3HXb catfaKb...) 3eMe£ 29/17 (.. .MeseBaxj* rex 3eM©£ He ^ a ^ in ...) flpBHb 30/17 (..,3a3BaBt K C efii KpCTMH CeJieB£KJtX ap£Hb. • • ) aapoK 1 65/28 (...a khhx aapoK hot...) hkoh 7 1 /5 (• • *eJUO hko £ He nHca£.. . ) sacoKb 89/3 (...Aa ceKHaya^ AacoKb...)

XOpOB 119/2*. (...a £30HX rcnpb «OpOB, H6T. ..) JiaBOKb Hj.7/1 7 (. . .XpHXI*a£ BOCiib JIHBOKb. • . ) HeA6£ 157/13 (...fiO£HH AaauaXK HeA®£. • •) BOA 160/13 ( . • .HC XBKKX BOA.. . ) pn£ 177/19 (.. .naxAecK£ nax pti£. •.) pyK 22l|/2 1 ( ... eme pyic se npKKxaAHsajia. •.)

KHur Pl*/10 (... c Kexesux khhp ..•)

^Devoicing of g^k. See section on phonology, page 17. 26 D ative Examples:

£anacxau Ii7/10 (...no c-nenoBHM SanacaaM...) khhpglm 65/21 ( . . . n o nncnoBHM khkpru ..,)

AOporau 156/15 ..no Been soporau...) y^aau* ?2/9 (...a y^naui neaa urea^ecsT xeTspe pytfjia...)

Accusative The ending is from the *a class. Examples: pyKaBHns: 1i*/6 ( . . .pyxaBaaa npKBM...) flpBHB 2 6 /3 (...n o w ia H s rpaMOTKH b ap B H a...)

* senna 29/11*. ( . . . n a to seima Kpenocxea ho nojioxajia*..) flopora P5/10 ;*opopn vepe£ xjio £ . . .npoKJra^HBajoTi*. • •) paju 9/19 (...a pajs k hbm . . .npaae^...) nonuiaax 12/5 (• •. nomjiaan aan.naTH.na...)

XHara 62/8 ( . . . a ^anacajia £ xynvyio b KHHra.. . ) pyxa/aora 99/23 {...a aora a pyxa nepejiOMaJia...) aockk 95/6 {...a aocxa a xochkh bhbo^iwih...)

Instrumental Examples: nocswxaxa 8/ll* (..XJ h xohot moh ^ nocwiKaMH p o ^ap aT ,. . ) seaaua 23/2 {.. .nofiexajia ac xpoucxoa apBaa...s xenaKa...)

cjiesatta 73/12 {...aejioM <5wo co cjxesaua)

life pawn 81/11 (... hkxohwh irfTpaaa coGaxi Hiffc AotiaTixa H ferat.. . ) pyxaua 11*2/30 (...A a -ia s s e 'jeJsotfuxHHe j a p y x a « a ...) 21 . Prepositional Examples:

s o x a K a x a x 6/32 (..#b cbohx 2> BCwaKaxax, • .)

aep eB H ax 9 / 1 6 (• • .a aepesHax* •.)

tfe « a x lv6 / 6 (...b Ge/tax cbohx emo yaB ,..)

flasax 65/33 (...y h k x b a a ^ a x . .. ) 1

/tavex 65/3 6 f... y hhx b Aavex...)

Ksnrax 66/20 ( . . . b niijcyoBux KHurax HaniicaEO. . . ) cotiaxax 81/10 (...nucaT o cotiaxax...) _ xopoBaxi* 82/8 (Ilacax tis rcxipb.. ,oJ xopoBaxt. •.)

2, Masculine To the First Declension also belong nouns which denote persons of the male sex. S in g u lar nom inative

» ..( Boesoaa noctuiax. , ,8 /6

•. .capoia Baia.. . 1 1 9 / 1

•. .uoa flHzooniKa... ij.0/3

• ..cAtfra xbok .,. 6i;/li*. . ..cTapocTa lB a m > ,. .Q1|/11;

.„. 6a x x a Karb. . . 1 1 0 / 1 7

•. .scemeapiia aji£Ka... 9 / 9

• .•c^AW .«or Taxi> y v K H H i i . .. 170/9

^Loss of contrast between [ej and [a] in unstressed position; see section on phonology, page lS. g e n itiv e . * . y ptt£CKQro B oeso/m . . . 6 1 / 1 2 .*•«)£ ueH« cttpaTH T a o e ro .. ,9 9 /1 5

...OaTXH csoero,. .1 1l|/5

. ../IJIH aaaiamxH. . • 114-3/10 d a tiv e

6kx ve^iOM B o e B o a e .. .8/6 • . .Moetty £8AiomKe. . • l^O/l

. ..cnpoTe BameMg., .119/2

. ..uoeuy tfaTtxe*.*65/61 a c c u sa tiv e

... oh no»ia£ cjiyry cBoeBO.. .23/12

...(Sifji 'le.’iow.. *na £K /no.. . 65>/l;1

•. .npo £ziopoBH Haniero aKRMniKy. *. 63/?

• • • nayBbMisJBi cjfpory T s o e r o .• *99/3 instrumental

. . . a MHOJO CKpaTOW TBOHU. • • 9 9 /k k

...Raniic&Ka Boeooaoio... 1 8 2 /1 0

P lu ra l g e n itiv e

•. *y na£ y cnpoT. • • 18 8 / 9

• . . flJIH AHflGR. . • 1 k k /9 1

*The ending is from the *i class. 29 d a tiv e •. .BoeBOtfau (Shjjr ne.aoits.. .29/15 Apparent scribal errors In cases where a whole string of masculine nouns, pronouns and adjectives preceded First Declension masculine nouns, the scribes were apparently confused with the result that sometimes nouns in -a were

* given Second Declension endings* Examples: (dat. sg.) -u instead of -e reaps uoeuy (JaTKy H dpaTy.. • 61/1

r£AP» MoeMy (SaxioinKy,. , 68/1

(gen. sg.) -a instead of -i npR mkjiocth ge/jyuma,.

(dat. sg.) -u instead of -e rjcfipio MOexy jjfl/jwiuxy.. • I 4.I/I

but: rcspra Moexy ^HAKJUiKe,. * 1| 0 /1

(acc. sg.) -a instead of -u (5b a vejiOM Ha (SaTJonnca*. . 6$/lf.1

II. Second Declension* The Second Declension contains masculine and neuter nouns. 1* Masculine S in g u lar Nominative The ending is from the *o/jo class. Examples: pa£ 2 / 2 (• • .pa<5 XJICTH TB06H. . . ) aT©m» 8/9 (...aTeg-t eso.,.*BBeT y sac.,.) nxxcem 9/23 (...a Cy^eT miceni,.• •) noKJicm* 11+/7 (•••or mohji xefifc nonjioHt) 6paTem» 11/1 (Epaxeirb rjc;;p b d e a o v, . . aApascTByiu • •) 6r* 13/3 (...xax Tetfn fir* MMJsyeT,...) paGOTKHKB 18/6 (.-. .B 6 MbH0K T6

30/19 (...a tfGoeu*.. . ckaht b T»£*e) CTpacHHXI. 3 9 /1 6 ( . . .CTpagHHK* GJIflAKHb CHi) non* lj. 0 /7 (...a Ae >* Ha£ non***.) 'mibx* ^ 7 /(... w b k 2> Kb an a . . . ) xopuiwie£ £ 2 /3 (• • .mom ujictboii tcopMiweu 3,apaBCTBy£...) wyKHKB 67/2 ( . . .npMxaAiwi xa mhb wyscHKb...)

jryx 90/9 (...a xyx.. .floOpan.Y.)

xo.ion P2/1 .xoxon tbom AHflpxniKa.. . ) yxao. P3/9 (.. .a sam yKa£...) cTOjmnx* Pl^/2 (...ObeT* Hejrou*.. . ctojthhx * . . . )

canoAeE3el11* pS/ 11 ^ * * * cau°Ae£*oai> noaajiyn nac. . . ) reap* 1/1 (...reap* mo £ . ...oApascTBlfH...) scejjaxeji l/£ (...a a scersa KeaaTeJt...)

TecTb 28/22 (... toot * eBO.. .nocxynjMCK.•.) OflTb 2 8 /2 9 (...O a T b 6 8 0 ... COCTaBIWt.. . ) npKHTea 1 k $ /10 ( . . . <33Jfi. W-1CTMBOM npHRTea.. . )

KOHb P 2/8 (...KOH BOpOHB XOH THCAB KOHb Ce£. . . )

rcpb P8/lO,KH$b P8/10 (• • .TCAP* ap=»^ BeaHKHII X H 5 b ...)

Genitive The ending is from the *o/jo class, or the *u class. The major­ ity of the nouns which take the *u class ending (-u) express abstract­ ness. The ending -u is not attached to a noun denoting a person or an animal.- Examples: *o/jo class ending njiBKa 22/1 (...Tpa ^ABiea...) pa (5 a 22/27 (•••He npespn . ..csoero paCa npoineHtta.. ♦) nona l|0/7 (,.,n EepiHOBa nona se 3Ha»x7>...) paEaRa 20/7 (...ffJifz uesa ytforoaa pafioxiHmta...)

ortta. 3 8 / 1 5 3a oxpa MoeBO,..)

« * flpaxa 120/%. {...ox^tfpaxa cbobbo...) ABopa llj. 7 /1 6 (•. .uhtlco't 'leiupe ABopa,..) cuHa 161/6 {...y ceea tfo«£CKOro...) rofla 168/13 •.ABa roAa...)

xoJiona P1/3 (*••)! Mesa xoAona XBoero...) npHaxexa 3I;/8 (,..^xe(Sa npwaxejiH cBoero..*)

rcApa 101/2 (...p a^ T3°eM rcAP* ktoe£ whaocth. ..)

Ana 25/13 (. . .HHenraero ah *...) 1

*ii class ending* roAQAy 61/20 C- • .noiotpajo 3 roxoay*..) A a ro so p lf 5 /1 0 ( . . .npoxH B xbobbo A a ro B o p tf. . • ) xipKroBopSf* Pi ; / 9 (.. .npoTHB... <5oH£CKoro npnroBopb\..)

A o n p o cy P1/12 (•..a-hk Aonpocy,..) CTaay 165/9 C--.3 Aoporn: c cxairy...)

Kaoy 1|7/11 (* . .npoxra i*£ApBa y«a3y. • •)

npH K aoy 3 I4 ./8 (npomy.. .npHKaay TBoe£. • •)

n a c y 19/13 (•••! a achth xaro Bacy ot>abm ..,)

1 Also dnl: ahh 114/15 (...H i! eAKHaro A H H ...) from *n class nouns * a p y 93 / j (...Ha*e Hepaoro spy...) Jiyxy 90 /6 (.. .gjwi poga gyxy.••) ae£Haxy 90/6 (...gga pOgtf Jiyxy a aewmxy,,.) adcjpV 62/13 C»<»*AaR 3<5wp& geHer?>...) pogy 161/8 (...o a a pogy HefiojnuoBo. ) m tsy 72/5 (...ratBy csoer. ..aa ueaa He noge£*n. gosy 151+/9 (•••a aoBy atxi>...) Btxptf 121/18 . . 0 £ Bejraxor afexptf... ) po$ncxy 131/20. (...a <5e£ poSacxy.. •)

ocxaTxy 93/8 ( , , . 6 e $ ocxaxxy..,) * Jiocy P9/f (.. *H£ .a e cy .. . ) oxgagtf 185/9 (...c oxgagtf...) npaxogy 7 0 /6 (...go axt npaxogy...) ^1j3£y 37/9 (npogajl. • .Xp£XBHH EegCXOrO if'feo.fly* • • ) Mogy 9/22 (...a negy xynaxs ho gotfygem...) Bttxogy 170/16 ( * ..h h nagop BHxogy. . . ) npoe£g# P5/11 (...a npoe£gtf at gaioxi....)

D ative The ending is from the *o/jo class. Examples: patfy 22/13 (...x CBoeuy pa<5y...) fipaxy 60/21 (r£gpw Moeuy tfpaTy...) xogony P2/11 (••.BO£gH xa mho xogony...) npoxonony 1+0/11 (...npacgag rpaMoxy x npoxonony gOUtf 21/11+ (..•TBOOMjf gOMV . ..HOJIOH T> 0B») v -tb k Y 4/16 (• ■ • o t o m a t . • • x v jish Y cbocm Y* * • ) aonpocy 2fl/31|. (..•« k aonpocy,. .pyxy npHJioxH£...)

Yxaay (...so Yxa3y Bejrxxoro rcflapa...) cyoxy 161/T (*..a no cyoxy,,.) paGoxawxy 101/8. (a..KO MHe paeioxHBxya• •)

cxpaflHBtey 39/6 (...k xecrfc k cxpaaHnxy...) nncpY 9/12 (.. .h npB.ao*j!£ pyxy aa^ nncnt*..)

K0p3»XK£inY ^ 2 / 1 (ro ap io MOeMjr. . . XOpiiMH£Htf. a . )

caxoae£*iiy PS/2 (Up» r£5p». -. caMoae£*qy.. •) rocyaapio 69/1 (Focyaapw icoejxy .••) npn pQ/1 (npio r£ap»«**)

naxw 28/25 (••aoaxn CBoeuy.•.) npnaxejno 1^3/16 (. • .npKflxeJiw a notSna neaow...) k h £» P8/1 (Qpsiaa. i aeairKOwy kh ^ k). . . )

(SoapHHy 23/10 (...no^KecH pocnH£ doapKHy*..)

A ccusative Nouns denoting persons take the *0 class genitive ending (-a). Nouns denoting animals were sometimes considered animate and at other times inanimate as evidenced by our example konja/kon1 * All other nouns take the nominative ending. Examples: a) persons pafla 101/16 (• •• aa u o br pacJa c b o h b o .V.) xojiona Pl/8 (•. .noxajiyii uesa xojiona cB oero...)

CHHa 3 8 / 1 7 (• a a 6CXB 2 3anB£ Ha CUB a <50H£CK0Ba. ..) npacxaBa 24/12 (. • .nonuin, • .zzpHcxasa. • •) baska l;7/5 (. • .A& nocjxaA.. . eah Ka ceoer...) patfoTHsna 101/20 ( ...H a vteHA patfoTHHxa cboabo...) BCXO£KJieHHKa l|/6 (HOBOAIJA TH W0MH BCKO£MJieHEKa CBO0BO

cBemeHHHKa P 7/2 (EBe*r h o a o m b . . .Ha cBe^emttiKa. • •) uajTEKKa Il;3 /1 4 ( . . .wa^HHKa «a AesoHBKy nocAaA,. . )

□Hci^a 66/5 (•••nacaur tu npo nncxia...) IffioHua 30/22 (•••npHxastK Toro Ktfomja xpcTMHnHa 17/13 (• • .KpcTbUHHHa ero csotfoAHT-

b) anim als jzcTpefSa 137/12 (...ACTpetfa npiinocHA . . . ) KOHS 186/12 (...T O r KOHR TOCfe npOAHCTB. • ) but also: kohb 211/2; (..•nocjiejt kohb . ..)

c) inanimate objects

£BO£2l;/7 ( . . . bo abo £ . . . ) AOUB 2 1 /9 (...npo B6£. . .AOUB... ) npHKa£ 28/19 ( . . .npnxaj^ npKCAaAB.. . ) ropoA 8/10 C...B ropoa npnexaT. . . )

cnncoKB l;l/25 (...a chhcokb a boba ...}

g JcShckb I|3/15 (**.Apyroii bXShckb npnnuno.• •

jieci. 8 9 /2 (• • . nocJiajiH aocb ...)

npHKa£ 46/12 ( . • .SatfHA npEK a£.. . J A6HB 1 6 6 /6 ( . . . s BATOII AOBB. . . ) roA i> 61/12 (...sa FOB h toai>...) ^QCHOKB 90/13 (...UOCAaA^V K TO*5^ ^75, H AecHOKB. • • ) 35 Instrumental

Examples: r c f lp e u i 8 / 4 (.,.e£A«T $a. reapein>...) poafioeu P2/11* (• • • I shcero eoato poaGoeu. p a fio u i 7 b / l k (..*BaA y(5oruhCi patioM i...)

CSpaxoin> 9 6 /3 ( . . . a CSpaxoM-b cbohm ...) csihom 5/15 (.. .nocTasiM.. . ba &bK c chhom ...)

'WTBKOMTj I4.7 / I 1 ( . . . c 'TABKOM* CBOKM. , . )

AOMOM 6 9 /3 ( . . . CO SCfaM CBOHM. . .flOMOM. . . ) ro j 50« 93/10 (.. .nepea nponwHKi to^om. ..)

MaJTCHKOM li|B /5 ( . . . 3 JSeKOlO » C MBAHtlKOM. . • )

OTIJOM* 3 8 /1 1 ( . . . oa OTZXOM* MOMMT>. . . ) nncnou 65/31 (...aa iihcuom ...)

KpeCTBKHHHOM 11|3/11| ( . . . C XpeCTSXHHHOM TBOJIU. • . )

^ m k o u 53/9 (.. .noafMDii rosopiwx nopo£ axhkou . . . )

Prepositional The ending is from the *0 class. A number of monosyllabic nouns take the *u class ending. Examples: a) *0 class npKKaao 5/17 (A Htotf Tetfa...s npuxaae...)

1X0 X0 4 6 8/1). ( . . . B 5BUH6K noxojxe. • • )

CH6 21/10 (..oi)<3 Anspte AJie^feose cne...)

Aonpoce 26/26 (... b Aonpoce cBoeira...)

tfto a e 3 6 /1 2 ( . . . b Kpo!n>cxovn, tffcaA©***)

ropOA© 8 2 / 6 {...bt» ropoA©.. •) ffjiOBe 93/9 C -..B 2Tjiobc p u (5 u ...)

rpetfe 137/11 (..*.0 acrp ed e (Sojbuok. . . ) cofiope 121/9 (.--s cotfope,,.) cm*e 61^/37 . .AorosopwJinc npi: oT^e...) cxpeape 3^/9 (*..o cTpeJiqe...) ocTaxKe ? k /7 (...a ocTaxice...) b) *u class rosy 37/13 (...bo c to ce*£2>aec;rr hhtom roAy.•.) Jiecy P9/6 f...s jnecy. ..) nactf 121/11 (• • • B2> Tpe^eui. aac?...) cxaay 28/16 (... b KaMeHCKOMB c r a n y . . . )

CHCxy 168/7 ( , , . T a JiomaA C ^eT b cucKy) souy 120/39 ( . . .b* T B o e w A o x y .. . ) b u t a l s o floice 162/3 (... b floito cBoewB. . . J 1

P lu ra l Nominative 2 After soft consonants and velars the ending is - H otherwise -W, 3 The noung glaz ends in -a. Examples: OCOTpHKK 19/8 ( ..• T a pa<5& OCOTpilKH Ue£KH.«.)

^The difference in the two endings for don is, perhaps, semantic; i.e. the -u ending connoting 'home' while the -e ending having the meaning 'hou se*.

* ^Although the nouns sosed and xolop end in a hard consonant they take -H .

From th e *0 class Nominative Dual. 37 BOpu 38/10*' (• • • gexa (5oflccKHe.. .Bopn a njryrn. • • )

CXOAdH 6 5 /1 2 ( • • • T@ CTOJltfll BHBOABXBC. . . ) nacnn 65/37 (•.,numem xh...axo Gyayx nucpu..•)

1> 3£0kh 6 9 / 1 2 (. • .*fe£aoKK.. .nu^acTy tfKBaioxi...)

KpecTH 72/11 (* ..a KpecTis cxa-ia xpaxqax itax a£rtiH...) nJieUHHHKKH 1 1 0 / 1 1 (•••MH eMy. . .nJieKflHHKKH. i . ) noufeniHKK ? 5 / 5 (...x e nowfcmuKu BxaAfc»XT> HacaxcxBOMB...) x o jio a n P 8 / 2 (...(Stirr aexoui* xoxona tboh..,) r£flpH 9/13 rc/ipa nepenacaB CKacay.••)

xejiaxeJia 1 6 9 / 8 (...a mh o xow cjsiwaxb sceJiaxejiH...)

c o c e a n ? 8 / 9 (...k xo bha win...^aoaa a coceaa...)

rJia5a 51/6 (...e Jiaue ocxpoBax, rjiaja cepu...)

G enitive If the nominative, singular ends in a hard consonant the ending is from the *u class; some nouns, however, take the * 0 class ending. If the nominative singular ends in a soft consonant the ending is from the *i class; except for rubl 1 which takes -ev.^ Examples;

npH K a$o£ 5 4 / 1 0 (•••aoo scfcx npnaaSoB...)

uyanxoB 64/27 (...fleHTH c xiyamKOB. ••)

noweiunKOB 6 $/l±$ (..y npoxHHX noMemwKOB...)

