Thesis-2003-H417v.Pdf

THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SALLY BULL

HOLLOW TRACT OF THE OZARK

PLATEAU NATIONAL WILDLlFE

REFUGE. ADAIR COUNTY.

OKLAHOMA

CHARRISS RAJEAN HAYES

Bachelor ofScience

Truman State University

Kirksville, Missouri

2000

Submitted to the Faculty of lhc Graduate College of Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2003 Oklahoma State University Library

THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE SALLY BULL

HOLLOW TRACT OF THE OZARK

PLATEAU NATIONAL WILDLIFE

REFUGE, ADAIR COUNTY,

OKLAHOMA

Thesis Approved:

__~------,'jf; ~. Ji,1! Dean of the Graduate College

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank the U.S. Fish and WiLdlife Service for financial support ofthis project.

I thank many friends and family members especially Derek York, Adam Ryburn,

and Raelene Crandall for their help and support.

I also thank Dr. R.J. Tyrl, my committee chair, for all the help, guidance,

and assistance he provided.

111 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ' 1

Introduction 1

Characteristics ofthe Sally Bull Hollow Tract 3

Inventory of the Flora S

Results and Discussion 5

Literature Cited 28

APPENDICES

A. Monthly Precipation Data 31

B. Monthly Temperature Data 32

IV LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLES Page

1. Number of families, genera, and species in the Sally BuB Hollow Tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge 9

2. Vascular plant taxa of the Sally Bull Hollow Tract ofthe Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge 10

FIGURES Page

1. Location ofthe Sally Bull Hollow Tract. 30

v ABSTRACT

Two hundred nineteen vascular plant species in 145 genera and 62 families were encountered in a two-year floristic inventory ofthe 81 O-ha Sally Bull Hollow Tract of the

Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge in Adair County, Oklahoma. Two hundred

(9\.3%) of the species were native. The Asteraceae and Poaceae were the largest families, and constituted 27% ofthe tract's flora. The discovery ofCare.x gracilescells a species reported to occur in Oklahoma but not documented in state herbaria - confinns the occurrence ofthe taxon in the state.

INTRODUCTION

The Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge (OPNWR), formerly known as the

Oklahoma Bat Caves National Wildlife Refuge, consists of five tracts of land in Adair,

Delaware, and Cherokee County, Oklahoma (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2002). The

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) established the refuge in 1985 to protect several cave-dwelling species including Corynorhinus /ownsendii ingens (Ozark big eared bat), Myo/is grisescens (Gray bat), MYOlis sodalis (Indiana bal), Cambarus l1culahrum (Cave crayfiSh), Amblyopsis rosae (Ozark cavefish), and Notu11ls placidus

(Neosho madtom). Seventeen plant species classified as rare, for example, Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis (Ozark chinquapin) and Cacalia muehlenhergii (great lndian plantain), by to the Oklahoma Natural Heritage lnventory (1997) also occur in these three counties.

The FWS is using an ecosystem approach to preserve these endangered animal species and maintain the forest habitat found in the area. The entire biota of the refuge, not just the rare or imperiled species, is ofconcern. Therefore floristic data, as well as knowledge ofthe fauna, are necessary to preserve the natural ecosystem of the refuge.

The Sally BuH Hollow Tract (SBHT) is the largest of the five tracts that compose the refuge. It is an 81 O-ha site in eastern Adair County (Fig.1), and contains numerous cave entrances, which were gated in 200 I and 2002. The vegetation of the tract is predominately oak-hickory forest (Bruner, 1931; Duck and Fletcher, 1943, 1945). The overstory is dominated by Quercus sTellato (post oak), Q. veluzina (black oak), Q. marilandica (blackjack oak), and Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory). Common woody understory taxa include CornUS florida (flowering dogwood), Ulmus alala

(winged elm), and Cercis canadensis (eastern redbud). Common herbaceous understory taxa are Chasmanthium latifolium (indian woodoats), Podophyllum pelta/um (mayapple), and Vernonia baldwinii (Baldwin's ironweed).

Our knowledge of the hislorical use ofthe SBHT is sketchy (S. Hensely, personal communication). Owned at one time by a timber company, it was logged to an unknown extent. Areas 0 f the narrow bottomland along the creek were farmed at various times and small groups of grazing cattle periodically wander throughout the tracl. Pans ofthe tracl occasionally bum as the result a f wildfires, but there has been no prescri bed burning. In the 1950s, Charles Wallis conducted the only intensive floristic work on the county as a part ofhis doctoral study on the vascular plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks (Wallis, 1959).

Collecting 328 species in 70 families. he botanized mostly along roadsides and in selected areas.