Kpecxo£ 72/6 (...KpecxoB ho nocJia£...)

saarynHHKOB 76/5 (... bhhx * aacxynHaxoB He HKffcio...)

ABopoBB 1 lj.7 / l 6 (.. .Asaxaa^ uiecxb abopobii. ..)

^Also the noun brat; see section on Mixed Declension. 38 ’jJisKi 23/16 (...naBR* aec«T*..)

ca£aa£ 112/19 cfi£«aI,o £<5k t . . . ) ptf

Kopacen l|/9 (.. .TpticTa KopaceH...)

flpyaen 19/18 (...H e aatiHBan npHHTejie£ c b o k x I a p y o e n .

. npo Tape h 20/10 (...Tetfe cTajia npoTapen...)

rc^eH 52/6 (.../K «a cJiyscCt bojikkhx r£npe£...)

npHaTe.ien 101/3 (...O Ta Ecex npuHTejicw...)

D ative The endings are from the *o/jo and *a/ja classes. Although the nominative singular o£. the nouns xolop and sosed ends in a hard con­ sonant, they both take the *jo class ending in the plural.* Examples:

ropoaaM* 81 /22 (.. .no ehkm ropoaaw*...) pyfiJWM 72/20 (...K 0£l£H py£jIHM. . . ) Kp£T BSHOUfc 2 3 / 9 ( . . • Han HUH! Tew MOJIMt. . . KP£T hHHOM*. • • )

coctaew 1l|6/l5 (... h coCfcaeM Sa ueHS noden ne.ioM...)

r£apeMi> 161/12 (...HTo6*b bbw T£apeKT» K V inaT L ,)

xoaonew P3/9 ( . . .Haw xoaoneM Bammra.. . )

A ccusative Animate nouns take the genitive plural ending. Inanimate nouns take the nominative plural ending. Examples; x»£apen 9/8 (• • .bb£ r£apej*•. .bj:£kb xpasnT,. •.)

*In Modem Russian xolop follows the hard consonant endings while sosed continues to be created as a soft consonant noun in the plural o nly . nopynEKos 60/17 (.. .hoOot nejioM sa nopyHHKOB. •.) rojiuoB 63/10 (.,,'nofi iffex roauoB nosajioBaJU..) caqqaT 112/15 (...tix cajyiaT cucxEsaT...) jie

B6KE I|/1 (• . .aflpaBCTB^H HB BGXE. • • ) ptffitJIH 19/5 (• • .ptfGBaH OTJjaJI HJIBKy TBOGMy. . . ) TpyflH 31}./1 1 ( • • • 3 a E3C TpyflH, . . ) wChcxe I}3/7 (...&6kckh nowiajxH k M ockbg...)

AHH 80/6 ( . . . n o SCM.AHE o XpHCT* paqoB aTqa.. . )

KOCEEE 95/21}. (• * .KOCRKK BHB05e^IK, , . )

5y(5H 99/21}. (•••« JyGtl XECTKHHKH SEZ0JUIH.,.) ropoqu 177/22 (•. •cxoaet>.. ,b hhhr r o p o q q . . . )

Instrumental The endings are from *a class. *0 class, and *1 class. Examples: a) *a class

KOKioxaiiH 5/17 (A hto tg<5h qoJia <5iw:a...c kohjoxemh..

UVXEKaUE 5 4 /9 ( . * . a HTO J&JIa C mXXKK&UK*.• ) roqauE 121/22 ( ...nepea nponwHMH roqnMH...)

putfaKaMH 154/1° 'ioqH.TH c pHfiaKaMH...) caqawE 163/20 {...a c npyqakw 11 £ caaauH...) cTpexqaua PS/5 (.. .npHCTynajiH,. •.moan c cTpexqauE., 40 b) *o class OOflpH ^/l^. ( ...B C.HaoCKBMI 60 «pH ...J TOBapmuM 3J>/15> (,,.rpa«OTKa nocAaao . . . c TOEapiaitH##.) rJiaoH 6 5 /l;0 ( . . . c xohm b rjiaoa O b t HeJiOM.. , ) aaB O ^a 163/20 ( . . . h o, 3 aB 0 au k c npyaaitK ...) nWtffclUHKH ( • * • C p03HKMB BU^tlUKKM . . . ) npHHTejiH 137/3 (• • .onpajBCTByM rcnpt c npKHTeJiH. * - ) c) *1 dass^ npnaTexua 101/12 ( . . . n npnaTexKK cbobmb . ..) cocegun P8/12 (... sckkuuh jnoauH a cocegwH...)

Prepositional The endings are froa *a/ja class and *o class. Examples: a) *a/ja class jieOeaax 110/20 ( . . . o 6 JieOeaax... )

A»cerpax 112/21 (.. .o£ wceTpax...)

KOHHX 113/8 (. . .0(5 KOHHX.. . ) Jiecax* 170/17 (...B camuc rvi^xax Jiecax*

b) * 0 c la s s

roflex 29/13 ( . . .a nponunrx toacx ,.•)

ropo/ifcx 21 fc/7 (. • . b u kk x ropojrfcx. • .)

TJote that the noun prljatel1 was found with both *o/jo class and *1 class endings. 41- 2. Neuter nouns The singular of the neuter nouns retains the endings of the *o/jo class. In the plural the Influence of the *a/ja class In the Dative, Instrumental and Prepositional cases Is quite evident.

S in g u lar Nominative Examples:

«ejiO 2 0 /3 (EXrio y xeGa ' flejio... ) ixhcho 39/7 ( . . . o t Mat>K» ixhcmo £5ya e £ .. . )

*> npna^rcTSO 2 5 /1 0 ( ...tb o o npiwnrcxBo b oaGBeane He tfyaeT .,.). nouecxse 2 8 /1 8 (...to noitecxse aano uh©...) hhbo 163/25 C-»*a hhbo roxBO [sic] )

G enitive Examples: floOpa 1/1* (.. .bcakobo aoCpa acejiaiox^..) n p a a x c T s a 2 6 /7 (npoiny tbobbo npwaxcxBa. . •) nHCMa 1*3/11 ( . . . npoTHBT> tb o b b o nHCMa...) jiH na 52/10 (...H ejiou* tfwo 4 a Jisma oewKaro) ffejta 61*/6 ( , . . y mohh reaps aeJia H exy...)

Bejipa 107/7 (...A sa Beztpa...) uaczra 107/7 (•..flBa Beapa Mac/ra...) uojioKa 119/3 (.. Hew mojiokb H ex ,. . ) aaoBa 162/8 (., .He npHHR^ noHocHor cjioBa,..) ceflJia P2/0 (...Mexspe ceajra...)

HKWia Pl*/7 (...cB epxs ^KaaHosa hhcji &...) poaopeBUA 17/11 (...a-3« noxaoaoro poaopemm.. • ) npomeHKA 2 5 /1 2 ( ...H e npeapH .. .MoeBo npom eH aa... nouecT ta 2 8 /2 3 ( . . .nocTynjwrca exty Toro noMecibS. xajioBaHfi 3ij./8 (Ilpomy. • .TBoero k cefi-b x&jiob&ha. . • tfjioxeim I4.7 / 1 1 *(. . .npoTHB rc A p s a .. .^Jioxemi,. . )

BeJieHH 65/51 ( . . . t f ea^ TBoeso Bejreim...)

HJtTfeS 162/16 (...HHKaKOBa hktbs AaBa^ He serf...

AejiotfHTb^ FJ|/3 • .npoTHBi npexaero se-aotfHTl^..) cTpoeHR ?5/llj. ( ...n a ., .aexue AsopoBoro cTpoeHH..

D ative Examples: nucutf 9 / 1 9 ( . . . n o TBoeMy n u c M jf...) npasTCTBy 1 9 /7 ( . . . n o TBoeMy ko mho npnnT cxB y. . .

cepuy 2 9 / 2 5 (...firi» no ceguy Tsoexcy HaBecTHxJ

AfcJitf 5 I* /1 2 (... no MnKHTHH# A ^ tf ...)

cjtoBy 60/7 (...n o TBoewy cjiOBy...) pocMOTpesmo 25/6 {...no CBoexty pocMOTpeHino.,.)

ve.iodna^fcjo 5 4 / 1° (...n o woewy HeJiodaTtn...)

3AOpOBK> 8 2 / 9 (...K TBOeMtf OAOpOBIO. . . )

A ccusative Examples: cjiobo 3/1; ( ...aadsra.. .CBoe cjiobo ...) rHe£AO 9/17 (•••KynaT rsea^o...) Jiexo 65/2 7 (... bo bcd JieTO...)

hrcjio 6 8 /9 { . . .n o ‘to s: hrcxo . ..)

-iruo 169/10 { . . . a a£<5tfae£ xoth a a jihuo He xopoan>..

bhho P8/6 {...a brho reap* npOAa»Ti*...)

flOtfipaAeHCTBa 20A { • • .npHnouhHR AoCipaaeHCTea uoe

npHHTCTBO 2 0 /1 i| ( . . . a a TiBae npHRTCTBO.. . )

(SoracTBO 79/17 (•. .HaflteTua tJn aa uoa cbo» n Ha (JoracTBO...)

£flOpoBe 16/2 ( ...n p o cBoe a n o p o B e ...)

sajioBane 2 5 /7 (...T B o e acajiOBaHe noMHRT...) nouocTte 2 8 /1 5 (•'•a.naji mho .. .nowecTse cboo ...)

poaopeHRe 29/12 (...bcrkoo poaopeHne a o£ hhx

npuHHMaio.. . )

pOCHOTpeHRO 37/21 (...C B o e pOCHOTpeHRO . . . } WHJioce£nne 61^/32 ( . . . a a bc«kos MH.ioceoAKO t b o c . . . )

KRT6 6 8 / 1 2 (...H npo smTe n a u ia ...)

KJiB^KO.uoflHe 1 I4.O/ 5 (...-aa Bane ko UH*fJ 'uiBKOjnoCHB. • . ) nejio(SDTe P2/l8 ( . . .aejiotfETe woe aacxtica£.. •)

Instrumental Examples:

H6JI0£ 1/10 (. . .HGJIOM 6l>10. . . )

nacaou 23/15 (•••!« Tefife c nKcaou npnenyr...)

fiOfipOK 6 0 /1 5 ( . • . OHH He nOXOTRT flOtSpOK 3AOJIOTIja. . .

uecTOU 6l|/26 ( . . .n a (5ohm £ w acxou. . . ) A eJia* 65/5U (...3a Tew aejiaw,..) CJIOBOM 68/12 (...'102 npRKa3HEaJIH C^IOBOU ceHOM 9 ^/5 (• • • eajxH-TH ct, ceBOM ...) cep u eu i 75/11 (••.ixpRXRT, c ? rc?um cepuein*...) nncaHHeui> 2/8 (•. . iihc &khom ^ cbohm . .. * JnpomeKHeMi* 25/11 ( ...c o 'STnpomeHfieMb Mejroin, Swo*.. . )

aaopoBeui 11l|./20 (.. .xaajiRTtia cbohm 3«opoBem».. . )

TOBBJJCTBOM 1 /5 (...C <50RpH...l C TOBajDCTBOM.. . )

CRpOTCTBOUb 3 / 1 1 (...H E £ MO II Mb CHpOTCTBOMb. . . ) npHRTlCTBOK 37/1 7 (...O aO £*H UeHfl CBOHM IipilHTbCTBOM

HaCRjSCTBOMb P5/& ( ...3 e U J i e » HaCR£CTBOM%. • .

Prepositional Examples:

ceji’fe’ 15/2 ( ...^ na cxy»<5e...3 cejifc Cyxapax...) Aejie I4.7 /1 3 (« ..o to k RGJie woqm. . . ) * JIRRB 5 1 /6 ( ..- V £ npOfiHBaOTRa 3 JTHXte...) uecie 11^/17 {...o apyrosx uecxe...) nucu’fc 120/11; (...B TOW nHClrfi,,.)

BBCRJIbCTBG ?$/l 6 RX KaCRJIBCTBO. • • ) acajioBaH© 1/7 (9o^om Ow Ha tboom% kejiobeho• • •) BflOpoBe I4./4 (...nacaTb o cBoew a s o p o B e ...) nouecTbe 28/21 (...<3hji ne.ioub o tou% nowecxbe,..) * uez& B aH e 6?/k1 (• • *<5h£ n e jio u . • . 0 £ uesK&BaHe. • •) BJiaAOHe P5/18 (... b i» hx aeMJiaHOMTi B JiaaeH e...)

poaopeaKo P$/18 (... bo bchkom * pooope«ne...)

P lu ra l Nominative The ending is from the *o c la s s . Examples:

stpia 5U/9 ' (• • • &£xa uoh c ugxcnxaitH. • . J wioBa 76 /1 6 (...xyT HanpacHHe ecrt cjtoBa...)

G enitive The ending is from the *o class. Examples:

cjioB-b 8/8 (...nocJie tbohx cjiobb . . . )

55/9 (• • .npuxoflHT rcapb rjik tbokx • •) HHce,n> 81|/15 ( . . .nepetrtHHTb &o yKaoHHXb vhccjib

«hm» 95/13 (...a aam> sau nocaaao cto...)

Jiix* 121/23 (... b ueHe npeMamx ^fcxi>.. , ) (JpeBBK 1^0/5 (. . • TpKTyaT^ (JpOBBH fio^rux. • . )

u t c T i 1 6 0 /1 2 ( • • • K3. flaJTHnX utcTh. . . ) co /joji P2/tij. (...I .Bhcero rc^pt bsato y JiwjuiniiaK

mohx jioiaeaejf h c e « e £ .. . )

D ative The ending is from the *a class. Examples: CJI0B8U 60/12 (...HHCaJI HJlBY.y HO TBOIIM CJIOBaM. .

cegnau P2/9 (...Teut rapt jioiiibabw h ceoJiaK.••) 4fr- A ccusative The ending is the same as that of the nominative case (*o class). Examples:

JieTB. 9 /4 .oapascTBVHTe r£spn na HHorae J ie ia ...)

aejia 27/3 (..»se a tb o h &ejia oaejiaji*. .. )

ufccTa 1 7 9 /1 6 (... bo UHome Kfccxa...)

Instrumental The Instrumental case shows both *0 and *a class endings. Examples: a) *0 c la s s

se .a u 8I|/11 ( . . . a npacjiajr hiikohmh gexH ...)

b) *a class1

SmJI&KK 1 7 9 /2 4 f . . * CMCKKHMM gfrjiaMK Bcfc OTHGTK • » . ) CJIOBaMH 125/21 (.../ OJiaCJIOBBT^ HetSHJBlMII CJIOBaMH, . . )

Prepositional Both *0 and *a class endings are shown. Examples: a) *0 c la s s 1

M'fecrexTi 7 0 /B (...b o uHorHXi) uS£Texx>..•)

'ftztcjiex 183/33 (...b oshhx ^Hcjrex npuxosHTi....)

A&aeX 162/7 ( • • • CUOTp$ T b B TEKKX sfc;ieX . . • )

1The noun delo shows both * 0 and *a class endings in the instrumental and prepositional cases. 47 b) *a class

A&beuc 47/7 (...0(5 hhhx rc fip b Albiax...)

gepeBAX 6 5 / 1 0 (...CHJirf rpana Ha AepeBox...)

Aiiqax 166/14 {...0H7> cau b .ctm ax...)

Ill* Third Declension. All the nouns of this declension are feminine except for one mas­ culine: put1. The endings of the Third Decelnslon are from the *1 class except for the dative and prepositional cases In the plural, the endings of which are from the *a/ja class. S in g u lar Nominative Examples:

AypocTB 65/58 {...TaKaa a t p o c t b h o Ha/tofiKa...)

cxoDtSb 53/12 (...c k o £<5s> npHnajra)

nanxc 54/12 (...oaniic cotfpaaa h oTABHa...)

p o x 157/6 (..•k o h P°S ecT3» oaeMHaK,.,)

b 6a o « o c t i > 2 2 5 / 5 (•••& B6 a o m o c t i >. • •)

c«e£Ti. 46/10 (•••CMOgTb nocTHxer AtxeH uoirx.

G en itiv e Examples:

CM0£TH 3/5 (--.AO K06H CM6£TH...)

sanHCH 79/16 (...xaKOH 3an«ca He as£»**)

HoaH 121/11 Tpe£eui» aacg h o h h ...)

BOJIH 4 7 / 5 (• • .flO BOJIK 0OX6H. , • ) KpenocTH 3 6 / 2 3 (...R c KpenocTK eao nocAaA.••) u r j i o c t h 101/2 (. .*.pa£ t b o g h w h a o c t h . •.) u o r h 99/31 (...a m o h r Moen aeT.••)

CeaHOCTB 1l2|/20 (...0£ tfe£HOC?K M O O R * ••) cKyaocTH 85/11 (• cKyflOCTH uoen. ueAeau 2 3 / 5 (••.a o caeToa ueAenu...)

3e 14ah 6 5 / 7 (•••y hec me 3eunH aejp,.,)

T£ApHH 5 3 / 4 (...npO £ROpOBH rcapHH.

COTHH 5 2 / 9 ( • . •AB'fc COTHI1 ve£Haity. . . ) pam 6 7 / 5 (.••sTod^pacH He AaBaAH...)

B'feAOuocTH 2 2 5 / 5 («..a npo Beaopa b ^ a o m o c t h HeTy*. nauem 61/15 {•••!* a npoTi« o b o naweTiu..)

D ative Examples: oaepeAH 7 3 /5 { • • • h a h no ovepeAR BucJia^r•.• )

MACTH 22/15 (-..no XACTH TBOOH...)

A ccusative Examples: p o c n H £ 2 3 / 9 (•..nannum pocn«£. • .)

“ 1 n a u e T b 12/6 ( . . . a n a u e T b npH sec.. . )

o c e a 17 7 / 2 1 (••.psfia c x o a h t b o c e a .. . )

H.oss of contrast between [e] and [a] in unstressed position See section on phonology, page 15, 49

Bttnnc 3 6/16 (.. .nocJMui* k TeflS,. .bhiihc...) ujictz> 3 4 /6 (...sa* tboio k ce(5$ imctb...)

KpOBBT 13/5 { ...KpOBaT UO® . . ) hoh 79/17 . •Kaa'Be^ua « h Ha non. cbo ® ...)

CKyAOCTB 8 5 /1 2 ( . . . H a hob c K y ao c T b . ..)

Instrumental^* Examples:

cTapocTi® 3/11 (...HaA,uoe® cTapocTi®.. . ) BGAOKOCTHO 4 /1 3 (A C BeAOMOCTHO. . . )

HJiCTH® 8 /2 (...JacTynu cBoe® mjicth®.,.)

MJiCTb® 83/6 ( . . .Tetf^.. .(Sn ujicrb® cBoera xpaHHT.. . ) mhhocthb 84/6 (. . .TetSn.. .(Sri. uwjiocthw CBoe® xpaHHTi....) cue£THo 142/14 (...yiiHpa® ro-rogHon cue£THo...) cue£TH» 62/11 (...nouH paro ronqnHO® cMe£TH®...)

A^pocxb® 148/9 (...nporfifeflM ie(Js a|(poctho c B o e ® ...)

XHTpOCXbB 3 4 /1 5 (...a TO tfvHHIMIO£ KG XKTpOCTHO . . . )

Prepositional Examples:

JIOIDGAH 4 /1 5 ( . . . H a TBOGH T£AP« MOGBO JIOIilCAH. . . }

(50J1G3HH 4 8 /6 (...B 0OJXQ3HK CBOGH. . , )

*The difference in the use of the endings KJo/bto was stylistic - Sokolova (1962, 1 3 1 ) and Cernyx (1953, 222) concur - with n» con­ sidered 'high' style from Church Slavonic. 50 bohk 51/2 (•••Ha flBaaecHTOs ^hcjio b hohh«««) naMeTH 61/13 (•••Ho ioife s n&uern ntnn©T* • • • ) OfcflHOCTH 120/3 (...CnaOO^B tfiaHOCTH. . .B TK>£*ffc. . . )

P lu ra l Nominative Examples: bhuhck (...a apBeHCKKe sanncK y teOa.,,) jjomeAH 115/9 (...noxowif hto Jiomean fla p o rn * ..)