Because of this lack of knowledge about the vascular flora ofthe refuge, a floristic survey of the SBHT was undertaken. Specific objectives were four: (1) to

2 compile a list ofthe species present; (2) to estimate the relative abundance of each species; (3) to provide, using GPS coordinates, the geographica11ocations of the species

Ii sted as "rare" by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory (1997); and (4) to prepare voucher specimens documenting the species present.

CHARACTERISTICS of the SALLY BULL HOLLOW TRACT

The 81 O-ha Sally Bull Hollow Tract (35.72l>N, 94.55°W) is situated in the Boston

Mountains geomorphic province at the southwest edge ofthe Ozark Plateau (Curtis and

Ham, 1972). A deeply dissected plateau, the province is characterized by Pennsylvanian sedimentary rock, primarily marine shales with sandstones and limestones (Branson and

Johoson, 1972). Topography of the tract comprises two meandering ridges oriented from

Northeast to Southwest, with a narrow valley (the hollow) between them. The tops ofthe ridges are approximately 200 m above the valley floor. along which a small, spring-fed, intennittent stream flows. The tract is infiltrated with a network of caves. Elevation ranges from approximately 300 rn to 500 m, and the variation in slope and aspect permit a diversity ofspecies to live and thrive in a small area.

The Soil Conservation Service (t965) characterized the tract as containing four soil series - Hector, Linker, Etowah, and Greendale - and three associations - Hector,

Hector-Linker, and Etowah-Greendale. All 0 f these soils are associated with hardwood forests. The Hector series daminates the tract. A lithosol, it consists of very shallow to shallow, gently sloping to steep, moderately coarse soils that arise from sandstone.

Drainage is good to excessive. In the tract, the Linker series is found only in conjunction with the Hector series. A red-yellow podzol, it consists ofmoderately deep, moderately

3 coarse soils derived from sandstone and found in gently to moderately sloping areas with good drainage. The Etowah and Greendale series are associated throughout the hollow.

These soils are associated with alluvial action and talus from cherty limestone. They occupy moderate to steep slopes, and contain large amounts ofgravel.

The climate of the SBHT is warm temperate - cool winters and hot humid summers. Rapid changes in temperatUIe are common due to weather systems influenced by southerly winds [rom the GulfofMexico and the influence of the Rocky Mountains

(Johnson and Duchon. 1995). Temperature varies considerably throughout the growing season. For example, it can dip below freezing at the beginning ofApril and be above

40°C in July and August (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 2002; Appendix A). In

Adair County. the growing season is about 203 days, with the last spring freeze about 8

April and the first fall freeze about 28 October (Johnson and Duchon. 1995). Mean annual precipitation for the area is 111 cm (Oklahoma Climatological survey. 2002).

March and April are typically the wettest months, whereas August and September are the driest (Appendix B). Like temperature, annual precipitation can vary considerably. The town of Sti Iwell, located 11.2 kID northwest of the SBHT received [30 em of precipitation in 2001, but only 107 em in 2002 (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 2002).

In thi s area the wettest year was 1973 wi th 201 .5 cm of precipitalion, and the driest year

1963 with 61. 9 em (National Climatic Data Center, 2003).

FLORA of the SALLY BULL HOLLOW TRACT

[nventory ofthe vascular flora ofthe SBHT was conducted during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Beginning in March of each year, the tract was traversed monthly on

4 foot by one or two individuals for a total of 14 trips. As species were encountered, their names were recorded and two voucher specimens, typically in fertile condition, collected.

Observations of their morphology and ecology were also recorded. Their relative abundance was estimated using the five~category system - abundant, frequent, occasional, infrequent, and rare - developed by Palmer et at. (1995 ). At the conclusion of fieldwork, all rankings were re-evaluated.

Identification ofplants not immediately recognized was via traditional taxonomic methods, i.e., use ofkeys, descriptions, and herbarium specimens (Radford et aI., 1974).

Taxa were identified to species; distinctions between subspecific taxa were not made.

Nomenclature of both scientific and common names, and designation as an introduced species follows the PLANTS database (USDA NRCS, 1999). For common names typically used in Oklahoma refer to Taylor and Taylor (1994). This flora follows the standards set forth by Palmer et al. (1995).

One set ofthe voucher specimens was deposited in the Oklahoma State University

Herbarium (OKLA) and the other given to the OPNWR's manager. Duplicate specimens of species of Carex were deposited in the Robert Bebb Herbarium at the University of

Oklahoma (OKL).

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Two hundred nineteen plant species were encountered in this inventory of the

SBHT. They were representat ive of4 classes, 62 fami lies, and 145 genera (Table 1 & 2).

The Asteraceae, represented by 25 genera and 35 species, and the Poaceae, represemed by 10 genera and 23 species were the two most abundant families. Other large families

5 were the Fabaceae and the Rosaceae. The largest genera present in the tract were

Dichanthelium (7 species) and Quercus (4 species). Two hundred (91.3%) of the species collected were native to North America.

Wallis (1959) collected 328 species in 70 families in 147,J73-ha Adair County in his work in the 19505. Species encountered in the tract but not collected by Wallis included: Carex gracilescens (Slender looseflower sedge), Cyperus echina/us (globe flat sedge), Seutellaria ovata (heartleaf skuHeap), Elymus hystrix (eastern bottlebrush grass),

Pallicum philadelphicum (Philadelphia panicgrass), El1emion hiterllatum (eastern false rue anemone), and Phryma leptostachya (American lopseed). As was expected, because of the small size ofthe SBHT and its relatively few habitats, many species collected by

Wallis were nor present during the sampling period.

I collected nineteen introduced species: Achillea millefolium, Barbarea vulgariS,

Belamcanda chinensis, Bromus japonicus, Commelina communis, Dianthus armeria,

Kummerowia slipulacea, Lonicera japonica, Poa annua, Polygonum convolvulus, Rosa multiflora. Spiraea pronifolia. Stellaria media, Taraxacum officina/e, Torilis arvensis,

Trifolium campeSlre, Trifolium repens, Verbascum bla/laria, and Melilo/us alba. These were encountered primarily along the few trails that wind through the Iract. Their introduction is likely due primarily to fruit and seed dispersal via human recreational activities. Although the SBHT is not currently open to the public, local residents often use its trails for horseback riding and four wheeling on all-terrain vehicles. Though several of these species, e.g. Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle). are ofconcern elsewhere because oftheir invasiveness, they currently do not appear to be a threat to the native vegetation of the tract.

6 The SBHT is dominated primarily by two types of forest, that found on the upland slopes and that found in the bottom of the hollow. The upland sites contain many cave entrances and limestone outcrops. There are also several locations where Ii.mestone boulders and bluffs occur. Openings in the canopy, which vary from less than 1 m to about 8 m in diameter, are present throughout out the upland forest. The larger open areas often have different herbaceous species in them in contrast to those areas under the canopy. Some ofthe species in the open include Cirsium altissimum (tall thistle) and

Eryngium yuccifolium (rattlesnake master). Several species were encountered only in the upland areas. These include, Ostrya virginiana (hophombeam), Rhus copallina

(winged sumac), Ulmus alaca (winged sumac), Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar) and Fragaria virginiana (Virginia strawberry).

Several features distinguish the hollow from the uplands. The intermittent stream dommates much of the hollow, but its banks vary. In some areas, the bank is broad, flat, and extends 10-15 m before the steep slopes of the ridges begin. In other areas, the bank is narrow and the slope begins immediately. In one spot, the stream abuts a limestone wall over 15 m high. Several species of ferns grow in the crevices ofthis wall, along with many mosses and liverworts. Several species were encountered only in the hollow bottom; these include Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), Asimina triloha (pawpaw),

Acer negundo (boxelder), Chasmanthium latifolium (Indian wDodoats), and Adiantum capillus-veneris (common maiden hair fern).

The ten plant species designated rare in Adair County by the Oklahoma Heritage

Inventory (2000) were not encountered in the SBHT. Pinus echinafa (shortleafpine) was also unexpectedly absent. Despite the presence of a Pinus echinata-Querws alba-Q.

7 velutina forest association in Adair County (Hoagland, 2000), and the presence ofP. echinata on ridge tops throughout the surrounding area., the taxon was not encountered in the SBHT. The discovery ofCarex gracilescens - a species reported to occur in

Oklahoma but not previously documented in state herbaria - confirms the occurrence of the taxon in the state. The 219 species in the SBHT constitute 8.6% ofthe 2,540 vascular species found in Oklahoma (Tyrl et aI., 2003). Almost 17% of the genera in the state are found in the Tract, as well as 35.8% ofthe families.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is gratefully acknowledged. A special thanks is extended to Steve Hensley, refuge manager.

Assistance with identification by Patricia Folley and Crystal Small is appreciated.

Assistance with Specimen curation by Brandon Perry is also acknowledged. Thanks are also due to William Henley and Michael Palmer for editorial comments and to Ronald

Tyrl for help and guidance in every aspect of this project.

8 Table 1. Number of families, genera., and species in the Sally Bull Hollow Tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge; distinctions between subspecific taxa were not made.

Species

Taxonomic group Families Genera Native Introduced Total

Pteridophyta 4 6 6 0 6 Conifero phyta 1 1 1 0 Magnoliophyta Liliopsida 7 8 37 4 41 Magnoliopsida 50 130 156 15 17l

Total 62 145 200 19 219

9 Table 2. Vascular plant taxa of the Sally Bull Hollow Tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge, Adair County, OK. Nomenclature follows the PLANTS Database (USDA, ~TRCS,1999). Taxa are arranged alphabetically by family, and species. Abundance is according to Palmer et at. (1995). U.S, Nativity indicates if a species is native to North America or is introduced. PLANTS Symbol is the identification code assigned to each species listed in PLANTS database.