G en itiv e The ending is due to the development of a 'strong' yer from *-bjb. Examples:

peacH 1;0/12 ( . . . a (Syne^ pacnpocHax penen ne£,..) HeTBeoTeH 66/16 (..•copoic ceutb HeTBeoren..•)

Hecfi?eH 167/llj. {.-.•CTO aecs£ necbTen..,) OTHHceH P 1 /6 ( . . .OTnisceii He aae^.. • )

aomegeiT P 2/ll^ ( • • • ! Bhcero bohto y JaoflnniaK uohx

jiomefleit n ce^eji. • •)

D ative The ending is from the *a/ja class. Examples:

aanncHU 65/i|5 (•••se.no CSyH®£ no 3anHcau...) penaub 121/26 (...no penaub aoOpax jnoaea.• •)

jiomeflHM P 2 / 9 (•••Tern* rcztpb mohm jrouiejxxM.. •) 51 A ccusative Examples: pSvn 120/23 (...tffc a:e p^vn hh o n a e u hr Et^aeu...) nozt&TR P1A (• « • tb o h noAaTM njiaTHT...)

nooeA R 2 2 / 5 (•*•& none*** B 3 HB c cotfoxu . . ) 1

* Instrumental Examples:

KpenocTMi 170/7 (•••nocAar c Kpenocxui• • . )

Prepositional The ending is from the *a/ja class* Examples:

jiomeAHX 1 1 0 / 1 9 (• .\nHca:r o£ Aomefljtx.. •)

paAOCTHX* 2 l/2 ( .. .npe<5iiBan bo b c r k r x * paAocTHXi.. •)

2 The masculine noun put 1;

nominative nyT, 39/l 0 » ( .. .ny^ 6 h£ ewo xopom., .)

dative n#TH 1 8 6 / 2 2 ( . . .npK B e 5 eHO CyaeT no

SwwHeuy nifTH.. •)

p re p o s itio n a l n^TK 1 6 2 /3 ( • • • B Hamew cxlfTU*• • )

xln the case of jionteseu 1 1 0 / 2 0 (...a KynaT reap* hhhx jiomeAevi kohr HQ£... Y the genitive ending may indicate 'ani- mateness' as with masculine nouns of the Second Declension (see page 3 7 ). On th e o th e r hand, th e form HOmeAeK may be due to the immediately following negative construction UORH HOT.

^We did not find any examples of the instrumental. 52 XV* Mixed Declension. This declension contains a number of nouns which are slightly ir­ regular. Some of them show 'naraJSJenie* (stem extension). Other nouns delete a suffix in the plural, while others change a stem final consonant in the plural. 1. Nouns with 'naraSSenie' (stem extension), a) addition of suffix -en-: S in g u lar nominative tun 227/3 (•••I ma tdoo HanncaHO... ) * BpeitA 6 9 /1 0 ( . • .Bpevm ywHHWJio£ <5e£pH<5H0,. . ) dative HM0HH 151/11* (• • E^MHyw cJiaBy Huenn cBoewy...)

accusative BpeuH 39/9 (•••no ce Bpeun He npncnaJi. • •) instrum ental HUeHem» l ; l / 9 ( . • • AejiHOjw noil KM6HeMi> IeaHOUi>.. . )

P lu ra l accusative ceiceHa 52/7 (• ••npHM arb Ha ceweHa Ae£Havi:y..,) n u en a 7 5/7 (. r.BMena npuc^aji...) genitive BpeuAH% 195/U (• • .WHorojreTsro ^flpasnn^ii tf^irono- -lyAHHX BpeMAHB o£ Ora...) b) addition of suffix -er-: nominative ua^ 2 2 1 / 7 f . . u a £ c hbuh. • •) instrumental waTepio 221/lf (•••hx CMaxeojo pooHHT...)

1The ending is the same as that of semja 'seed* and stremja 'stirrup* in Modern Russian. 2 This form is Church Slavonic, 53 2. Nouns denoting young offspring delete the singular infix -en- in the plural: S in g u lar noninative poOeHOK 1 7 5 / 0 (•• .potfeHOK uonoflojw.*.)

P lu ra l accusative poC«T 13/3 ( . . . * a bojih poOaT y v B T .. . )

s e p e 6 ii£ 1 1 6 / 2 7 (•. .Kynn£ xepeOaT...)

3. The noun brat changes the stem final hard consonant to a soft T i consonant in the plural. S in g u lar nominative fipaxi 19/9 (...O paTi tb o b AKApnmxa...) genitive (SpaTa 120/A (*..OT tfpaTa CBoeso...) dative OpaTy 60/21 (...rcapw uoeuy (SpaTy...)

P lu ra l A nominative OpaTfl P 3 /6 (• • • CSpBTH nocJiarai...) genitive <5paTbeai> 1*3/20 (...ayaB Text 0 p a T 3>eBi». • • ) d a tiv e OpaTHW 1 0 1 / 1 7 (• • »n notfjwi vgjiom. , . dpaTHM, • •) instrumental3 CpaTeMK 3 9 /6 ( . . . 3 <5paT6MK SKHByT . . . )

A. In the plural the noun krestManin deletes the suffix -in. S in g u lar nominative xpCTBBHHH 17/12 (.».JfH oro KpCTMHHR...)

The genitive plural is the same as that for rubl 1 (see page 38) and not from the *i class as vould have been expected; compare gosudar 1 and prijatel 1 which end in a soft consonant (see page 38)•

2 From th e c o lle c tiv e b r a t 1j a .

3 Loss of contrast between [e] and [a] in unstressed position (see page 1 5 ). 54 instrumental KpeCTbfJHMHOM 143/ 14 * ( • • • C KpeCTfcHHMMOM TBOKM...) prepositional Kp£TbflHMHe 4 7 /7 ( * . . 0 XtfHTOU CHOeU Kp£TbHHHHe• • • )

P lu ra l nom inative

KpCTflse 131/10 (...tb o h Kp£rflBe b KopoToameow yfcoae• •. J KpecTMKK 188/8 (...Mime KpecxMsa ho M oryT,..) g e n itiv e KpCTRH 1 1 6 /2 ^ { • . . y KP£TH£ MOItXi. • • ) d a tiv e KpCTbHHOUl 2 3 /9 (•••HamimH Ten UOltUl k p £ T 1 » h h o u i...) accusative Kp£TbflH 3 6 /2 3 ( . . . T e x kp£Tbhh who n p o a a a .. . ) instrumental^ KpCTbHHH 120/29 (.-.C TtMH KpCTLHHH...) prepositional3 xp£Ti>fiHexT> 8 8 /8 (...n H C 8 i£ 0 jmxi»,• . xpcT bXHexi*. • . ) Kp£T bHHHX 1 17 /1 8 ( . . . O 66 TJIHX Xp£T WtHSX. . . )

Sfodern Russian retains the ending of the first form which is from the Protoslavic consonantal class.

2 The Instrumental ending is from the * 0 c la s s .

The difference in the endings is due to the loss of contrast be­ tween [e] and [a] in unstressed position (see page 15). 55 5. The noun drug replaces the stem final consonant [g] by [ 2 ] in th e p lu r a l.^ S in g u lar instrumental^ nptfrauii 20/6 (••.He 6St apSraut KapuchTeH*...)

P lu ra l g e n itiv e a p y 3 eH 19/17 (...H e satfh b r m c b o k x apysew ...) d a tiv e apXsnutb 146/15 (• •«H3 B0 JI micajr ap)( 3 H U i . . . )

6 . The noun oko replaces [k] by [£] In the plural: o *h 93/2 (...aacTT. (Sri t b o h oqxt...) Diminutives In the letters of the Bezobrazov collection, the writer usually assumes a humble position. In so doing he makes use of nouns and sdjectlves which are more or less deliberately chosen to create a mood of supplication. For example, the following words are used quite frequently: slrota, bednoj. xolop. rab, rabotnik. In addition

^Historically this was due to the second palatalization of the v e la r s .

2 The spelling is due to the loss of contrast between [o] and [a] in unstressed position.

3 » The replacement of [k] by [c] was due to the first palatalization of the velars. The ending should have been *oce (nominative dual of the * 0 class neuter nouns). Instead the form is oEi which was probably influenced by the neuter *jo class dual, or the *i class dual. The dual form of oko was re-interpreted as plural which is also the case in Modern Russian. 56 to these and similar words, the writers also employed diminutives: synl&ko, derevnlSko. etc. Most o£ these diminutives referred to the addressor's property and life. Perhaps this was an attempt on the part of each addressor or supplicant to elicit pity on the part of the addressee and thus obtain favorable results. Most of the diminutives take the suffix -isko. Others take the suffix -enka. Sometimes they are used as masculine, and other times as neuter, or feminine. I. Diminutives in -ilko.

• • • CHtnUKO tb o ii . . . 68/1 * • • .aepesHHnixo c*ra.ia poaoopena...

• • • v e p e ^ cue mo © niieutnixo... 133/15 • • .n p o uoe HweHHmKo. . . 182/6 • • fffJisi uoero npomeHjniiKa...ll|l;/ll| . . .£ csraraaKoirb. ..1 0 6/9 • •. s. ^OBepinuKOMi.. .,116/10

... b BOUEiHKy...1*6/1 £ ...b np^OTiKe.,. 11*9 / j ,, .B7> npU^innK^ Moe«i».,. 174 / 11 . . . o uoom A'fcjiniDKe.. . 1i* 6 / l ?

Apparently the decision to use a noun as a feminine or masculine, the neuter ending -iSko notwithstanding, depended on the nature of the original noun onto which the suffix was attached. Thus in syniSko from svn it is the masculine notion of syn which prevails. The same bolds true for domiBku where the locative ending is masculine from *u class nouns. The apparent exception is doSeri&kom in which the base word is feminine and yet we find the diminutive* form in the X 57 instrumental masculine/neuter. II. Diminutives in -enka. If the base vord is feminine, the diminutive remains feminine. The situation is not clear-cut with masculines and neuters. Some­ times the diminutive is neuter, even though the base say be masculine, and at other times it remains masculine:

• npyaH&iKy p x 6 e k K a . ecxi,..174/11 . ..KopoBSHKa MCMOjtan.. . 119/2 •••mok ve^oCHTeHKa..* 144/12 • ••a vJiB^HKa rjiynoe n tfegnoe.. . 8/14 •. .njra^veKKa «o a.. • 67/9 ...□ocjia^ st, . .vejiosevemca cBoero. ..144/3

Plural of diminutives The endings are from the *0 and *a classes: nominative jaa^vmvi 2 9 /2 1 aeTHUDCH 9 /1 genitive jnoflponeK 19A KpcTMHHnieic P1/6 AeTxwaxi* 62/10 dative JDOflHffiKOM-b 2 2 /9 accusative jdox:w &kt> 1 63/ 1 1 instrum ental JDOAKffiicaiiH 2 2 /2 0 AeTWHKaMir 1 2 0 /5 4 flOTHimCH 140/10 poGsthjijkh 80/16

A^TXaui 170/19 pOtfHTHH 1*?9/7 p repositional AWAHmxax 22 /1 4

This could be due to social reasons, i.e. children of any sex could be referred to in the neuter form. Modern Greek, for instance, uses the neuter form in reference to both boys and girls. 58 The collective brat*ja Although 17th-century Russian shows that brat1ja had become the nominative plural of brat (• • • CpaTH nocJiaHH. • ;P3/6) it was still used as a collective noun in the singular: nominative . . . cKaoiisaeT uaTjfniKa { (SpaTK.. • 117/11* genitive . . . CBO» tfpSTK). . . 12*?/16 accusative •••B o t ^ CBoett 0paTB .162/8

Hee page 53. ADJECTIVES

Possessive adjectives follow the nominal declension while attrib­ utive adjectives are declined according to the non-personal pronominal declension. Descriptive adjectives and passive participles have, in addition to the pronominal declension, a form known as the 'short* 4form. These .'short' adjectives are limited to nominative case (singular/plural) and are predicative. The singular has three genders: masculine, neuter, feminine with the neuter differing from the masculine in the nominative and accu­ sative* The plural follows one declension for all genders except in the accusative: if the modified noun Is animate the adjective takes the genitive case ending. 1. Attributive (masculine/neuter). S in g u lar Nom inative The nominative masculine ends in -oj. Occasionally we find -yj. The latter is attributed to Church Slavonic influence (Unbegaun 1935, 320). Examples: UHOrOUJICTIBHI 1/1 (ronpb MOB MHOrOMJICT I B K l . • .

BcemeapHH 9/8 (• • .Bcem espnn BJinica xpaHnx^, • •)

BentHOH 18/8 (...« BevbKoii TecSe paOoTHKKb..•)

0erjion 22/lf (•••! to£ rcjtpb (Serjion moh ^jsbkb,..)

UKJXOCTKBOH 2 8 /1 (MBJIOCTBSOH T££pb KOR. • .8flpaBCTB^H. • . )

KJUIOCejWH 3 l/£ (...H TH MOW UHJIOCgJ^OH UpBRT©^* . . )

(JORDCKOH 36/22* ( . . . a TO£ CHb 0Ofl£CKOH XpCTbBH npO fl8£...)

59 Cojnnog I4.6 /I 2 • •1'oapj, moh kha^ IleTpi Csmshobh^, <5oJnnoii ua^em £>1/3 (...noCesca£ c Mockbh hsuioh JinTStm...) y tforan 101/% ( , . . h r ytforaa oGpaAOBa^cs...)

N eu ter: tfo£Hoe/r^ynoe Q /1 1 * ( . . .h^i vJiBHHKa rjiynoe a CegHoe...)

UJICTKBOe 25/9 {...aJ?W9H« UJICTKBOO TBOC UpjWITCTBO. , . ) Aotfpoe 1*1/19 ( ...n ?o aejio floCSpoe...) ueaason 6£/M+ (...uezasoa aojio (5yj^e£ no nannc***...)

6 z n e 1 0 6 / 1 0 (...cjiobo ( 5a c n e . . . ) oceaaee 160/11 (•••hko Bpeu* oceHHee...) 2 G enitive Examples: a) masculine (modifying masculine nouns) bhuibbp 10/3 (.. .jxecHnnejo bhuihoi? tfra .,.)3 nocjieaHero 22/27 (•..He npe3pn noweaHero csoero patfa rpoBHaro 3/9 (...n cTpatimaro rpoaaaro cKfla se CoxmiHca ytforoB a 2 0 /7 (•••a.'xh u g h s y tfo ro sa patfOTisHsiKa cBoeBO.. u ajx o ro 3 9 /8 (...H e MenntoB bh wajioro ^tacK ...) cjraBimaro 11i*/9 ( . . . w b TpoHue c.iaBKMaro

\o ss of contrast between [e] and [a] in unstressed position. 2 See section on phonology for the replacement of [g] by [v].

For the deletion of 'o* see section on orthography* page 9.

4 Loss of contrast between [o] and [a] in unstressed position. 61 HotfcwanoBO 161/8 (*.« abo htbskh pogy HeCojngopo,.») hhoba 2 2 0 /3 (...Jitcy HHoaa • •)

BeJiRKoro P1/2 (...TBoe Begjmoro rcgpa aajroBane...) b) neuter (modifying neuter nouns)

]f(SopoBa 17/15 (• • • A*&a y<$orosa uoeso npomeHRR.. •) oeiaiaro 52/10 (...tceJioMb <5 wo ga jiKya oem m ro...)

npnwxh*ap 69 /i ; (...npom V Tsoe^ npHfaxH^r acagosaHb/jU• •)

ztase^Horo 7 2 / 2 0 (...o npHAaRe AeH«£Horo atagosaHR...)

UHoroji-THoaa 120/36 ( . . . r rjlx iraorogfeTHOBa OAopoBRR...)

scRKoro 170/3 (• • • r xto Bate bcrkopo gotfpa aceJiae^,. •)

npeaaiepo P1+/3 (...npOTRBb npexuero cBoero RegoflHTb**.•)

D ative Examples: a) modifying masculine nouns

nooseaHeMy 2 2 / 1 3 (...k nocaeaHeKy cBOOMy pa6y...)

nopoAHejxy/aaaHeMy 163/12 (...(« xoxoporo *d;cTa Gire nepeaHewy r aaatieuy gsopy*..) 5 n )o e u y 186/22 (• • .npHBe$eHO flyaex no jHMHeixy nyxH ..,) uziopougcx?Bouy 2/1 (rcapn Moewy uHoroMRCTiBOKy,..)

%6otb.uX 5 A (...npnKazH ko iia'b $6 o r a u y . . . )

npaaeaiiBOK^ 2 1 / A (...TBoewJf npaBegbHOMtf a om# cxoicpaxHO Rejioub C5t») <50H£CK0«y 36/19 (...sejiH xowy cho [sic]

tf$£HOMy 120/52 ( . . • ARH est AHOMy , . . )

BejiHKowy ? k /2 (...tfbexb Reaoitb bgjirxomY ro a p io . .♦ ) 62 b) modifying neuter nouns

IMCTHBOUy 2 l* /l3 ( . . . n o CSOeMff MACTHBOMy pOCMOTpeHHJO. . . )

itacpAOKy 30/2U (• • *no cBoeMy wjicpAOMy pocuoxpeHino. • * )

A ccusative The endings for the masculine and neuter adjectives are the same as that of their respective nominative case. If the masculine adjec­ tive modifies an animate noun, the ending is identical to that of the genitive case. a) masculine (animate) denHOBa 99/ty? (.. .noxajiyit mohh deAHOBa...) ydoraBO 11 14./ 12 (.. .bshckbt^ mohk ydoraBO,..) Hamero 190/10 (.. .noa£aJiJfn mohh ainuero.. •) d'fewioBa 20^/9 (HHca£ rasp* nP° <5ir*noBa vjibkb...) b) masculine (inanimate)

npaBeflHow 21/7 (...npo b ©£ cboh npaBeAHoi* a o u ...)

KUXCTKBOH Z k f t k (• • • MHe CBOH MJXCTHBOH JfKa£. . . )

b c h k o h ?f > / 8 (...3Uied bchkoh.. ,TpaB«£...)

c ) n e u t e r

dojnnoe 10/27 ( .. .nejioM dte:r Ha dojnnoe nncuo...)

HHoroe 22/6 ( . . . a imoroe srae ponopeHae ^ b h bh jih . ..)

BCHKOO 2 9 /1 2 (...BCHKOe poBopeHHe a o £ hidc npzHHMau.• .)

UACTKB06 37/21 (...M JICTEBOe CBoe pOCMOTpeHEO & H H H ...)

A B o p o B o e 7 1 / lU ( . . . a npo ABopoBoe m ^ c t o . . . )

HHenmoe 8 I4 ./1 2 (...b% Huenmoe spewf...) 63 j t o x a t o e 101/25 (•••** Jioxnoe ae-aa HaHecjxH Ha M eaa.,.)

cK ah oh 1 2 2 / 1 0 (.. .npHKaJaT/cXaHoa Afejio...)

BceKoneHHoe 18I;/11 (...H e ^aa r c s p * m®hh bo BcettoHenHoe

posopeHe. . )

caawiHBoe 21l*/3 (...noaaa rcflb 6 n> Tefffc... #;opoBe h

* caacJiHBoe npedtzaaRtie. • •)

Instrumental Examples: a) masculine (modifying masculine nouns)

cnacoBHM 3/21 (...n ep e£ cnacoBHM ocSpaaou...) * • npaBeaHHH $ 2 /k (...co bcom cbohmb npaBeaaHM a o m o m ...)

y<5orHM 75/18 (• - .!Tkhjih£ x*£Api> Has ytforiw patfotrb...)

aojibmzicb 121/19 (...H as 0 osmium* kojiokoaomb. ..)

tieaKuu 1 1 ;1 ;/1 1 ; (• • .saa hum tfeaHSM...)

b) neuter (modifying neuter nouns)

SeHHUlTb 3 7 /1 6 (...OflOaatH MOHH BeHHH«2>npnfm>CTBOM. . • )

b c a k r u i 2 0 0 / 1 1 ( . . . co BCHKiiui> nprwifcacaHHeM.. . )

Prepositional Examples: a) masculine (modifying masculine nouns)

cTpanatOKB 3/21; (...cT&aeMi* aa clfae cTparaiOMB eyflnrua...) a1(xobbom% 61;/3B ( ...n p H oxije npw aKxobhomb. . . ) iffiorow 7U/12 (...O H MJI£Tb CBOB O Knt $6 OrOM yAHBHJTl.. . . ) ( hubbm 8A (• • •» jHMHeM noxoge.. ) ^ • SMenmew ? 1 /1 ( . . . a* HHenmew r o g y . . . ) b) neuter (modifying neuter nouns)

BCflKOUT* 2 /9 (•••B O BCRXOIflb gOjlpOMB SgpaSB t•• • ) gaJlHOM 69/11 ( . . .B gflJIBOK pa3CTO«H| H. • • ) nor«tfe£HaM 107/6 (... b norntfejiHaM aaiunoHeHe moom . . . J1 gBOpOBOM 1 2 $ /8 ( • • • O gBOpOBOM M tc T O ...) UHOrOJltTEOM 186/7 ( • • • o CBOeMt MHOrOJlStHOM ^flO pO B e...) npeacHeui 1 7 0/12 ( . . . o cBoeM npe*«eMi> • . )

Addenda Some nouns (adjectival nouns) belong to the adjectival declension:

AOdpogeir 34/1 (.. • npMTeg h AOtfpogeH...agpaBcTByn...)

□oaaebr P1A (• • • noAREeit bchkh 6. . .npHHuwaeT*...) a Xuhoh 5 3 /9 ( . . • a Vmhor npHxaJaA ge£3caT...)

BOAaveBa 6/21^. ( ... ^ nogHHeBa.. •) a Xuhobo 53/10 (..• ot a Xhhobo ..•) Aotfpogeo 35/1 (flofipogeio uoeMy.•.) OKOAHHEQMlf 6 l|/8 { . • .0 £ nOtSfltf VQJIOK OKO£EHEeMtf, • . ) noAftHeug P1/13 ( .. .yeJiodimmK OTgaHa noggveMX* • • )

AywHouy 71*/11 ( .. • OTiiKcaTb k gywHOKy* • • )

>oss o£ contrast between [o] and [a] in unstressed position Feminine Nom inative Examples:

BOTansraaa 3 5 / 9 (...a GyaeT soTBKHHaa jeua*...) nop$BHaa 54/12 (...noptfaBaa 3ana£ cocSpana...)

tfojnnaa 65/9 (• • .npoaoacena Coaniaa a op or a ...) paaHaa 115/22 pa^aaa 3anH£...) HenpHBTeacKaa 169/9 (...x a p1>ai) HenpHaxeacKaa..,)

G en itiv e Examples: c b o t o b 2 3 / 5 ( • • • ao c B e x o i! H eaeaa .. • )

BOTHHHHOH 3 5 /1 1 (• • .H a TOO TIOAOBHHy BOTBHHKOII nyCXOIHK. . • ) npauon 65/12 (...a npawoH roapib sunHCB HeTy...) tfoJnuoK 1ij.7/l1 (...n o p a /tH (SoarnoH kohjoiuhh . . . )

(Joatew 4 7 / 5 (...A O BOJiH doaceH.••)

D ative Examples:

OTjcaoEOR 3 6 /1 8 ( . . . n o xon oxKaoHoa r p a M o x o ...) nB£noBan 65/21 (...n o nK£noBaH weace,..)1 tfwsi 186/5 (...no mji£T k 6oacH?...)2

^he spelling is due to loss of contrast between [o] and [a] in un­ stressed position.

^The spelling should have been (fttel • The spelling found reflects loss of contrast between [e] and [i] in unstressed position. Accusative Examples:

BOTMKttHtfW 1 2 /5 ( • • • o a BOZMHHHtfW TB010 oeUJTO...)

npeKHoryio 28/10 (...a a npeMBoropo tbo » mji£ T L ...)

HOBHyio 101/35 . .HOjJHyio vejioSuzeHKy cbod ...) pfl£Hj{» 115/23 (.. .pfl£Htf» aanB£ cacxaT...)

Aotfptfw 1 3 3 / 2 8 (...A a o£ Jioinaaxy AO

MHO rtf K> 1^7 /J (...VOJIOM tfblO tfa MHOrtftO i m £ t l . . . )

OTevecKyw 151/15 (•••Haa'feae Ha tbob ozevecxyio suiczb.

Instrumental Examples:

I*OJIO£HOK> 6 2 / 1 1 (•••□OMHpaiO rOJIO£HO» CMe£THJ0. • . ) * HHCJIOBOK) 65/15 (• • .'WIBHeKKa MOH 3 nH£ROBO» MOXCOIO. . .) aenioBow 121/22 (. • .dJdeTpa.. .aeinoBow b6ho» nonwH...) 3OTHHHHO10 P 5 /6 ( • • .BOTHHHHOP OeMJTOJO BJiaxrtJPTTi. • • ) AZAHbep 36/17 (...a a Aiavbejo npraiHoo...)

(SxcEes 116/25 (...B ojieio <5oncHe»...) oceHHec 177/23 (.. .oceHHeio nopon.•.)

Prepositional Examples:

nH£naBaH 38/12 ( ...HanncaHH s nH£uaBa£ K H re...)1 * * pagsoH 1 1 5 /2 2 (*..o£ pa£HOH aanHCH.• .) HOBOH 211/7 ( • • • B CBOBH HOBO£ /IpBH$... )

^Loss of contrast between [o] and [a]. 67 Addenda Some nouns belong to the adjectival declension: HdJiodtiTHCLK P 1 / 1 0 (...'lejiotftiTHafl n o A a H a . . . )

Kynne^ 61/19 (...h aanncaAH n o KyiPien...)

Kynnys) 62/8 ( . . . « 5anncajiH Kynvyw b KHiirH...)

HejiotfisTHyia 116/15 ( . . . a Toe h eao £5HTHyw n o c ^ iw ...)

*reJ!o0tiTHOH Pi/10 (.. .na HejiotSnTHOW noMeia Abfnca.. •) Plural The plural of adjectives shows gender distinction only in the accusative when the modified noun is animate; the ending is then the same as that of the genitive case. Nominative Examples: tferjiue 23/6 (...tiexviHe ji»ah.. .swByT^ . .b ropoA ex. . . ) fioapcKiie 29/11* (...o h k aqtk <3oH£CKne...) dxapaa 66/ 1? (..*y hhx cTaptw abrii...)1 CTapixe 66/20 (...y hbc xa cxapue ga^ii...) BanpacHiie 76/16 (•. •Hanpa£Ene octb cjiobh. ..) npoKAaTixa 101/25 (•••h xoxaoe xejia HanecJia sa mohr npOXJZBTHB a® th. • •) 2 z a u e 186/3 (...HHHe KpecTtAHH ho Boryr...)

BejiHKRe 213/5 (••• ot >tobo 5hhhhjih £ Be.iHKHe ydHTKK• ■ •)

^Loss of contrast between [e] and [a] in unstressed position. Com­ pare to the immediately following example.

^Neutralisation of [ej/[a] in unstressed position. G en itiv e Examples:

^OTH223c/pY?ffi£e 1 0 /l6 ( • • • a b a nosoxeHna jnremnc

(SOH£CXHX 2 9 / 3 (•.. 0£ £exe£ ( • • • y rtpeacHHx nouemmtoD. . . ) uHorux 1 0 1 / 2 9 ( . . .npoxvre UHornx rpaiioTax mohx..,) sotfpnx 121/26 (...n o penam* floGpax jnoseif. . . ) cyflHnx 11^/16 (• •. cyAHHX sex hot ...)

AfiKcx 161/r (...nocJiaEo ko mh1» n x iim , s h k e x *..

Be^inKHX P 3 / 8 ( . . .it Bam nexiiKEX rcspeH yK a£.. . )

D ative Examples:

Gervniw 23/9 (. • .Hanpima Ten u o k u OerxaM xwseirb.. •)

ye£AHHU 61/21 (•..oxnnceti ye£smiM xjoseM* se AOBajiH...)

XXRCXIOBHU 65/21 (• • .n o HBMJCBHK KHHTtUI. . . )

naTpnaoxoBHu 101/17 . .nodirx xexou naxpKa£XOBUM (SpaXAM. • • ) SB op ob H£ 119/f (...Beornua CTapo£Te h abopobbm jnoseM. • •) 69 A ccusative Xf the adjective modifies an animate noun, the ending Is the same as the genitive case ending; for inanimate nouns the adjectival ending Is identical with the accusative case ending. Examples:

(Serjrnx 22 /8 (...m o k x 6er.aKX Jianen cucxaz*...)

JUBOpOBHX 2 3 /1 $ (...303M H C CO<5o» ABOpOBHX JnOReit*. • ) BOMHHHHJC 3 7 /9 (IlpO/JOA rCApL. . .BOTVUHHHX XpCThflH. . . ) KpeCTMHKBX 6I|/ll* ( ...H a XpeCTiHXXH3C AexeH. . . )

JTHKX 110/20 (...XyJICT VCflpb 3IHH3C JIOBe^eH. . . ) cxapue 13/6 (. • • Bj’jrc. .. czapae CTOJioBue hoth. ..) whophh 60/2 ( • . • aapascTByH Ha MHorna J itz a ,. . )

VCHOPH© 6 2 / 2 ( . * *3flpaBC?ByH Ha UBOPH© J l t r a . . . ) HemueTHHe 69/3 ( ...H a MHome h HeimezHH© J i f z a ...)

HHjOBHe 117/23 (...npnuw© HnjoBue puds...) zojizh© 163/27 (. • • ixocjia£... coxxoph scotch©...) BCHKH© 200/13 ( ...H 3a SCAXI18 flOCa/tf!. . . )

Instrumental Examples: nagcxnui ^/l^. ( . . . c KagcKHiii O offpa...) Aouajimeua 66A (••.co bcouh AouauiKeMB...) 3EHBHUH 93 /6 ( . . . H . . . 3 ZHBHMH TO£KO BOTCIO tfSHeiO...) uaorHMH 99/29 (• • • co uHornuu jdoamk. . . ) ytfrnuM 110/8 (sic(n p o cH m .• .u jic th .• .hsji, Hauti y tfrn u n ..* ) HetfHJIHMt! 12^/21 ( • • . 3-ZaCJIOBHT . • .HeCSAHMH CXOBftWH. . . ) ztpeBticoKBMH 1i|.6/9 (• • • o a npesHcoKJrwn c^obbmh***) <5X8£HttUH 1 59/3 { . . . CO BC'SMK <5xiOTWUtt CBOHW1. . . ) npexnttun 218/7 (...c TOBapmnH cbohmh npeapHMH...) pOBHaUH P5/3 ( . . . c p03HHl*H n^utsiHKH* • • )

Prepositional Examples t

BCflKzx* \\/Z ( . . .npetfHBaw bo scakkxii paAocTHXB) Oervmx 22/11^ ( . . .oT nnca^ 0 <5erxKX mohx jmABfflKax.. . ) xxhcaobszx 66/20 • «b nuciiOBnx KHurax HanucaHo...) jkhbex 69/d (...e m e s anisiax o(5peTa»ci>) UBorux 116/28 (.. .bo M3ornx M’fecTOX. . •) rjiifxnx 170/17 (...b cairnx rjitfxax Jiecaxt...) xejitoxwc 192/10 (.. .sa.. .xeJitaxax oasoAax...) HHKX 216/7 (...8 HHHX ropOA^X*••) uajieKKnx 219/11 (.. . b wajieHKtix ciuiRHOHxax., . )

2. Predicate (short-form adjectives) The short adjectives are limited to the nominative case (sin­ gular/plural) ; i.e. they are not declined. Examples: a) masculine bcakb l / $ , CfcacwepKTeHB 3 /9 , (SoJieH 8 /5 , eeOAHT, 8/7,nOKpOB6K 1 0 /3 , *HB* 11/10, MACpAB 2 8 /1 3 , HaAe*eH 30/H|., xopom 39/11, KpesacTB 51/5* hosgjxhkb 51/ 5* ocTposaT 51/ 6, nena-ieH 53/12, haach 61/9, paA

6k/37> KHJIOCTHBB 1 1 8 /7 , BOpOBB P2/8,rOTOB> Ik$/10. 71 b) feminine cueXBHa P?/3, paj^a 106/3, xitsa 106/9.

c) p lu r a l j k s b h 9/1 O f 19/9, roTOBH 26/9, c e p u ? 1/6 i sjxopOBU 68/Q

3. Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives are declined according to the nominal de­ clension. The suffixes are -ov/ev or -in. Examples: na HeipoB fleH 1 ? 7 A * npoTWB HaaHOBa 'tejiotfnra 120/2?, sa tfaiKOBy yjicrt 8 / 1 6 , OJie^fceBB jib kb A / 7 , c OJie^fc- bbhu vjibkoxc A / 6 , lo6 A Jie^»eB6 c n e 2 l/lO,npKCJiaHa rcApsa rpaMOTa 8/3, npoTHB rc^pBa Xxaay U7/11, rcspB# rpaMOTy nocnaji 2 3 /A , na raupBe cjiyacd'fc 6 8 / 7 , s b r c j j p e -

Bon rpauoTon 18/9, ronpDU no/jam miaxjre P1 A,tfjiJmnHB

c h b 39/t6, tfJiaAHsy'cny 39/6.

Comparative adjectives The letters examined did not present us with enough examples to be able to draw any specific conclusions on the morphology of com­ paratives. Among the examples found there is one analytical forma­ tion, a superlative: b camix rjtfxiix jieeaxB 170/17* one of the suffixal type y CBHTeiniraro naTpnajoxa 1 0 1 / A , an<1 two of th e su p p le tiv e ty p e: seuJDO ji^T'DOW. . .poofleJiK JiB 3 A 1 , I b b b KajBofiaKKH wemtiOH ? / l 9 « PRONOUNS

1. Personal pronouns The declension of the personal pronouns is applicable only to the pronouns of the first and second person and to the reflexive pro- noun. The pronoun of the third person morphologically belongs to the declension of the non-personal pronouns. .1 S in g u lar First Person Second Person nom inative K 1 0 /9 TH 13/2 g e n itiv e MeHJi 6 0 / 6 te<5a 20/1*.t . t o <5k 86/1 2 d a tiv e KHe 1 1 / 2 Tefie 16/3, to<5e 86/1*,2 Te 1 ^ 3 /1 6 3 a cc u sativ e wen* 1 0 /9 t e6ss 13/ S , tft 1l*8/l*3

M6HG 1 9 1 /3 instrumental MHOK) 1 6 /1 3 TOtfora 2 5 /1 3 prepositional KHt Z/$ Tecrt 7 1 / 1 5 , Totft 136/20 2

^Cn Old Russian the genitive/accusative forms were mene and tebe. The menja and tebja are due to analogy with the enclitic forms mja. tja (Bulaxovslcij 1958, 173).

2 In the second person the alternate forms with to- have remained in some northern Russian dialects (Kuznecov 1953, 128).

3 The second person shows the enclitic forms te and tja which are s till used in some dialects of Modern Russian (Ivanov 1964, 327).

72 73 P lu ra l Pirst person Second person nom inative utt 9 /8 BH 9 /8 g e n itiv e aac 2 7 /3 Bac* 130/23 d a tiv e nan* 9 /2 1 sa»t 8/II 4. a ccu aatlv e H a£ 6 5 /1 7 aac 9 /8 instrumental saint 67/13 BaMH 23/12 prepositional HB£ 159/7 —— ^ We found the following forms of the reflexive pronoun: g e n itiv e ced* 115/22 d a tiv e cede I4.6 / 16 a cc u sativ e cedn 116/27 instrumental codow 221/5

2, Non-personal pronouns All the non-personal pronouns, except kto, Eto, and drug druga. distinguish both numbers (singular, plural) and all three genders. 2 Gender distinction is made only in the singular. The third person personal pronoun morphologically belongs to the non-personal pronominal declension. Following is its declension.

hio examples found for the prepositional of the second person plural.

2 It has been shown, however, that animate was a sub-gender for the masculine nouns and their modifying adjectives. See the accusative plural of the second declension and the accusative plural of adjec­ tiv e s . 74

Third person The third person pronoun takes a prothetic n- when It Is pre­ ceded by a preposition. S ingular

m asculine fem inine nom inative o h 2 0 / k o a a 9 /1 3 g e n itiv e eao 110/10 f Hero 17/12 ee 41/11 t Hen 65/15J e t 1 6 9 / 6

dative exy 1 0 /2 1 ,Hewy 9/23 Hen 9 9 /3 6

eBO 33/5,hobo 6 5 A 7 e e 9 / 1 5 # s e e kS /l

Instrumental khm 2 0 / 1 0 - - - (no examples found) prepositional Bewb 2 0 / 7 HfiH 3 8 /1 3

P lu ra l nom inative ohh 29/A , 0Ke P8/133 g e n itiv e bx 3U/11, hhx 29/12 d a tiv e van 10 1 /1 3 , hhm 28/13 acc u sativ e BXZ 19/S 9 HHX 23/11 Instrumental HMH 39/27* HHMH 18/12 prepositional HHX 9/21

It includes the neuter pronoun of which we did not find the nomina­ tive and accusative cases. 2 The neja form Is Church Slavonic; Lomonosov ascribed its use to the high style (Sokolova 1962, 143). 3 The one could be from the Old Russian feminine or neuter nominative dual. Even though the Old Russian masculine nominative plural be­ came the generalised form, the form one did not disappear. It was s t i l l used in th e 19th cen tury as evidenced in a poem by Fu&kin: "Na- pominajut mne one/Druguju Sizn' 1 bereg dal'nyj", PuSkin 1825 in (PuSkin 1968, 117). 75 Non-personal pronouns Semantically the non-personal pronouns may be divided into several groups: 1. Possessive pronouns The possessive pronouns found are: mol. tvoj. nas, vas. and 1 svol with, of course, their feminine and neuter counterparts. The possessive pronoun of the third person is rendered by the genitive singular of the third person pronoun: eso 28/ 18, ee 9 9 /3 the genitive plural: tsx^ 65/7* Singular masculine/neuter

nominative genitive dative

UOH 10/2 u o e r o io/7 uoeuy 10/25

TBOH 10/2 TBoero 17/3 TBoeuy 9/is

Ham 68/6 HmeBa P8/6 H a e u y 9 /2 ____ 2 B a n i P3/1 BameMy P3/4

------csoero 21/10 c B o e u y io/23

accusative Instrumental prepositional

----- UOHU 10/4 u o eu B 77/6 3 TBOH 21/9 T som : 11/7 TBoeu. 17/6

^Also one example of U6K 57/7*

S?o examples found. 3 A lso the neuter TBOe 1 /3 . CBOK 10/12 C B O H U l 36/24 c B o e u i 1 2 /3

Feminine nom inative g e n itiv e d a tiv e won 12/4 uoeH 22/1 u oeu 13/1

TBOH 121/25 TBoen 29/23 TBOejK 22/15

HaneH 65/18

BaaeH 5 4 /8

CBoew 73/9 CB06M 34/6 accusative instrumental prepositional

MOB 13/5 uoeB 29/12

TBOB 12/5

namy 65/26 HameB 9 /4 HaneH 67/4

Bany 141/4 Bsanew P3/2

CBOB 18/11 CBoeB 9/9 OBoe^! 66/26

P lu ra l nominative g e n itiv e d a tiv e

UOH 19/7 MOHX 17/6 MOHif 22/9

TBOjW 9/1 TBOMX 8 /8 TBOHM 60/12

nainK 65/21 HIS IOC 9 /7

Baswu* P3/9

cbohx U 3 /9 CBOHU 64/28 ^Also the animate (modifying an animate noun) Haoero 85/5.

^Also the neuter CBoe 107/3. 77

accusative instrumental prepositional

UOMX 10/7 UOHUM 2 2 /2 0 UOMX 22/14

TBOH 27/3 TBOHMM 11/5

Bamit P3/6 BamuuM 166/3

CBOtOCJ. 18/19 CBOMU 110/12 CBOMX 178/3

Demonstrative pronouns The demonstrative pronouns are* to t, etot. and sej. The ma­ jority of the examples found are of the tot form: S in g u lar masculine/neuter fem inine

nom inative t o t 22/M- , t o 28/3 T a 19/8

g e n itiv e Toro 28/23 t o m 3 7 /1 4 , Toe 117/23

d a t i v e TOMy 22/22 TOM. 36/18

accusative tot P8 / l ^ Toro 30/22

3 0 /2 2 , t o 1 0 /2 2 Toe 9/14» T y 6M-/2M-

instrum ental TeM 39/8 t o i o 22/9

prepositional tom 10/29 TOM 28/17

P lu ra l

nominative t o 22/16 accusative Te 1 9 /5 , Tex 22/8

g e n itiv e Tex 18/12 instrumental TeuH 1 7 /2

dative Teui 37/18 prepositional Tex 1 7 /1 2

^The feminine genitive/accusative form toe is from the southern Russian dialect (Avanesov 1949, 226). The following foras of sej wer< f o u n d : masculine/neuter genitive cero 112/27 masculine/neuter instrumental e lm 1 9 7 /6 neuter accusative ce 6/18 , cue 133/15 masculine/neuter prepositional c e u i 2 2 / 2 4 feminine genitive c e w 6 3 / 9 feminine accusative CIO 113/16 , cee 101/30 feminine instrumental c e w 101/34 feminine prepositional c e i U 2 /2 6 plural accusative croc 6 3 / 9

One form of etot was found: prepositional masculine/neuter singular eTOM 156/22, 225/9

3.. Determinative pronouns.^* nominative/accusative neuter B e e 3 / 3 l |. accusative masculine BC£ 80/if? dative masculine/neuter B c e K y 163/11* instrumental masculine/neuter b c ^ u 6 9 /2 prepositional masculine/neuter B ce> t 109/lj. nominative feminine bch 193/12 accusative feminine bKcd 119/3 nominative plural s e e 1^1 / 2 1

^AIbo the compound pronoun Jip 3 r* apyry 25/8. 79 genitive plural s c e x 101/3 dative plural BC$m> 1/11 accusative plural scfcx 75/21 * instrumental plural Bc*bun 1 6 6 /3 nominative masculine singular caira 106/10

dative masculine singular caMOwy 1 1 l|/l5 accusative masculine singular caMOBO 2 1 0 /7 nominative plural ca»lM I5li/10 prepositional plural cawsx 170/17 2

accusative feminine singular TaKoay 121/30 nominative plural TaKOBH 1 6 9 /6 nominative feminine singular roxaa 177/22 nominative masculine singular toxoh 91|/10 ^ genitive plural TafcEXTb 70/9 prepositional neuter singular TaKOU 111/11 genitive feminine singular xaKOK /|1/12

4. Interrogative/relative pronouns. cto, kto. The pronouns kto and cto do not show gender. They are used, although they have no plural form, to refer to both singu­ lar and plural. The pronoun kto is used in reference to persons.

also found the Church Slavonic form BC(a 80/B*

2Also used to form the superlative: •• *B cau&x rvitfxHX aecax%...170/17* 3The spelling is due to the neutralization of [o]/[a] in unstressed position. and Sto for inanimate objects. The latter, however, may be used

in place of the relative kotorvl.

dative x a u y 1^1/21 nominative ^ixo 112/21 accusative kobo 82/16 instrumental Hein, 42/4

instrumental tifcu i 162/15? prepositional 81/23 prepositional xou 1 5 7/10

Kaxan 115/18 f KaKOH 175/9(gen/fem)f xaxKM 120/27 G-nst/masc), Kaxue 75/9 ( nom/pi ).