Family Species U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol Common Name Abundance._-

Acanthaceae

Ruellia pedunculata TOrT.ex Gray stalked wild petunia Occasional Native RUPE4 Accraceae Acer negundo L. boxelder Occasional Native ACNEN Acer rubnim L. red maple Frequent Native ACRU ..... 0 Acer saccharum Marsh. sugar maple Frequent Native ACSA3 Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica All. fragrant sumac Frequent Native RHAR4 Rhus copa/lina Engl. winged sumac Frequent Native RHCOL2 Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac Frequent Native RHOL Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze eastern poison ivy Frequent Native TORA2 Annonaccae Asimina lriloba (L.) Dunaj pawpaw Occasional Native ASTR Family Species Common Name Abundance u.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Apiaceae Chaerophyllum cainturieri Hook. hairyfruit chervi I Infrequent Native CHTA Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. button eryngo infrequent Native ERYU Sanicllla odorala (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Native SAOD Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link spreading hedgeparsley Occasional Introduced TORA Aquifoliaceae flex decidua Walt. possumhaw Occasional Native ILDE Asclepiadaceae Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. fourleaf milkweed Occasional Native ASQU Asclepias variegata L. redring milkweed Occasional Native ASVA Asclepias verticillala L. whorled milkweed Occasional Native ASVE Mate/ea baldwyniana (Sweet) Woods. Baldwin's milkvine Infrequent Native MABA3 Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuro1l (L.) B.S.P. ebony spleenwort Rare Native ASPL Asteraceae Achillea millefo/ium L. common yarrow Frequent Both' ACMl2 1

Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Ageralina alcissima (L.) King & H.E.Robins white snakeroot Occasional Native AGALA Ambrosia psiloslachya DC. Cwnan ragweed Frequent Native AMPS Ambrosia trifida L. great ragweed Frequent Native AMTR Antennaria parlinit Fern. Parlin's pussy toes Infrequent Native ANPAP Astranthium integrifolium (Michx.) Nun. entireleaf western daisy Infrequent Native ASIN9 Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt soft goldenaster Occasional Native CHPL8

Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill tall th.istIe Infrequent Native CIAL2 ,..- tv Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Canadian horseweed Frequent Native COCA5 Coreopsis pubescens Ell. startickseed Native COPU2 Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Frequent Native ECPU Elephanlopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina elephantsfoot Frequent Native ELCA3 Erigeron slrigosus Muhl. ex Willd. prairie fleabane Frequent Native ERST3 Fleischmannio. inco.ma(Q (Walt.) King & RE. Robins. pink thoroughwort Occasional Native FLIN2 Grindelia papposa Nesom & Suh Spanish gold Occasional Native GRPA8 Grindelia sqlJ£lrrosa (Pursh) Dunal curlycup gumweed Occasional Native GRSQ Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock yel10wdicks Frequent Native REAM Helianthlls hirsutus Raf. hairy sunflower Frequent Native HEH12 Heliopsis helianthoides (1.) Sweet smooth oxeye Occasional Native HEHE5 Hieracium gronov;i L. queendevil Occasional Native HIGR3 Lactuca canadensis L. Canada lettuce Occasional Native LACA Parthenium integrifolium L. wild quinine Occasional Native PAIN3 Polymnia canadensis L. whiteflower }eafcup Infrequent Native POCAI 1 Pseudognapnalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt rabbittobacco Occasional Native PSOB3 -w Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Carolina desert chicory Infrequent Native PYCA2 Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Bamh. pinnate prairie coneflower Occasional Native RAPT Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed Susan Occasional Native RUHJ2 Rudbeckia laciniata L. cutleaf coneflower Occasional Native RULAJ Solidago hispida MuhL ex Willd. hairy goldenrod Occasional Native som Solidago radula Nutt. western rough goldenrod Frequent Native SORA Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. elmleaf goldenrod Occasional Native SOUL2 Symphyotrichum anomalum (Engelm.) Nesom manyray aster Infrequent Native SYAN2 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Symphyocrichum drummondit (Lindl.) Nesom Drummond's aster Occasional Native STDRD Taraxacum offlcinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers common dandelion Occasional Introduced TAOF Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney wingstem Infrequent Native VEAL Vemonia baldwinii Torr. Baldwin's ironweed Frequent Native VEBA Balsaminaceae impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Infrequent Native IMCA ~ -- Berberidaceae Podophyllum pelta/urn L. mayapple Frequent Native POPE Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana (p. Mill.) K. Koch hophombeam Occasional Native OSVI Brassicaceae