KOTOpOK 192/19 (nom/masc ) , KOTopaa 134/19 , KOTOpow 196/3

(acc/feo), KOTOpOK 2C8/9 (prep/fem ), KOTOpue l/3(nom /pl).

Koe 120/44 ( acc/nt ) t KoeBa 120/45 (acc/masc ).

5. Negative pronouns. The negative pronouns nikto. ni^to separate the prefix of nega­ tion from the pronoun proper whenever a preposition is required.

KKKOrO 7 1 /4 , HHXTO 6 /1 8 , HKKOKy 1 2 1 /2 1 , HH OT KOBO

183/26, Hfc C khu * 72/6 HOKOMy 183/13. Hiinero 1 8 4 /1 0 , HH^eM* 3 / 1 2 , «fc Ha 6 9 /1 2 ,

HH b Heui> 3/ 16, HH o hou 1 0 1 /2 8 H-bueao 1 8 4 /8 ,

HeseM 95/8«

HCKUKOBa 3 A 1 ( gep/Wsc ), hhkokoh 8 /B ( g e n /f em )

HHKaKHX 75/12 (gen/plural).

HHKOTOpHUH 7 0 A* NUMERALS

I. Cardinals.^*

1 oakh 65/ 10, oaha 3/19 26 , AaaTaa^ mecTb 147/16

2 ABa 6 5 /1 1 , ABB 10/24 36. T p n j u a r * 142/20

.3 ?pH 10/15 l;0. cop 0 ki> 138/17 HexHpe P 2 /4 50. nsTjaec«£ 2/10 P

5 n aT 1|.3/ 1T 60 . oecTbAoca^ 176/3 6 m e£Tb 72 /7 70. CGMbABCST 37/13 “ 2 7 cew 65/31; 60 . ~ 2 ocubAecHT ?8 /4 8 BOCUb T 4 7 /I8 90. AesflHocTa 5 /9 10 A ocff£ 23 / 16- 100. cto P6/3 11 OAHKHaTIja£ 3 9 /5 200. AB6CTH P8 / 5 , 3 12 AseHaTi*a£ 177/17 AatcTB 147/17 15 HHTHaTixaT 147/17 300. Tp«£Ta 60/7 20 ABaxaaT 66/14 M50. qeTHpecTa P4 /6 25 ABaTna^ n«T 177/17 600 . BOCUbCO£ 60/7

1AIso oblique cases o£ 1,000: t u c h u w 90/12, t u c q u h 60/7. 2 Some forms of *eight1 do not-have the prothetic B: w ocuw P3/13 acufiHaTitaT 66/12 O C U bA eC H T P8/4* Cemyx (1953, 319) atEributes this to unstressed initial [o]. Unbe- gaun, however, (1935, A17) considers it archaic and dialectal (SU).

3 The form in -ste is from the Old Russian dual. The -sti of the first example is due to phonological reasons (*&}i) in Northern Russian dialects.

81 82

a) The numeral 'one' shows pronominal declension:

nominative 0 4 1 1 a 3/19

genitive O^Hon 130/13

d a tiv e ogKOJl 6 ^ /3 1 accusative ogHy 1 0 /2 U

b) The numerals 'two*, 'three1, the word 'both' show resemblance to plural pronominal declension:

dative AByK T> 7 3 / 6

genitive Tpex 120/18

prepositional oOexx *196/if 1 prepositional ...na 4 By jioraajnax 1 1 2 /2 3 ...

...b 4B$ upKBaxi* 11*7/15* • • c) The numerals '£lve* and above (ending in -t') seem to follow the Third Nominal Declension:. n«TX 39/28 n«T 10/21 genitive »

m ecTb M / 2 5 genitive I1ITH 1!?0/5

ce«L 11*2/22 genitive CCMH 6 5 /5

BOCMb 6 6 /1 1 dative OCMM 72/20 aecax 23/16 genitive aecaTH 6I*/12 ceuHauaT 8 9 / 3 prepositional cewHaxuaTH 1l|7/ll|

ABaTiiar 6 6 / 11* genitive aaauaTH 1 57/13

^Instead of the expected pronominal ending **x. The form found is the Old Russian prepositional dual. 83 d) The numerals ’forty' and ’hundred' follow the Second Nominal Declension; the numeral 'thousand follows the First Nominal De- c le n sio n :

c o p ok 65/34* copoKa 65/5* c to 167/14 * TpwcTa 60/7*

bo cu b co t 60/7, Tpw TUceuK 60/7, tmchwio 90/121

e) Fractions.

nona,cuHHa 90/3 »TPM ocbuhhm 85/9, weTBepKn. 95/11,

aeBHHocTa we^TBepTeii 185/10 noJiTapa 120/41 nonyTapa 130/5

nony aeceT 41/25, nqjtTopacTa 4/io» nojrrpeTM ueTBetiH 85/9

f) Collectives. £BOH 106/12, TpoH 1 0 /1 6 , inecT epo 100/6.

II. Ordinals. Ordinal numbers follow the adjectival declension.

...a a xxephBoa H eaejra.. . 1*3/1 £

. . . b apyrow aacy k o h k . . .P 8/1 *

. ..B Tp©T©M K acy h o v k P8 /9

. ,.B b W8 TB e£T0 Wl» Ha fleCHT P2/2

••.bo cto ceMtAecHT naTOM ro^y.. .3 7 /1 3

, , . b rtfiTOH. a e H L .. . 1 8 8 /6

...jreacy raecxyio He/te-rao,.. 17£/7

• • • a, ACBHToro HH&aa.. . JJ 1 / 2

One example of a compound ordinal: TpexcaateHHHSC 1J>0/6

letter #60 the original TpH THCewH has been corrected to Tp WCTawhich does not make any sense when combined with the second element: TpHCTa BOCUbCOT 60/7- ADVERBS

Adverbs say be forsed from: 1, Descriptive adjectives.^

HlcKO 155/5 MOjnHO 76/15 nOKOJDHO 4/17

JiOXHO 3/34 HapomHO 39/8 BeVHO 25/9

KptnKO 70/14 exeva^Ho 185/6 HanpacHO 75/21

r;iyxo 111/16 rOBHO 75/10 CTOKpa^PHO 110/32

UHoro 10/23 npeuHoro l/ll’ aaovHO lio /l

BceameBHo 110/29 ycepflHo 217/3 cJie3HO 151/17

xopono 71/15 Hexopamo 7/8 3flOpOBO 13/2

MJicpAO 25/6 Bceaynmo 66/4 BceqacTHo 109/8

nonnHHHO 13/8 noBce*iacHo 117/6 uaJio 3/32

HenpaBejoHo 3/3 b o m c t x h h o 205/10 tfnaronojiyuHo 137/3

npeuHoxecTBeHHO 135/14 UHorontTHO 137/3

These adverbs can also have comparative forms which, in some c a se s, a re su p p le tiv e : KKxe 70/10, Jiyrtie 116/24, nocKOpeyfc 63/11 rfontnm 20/10

2« Relative adjectives.

BCHVecKH P 7/5, paOcKH 53/11

^Morphologically the adverb in -o is identical with the nomi­ native singular neuter short-form adjective. 3. Nouns.

Aapou 3 /3 0 rpaAOM 168/10 saMlfxeMB lj.1/13

hom » 13^/17 BecHoio 15U/11 3KM0» 179/27 ji’fiiocb 67 A Aona 13J*/19 TOTHBC 9 / 1U

d k o h c u i » 7^/22 BnpaBistf 20/10 BHanajie 162/6

4. Pronouns.

B c e r o 7 5 /5 i i o t o m J 5U/1 3 coBceMi* 3 /1 h aaneM 65/11 no newy 9 /16 5. Multiplicatives.

babok 5 /1 9 SABoeu l 6l /7

ABOXah 6 /9 TpOJKAtt P Q / B MHornxAtt 71A

6. A number of adverbs are historically of diverse forma­ tion; their origin is not readily discernible. We list then according to their meaning. a) adverbs of place: 0A"fecj» 10A 1 Ty*, 23/lj. Be3A"k 125/21 HHrA*fe* 72/10 otcmah 175/11 hhk*ah P5/12 b) adverbs of time

BcerAa 9/10 KexoAK 1 0 /2 8 snpeA U 6/6

KHK6 7 /6 e^e 22/17 HHHeaa 61*/21 npexe 3 9 /6 B^opaci. 195/8 on«T 9 /1 5 y * e 8 /1 0 c) adverbs of manner:

KaKt *>/l1 HKKaKO 79/20 T ax 6 7 /7

t &ko 75/11 nxo 110/12 1 7 9 /1 6 soxjiae 17/19 d) adverbs of quantity:

TOJixa 60/16 tokwo 6$/hk CKO£KO 2 1 3 /6 175/7 ocBa 209/6 VERBS

The Russian verb o£ the 17th century - as £ound in the Bezobrazov collection - has the following forms: 1* Present tense, 2. Past tense, 3. Future tense, 4* Conditional, 5. Imperative, 6. Infinitive, 7. Participles, 8. Verbal adverbs (deepri£astija). In addition to these forms the verb of 17th-century Russian also had the category of a sp e c t. Members of the verbal system of 17th-century Russian have three persons (first, second, third) and two numbers (singular, plural); in place of person the participles and the past tense have gender (mas­ culine, feminine, neuter) as they belong to the nominal/pronominal system from point of view of flexion* Members of the past tense and short-form participles are not declined. There are two conjugation classes the classification of which is based on the present tense: Class 1 verbs take the non-terminal suffix -u- in the third person plural, while Class II verbs take -a-. The first person singular of both classes does not have a non-terminal suffix. The non-terminal suffix of the other persons is -1- or -o-. Class I verbs take -o- when the desinence is stressed, otherwise -i-. Class II verbs take -i- irrespective of stress.^* Verbs with stems ending in -i, -e, or -a (the latter preceded by a palatal consonant) belong to Class II. All others, barring a few exceptions and anomalous verbs, are members of Class I. The excep­ tions, irregular verbs, and verbs with suppletive stems w ill be listed separately.

*Ve did not find any examples of Class I verbs reflecting the replace­ ment of [e] by [o] when the former is stressed. We assume, however, that based on our findings (see phonology section) and evidence pro­ vided by various grammars on the history of Russian, the replacement' of [e] by [o] was true for verbs as well. More importantly, Ludolf in his Grammatics Russlea emphasizes this by saying that in 17th- century Russia people wrote IIHemb but pronounced it p'o% (Unbegaun 1959, 8 ). 89 1, Present tense We did not £ind the terminal suffix of the second person plural for either Class I or Class XI verbs. On Inference, however, from the plural Imperative, ve assume that the ending was the same as In Modern Russian: -t*i. The terminal suffixes for both classes are: Singular Plural -u -m - s - C t 'l ) - t - t

C lass I a) Stems ending In **a: the stem~endlng is deleted and the immediately remaining stem-consonants undergo alternation* Examples: stem pisa- nwniy 19/1*?, nKBiem 61;/3, im m e T 38/1;, O T niuneM 9 /1 7 , jannmeM 189/11.

stem skaza- CKasy 13^/29

stem Iska- jscuteT 76/10, kcuqtt. €>$/3$

stem s l a - npnuuno 117/2I*., npm&em 1 9 / 1 1 , nonureK 9/11;

stem lga- coary 111/17, Jn>#eT 1$7/6

b) Stems ending in •ovaj— change to —uj— In the present and imperative. Examples:

TpeOjfenib 1 9 7 / 7 , MtwijffcT 8 8 / 3 , x a jr y e T , 2 7 / 6 ,

noscajryem 10/8

c) The verb RB.BB.Tb deletes the —va- in the present: s a e T P l / 6 , flaioTT» P 5 / 1 2 89

d) If a stem ends in a velar, the consonant is palata­ lized when followed by a front vowel:

stem mog- Moryr 1 8 8 / 9 , Hoxem 1 0 1 / 1 1 , Moxtew A 6 / 1 0

e) Stems ending in any other consonant simply take the present tense ending without them undergoing alternation. Examples:

stem in -j- Jna» 8 / 8 , jH a e a it 11* 6 / 1 1 , 3 Haei«» I*1 / 1 1 ,

3Ha»Ti»1*0/7 , npiiHHMaw 2 9 / 1 2 ,

tJiST 10/27, <5 hot* ?%/11 > xbjism 2/69 xejiaer

2 5 / 3 , xejiaeM 6 6 /!* , sce^aȣ 1/1*, cnpauiBBaȣ

P 3 / 1 1 , cJi^fuiajoT* 3 / 1 6 , noMHpaio 6 1 / 2 0 , noce-

maeT 27/7 , aajiaeT P9/1 stem krad- Kpa^jTt 3/1*1*

stem stan- cTaKeio* 12/3

stem pad- HanaaeT 205/12

stern ved- AOBeAeTua 111*/ 1 6 , 6 0 /1 0

3tem z iv - swBy 6l*/33, KHBy^ 22/22 » scKBen* 5/13 stem n e s- nojjHecyT* 2 2 /2 3 Claoo i t The stem-vowel is deleted throughout. In the first person sin­ gular the remaining stem-consonant (unless it is palatal) undergoes alternation. Examples: BHxJf 136/20, BHA«m 66/23, aaiwiaHio 111*/16, iwiaTKT P1A# noHomtf 7 5 / 2 0 , noHocHT 1 2 5 / 2 1 # npomy* 17/8, npocnu* 1 1 0 / 7 90 xosttf 133/ 3 1 , xoflflT* 95 / 31 xyiuuo 111/ 12, xynjiT 9 / 16, oTnJJmy 178 / 5 , fc s a m tm 83 / 13, c k a a ti 170/ 6 , rpa6«T P5/11 2, P a s t‘te n se The past tense, In contrast to the present tense, shows for­ mally marked gender instead of person. The person Is shown in the subject rather than in the ending of the verb. The endings are: masculine -1, feminine -la, neuter -lo; the plural ending for all genders is -li. a) Of the stem ends in -n, -v, -j, or -d the stem-consonant is de­ leted* E x a m p le s : stem in -n: c t e u io 1 0 / 2 8 , c t c u ih 39/20, CTaxa 70/7 stem in -j: ^exax 65/^3# 60/1|, Gkjik P9/8 * stem in -v: sjwih 3 6 / l l | stem in -d: npHnaxa 53/ 12, n p o n a j r 180 / 13, y x p a j i 65/57

o a s e x 3 9 /2 6 , n p o f l a x 9 6 /8 b) If the stem ends in a consonant other than -n, -v, -d, -j, the masculine ending is deleted* E x a m p le s : n p i r e e ^ 111/ 23 , B e o JiH P2/ 11, n p K H e £ 183 / 2 1 , H e c x a 65/ 10, o tb 6 £ 121/ 7, uor 1 7 0 /9 , u o rx a - 1 2 0 /2 0 . c) All other stems simply add the past tense ending. E x a m p le s : c t o « x 60/ 6 , x x u c a x 1 0 /1 8 , roBopiwrfc 2 0 /8 , x o j j w k x 1 /8 , noKcxajii 77/6, xo^iw $ 1/ 5 , xoflm ia65/26,no:Rajiosaxa 199/9# BHaexH P 8 /1 3 , npHCJiaxH 28/19# HCKaxH 65/5* 91 3 . F u tu re The future Is formed either with the present of the verb stat* or the future of byt* as auxiliaries plus the infinitive of the desired verb. This formation is found with lmperfective verbs. For perfective verbs the semantic future is morphologically the present tense.^ Examples:

ctaHy mo.ihtb 133/17 CTany npucKjiax 1 8 3 /2 5 ( ■ « ciaaeT 0ht 6$/l±6 6yxy npHCHJiax 163/23 cTanew^ f l « a flejiaxt 2 7 /5 CHCKHBaT He 0$/*exi 152/19 cxaHyx npocEx 29/21, (Stay 0 hx 81/23 xoflHT cxaHy 35/6 0Vay HKcaxi, 9I*/13 ctrhX npowaiiLwrr 81/ 1I4.

4, Conditional The conditional is formed by the particle by/b plus the past of the desired verb. It can also be formed with budet/bude plus the present tense of the desired verb* Examples:

. . . k t o 0h Mesa c Mocxbh h o c ... 65/31 • ••1 aBca 0% xobo He sajnb... 67/13 ...0n*TH 0H HeJIOM. .. 225/2

. . . .1 Bejffca 0n. • • Pl*/9

.. .a 0 y /je£ .. .He BoaMetr. ., 9 / l k

Sfhile the present tense expresses action in its development, the present form of perfective verbs has future force: pjgu 'I write/ am writing* napi&u *1 shall w rite1. 92

• •«A& CJfA® ecTt Macjiuaa... 10/17

# ...a (SyaeT pacnpocHsnc peven He;r. . .1;0/12

. ..n <5y«e£ rcApb oh b Cmojiohcko oOHBHTija..,5 1 /6 . • p£Api,... o^£ jaonuaBax... 10/1 if

• . .6 y fle £ H ko £ cTaH'ei Ha na£ <5h £ veJiow...65/46

•••a 0yAO£ e£AHm b a o k . ..1 0 1 /3 8

• ••a (Sy££*?u ko M at p h <5m He npHHwem.,. 117/24

• ••a fiyaeT jiwah t b o h ,.. ho oHa»T2».• •164/12

S. Imperative The imperative has only forms of the second person singular t and plural. The endings are: singular: -1 or zero plural: -it'i or -t'i The formation of the imperative seems to be the same as in Mo­ dern Russian, i.e. the stress in the first person singular of the present cense plays a decisive role. Thus if the stress does not fall on the ending of the first person singular present, the imper­ ative ending is zero and - t'i for the singular and plural, respec­ tively. Otherwise the endings are -i, -it'i. Examples: Singular Plural aejiH 10/5 eejiiiTe P3/14

H3BOJT& 6 0 /1 0 KDBOJire 2 1 9 /l 1 1 * Gtfa 145/10 (SyflbTe 141/17 other examples: xyn»26 /7 , no£HecH 23/9, AOJia£ 65/52,

1Also the form 62AH 171/S which is Church Slavonic. 93

nociwaii 12/5j norosap» 101/30, Jacxynn 8/2,

'aacT.aeb 81*/18, jkhbh 163/23, noise^ 11*1*/15,

‘coTBopH 110/12*

a) if the stem ends in -a (preceded by a hard consonant), the stem- • * vowel is deleted and the Immediately remaining sten-consonants un­ dergo alternation:

cKaxn 10/23,* nnnm 13/3, o t o im h 39/11* ( from oTOCJiaxb), npmcasi 2A* .

b) if the stem ends in -ovaj-, it is changed to -uj- in the impera­ tiv e :

nosta^yw-2/3, nostajiyjrre P3/13, 3*pa£CTByn 11 / 1 , a jip a s - CTB^PITe 9/1*. c) the verb b it1, stem b ij-, takes -e-: . ■ .BeJiKKQMy rjCAp» (Sew neyioM.. . 120/1*8. 5, Infinitive ~ 2 The Infinitive ending is - t'. Occasionally we find -t'i. The latter is Church Slavonic. We did not find the Infinitive form of

^The spelling is due to neutralization of [o]/[a] in unstressed po­ s i t io n . 2 In Modern Standard Russian certain consonantal stems (barring those ending in a velar) take the lnfinitve ending -t'i* In the 17th century, however, this did not hold true in the majority of motion verbs: h th tb 23/5, nepeaecTB 39/12. This seems to have remained in at least some Modern dialectal Russian as evidenced in the study of the Deulino village dialect (Ossoveckij 1969, pp. 213, 394). Sernyx, too, found same evidence in his study of the Ulo- zenie of 1649 (Sernyx 1953, 353). 94 any verba whose stem ends in a velar. When Che infinitive ending Is added Co a stem ending in -n, -v, o r ~j t Che stem-consonant is d e le C e d . In o c h e r cases C he stem - consonant may undergo alternation (nepeBBCTb 39/12 stem ved-) . Examples:

x a r j 23 A (stem ziv- ), cxaTb P3 /7 (etem s$an-), AfiJrajB 65/51

C stem delaj- ) , tfBTH 93 / 13, npMBecXb 107/7 (stem ved- )