Barbarea vulgaris Ail. f. garden yellowrocket Occasional Introduced BAVU Cardamine concatenala (Michx.) Sw. cutIeaf loothwort Occasional Native CAC026 Lepidium virgin/cum L. Virginia pepperweed Frequent Native LEVI3 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Campanulaccae Campanulastrum americanum (L.) amall American bellflower Occasional Native CAAM18 Lobelia appendiculata A. DC. pale lobelia Infrequent Native LOAP Lobelia inj1ata L. Indian-tobacco Infrequent Native LOIN Lobelia siphilitica L. great blue lobelia Infrequent Native LOSI Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. clasping Venus' looking-glassInfreauent Native TRPE4 Caprifoliaceae Lonicerajaponica Thunb Japanese honeysuckle Infrequent Introduced LOlA Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

V1-- Moench. coralberry Occasional Native SYOR Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink Infrequent Introduced DIAR

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. widowsfrill Occasional Native SIST Silene virginica L. fire pink Infrequent Native SIVI4 Stellaria media (L.) ViiI. common chickweed Infrequent Introduced STME2 Celastraceae Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq. eastern wahoo Occasional Native EUAT3 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Clusiaceae Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz St. Anderew's cross Occasional Native HYHY Hypericum punctaturn Lam. spotted St. ]ohnswort Occasional Native HYPU Commelinaceae Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayflower Infrequent Introduced COC03 Tradescantia ozarlama E.S. Anderson & Woods. Ozark spiderwort Occasional Native TROZ Convolvulaceae ...... 0\ ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. man of the earth Infrequent Native IPPA Comaceae Comus drummond;; c.A. Mey. roughlcafdogwood Infrequent Native CORD Comus floridaL. flowering dogwood Occasional Native COFL2 Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L eastern redcedar Infrequent Native JUVI Cusculaceae Cuscuta penragana Engelm. fiveangled dot1er Infrequent Native CUPE3 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Cyperaceae Carex cephalophora Muht. ex Willd,oval-leafsedge Occasional Native CACE Carex gracilescens Steud. slender looseflower sedge Rare Native CAGR8 Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Wind. Muhlenberg's sedge Infrequent Native CAMU4 Cyperns echinatus (L.) Wood globe flatsedge Occasional Native CYEC2 Scirpus pendulus Muhl. rufous bulrush Infrequent Native SCPE4 Scleria oligantha Michx, littlehead nulrush Infrequent Native SCOL2 Dioscoreaceae ...... -.l Dioscorea vil/osa L. wild yam Infequent Native DIVJ4 Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris fllix-mas (L.) Schott male fern Infrequent Native DRFI2 Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Occasional Native POAC4 Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr, bluntlobe cliff fern Occasional Native WOOB2 Euphorbiaceae

Aca~lIphagracilens Gray slender threeseed mercury Occasional Native ACGR2 Croton monanthogynus Michx. prarie tea Occasional Native CRM06 Euphorbia corol/ora L flowering spurge Occasional Native EUCOW Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Fabaceae Cereis canadensis L. eastern redbud Occasional Native CECA4 Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene sleepingplant Frequent Native CHFA2 Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. showy ticktrefoil Frequent Native DECA7 Desmodium glutinosum (MuhL ex Willd.) Wood pointedleaf ticktrefoil Frequent Native DEGL5 Desmodium nudiflontm (L.) DC. nakedflower ticktrefoil Frequent Native DENU4 Desmodium pauciflorum .- 00 (Nutl.) DC. fewflowered ticktrefoil Frequent Native DEPA7 GLedirsia lriacanthos L. honeylocust Occasional Native GLTR Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino Korean clover Occasional Introduced KUST Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. creeping lesped.eza Infrequent Native LERE2

Lespedeza violacea (L.) PeTS.violet lespedeza Infrequent Native LEVI6 Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. slender Lespedeza Occasional Native LEVI? MeLilolus alba Medikus white sweetelover Occasional Introduced MEAL I 2 Mimosa quadrivulvis L. fourvalve mimosa Occasional Native MlQU2 Family Species Commoo Name Abuodaoce U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Orbexilum pedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. Sampson's snakeroot Infrequent Native ORPE Strophostyles umbeltata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt pink fuzzybcan Infrequent Native STUM2 Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. sidebeak pencilflower Occasional Native STBI2 Tephrosia virginiana (L.) PeTS. Virginia tephrosia Frequent Native TEVI Trifolium campestre Schreb. field clover Occasional Introduced TRCA5 Trifolium repens L. white clover Occasional Introduced TRRE3 Fagaceae \0 - Quercus alba L. white oak Abundant Native QUAL Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Abundant Native QUMA2 Quercus mar;landica Muenchh. blackjack oak Abundant Native QUMA3 Quercus rubra L northern red oak Abundant Native QURU Fumariaceae Corydalis micrantha Engelm. ex Gray smallflower fumewort Occasional Native COMI2 Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea arborescens L. wild hydrangea Occasional Native HYAR Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