WTBecTb 6/ 5 * OJTnJcTK^ 1;/ 13, nowiaTb l*/6, c h c k a t . 1 0 9 /1 3 , Ae£«ax>53 / 9 * nepeMeHHTb 6/ 17* BcxpevaTb 5/ 2 2 , AOcxaBnib 0/ 15* riBcaxb 62/ 3, KynHTb 9 / 2 2 * xaflKXb 1* 3/ 9 , ocKO£0HTb •

3l*yi3 ,cjnonax 11 A * cjaauaTir 1 /5 , O u t 6 5 /19, nocjuiaxb 30/7 aacKoxpeT 66/7 * npnxnx 75/ 11* npHHecxH 110/A * apaHocxb 0/A BHtfpecxb 99 AQ« 6, Participles Most o£ the participles found are short-form past passive. a) Present active: The examples found are Church Slavonic, The Old Russian pre­ sent active participles had become verbal adverbs in 17th-century Russian; they are discussed separately. *. Examples: (Church Slavonic) VHBffmHUH 1*/19, JinOMmHMH A 1 / 1 8

b) Present passive: Only one long-form example: Beiiouue 38/10. The other two are short-form: BeAOMO 66/5* xpaHHW 10/3.

c) Past active: No past active participles were found. d) Past passive:

^Also cwOTphTb 171/8; most likely from a Northern Russian dia­ lect where * £ )i (Samilov 1964, 20). 95 Most of che examples are short-form . Short-form participles and adjectives (see section on adjectives) are not declined. Examples t (short-form ) masculine: noacajroBaH 6 / 1 8 , x io c ^ & h 2 6 / 6 , n a n n c a H 3 9 /2

flonponmBaH* 28/17* odhBireeH 20/4* npHWian 112/15*

n o K J r e n a n 1 2 0 /1 5 * b o k o k 9 5 /3 •

fem inine: n o c j i a n a 1 1 / 7 , n o g n n c a H a 1 4 4 /1 2 * n p n w i a n a 8 / 3 ,

npcw:o*eHa 6 5 /9 * a c n o p e a a 7 /6 , K o m e H a 1 1 9 /1 0 , neuter: ^Kaoano 5/1 8 * Be^eao 8/3, $utueHO 7/ 8 ,

r o B o p e H o 2 7 /3 * H a n n c a H o 6 6 /2 0 , o ^ e ^ ia H o 6 5 /2 7 ,

n o c j i a a o 9 5 /1 3 * B e g u ie H o 5 / l 8 # c n a a a H o 1 2 1 /2 1 ,

p lu r a l: nojytenaHH 1 2 0 /2 3 , n p w c jia H H 6 1 /2 2 * H a n w c a H H

3 6 / 1 2 , CB CK aB H 22/ 16, pa3flejiaH« 64/36 , o t h c t h 96 / 12,

npiiaefleKH 7 5 /1 4 * O T n y m e H ti 1 2 3 /1 3 , n o c j i a i u i P 2 /2 0 , Long-form: • • • BHlllOnHCaHHOMt HHCMe. . ,30/31

...D a npawraHHlfio paOy... 161/6

. . . n o ofieiuaKHOMy wiOBy... 1 6 3 /7

The past passive participle may be used to denote action vhich has been accomplished, or action intended to be accomplished in the future. It is a compound construction requiring the past and the future tenses of the verb byt1. E x a m p le s : OTKaoaHH Chjih 3 /3 1 , wmmHO Ciwio 135/11* ocTaajieHo Gkjio

3 /3 9 , Gh£ nocTaBJieH 190/9, tfvsiH eH o 124/14# nocjiaH 121/29, <3)£seT B3aej:aHO 196/13, nKcaim ae <5yayT 71/ 7* KDTOTOBJieRO (SyaeT 186/21, 96 7, Verbal adverbs (deeprl&astija) The Old Russian present active particple (masculine/neuter nominative singular) ending vas -a. The corresponding feminine end­ ing vas -u£i/aSi. The past active participle vas -v for masculine/ neuter, and-vSi for feminine. Both of these active participles (past and present) gradually lost their attributive character (Iva­ nov 1964, 405) and became invariable. Their use vas adverbial. Hence, the appellation 'verbal adverbs' (deeprl&astija in Russian). The verbal adverb formed from the Old Russian present active participle expresses simultaneity vith the action of the main verb Irrespective of time. The verbal adverb vhich is formed from the Old Russian past active participle expresses priority to the action . of the main verb. Verbs vith consonantal stems take -u£i vhile those vith vo­ calic stems take -a. The ending for the past verbal adverb is -v or, rarely, -vSi.^ Examples:

• • .nepepeaao mo » CKOTimy h mho roe u«e poaopemte vrhjx notfeaajiH s roposu.. .23/3

.*. otx o flH cero cse?a npHKaJuBfljr.. #46/lJ|

...UJICTH npoca CTOKpaTKO ReJIOM O ieT ,. . 1 1 0 /3

• . .m ic a s .. .MejroMi. <5bK>.. ,1 |/1 7 other examples: OerasovH 22/21, eayvw 3lj/l 1, nociwiaiovit

65/$, JKHByvH 6 1 /2 0 , 1 9 7 A> npoOHBaa 110/6,aaxozifl 6 5 /1 5 , noHMas 7 6 / 1 $, nprwroswTB 9 / 1 2 , MemKOjB 3 9 / 8 , oatfsra * 3 / 3 , tfMB P 9 / 9 , CHCKa^ P 7 / 7 , BHaaBIQB 12U /21 •

^Sometimes the -v is not added to stems ending in -d: nepeujo£ 16/2 (OR meai*), naa 133/15 also ynas 133/20 97 Verbs in -sia For reflexive and passive verbs the suffix -CH/-C1* (cetffl) Is added to the verbal fora. If the suffix Is added on to a fora ending In - t, the final ending is realized as -TU& or -ua • If the verbal fora ends in a vowel, -CL is added. This, however, was not always observed: 0£flBlM0£ 161/7 # 0 6 J4BHJIOCA 1 6 2 /1 7 * Examples: AfcJiaeTita 165 11#ocTaHOTua 3/19# Hocnina 121/13# UHptma

7 9 / 1 0 # HaA*«c« 171/3# / S 1 1 , 0 o k c * 3 / 3 7 , otfpaaoBBurca

3 ^/10, ctcopH^cR 67/13# 3/2, pojopiwcii I 4.6 / 1 5 # ♦ ofiaBHJia£ 66/22# yxepKjia£ 117/1U#. #ihhhjio£ 31^/11^,0jc x a jiO £

5/9# flOBeJIO£ 7 3 / 6 , ^HHHJIK£ 29/17*

Irregular and suppletive verbs To this section belong the verb xotet1 which combines features of both conjugacional classes, the verb byt' with its suppletive present est1. the verb dat* which has no thematic vowel (Old Rus­ sian atheaatic verb), the motion verbs l t i . exat* and their sup­ pletive forms.1 a) x o t e t 1i it is conjugated according to class I verbs in the sin­ gular and according to class II verbs in the plural. Furthermore, its palatalization in the singular is not restricted to the first person: xovea 35/3, xovex 110/25, xotbti. 3/l*3,

b) b y t1 infinitive 6sTb 1 2 /6 « present tense ecib 10/17 'there is'ecT b 179/27 'there are*

future fiyAU 6i|/22f 67/12, OyAex. G0/11|

dyABMi* 2 7 /1 5 #

1Also one example of est1 'e at': •••pH 6tt He haht*••160/9 98 past tense tflM* 20/7# 6ua& 65/25# 39/10, Oujik 6 5 /9

Imperative 6 t & A5/10, Cy^LTD 1j|.l/l7 c) dat1 i n f i n i t i v e flaT.fc 6 0 / 8 present 0£flau 19/13, flam* 19/12, OT^acTi. 9 / 1 5

oT^a/tyi 117/20 past aax 5i|/9# noaaxa 38/8 past passive participle «awa 22A #fl&HO 28/19# OTflaHH 22/16 verbal adverb noaai^ 2^/8 d) Verbs vith suppletive stem. 1 . exat*

infinite exa£ 11/8

present npKe^yT 23/15

past exaj: P9/2, oxajrn P2/2

verbal adverbs npnexaB 10/20 , e«yvH 31*/11

imperative n o e 3 x a u 23/l5 2 . iti

infinitive HTH£ 23/5 # HTTH 7If5/7U

present HfleTt 7 / 6 ,HxteT 5 /2 2 ,npoH/tfTfc 3/30

past Hamox 6 1 / 1 4 , otfonwo 226A#°tobuih P8/8

verbal adverb * nepeuio^ 16/2

Verbal Aspect Seventeenth-century Russian shows four types of aspectual pairs: 1. The imperfective/perfective in which the perfective is derived 99 from che imperfective by means of prefixation* The prefix, vhile it serves as a means of perfecclvacion, nay or may noc carry a lex­ ical meaning: la) Perfective verbs in which the prefix has no lexical meaning. Examples: imperfective perfective (STasHT, 30/21; nocTaBHT 37/20 fleJiaTi* 65/51 ojtejiRT 65/26 nacajia 9/10 Haniicajr 29 /1 9 nJiaTHT P1/1; saajiaTPJia 12/6 uirpmja 79/10 noMHpaqa 79/9

»aJiye£ 27 /6 noataJiyeai 10/8

sttxy If. 6/16 geaKg 93/12 .TbXteT 157/6 c o ^ ry 111/17 cJitnuaTM l / $ tfcjrtniwui 83/13 XOTRTi 3/l\3 noxoTRT 6 0 /1 5

vhhiwi 8 /9 ^ h h jv ih 6/2 k

lb) Verbs whose prefixes not only serve as perfectivation markers, but also give the verb a different lexical meaning. Examples: imperfective nacaTb 1 0 /5 perfective ornacaTb 2 1 / 6 , BunwcaT^ 6 6 /1 $ , cnwcaB

1 0 1 / 3 9 , noannca^ 1 1 6 /1 7 # nepenaca^ 1l|3/l2, oanwca£ l|2/6 imperfective Mor^a 120/20 1 0 0 perfective nOMOratfc 113/12 imperfective cxaaH£ 38/2U perfective npK£raBnjiH 6$/%, cocTaBiw 28/29, HacTaBB£

6 5 / 5 1 imperfective rosopiwi 53/9 perfective floroBopHJiH£ Q\/Z7, neperoBopw 12i*/23 imperfective CTaHeui> 12/8 perfective ocTaneTua P 3 /8 , flocTaJi«£ 61^/29 imperfective 9/21 p e rfe c tiv e OTCJitfsKiw 1 1 2 /1 3 imperfective tftw 22/7 perfective 30/18

2 ..The perfective/imperfective in which the process is reversed and the imperfective is derived from the perfective by means of suffixation or stem-vowel alternation* There are two groups of the perfective/imperfective type: 2a) Non-prefixed perfectives which with the addition of a suffix become imperfective. Examples: ^

HBH 178/7, H B J ia e T P 9 /1 npocHT 2 9 / 2 1 npornaT 1 1 6 /1 3 1

Other suffixes:

-va- ffaji 5U/9, AasaJi l51|/6, <5h£ i ; 0 / 7 , ' Chbeui 60/9 -iv a- cKascyxi 2 0 5 /1 2 , CKaoHBa»£ 130/13

^Trom a historical point: the addition of -a- caused dotation and, consequently, alternation of the preceding consonant. 101 2b) Prefixed perfectives with the lexical cleaning of the prefix retained by the imperfective. The majority of imperfective verbs axe formed from prefixed perfectives. Examples: The suffix is -a-: OTn£fcT*wni 83/11 - OTnyiyajjii 99/8

pocnpocH 6 8 /1 1 - pocnpoinaif 6 8 /1 1 npoimwrtrr 79/20 - npqiociwa£ 79/22

The suffix is -va-: JfaxHTpa 63/12 - 3aacKBaTija 6£/29

OT,na£ 71/9 -• OTaasa£ 70/12

The suffix is -iva-: 3afle£Kcw 163/28 - 3afleo»HBa»r 183/30

npHKasa^ 61;/31 - npuKa3tmajni 68/12

OTKaoaji 72/10 - OTKasHBaJi 72/11

Alternation of zero/n and zero/ u : nocnaT 22/18 - nociuiaTi* 38/7 “ 2 (sutfpaTb) - Bu 6 npa»T 59/9

3. Suppletive pairs. 3a) Motion verbs. Motion verbs of 17th-century Russian behave the same as in Mo­ dern Russian, i.e. in addition to the perfective/imperfective aspect motion verbs are also classified according to whether the action is determinate or indeterminate. Determinate Indeterminate HTTR ll|5 /ll* XaflHTh 1*3/9

^From a historical point: the addition of -a- caused lotation and, consequently, alternation of the preceding consonant. 9 vybrat* vas not found in the letters examined. However, we did find cojSpaT 119/5. We assume that w birajut comes from vybrat *. 102 exftT 11/8 6 2 /7 HectfT* 3/k? HOCHTEa 121/13 * perfective/imperfective: the pairs are prefixed and the prefixes carry lexical meaning* Perfective Imperfective nepemo£ 16/2 nepexoflK 2U/9 flonwn 121/23 x&xoffft 65/15 npHHe£ 116/3^ npHHOciw 137/12

In the case of exatVezdit1. the indeterminate takes the suffix -a-:1 npMea^T *23/15 npKexxawT 188/12

3b) Some pairs are formed by the association of completely different v e rb s : <5paJi 39/22 BOflJi 60/7 jwiaseni 157/9 no-aoxtrr 10/11

3c) Although the pair kupitVpokupat1 shows a common root, and therefore not totally suppletive, it does not behave according to any morphological classification for perfective/imperfective pairs: noKynajo Il;2 /1 5 Kymno 111/12

4. In addition to the imperfectlve/perfective pairs 17th-century Russian also made use of ffrequentative1 forms* All of the verbs are found in the past tense and, interestingly, with negation. Quite likely these forms came into existence because of the loss of the Old Russian imperfect tense, or because of the compound present and past perfects. ProkopoviS (1960, 300) suggests that such forms

H'rom a historical point the addition of -a- to the stem ezdi- caused io tat ion and hence z. 103 were remnants of a dying system which was being taken over by the developing aspectual system. Whenever possible we give the non- frequentative forms in parentheses for comparison:

He nocTyiumaancH 28/25 C nocTyntuicH 28/22) He (Jhbbji wejiou 64/11 ( Sum qenqu 4/8)

He roBapesan 75/12 (He roBoptuiB 75/16)

He UOJIOTSKBaft 41/14 ( He MOHOTBHH 40/8)

He npttraHHBanH 130/10 ( He npnrHajm 130/8)

H6 flaBUBSUTL 28/26 ( Aesajitt 67/5)

He BenttBaji 28/28 (BeJieJi 60/6)

He OgflBJIHBaJICH 94/10 ( oOWbjihw 146/9)

He npHe3XUBan 3/28 (npwexxawT 188/12)

He npifcwiuBa^ 109/17 (He npwcunaji 127/6)

He OTnesuBax 3/29 SYNTAX

1. The Use of the Cases Without Prepositions Nominative The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence: • • .npjtxajsH£ Ka upe wy*HKi». • . 67/2 •». cKaoHsaeT liaxtfnaca.,. 117/lb . . . clfaM wor xaxi> yHKHaxi*.. • 170/9

The nominative functioning as the case of a direct object is also found vith feminine nouns of the First Declension in a special construction vith the infinitive connoting necessity. This con­ struction survives in the Northern Russian dialect today (Ivanov 1964, 429):

. . . xXnpax boxt,.• $/l2 ...rpaMoxa B^ax...£7/9 . . . HncSa c.aouaT'. • . 6 t /2 2 . ..nocjiax rpawoxa P1/11 Genitive The genitive serves as the complement of a negated verb:

•«.He oadnBaii npHHiejxea cb o h x . • . 19/1 6

...He npeopn mobbo nponieHHH.. .3 0 / 3 0

. ..n o n a ho 3Ha»x*.. .I j.0 /7 • .. cKaxegxi; next. • • 1 0/2$

. **ewe hkoh He nuca^,, .71/1^

104 105 The genitive is also used to indicate possession: . ..npo 3£0p0Ba SC6HH CBoea...55/5 ...na aejiajcoro rcjjpa.. .88/1;

...p a£ TBoen mhjiocth . . . 1 0 1/2

It is used to express the idea of some or part o£ something: . ..KyiTEJIH pH(5H. . . 1 9/7 ...npnc^aTb tfe-ayr* a oceTpoB...179/11

The genitive may also be used as a complement of ce rtain verbs denoting fear. wish, asking for. search, protection, requirement, expectation, obtaining: ...yaoHc* rc^pb cMopTHaro 'zacy'...3/37 '

. . .<5o » £ bcAkobb po apeHH^... 8 / 1 1 • . *MJJ£TH npoctf...6 /1 0 . ..BCHKora flofipa xejraeTb...160/3 , . . 36UJIR H£Uly£. . . 65/17 ...asopoBH TBoero oOeperaeTb.• • 137/1; .. .aflopoBa Tsoero ocieperaeT. • .26/1;

. . .Tpetsyeiut m j i c t h . . . 197/7

. ..a a a J i b c h k o b o A oO pa. . .3 /1 2 • . . coOaiei* ^oOuTpa.• .8 1 /1 1

Dative The dative case is used as the indirect object:

* * » - ...ub1> flenex ho a o j o t . 136/1; .. .a aiofleirb tbohm otbITcthji naua£... 178A . . . a 0 tom flbaicy roBopiwi.. ,l;8/57 . ..to6k aeJiow (5£»..,88/9 106 The dative case occurs also with certain verbs of studying, rejoicing, ordering, believing;

.. .yvKx rpGLMoie.. • 1 3 /I 4.