lridaceae Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. blackberry lily Rare Introduced BECH Juglandaceae Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. mockernut hickory Abundant Native CAAL27 Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Abundant Native CAC015 Juglans nigra L. black walnut Frequent Native JUNl Juncaceae Juncus interior Wieg. inland rush Infrequent Native JUIN2 N 0 Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth bulbous woodrush Occasional Native LUBU Lamiaceae Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. downy pagoda-plant Frequent Native BLCI Cunila onganoides (L.) Britt. common ditany Frequent Native CUOR Isanthus brachiacus (L) B.S.P. fluxweed Infrequent Native ISBR3 Lamium purpureum L. purple dea.dnettle Occasional Introduced LAPU2 Monarda fistulosa L. wild bergamot Frequent Native MOFI Monarda russeliana 1\utt. ex Sims redpurple beebalm Frequent Native MORU Pronella vulgaris L. conunon selfheaJ Occasional Native PRVU Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLAN.TS Symbol

Pycnanthemum albescens Torr. & Gray whiteleafmountairunint Infrequent Native PYAL Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Occasional Native PYTE Scutellaria elliptica Muhl.ex Spreng. hairy skullcap Occasional Native SCEL Scutellaria ovala Hill heart leafskullcap Occasional Native SCOV Lauraceae Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume northern spice bush Frequent Native LIBE3 Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. sassafras Frequent Native SAAL5 Liliaceae tv Allium canadense L. meadow garlic Frequent Native ALCA3 Erythronium albidum NutL white fawnlily Frequent Native ERAL9 Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt. crowposlon Occasional Native NOBI2 Trillium viridescens Nutt. tapertip wakerobin Frequent Native TRVI5 Uvu.laria grandiflora Sm. largeflower bellwort Occasional Native UVGR Lythraceae Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. blue waxweed Infrequent Native CUVl Moraceae Moros rubra L. red mulberry Occasional Native MORU2 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Onagraceae Oenothera fruticosa L. narrowleafevening-primrose Infrequent Native OEFR Papaveraceae Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Frequent Native ASCA13 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Abundant Native PHAM4 Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. common plantain Occasional Native PLMA2 Platanaceae IV IV Platanus occidefltalis L. American sycamore Frequent Native PLOC Poaceae Andropogon virginicus L. broomsedge bJuestem Infrequent Native ANVl2 Arundinaria gigomea (Walt.) Muhl. giant cane Rare Native ARGI Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. Japanese brome Infrequent Introduced BRJA Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. hairy woodland brome Infrequent Native BRPU6 Chasmanlhirun latifolium (Michx.) Yates Indian woodoats Abundant Native CHLAS Danthonio spicma (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & I.A. Schultes Poverty oatgrass Occasional Native DASP2 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Diarrhena americana Beauv. American beakgrain Infrequent Native DIAM Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenberg obovate beakgrain Infrequent Native DI0B3 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw,) Gould & C.A. Clark tapered rosette grass Occasional Native DIAC2 Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark Bose's panicgrass Occasional Native DIB02 Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam,) Gould openilower rosette grass Infrequent Native Dll.A9 N w Dichanthelium ravenelii (Scribn. & Merr.) Gould Ravenel's rosette grass Occasional Native DIRA

Dichantheliunlsphaeroca~n

(Ell.) Gould roundseed panicgrass Occasional Native DISP2 E/ymus hystrix L. eastern bottlebrush grass Occasional Native ELYH Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wildrye Occasional Native ELVI3 Eragrosfis hirsuta (Mich-x.) Nees bigtop lovegrass Occasional Native ERRl Muhlenbergia sobolifera

(Muhl. ex. WiIld.)Trin. rocky muhly Infrequent Native MUS0 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Panicllm philadelphlcum Bernh. ex Trin. Philadelphia panic grass Occasional Native PAPH Poa annua L. annual bluegrass Rare Introduced POAN Poa compressQ L. Canada bluegras:> Infrequent Introduced POCO Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelen marsh bristlegrass Occasinal Native SEPAl 0 Sphenopholis ob(uSQtQ (Michx.) Scribn. prairie wedgescale Infrequent Native SPOB tv Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. purpletop tridcns Frequent Native TRFL2 .$>. Polemoniaceae Phlox divQricQIQ L. wild blue phlox Frequent Native PHHIS Polygonaceae Polygonum convolvulus L. black bindweed Occasional Introduced POC01O Polygonllm hydropiperoides Michx. swamp smartweed Occasional Native POHY2 Polygonllm pensylvanicum L. Pennsylvania Smartweed Occasional Native POPE2 Po(ygonum puncratum Ell. dotted smartweed Occasional Native POPUS