. . ,B6Jie£ HKT>. • *7/b •••npBKasn JmRQK cbohm...185/12

• . . n e B-fepnrab bhkom v .. » £ Q /lU

. • ,otfpaflOBa£c« TBoewy npHHTCTsy.. .31;/10

Dative of possession: ...M H O MOVH H6TT>. . 8 / 6

...ta r e u y njieusKHHKH. , , 110/11

Dative with infinitive (obligation): .. .wife npH c^aT k T efit • • • 1 $1^/8

. ..Mtffe C TOtfOK) XOfllW. . .3 £ /2

...e u X <5hti> na cjiVsstffb. * • 12/6

With short adjectives and impersonal;

• .•HOBecTtHo TeOe,..38/10

...{ o k ) aejxoeT thk KaKi eMy HanoGna.. .1;9/1

...TeOe » a £ . . .3 9 / 1 7

A ccusative It is used for the direct object of positive transitive v e rb s .* . . .JioiuaAb BjflJi, . . 5 7 / 8

^In modern colloquial Russian the accusative may be used after a negated verb. We found one example of such a construction in let* t e r 39: ... h nuieHHuy H® npKWiaJi.. .39/9* It is interesting to note that letter 39 is devoid of any stylistic formulae, and A.I. Bezobrazov expresses his anger in a direct and unrestrained colloquial manner. 107 • • .Jionra£ noTep*ur.. • 168/6 • . .HeaoOBTHyio nogniscaa. •. 57/12 • • .npmcaj^ npucJiaJiH. . .28/19

. . . a , bhho P£ffpb npoflawTi*. .P8/6

Instrumental The Instrumental case Is used to denote the Instrument of ac­ tion, agent, manner, or physical characteristics: Instrument of action

• ••a SyOa kqct eh #iuh BnCiwin,.99/2lj. • ..aap tsa£ HoxeM.. • 100/7 • • • KHyToui . .onop».. .39/li<-

Agent . ..HaiiHcaHa B o e s o a o i o . . . 182/10

Manner ... yunpaio rojroHHoio c v . e p r h o . . . 11+2/11}. .. .nporHtsajr Tefix afcpocTHc cBoew. •• 11+8/9 . . .^HHHHJIO£ He XIITpOCTHO. . ,3l+/lf> D escrip tio n .. .pocT om . HeseJiHKi* KpeHacTB boxocow . , .5 1 /5 The instrumental is also used to indicate direction:

. . ."fexaJi.. .k Mockb© p b cto b ck o k aoporoio. • • 165/7 It may also be used adverbially: . . . Jiimoio (Sfolf n^axeaiHK, • .87 A

The instrumental may also be used with verbs: (••COdaKaMH CT&H? IipOMIfflWHT. • .8 1 /1 3 . ..JJewjieio BJiftflfeex...1 7 6/7 • • .neTpyHKOio o o B y a .. • 120/4+3 Also the expression for greetings or petition: . ..nexoui, 6 m o ...3 0 / 3 0

II. The Use of the Cases With Prepositions G en itiv e flO up to (time, place, degree) . ..XOTBJIH Tyr XHT flO CBBTOH BCA6JIH. . .2 3 / 5

. .. vbjiom <5l» ao anna oeitHaro... 68/13

...fla cuegrii Jfaiura. • . 9 9 / 2 5

7 p o ssessio n

...y Heao cKaiepTtt h o t *. . . 1 0 / 2 5

. . . y MBHB OflJJH BJIBJCl... 175/7

at • • • skhbbt y na£. • • 8/9

take ...ohh noKpajii y tbohx kpctmh nuieHimy.• .2 2 4 / 11;

... t h k Y iiim TjiotSoBa... 12/5

ask ...^ tbcS« npoin/.. o 6 / 8

07 from (persons) .. ,o£ Mena.. . 1 3 /8

...Hnnero o£ nero ne caaxaa... 1 9 8 / 1 0

from (because) . .,o £ BBJiBKor B’fcTpU jib£ KJiOHiwia 1 2 1 /1 9

fo r • . . jyiH TBOIOC . . 55/9

...AJXH 3(Supif flBHOIVb. . .8 2 / 1 3

<563 w ithou t . • .nOMBpitJin 6e3 OCTaTKE. , • 11 6 / 2 6

...6 6 3 0 Bcnnoro SEflBpSaHBH.• • 1 7 1 /7

H3 from . . . H£ Cbjibbckkx APBHL. ..2 3 /1 6

• • . H30 BCfex n p « K a j'0 £ . . . 5 1 |/1 0

• ..BnTOvna ns H£(5h. . .2 10 /1 1 109

nocJie after ...a noaae t o b o . ..9 5 /4 *

. ..nocjie Ceueaa Ann.. .11+5/13

npoxKB opposite, In exchange, according ...npoxnB ABopa... 208/5

, ..n p o x H B too pufla npnnuno HHfoBiie pu<5n117/23

. ..npoiKB TBoenJ cacua acnpaBjnoc.• .82/19

c from ... c Mo ckbh nomeA,,, 121/10

...c o cJiyattfH seAHKroc reopen.,.1 10/8

icpoifd besides ...Mate Aajr nevero Kpoilti nycToma.• .220/2

. . .OKpoafc Qtept ACHer...82/18

csepx over . ..cBegxit KaaaoBa aawia...p£^/6 noAJio by ...no^Jie Hiuesa ABopa,..p8/6

o k o jio near ...OKOAa ABopwiiKa HameBa.. .P8/12

noaaaa ...noaanH k o m m i h h . . . 11*7/11

u h u o by . ..otfonwo mhmo tcOM, . .226 /!+

Also two-preposition expressions:

aa-oa because of ..* bb a a OTi+a o b o . . .3 6 / 1 3 AAfi pann for the sake of ...A Jia paan Te

D ative

no according; along

.. .no TBoeMy n n cy fc. . .59A ...no Bojxe TBoet.,.86/9 . , .no sceu noporaM...156/15 ...n o jniraewy n^TH...186/22 co • • • * npanroji k newy. • • 99/10

».»4i k Uo£Kdb oxnncKy no^ax...121/6

•••an xefffe oTnumy,•*225/5

. ..k Te(S* npanuno. • .8U/13

Accusative about, concerning ...n p o Ty apBioo.. .32/22 • • • n p o KHOBa ro B o p a x ,.. . 5 6/11

...npo cBoe uKoroj&Tiioe oaoposa...56/5 up to; distribution

. . . n o to snb v n w i o . .. 1 0 6 /9 . ..npncaaxt no pn(Sjf... 1*/10 to; at; vith; depend on; for (tine)

... b 3bti> Ha a a ao T . • .1 7 ^ /9 ...n a uena He nporHtsa«ca... 122/11;

...a Kymno Ha cboh aeHPH...111/12

. ..narffeioca n a

.. .Ha 5H«7• • *86/3

into; in (time)

...a nocxax b npaHmmty, . . 157/7 ...B H£(Sy HO e£flH£. . .14.8/58

... b naxon fleHS»... 1 8 3 /6 ...b na'k H entJia...5 8 /7

in exchange; instead; for ...3 & paOoTy j^oBax. . . 10i|/9

. . . 3a HX Xpyj^H KOTDMIIX. • .3 4 /1 1 m

. ..nofien Hexou bm* 3a Meh «... 101/13 •••oa cBoe 3sopose...110/30

approximation . ..BDJDCTH 3 SB"fe. . «22I|/18 . . . c Hgjno...102A n ep es b efo re . ,,nepe£ ceCSs nocTaBus* • • 120/17 nepeo a c r o s s ' .. .ISxax nape a 0«y. • • 1 6 5/7 o a g a in st , ,.naz* o $ehum veJioM 6 wo. • . 207 / 11;

Instrumental

c w ith . . . c pH < 3 o jo ne npi&3xaioTi>. •. 1 60/12 , . . . CO MHOX> SBe CKaT6£TH. . . 1 0/2i| H as over ...H as* hkw*.. .21/11 ...H a s o MEOIO• • • 151 /8 n o s by . . . n o s ceio rpaMOTKOjo

IXpOMOSC between . . .npoM ex h u h . ..3 9 /2 7

n ep es b efo re .. ,nepe£ <5roM*.. .3/20 ., .nepes Totfoio,.. 1if8/l 1 oa fo r • ..noxosHTb aa mobm s^iom .., 81/16 Prepositional

B in . . . b h h h x ro p o s tx . . .216/7 . ,,B* SPBHHEIKe. . . 109/10 na in; at; £or ...H a saBosax... 192/IO ... 3a cxygSe,.. A/1

... hosom ( 3 wo na TBoeK xasoBaHte.• .86/6 112 o,o61 0 6 0 about . . ,o Ha£... 1 5 9 / 7 ,.,o£ o^aaqe...22/15

, ..o<5o lfijfe... 1 1 7 / 1 6 no about; upon ...iCHoro no ckx ycjnaniMiiiB,159/13

»..no Hanncanni... 2 2 6 / 8 •1 . • • npa upon; In the presence of

...npn tok A-raxe... 1 6 4 /1 5 ...npn usmocTn.. .40 A . ..npu Te(S^ npetfiiBa»T..• 1/11 III. The syntax of numerals. The numeral ’one 1 may be used as a pronoun:

, ..xasco n • . 4 1 / 2 0

• . , b ogjqsnx (sic) AHCJiex. • • 183/32

Number ’one' re q u ire s th e nom inative s in g u la r: • . . OflHH CTOJlfifc. . . 6 5 /1 0

...Oflna flina.,.3/19

The numerals ’two1, ’three', and 'four' take the genitive sin­ gular. The adjective is in the genitive plural if the noun is mas­ culine; if it is feminine, the adjective is in the nominative p lu r a l: , Ilfl9e a e s r a . . . 1 7 7 / 2 0

1In a»a oceTpHKa ue£Hbie 19/10 the adjective should have been in the genitive. It is probably due to analogy with the imme­ diately preceding feminine form: ABe fie.iyuiKH a&KOKHue 1 9 / 1 0 . . ..xpa ^eisepTH,..193/9 ...vextipe veA0BeKa...P2/l;

. . . flBa noAOxenua auvhzzx. .. 10/1 6

. ..A s e (SejrymxH 3aK 0H H K e.. . 19/10

All other numbers take the genitive plural: ♦ • ,nfl£ pY(SjI6BT>. . • 1+3/17 .. .mecTt rpiiseHOK,. .2 0 8 /8 .secail vechxen... 167/li| .. .xpHHaxuax HeAOA... 99/27

... couHayaT. aocokb... 6 9 / 3

. ..copoKi> Jioiaafl’fen.•• 1 3 8 / 1 7 ...Aea^Hocxa vexBepxei!. ..1 Q£/10

Approximation is expressed by inversion and with or without the preposition fs': . . . vabkt> a© cax. • • 23/16

•. .seBCXH a ABfe. • • 221|/1 8 • .•AHITb C IO ...95/13 A©CH£. . .206/12

IV. The Syntax o£ Conjunctional Sentences, 1. Primary conjunctions ( H, rb., a , h a h ) .

. . . a hh £ th h o JfaoHc^ <3ra a cwegxHaro vaclf...3/6

...A o x h u ik h x s o h AHApwnaca rr Qqrka hoaou tfsjoxa.• • 9 / 2 ...nimiH npo CBoe jAopoBe a weHa xe(5*fe iio k a o h b . 1f>/3 •. .H3BOA nowiax CA yry caoero hah kobo h3B0ahiii.. .2 2 /1 9 114 The conjunction 'a* also Indicates contrast:

...AtfuHOK npHK&j&Ji aegsaT, a griK-b cKa^ajr hxo oh o£ alftfHOBo npHKaay He wnaxaji.. .53/9

. . . a ji1»£ He BoaceH noxoxty hto kjihhh Be xoa«TX»...95/3

The primary conjunctions (except for ill) were frequently re­ peated. Apparently this was done for emphasis:^

. ..nptfliuH k o ictffe xpn p^tfanmn aa CKaxegxB aa ana noxoxeHita xhhhsoc aa as a zioaoTOHaa p^ hhhx , , .1 0 /1 6

. • ,r£api> h aotfpoaen... oapascTByn. • • i npetSiisaH bo bchkhx paaocxax h c xeun kto Te(3“fe . ..aotfpa xeaaei^ u aaopoBH TBoero ocxeperaex. 18/2 - . . . a a rcapb... noitupaio a roaoay a itaKi* aenpz 3(5npajtl ! xe KHrn noxepfwm i OTiwceK He aoBaan... 61/20

The combination of two conjunctions was apparently for strong­ er emphases, comparable, perhaps, to the English 'and in addition t o ' :

. ,.aa h emo rcapb 6 bn n ea o M ... 19/o • ••a a 11 eme npomtf... 131/16

*The same was true of prepositions: .. .noscajsyit oCopoHH Mena., ox agJiHH ox aeTea 6ori£c)eHX 0£ IfeaHa.. .aa ot_ AHHCBua... o? npoxopaT. .aa err c«a obo, .729/8-10 ”

...a aopora c cxany c peKH o£ Mo ckbb aa xpHxijaxt aa HH£ Beooxi.. • 165/9 "" 2. Secondary conjunctions* Some of the secondary conjunctions are of pronominal or ad­ verbial origin HTO t KELK , JIU601 KEO t XOTftp BXBf HKO ,

CygTO, 0yge.

, ..gM xy roaopn£ hto oh b H£<5y hq eo^iw .. .1*8/58

. ..cxaxH HuK&0opy hto X ueuft 3ge£ 6paT o b o ...10/31

...A pa£ npOTHB gOrOBOpy KEX1* HOrOBOpHJlH£ npn 0Tqe.6l|/37

•. .y tetfa nponry jxntfo cM eg? 2> nocTBJteT,. ,1+6/10

. . . n c H;nx ixKpaaa xoxtjjn* hko ggH mimocth rc^ p a...

po^cTsemiHKH non c hem xotftfgn noMnpHTpa.. *79/lL,

• • • 5KQHKH HQ 0TjHae£ . . .XOTH H HH MOCKBO TOO

JKBHKy nociaB JB o. . . 110/21* ...a s c e ga£TT> <5i*a tb o h o h h .. .9&/12 , . .otfpagaBagca TBoewy nxcaHeHtjy hko ot cauar Xpaora noaaax... 101/5

. ..TOBOpKT CyTTE CeVbJHUB TBOH Kp6£TI»HHH 3

tfp a x e jx n acH B yr,, , 3 8 / 5

a <5yge t h k o ioffe pn<5si He npnmaeiir... 117/24

3. Compound conjunctions ( noxoixy h t o , ocjiii , xto <5h ,

ggH Toro Hio, gafoi, kek Tax, noKaitecxa).

• •• noToixy h to x y 3 H © n n BCfe p a < 5 o T a » £ ,. . 192/16

• ••a Jlt£ He B03K6H HOTOHy HTO XJIHHII H6 XOfiHTB. • . 95/3

. . . a ©win ita£TH aa£ hhm-b se noxa*em... 1 6 8 / 9

...H ex y ix©eh iuiohhobo gema xxx Toro hto Bogu

uegxH .. . 15 i;/9 116

• • . uscth npomy «a6H.. . b oafiBeHm se yaBKHJi.. .152/8

. ..flaT euy epoxy.. .noxauecxa oh cnpasimja..•17/15 ,. .xax xefifi r^npi fior* aa paayu Eacxassre Ta£ H

flejiaa... 65/51

»

The conjunction Etoby nay be followed by the nominative case plus the past tense of the verb, or by the dative plus the infini­ tiv e : .« . HOBOJi rc£pi> noc^ax . ..axo<5 oh hohx xpcxtHH nocxasz£ so PsoBe.nepe;;* xoc5o».. . 37/19 ...h th aamaii x. Cxenany nxoj5 oh 33K£ oxnucxy...180/12 . ..npuxaaai arnniicaxB axo<3 h ohh oa toktj wo hub

noxoaiwiH,.. 6/27 • . .H3BOJIHJIB TH XO Mlffc nHCatT HXO£ Ulffc SOCJiaXX* pHCSaXOB CBOJUC. . . 1 5 4 /5 . ..nncaJi th xo uho axo<5 uae Ja to<5ok> xojttiw.. .35/2 .. .npaxaxz oToonax. • .pocnxc^. .axo^ etty xa« xht,. . • 161*/11

V, R e la tiv e c la u se s, 17th-century Russian made use of both kotoryj and &to as con- ' junctives in relative clauses:

* . . . n o tbogh rpaxoxxe aTO th nucajiB... 18 Ij./9

... jqohu axo h 3bojix £ th npncjiaT... 123/9 ...XBOK) 36HJB0 aXO TH xlfntW. . • 12/5

* ...oxnwnxH xaxopH© xo rcspw nraueM...1^9/10 . . . C KpeCTBREHHOM T80HMB KOTOpOH MHO no &BJI 1 1 7 TB06 nacaHHO...192/18 ... 3^ aeKe:tHO» Ka3so» KOTopon ocraneTJia.. .P3/8

VI. The Syntax of the Verb. We have already discussed the formation of the compound future the conditional, and the past passive participle in the past and future (see chapter on verbs). Following are some additional re­ marks which were not covered in the chapter on verbs. 1. The verb 'to be': The present tense form est1 denotes existence: (there is/are): . . . y MSH/ft rOHRHO OCTL...8 4 /1 1 ..•pufieHKa eciB .. . 17 ^ / 11

The negative of est* is net (denial of existence). The past of net is the invariable neuter ne bylo; the future of net is ne budet. All three forms require the genitive: ...e h ea«HOsa .. 179/17

. . . hh esnHOBa He <5kjio . • . 179/15>

... t &kixx cofiax He <5yae£. .. 7 1 A

2. The form bylo is used to express intention:

. . . i i moba (Skjio sojo 3ap“feoa£ hoxom . • • 100/7

... oh Ha£ (Sejio Bctx noTonii£.. .75/21

• • .nocuiax <5hjio th mneHHijy.. .39/29

3. The verbs videt1 and sly^at1 are also found as vidat* and and slyxat1. respectively; the latter forms seem to require a ne­ gative particle: ...a caMB th rasps* BHfle£ kbk&bh .kjoah. .. I 8 3 / 2 I4 118 ..•HtreeBo ne ssm a£... 183/27 ...eBS* bha©£ oah&hah a fiojmai tobo eso He bkhsjs k HKvero or Hero He c-tKxaji.. • 1 98/ 9-1 0

.. .oh o£ ^ifiHoso npHKaey se cjihxhji. . .5 3 /1 0

. . .cjomrs ^ /4 h to fua T B o e , Haniicano.. .2 2 7 / 3

4. Tautological expressions Sometimes a noun and a verb of the same root were used to­ gether for emphasis. The combination most frequently used was delo/detal1: • • .n o K p n tsx noKpoBou,. . 13 3 /2 2

• * • CHCK&KO B C H CK y. . , l ; l / 6

• . .KOBT» kV »T. . . 7 2 5 /2 0

• • • CTaHewi> flejia . .27/6

...to ne^ia s t 3fleji0£i.. .I4 2 /5

5. Impersonal construction. The verb is in the past tense neuter form: . . . 0 £ Btxplf Jie,C KJIOHHJia. . . 1 2 1 /1 9

. ..dypeio Kpcrtb cJiow H ^a,121/19

VII. Word order. 1, Inversion of subject, verb, object, was possible without altering the meaning;-

, . . mjicth ? t ©(5h np o m y . . .3 0 /2 1

,..y T e d s miwiocth npoaiy.. . 39/I4. * * , . .npomy TBoen iw cti . . . 2 / 6 119 2. Short adjectives follow the word they modify;

. <5ojieH & /$ , a xhb* 11/10, nyx xopoar 39/11f

CtjiymKB uejiKB 19/8» «arM roxoBH 2 6 / 9 .

The majority of long adjectives found precede the word they • modify. It is interesting to note that the adjectives bo&H. and bojaraklj always follow: . • .EO.iera (5sCHe» 93/6, ch %

(SOROCKOH 3 6 /2 2 , ao BO£H 6 OXBK Itf / $ , CJIOBO tf*H6 1 0 6 /1 0 , fleTH (SofiocKne 2 9 /14* CH0 ( s i c ) fioHDCKOMy 36/19* 3. Possessive pronouns may precede or follow the word they modify: , #,B SpBHIflUKH CB06H, • .1|/19* ° CBOeMB npe-

CasaHe $ / $ , c vjibko m xbohk 7 2 /8 , tb o h /jbojd 99/9* 4. Negation. The negative particle immediately precedes the word to which it refers. A series of negations was possible in 17th-century Russian: ,.. hkoh He nucax 71/6, He SHaen

HHHOTO 7 1/ 1 6 , H HH O VOU KO MHO...HH ej^HHai! CtpOWH

He oxnHirwijc 1 0 1 /2 8 , HHKOMy He cKasaHo 1 2 1 /2 1 , h h hh

OX KOBO HHHerO He BHflaJI 183 / 2 6 .

VIII. Particles a) Emphatic. The p a rtic le ze emphasizes the word preceding i t : ... k He«y nacajiH at hxo C^ oh noacaxoBaji.. .47/14

. ..o tou x e . . . 6 / 2 2

The particle ved1 is used parenthetically: . . . dJMSHH* CHi KpCTBHHH B6T H6 TB O H ...3 9 /1 7 120 b) Interrogative The particle 11 questions the immediately preceding word: .. •£ nomrao b Po3p«£ npOBe^aTt <5sri> jiv s. eittf n a

c%Jifei>6£...12/7

The particle rarve precedes:

. ..paoB© Ibbe*...Aaapfeio uhcmo a a c n ,., 8 9 / 6 c) Conditional The particle bjr Is used to fora the conditional. For examples see the section on verbs. d) Negative Negation is discussed in part VII of syntax. e) Parenthetical particles. Reporting direct speech (de from deskat1) :

...as aa ao OTua obo.. . 3 6 / 1 3

In d ic a tiv e (se ; in M.R. v o t ) : ...a ce cKaoajm... 13l;/l8

Exclamatory (ej); . ,.e to6o» He BH«y£ oh He MOseTiia.. .2 5 /1

« Conditional . . . H e nssuS hbo^ th ncnpaBHcca (sic) ...1 5 7 /1 1 DIALECTS

Not all of the letters display discrete dialectal features. The reason for this is that some letters are too short and the tra­ ditional formulae often occupy the largest part of the letter* In other cases the scribes were more learned or careful and, as a re­ sult, the spelling Is etymological. Ve were able, however, to extract the various dialectal features which divide Russian into the two main dialect groups: Northern and Southern Russian. Moscow, or Central Russian, is a transitional dialect with an amalgam of both Northern and Southern Russian features. Following Is a list of features peculiar to Northern and Southern Russian, respectively.

Northern Russian 1. [g] Is replaced by [v] in the masculine/neuter genitive singular of the adjectives and non-personal pronouns (Avanesov 1949, 217;

Tolkacev 1960, 245): ©b o 5 /1 2 , t b b o 1 9 /1 3 , MfimOBa 21/S* 2. Stressed *2 is replaced by [1] (Samllov 1964, 20): cwaTpnTb l;3/8, cMOTpHJi 5/19* 3. The nominative used as direct object (Ivanov 1964, 429):

r p a M O T a b5r£ 57/9» notSa cJioMar 81/22 4. The dative used as genitive (Avanesov 1949, 214): 1 r j i * 3 (Sop* ReHrau 82/15.

^Also in the same letter with the genitive: RJIH sffrJpY AOHeri 82/14.

121 122 5. The to- of the second person pronoun (Kuznecov 1953, 128): t o <5* 8 6/1, xotft 136/20. 6. The genitive singular of the First Declension ending in -e (Kuznecov 1951, 63): octM h GfoeT Jioa pu6fe 1 £ i* /l 1 . Southern Russian 1 . Akanje .(Avanesov 1949, 224): Kauy 19/13.name* P2/12.

2. k^x and g^j(> x (Kuznecov 1951, 52): HJDCTO 6 /l8 ,

flewex 136/4. 3. The genitive/accusative singular of the personal pronouns end in -e (Avanesov 1949, 225): Te

The features most frequently encountered are the replacement of [g] by [v] (Northern) and akanje (Southern). The distribution of these two features is as follows: Of the 238 letters and peti­ tions 40 have etymological spelling. Of the remaining 198, 68Z share both features. On a separate count the Bezobrazov letters showed that 80Z of the letters shared both features. In addition to the Northern and Southern features, the let­ ters contain some Central or Moscow dialect features: &n^sn, c t > s t , ik a n je ; ( Bei£HOn 3 3 / 7 , E?° 2 2 1 /7 * » flpBHKOKH

cBoen i+/l 9 ) • Some letters share both Northern and Southern features: cuaTpHTb 43/8 both akanje (S) and *e>i (N). XTO $7/7 (Southern) rpaMOTa £ 7 / 9 (Northern) ceOe 132/11 (Southern) Me»a 132/12 (Northern)

From the correspondence studied here, the overall impression is that the two main dialect groups. Northern and Southern, were in the process of consolidating and thus creating a new dialect comprised of both Northern and Southern features.

^Before voiceless obstruent and word-final position. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

the orthography in the letters and petitions examined was Incon­ sistent and largely dependent upon the whim of the Individual scribe. But it is precisely this inconsistence which aids us in the study of the phonology of 17th-century Russian. Bad all the scribes been highly literate and insisted on etymological spelling, our conten­ tion could have been that, phonologically at least, Russian of the 1600's was far removed from Modern Russian. The opposite, however, was true: the phonology of 17th-century Russian, barring a few dia­ lectal features, was not different from Modern Central or Moscow R ussian. In the sphere of noun morphology 17th-century Russian was s till groping for a generalized system and leveling of cases. The inter­ action and mutual Influences of the various protoslavic declensional types were still evident in the 1600's. The old *a class nouns were definitely asserting themselves in the plural; the *o class nouns were being accommodated to the *a class dative, instrumental, and prepositional plural. Nevertheless, the *o class endings were still clinging to survival as seen in the instrumental and prepositional plural of the Second Declension: -i and -ex, respectively. The influence of *u class nouns is evident in the genitive and prepositional singular of the Second Declension nouns: -u. Further­ more, the genitive plural ending of the same declension shows that the old *u class ending was definitely ahead of the *o class ending, with the latter being relegated to a secondary position. The old *i class nouns were also influential. Not only did they supply the genitive plural ending to the old *jo class nouns, but also pulled the old consonant-stea nouns to their side. 123 124 With the exception of the Second Declension endings of the prep­ ositional plural (-ex) and instrumental plural (-1) and also the plethora of nouns with the -u ending in the genitive singular* the noun morphology of 17th-century Russian* as shown in these letters* was similar to that of Modern Russian* The long adjectives of 17th-century Russian follow the same.de­ clensional pattern as those of Modern Russian. The short form adjectives were represented in the nominative singular/plural. Possessive adjectives* on the other hand* were de­ c lin a b le . With the exception of such infinitive constructions as i t i t '. vest1 instead of iti. vestl. which are still in existence but con­ sidered dialectal* there are no morphological differences in the verbal systems of Modern and 17th-century Russian. There are* how­ ever* some syntactical differences such as bude/budet which* in ad­ dition to the particle by* were used in the 17th century as auxllia-'. rles for the formation of the conditional. The verb stat* was used as the future auxiliary* There is ample evidence, however* that the budu auxiliary was coming into its own. The aspectual system of 17th-century Russian was also the same as that of Modern Russian with the exception of the frequentative forms which were probably 'fillin g ' the vacuum formed by the dis­ continuance of the imperfect and the past compound tenses. The pronouns of 17th-century Russian are akin to those of Modern Russian. The on pronoun was no longer a demonstrative but was rele­ gated to function as a personal pronoun. The demonstrative sej was 8till widely used. There is evidence* however* that etot was begin­ ning to surface. The pronoun ifto could also be used as a relative pronoun much as it Is used in modern colloquial Russian. Notwithstanding the use of the traditional fonxulae and the predilection for a labyrinthine* and pleonasm-laden style, the syntax 125 of 17th-century Russian was sim ilar to that of modern spoken Russian* Word order exhibits considerable freedom. Active participles were not used. Instead conjunctions and relative pronouns were employed for co-ordination and subordination. The letters and petitions examined make no literary pretentions. On the other hand, they do- show that 17th-century Russian was highly akin to modern spoken Russian. Furthermore, the fact that the scribes wrote the way they spoke seems to contradict Ludolf's statement that In 17th-century Russia * ...loquendum esst Russice &. scribendum esst Slavonics.1 APPENDIX Abbreviations

u m w k ) *a % — a s m s jLAcpDut — inisoctpjtna MAtpibU, MApbuu — URAOCOPSU& 6 n — Cor jucpemMitinir — MitAoccpjicTaoaiTfc 6t0M0*tit% — CnrouoAcn Aucmaou, juemumu — MUAOCTHDUft edtim — CoropoAiuta Jurma — wit.iorrk fx»Hi tfxwu — Gomft MMtcMAtn mutt — MnorounAOctaaufl AariM — (ijunto jurtmp* — itouoerupb fan — Cairo Autf* — ueejiq Cttontpiiou — fiAaroMpmil *— (Utaraaoattn m8aa — BeaeiA CAiufioHou — GairoainnuQ h*m ac p bur — NtvnnoeepAna 04*od«MMh — GnaruAaTMb n n i — s u n - Cttpdamtiou — fiA&roAaraufi M ntum u— Muntmasfl fatcdemtA* — fiAaroACTCAb Mtu» — s a m faH XM inM t — 6.iarowrAarrAb iAtonuAipttHut — CflnronoAyvcnno omy» — ores Aarono^ptiNO, btaneAyntto — GAirooosyASO ■ CAtonMirtHou — G.iaroiinjiynuvQ npibMou — npanennufi ^4(o»rrr;iur — GaarocAOiHmna npefm ux — npocHKTMt &ctowrcmu«0u — CAaroiccnuiufi n/>wma* — op*HQC7ia ppSj— pyGav *aS m — BAastnta m9«nou — sa iA m n tli eamruutiu — caRTcfinmfl «f3ui«K0 —BceAyoiosno ctmou — casTOfi cm* — CUE tidpn — rocyaapoi . cMtttuwica, enuuiKO — a i a n x i - tedpHK — rocyAapMM C«*ou — Cnicouifi •ctfpemu — rocyAapciati tedph — rocyatpfc mom«r« — T vnte te Ok — rocnoAb TpifKox, TpetiKox — Tpoaptis «3«» — rocoojoiK yStau — y 6 o m t yxAcpSuca — yunAOcepgRcs 8t — Aenra — yuuAOcruAacb dutu — Atubrs ytuemrtuk 0*fc — ACtt bpttnc*ou — Aepearaatoft X p cm c\t Xc% — XpacTOC dpfliuiuw — AfpCBBIIIBKA bpttm — s e p t a n tlptm — m p e it brotn ou — syxoanuii ifpiHx — oapoana 0wa — Ay mi ijpir» — nepKoaa dur«Nou — AynioaBufl • ifpKQtHou — aepxoiKufi VPfc — uapa *Mfu — wnnro tfpacnu — RipcxnH Kfttb — xunsb Kpem% — Kpccr u m — acaobck sprm w im — spCCTBRK HAtKOAKglU — ACAOMKOAIoGn ipdnuNii» — KpccTbasna «U*WM*« — A M o an u o u jcprmMNUiKM — K peem iutm xa At% — A1C

126 127

3*

r . Ann^ifOB a . n . EG30BpA30&y | a. 2 | TeApio woewy AMflptio Ifabnmo rpnutita Ammitoe wxom Gbem ^aii ) G n TeGt rcppw woewV MBorojienoe eflopoee ne t’6oA*|cn rcppb cTpanx- naro cb'pa u csiopTnaro nacb' t t o salpo m bow nenpaoedno b’mimu tt6u* csoeno nucwa n i tuinroenoa cooe cjio b o mo Gu.no TcGt ne noeulnarb omtta- auuam flo woeu otcpm u nenem Gu.no wean t b o neon. cnVmam & n n t im Be b'GoHCA 6ra it cwcplTnoro nacV nowccTbe woe omBaaaut u xpctbrbom I won.v ne senex weti« cni'tnant n nroe&o paaam ne *e.nc.n* ) it 3ae?aBtt.n* m sbk sa coG a n.nanam* neped cnacoBuirb | oGpaaow* it neped npenneroio aacrb'n* mmu xtocu Gduu 1 a.nn rcppt GtaeuepbTeirb ununmca xi cTpamnnro | rpoJ* saro cb’fla ne Gotifflncn to b o x b k om tc G a eatu | mo ru ne b'w.ncpfliwca Bad uoum CTapocTbio n nad »o1nu1v cnpomcTDowb ne om Gtpu n TcGt a b a noMecTbe | b ne ao>*wcr* TeGi nuneM* l.natt.Tb om TeGn ncn|itoBO floGpa m crapocTit woou b o k o x j u no citeplra noitnnna ce5i n coantTbiatme woeu s aonepu1 wolou a Tooeu m e a t a t u rcapb u it' nuina wcnn JomHn.t i coacein. a no cucpra om toG h nowiwna a nann. I nafleionnc na tc G * no TBoewy.npnttajy bd b neirb | ne cib'maton. n pomcc.ni ace woe no coot won cnejau oroao- fliu wenn n b wo pin c .ntoamnnaiiu a ro.no IaV anti TcGt npnwoDo caoeao wano sa mo Guno I TeGt won ropnne cneau ho a i u wnt flonnaflcm9... ] n. 3 1 flo ewepra woeu ne nonnutaTV rcnpb b o rpod c nawn snsero | nee ocrairema onna pma pa cc.n* sa CTpatuno-u npaBed|nowb cb'de ncped Grow* CTaabm GicnpecTaBB cTanb’ 1 neped cnaconu.u oGpaaow n npnau&an. a no>iom> nafloelflV uoio aacTbnmmV . npncrbw GduV Gtcnpecraim snalnam na tc G a aa b t o t u u a won ropKiie cntau sa.tcA Be | bw.ncpaiucA nad wocto CTapoetbw n 6ta- BocTbio cranewb I na cb'dff crpatuHOun. cb'auiaa c to O o w wnoro rcflpa aa | toG oio woeoo pasono n pa peno a na/rao Guno om toGa I bchkobo flodpa a no ewepra nownnoBcnuA He aa BunV | rcflpb n TeGt boctVbimca bomccHk h b o r.c.::::o.v nancw* ! TeCt ? rr'nno fii"? nensaro "''jtiikk# ao««pti c»**u n | coHoiTe.intme a t u rcflpb n oflnsoso ne npncanniBAf | b xrarrpb u neped coGoio nanaxitflu ue omnesuBajt a | wnt nn om TeGA nownnKa Baum Be wnn rcnpb noro h t o m ob | ropnne cneau papow npouAVrv saiu t u rcflpb AOArb | aa ccG a n Be omnaaami Gunn n one wano cnb'mana n% | Becn> a o - nanu a BHt h u b new* b o cnVmatom. | a b to rcapb t u aoa nncuo Geflopy HapwanHowy a aenen no wnt | nncam n Toro rcnpb snnero Be Guna.to ace aaTemto | n itanucaHo noacno see flenann oho b a o omnaaV | no csoeu Bonn u aewnio mok> naxoxb' poifleniun no 1 ceGt u xntG-b wou n nomeAn s bob-, k o u jKuuorb won | norpaGnnn nan Bopoeann Bwecre c nopoaciajwu na|aa« neann V G ouca rcflpb cwepniaro nacV u CTpataHolso npasednaro rpoaaoro cbfla socnajt rcppb But | ’u b k i cuoeno,flocyoipem n Bcewb pnm n o h no wnt mi |men. s t o oeiaBneno 6u.no na ceuAna pant ii t o u | ne p»m He oeraB- jxeno nit neToeptttta s e e poaaeenn I no ceGt u ne c.nVmaiom nn e neub a ae ociaDii.m b HitilTnnnas BUKanooa x.itSa Bn neioepana u actuxio I jx V tb » » nro n a weHH nnxaflu bcio po3fle.nn.nu no | ceGt u ceHouoc a na wenn b o k h - nV.nu xbflVw po | it t o u pe ae xor/irb naxarb a roeopim. rcppb | one npcrbxiBA hto tu uub He oe.nc.1 c.nVnxaTb | wenn u na none it n a r& rnt npaflVrb a husk* I watourb b to neeb’n. poaao n oho Jiaiom a rpoann. | toG oio nawn. de t a b A npptu npiiKasoA sa cewb j rcppi. wnoro muiom 6b» | Ha jtt 2 o5.: Tcflpio woei6* Awflptio Il.nbinio

Bex. ct. , crG. 1100, a . 2—S 39 A. n . EE3OCPA30B HEVCTAUO B.1 Eli I tOMV .11IUV ifmpm . I n. .30a o6.'|l. . . tlOpaJcy CTentauosy]9. . . rom Kpcrbxmt9. . . sux unrax namica* unit no.ioKaoxt4 1 . . . a aa rnut sanncaH ate na* ...on* Klnjx*. . -ram miea-t k o ante lOpae rto nocuaj 1; tcICo | mneithno*7 n jfam reKBapa s* r Be 11 t u Toe | (nmeHiiluy* u aunt Aepata-t ccGr e Toro Rnena I* lujapia no KS dt? 1 i Toro Gyaem oaitKnamnam uescab nnm | sneu n n k rcGi k crpaAnnicy Gnnpany cny npelate ccro xmonvnr^u mictui KoropOBt Kneaa | k Teoi om lOpaca n om Maptm nncno Cyaem n n bum I tobo Racy e Ttu nucutuu aaponrao xo;,oua | npnenam bd mcuko* utt uanoro10 RacJf I aaHcui tu ko une aunt n mnemtuy no co I sputa lie npnc.Ta.t n 3aRG.1t pep- jkm a s ARUKBAmlAam abbra tfu x o vou/Mr> Gutk ce6o ] Cpa.t oauk | u une Ma(p]|t;y ecib 1 aa rto Htaltios&Tb | ok une cufy] latum u pa|GaTae,fl j 1 ecrt sa I rzo eBO i jufall.iOBaTlb] | numefmb] | tu ko ulue] I npo .loImalUeu r|to6) I Te6e17. . . | Bnm s naumlio) | na TcjtRe(ft) I n na IlodlRepnitl I n[e] ca(u) I nn tu un(e] I nomepcn I 3asex n nplolluopunm | ropunay I se.tn nojera- snm | npoTtw | tou ropmtlau APJ'Iryio a npojueac hmk | se.m11 I ocra|snm uecra | na conn | nnrn I caateat ] unn nxrn | unca.t1* t u | t u 1* ko une | rto noc.Ta.t | 6uno t u | mnennnly] I c CentynHOMl | M(aTBaeBuu).. . CaG. np., ctG. 949, a . 30a 06.—31 06 129

20

a . n . CE30BPA30B a h a p e io rABrmionim' SS etnm* 6pi• In. 20 | IIpnHTtvifc uott u Aofopaaeii Aanpeu ranbptmoBMb | sapae*- ctbV1 o Xpncre aa bckii n npeGuoan bo Bbcalxttx* paAocrjm ] Buno y TeGn aeno c Jlapnoaau AsnpeeBUM9 cuaou* TnrbueHeatuc* | n ok «6e oChBUHeK apa|m!f y Te6a nponrenii cbocbo npnnouum ao6b|pa- Aencroa mob* sa caGoto ae naancb aa vcm | jiocbo k* ccGc npaineab* yto6* une | BinpcAi* Cum TeGe paGommiKaub ne (Mm npV Iran i ttapucbTea* Ann weHfl yGoroea palConanKa c&oeBp ne nanncb aa sen* a kb* tu | Gun* aa MaciKiBe a n reGe npnarenjo cnoewV | roaopan* c6* aeu> sio6i TeGe aa n»i* | bsbtb npoxapn caon enpuA^ a to4 Ges* nuutitf4 Te|6e erana apo* tapen a Gonbtnu rama aa nc.it | ae imam pt3i>Aenancfl c mutt anpaBbaV | n. 20 o5. | xarcn* t u une notKanonam npoMueannm aapv& caCan* | rofth- «raxi atnKincna ab cVkV AoGipuxi na napi|Klf Gopbsux* caGan* cb’itf ab icaGenb AoOapux* I aoatanb'ti npouuch.ib ne nac*Kjfab a ae nacbKyae|n npumvxn* a TcGe* AaoipaAcw sa Tiuao npnsmcTBo' BijapeAb paGomnnirb7 Ha Auifetou cmopoHc .wcma tittay: Taicoey rpauomny bssm Jlapnon Tnxueneo* ceHTnGpa | n* KG Be . Ben. ci., ‘ cr6. 1100, a . 20—20 ofi. t 1 r« K a pu n . •* * Hanueano Had eaetaMu oh tcCo oOIiIHUch Dpa|(nf. * ?«»* nut nptinMoxumtAMoe. Hanueano Madcaoiomu n to tc|6«. 1 Hanueane Had CJOtaMU m t i Go. * H ajtt aaxtpKnymo K tc G c . 1 Set nucaxo nanueatio A, XT. £ u t - CpatoiuM . R a t t t tmop*LM n cap n oM . •

See page 129 for a photocopy of the original In Bezobrazov's handwriting. 1 * {srrflk *\' % '* Q f \ ** • " ”* a U

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b a ta ft/£K(L'H.

o « o 6 i.fT|'y ale HJUA tirff T uM f

o k cr f tfjz ? u ; n r e T< to y r h « ili M > h tfriW

P^(t-qx$ n i. 9Ac\,‘rts it^ipo ft, a ;

T^nrkHitoty&M B* W n»|«K (L ^ W w u r n m L

Vtj Ma k 9 Mf| fruifft i^m csr (a^ jy

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(<.^Qitxb(rt *|G^<£}/ ^ r,-. A-. - ‘* Put. 3, JluchJto SO (novcpK A. n . S ao flp u eu ). BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Avanesov, R .I.; Ozegov, S.I. eds. (1960) Russkoe literaturnoe pro- iznoS enie 1 u d a re n ie , Moscow.

Borkovskij, V .I.; Kuznecov, P.S. (1963) Istoriceskaja grasmatika russkogo ja z y k a . Moscow.

Bulaxovskij, L.A. (1958) IstorlSeskij komaentarij k russkonu lite - ratumomu jazyku. Kiev.

Cernyx, P. Ja. (1952) IstorlSeskaja grasmatika russkogo jazyka. Moscow.

(1953) Jazyk ulozenija 1649 goda, Moscow.

Demin, A.S. (1964) "Voprosy izu£enija russkix pis'movnikov XV- XVII w .", Aktual'nve zadaci izu&enlja russkoj literstury XI- XVII vekov. AM SSSR trudy otd. drevn. rus. lit. XX.

______(1964) *'0 lite ra tu rn o m znaS enii drev n eru ssk ix pis'm ovnikov", Russkaja literature. Mo. 4, pp. 165-170.

Gudzij, N.K. (1962) Xresttomatija po drevnej russkoj literature XI- XVII vekov, Moscow.

Ivanov, V.V. (1964) Istoriceskaja grammatika russkogo jazyka. Moscow.

Kotkov, S.I.; Pankratova, N.P. eds. (1964) Istoeniki po istorii russkogo narodno-razgovornoRQ jazyka XVII-nafcala XVII veka. Moscow.

Kotkov, S .I.; Tarabaaova, N.I. eds. (1965) Pamjatniki russkogo na- rodnorazgovornogo jazyka XVII s t o l e t i j a , Moscow.

Kotkov, S.I. (1972) "0 pamjatnikax narodno-razgovornogo jazyka", Voprosy jazykoznanija. No. 1, (jan-Feb) pp. 37-45. 131 132 Kuznecov, P.S. (1951) Russkaja dlalektologlja, Moscow.

(1953) I s to ric e s k a ja g ra n a a tlk a russkogo jaz y k a, Moscow.

Larin, B.A. (1961) "Razgovornyj jazyk rusi", NaCalnyj etat> formlro- vanlja russkogo naclonal'nogo jazyka. Leningrad, pp. 22-34*

Lunt, H.G. (1968) Old Church Slavonic Grammar, 5th edition, S'-Gravenhage.

Matthews, W.K. (1960) Russian H istorical Grammar, London.

Nikiforov, S.D. (1952) Glagol ego kategorli 1 formy v russkoj pisT- m ennosti v to ro j poloviny XVI veka. Moscow.

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