Po~ygonumscandens L. climbing false buckwheat Occasional Native POSe) Polygonum selaceum Baldw. bog smartweed Occasional Native POSE6 Family Species Common Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Portulacaceae Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Frequent Native CLVI3 Pteridaceae Adiantum pedatum L. northern maidenhair Occasional Native ADPE RanuncuIaceae Aquilegia canadensis L. red columbine Infrequent Native AQCA Clematis versicolor Small ex Rydb. pale leather flower Infrequent Native CLVE Enemion biternalum Raf. eastern false rue anemone Occasional Native ENBI Ra"ullculus micranthlls Nutt. rock bunecup Infrequent Native RAMU tv VI Rhamnaceae Ceanolhus americanus L. New Jersey tea Occasional Native CEAM Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray Carolina buckthorn Occasional Native FRCA13 Rosaceae Agrimonia pube.scens Wallr. soft agrimony Infrequent Native AGPU Fragaria virgi"iana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Occasional Native FRVl Geum canadensc Jacq. white avens Infrequent Native GECA7 Prunus mexicana S. Wats. Mexican plum Occasional Native PRM:E Rosa carolina L. Carntina rose Infrequent Native ROCA4 Rosa muhiflora Thunb. ex Murr. multiflora rose lnfrequent Introduced ROMU Family Species Common Name Abundaoce U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Rubus allegheniensis Porter Allegheny blackberry Occasional Native RUAL Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucco bridalwreath spirea Rare Introduced SPPR Rubiaceae Galium arkansanum Gray Arkansas bedstraw Infrequent Native GAAR4 Houstonia purpurea L. Venus' pride Infrequent Native HOPUP3 Houstonia pusilla Schoepf tiny bluet Occasional Native HOPU3 Scrophulariaceae Colli1/sia violacea Nutt. violet blue eyed Mary Occasional Native COVI2 Penslemon tubiflorus Nutt. white wand beardtongue Occasional Native PETU tv 0'1 Scrophularia marilandica L. carpenter's square Occasional Native SCMA2 Verbascum blattaria L. moth mullein Occasional Introduced VEBL

Smilacaceae Smilax bOlla-nox L. saw greenbriar Frequent Native 5MB02 Smilax herbacea L. smooth carrionnower Frequent Native SMHE Solanaceae Ph.ysalis pubescens L. husk tomato Infrequent Native PHPU7 Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horsenettle Occasional Native SOCA3 Solanum pt)'canthum Dunal West Indian nightshade Occasional Native SOPT3 Family Species CommoD Name Abundance U.S. Nativity PLANTS Symbol

Staphyleaceae Staphylea (rifolia L. American bladdernut Infrequent Native STIR Ulmaceae Celtis laevigala Willd. sugarberry Frequent Native CELA Ulmus alata Michx. winged elm Frequent Native ULAL Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. smallspike false nettle Infrequent Native BOCY Verbenaccae Glundlliaria canadensis (L.) NUll. rose mock vervain Occasional Native GLCA2 N --.l Ph,yma leptostachya L. American lopseed Occasional Native PHLES Violaceae Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Frequent Native VISa Vitaceae Parlhenoc;ssus quinque/olio (L.) Planch Virginia creeper Abundant Native PAQU2 Vilis vulpina L. frost grape Frequent Native VIVU

, PLAKTS database lists \.a)Conas both native and introduced. This refl~1Sdisagreement among taxonomists as to its origin. LITERATURE CITED

Branson, c.c. and K.S. Johnson. 1972. Generalized geologic map of Oklahoma. P.4. TN: Johnson, K.S., C.C. Branson, N.M. Curtis Jr., W.E. Ham, W.E. Harrison~ M.V. Marcher, and J.F. Roberts. 1972. Geology and Earth resources of Oklahoma. An Atlas ofMaps and Cross Sections. Oklahoma Geological Survey Education Publication Number 1. Norman, OK.

Curtis, N.M. Jr and W.E. Ham. 1972. Geomorphic provinces of Oklahoma. P.3. IN; Johnson, K.S., C.c. Branson, N.M. Curtis Jr., W.E. Ham, W.E. Harrison. M.V. Marcher, and J.F. Roberts. 1972. Geology and Earth resources of Oklahoma. An atlas ofMaps and Cross Sections. Oklahoma Geological Survey Education Publication Number I. Norman, OK.

Duck, L.G. and lB. Fletcher. 1943. A Game Type Map of Oklahoma. A survey ofthe Game and Fur-bearing Animals of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Oklahoma City.

Duck, L.G. and J.B. Fletcher. 1945. The game types ofOklahoma: introduction. rN: A Survey ofthe Game and Fur-bearing Animals of Oklahoma. State Bulletin No. J. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City.

Hoagland, B. 2000. The Vegetation ofOklahoma: A Classification for Landscape Mapping and Conservation Planning. The Southwestern ~aturalist. 45:385-420.

Johnson, H.L. and C.E. Duchon. 1995. Atlas of Oklahoma Climate. University of Oklahoma press, Norman, OK.

National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/servlets/DLY

Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 2002, Oklahoma Annual Climate Summary 2001. Oklahoma CI imatological Survey. hllQ./lei imatc.ocs.ou.edu/

Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 2002. Oklahoma Monthly Climate Summary 2002. Oklahoma Climatological Survey. http://climate.ocs.ou.edu/

Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. J997. Short working List of Rare Plants. Version of 22 January 1997. Distributed by Oklahoma Biological Survey, Nonnan, Oklahoma.

Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory. 2000. Rare Plant Species in Oklahoma by County. August 27, 2002 Version. Distributed by Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma.

Palmer, M.W., G. L. Wade, and P. Neat. J995. Standards for the writing of floras. Bioscience 45:339-345.

28 Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J.R. Massey, C. R. Bell. 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper & Row, New York.

Soil Conservation Service. 1965. Soil Survey Adair County, Oklahoma Series 1961, No. 31. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Servince in cooperation with Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Slation. Washington D.C.

Taylor, RJ. and c.E.S. Taylor. 1994. An annotated list of the ferns and fern allies, Gymnosperms and flowering plants of Oklahoma. Durant, OK.

Tyrl, RJ., S.c. Barber, P. Buck, J.R. Estes, P. Folley, L.K. Magrath, C. E.S. Taylor, and R.A. Thompson. 2003. Keys and Descriptions for the Vascular Plants of Oklahoma Flora of Oklahoma Incorporated, Noble, Oklahoma. u.s. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2002. Ozark Plateau National Wildhfe Refuge: Proposed refuge expansion environmental assessments, land protection plan, and conceptual management plan. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington D.C.

USDA, NRCS. 1999. The PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA.

Wallis, C.S. 1959. Vascular Plants ofthe Oklahoma Ozarks. Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.

------Sally

Bull

Hollow

Tract

Figure). The Sally Bull Hollow Tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge (35.72eJN, 94.55°W), 11.2 krn southeast ofStilwell, Adair County, OK.

30 Appendix A

Monthly precipitation and the deviation from mean precipitation amounts for each month in centimeters for 2001 and 2002; data are for Stilwell, OK approximately 11.2 k.mNorthwest of the Sally Bull Hollow tract 0 rthe Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge.

2001 2002

Tota) Precipitation Deviation from Total Precipitation Deviation from (em) Mean (em) (em) Mean (em) January 7.42 +2.13 7.0]* ** February I R.36 +11.61 3.58 -3.43 March 4.65 -6.22 19.23* ** ...., April 5.72 -5.72 13.67 +1.5 May 19.74 +5.33 11.33 -3.81 June 11.89 +1.17 11.18 -1.93 July 3.89 -3.86 2.11 -6.05 Augusl 13.49 +3.61 11.0· .* September 10.77 -1.22 3.53 -8.84 October 12.60 +2.24 8.03* .- November 10.54 0.94 1.70* .- December 10.95 2.92 14.78* •• TOTAL 130 12.93 107 ** * Data for Cookson rnesonet site (Oklahoma Climatological Survey) .. No data available Appendix R

Mean. maximum, and minimum monthly temperatures in degrees Celsius for 2001 and 2002; data are for Stilwell, OK approximately 11.2 kIn Northwest of the Sally Bull Hollow tract of the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge.

2001 2002

Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius)

January 0.78 13.9 -16.7 .-.= 23.3* -15* Fehruary 5.2 19.4 -11.1 4.11 16.7 -11.7 March 23.3* -4.4* 24.4'" -17.201< W ** ** N April 17.1 29.4* -1.74< 14.6 28.3 -0.6

May 18.8 32.2 5 17.8 30.6 3.3 June 22.5 31.6 5.6 22.8 31.7 11.1 July 27.6 37.8 16.1 25.6 35.5 15 August 26.7 38.9* 17.2* •• 36.7~ 16.1* September 20.6 32.2 3.9 22.8 34.4 6.7 October 14.1 26.7 -2.2 ** 32.2* ·0.6* November 11 23.3* -5· ** 25"- -8.9* December 5.7 20.6 -11. 7 .* 20.6· -11.7*

'" Data for Cookson mesonet site (Oklahoma Climatological Survey) ** No data available VITA

Charriss Rajean Hayes

Candidate for the degree of

Master of Science

Thesis: A STUDY OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE SALLY BULL HOLLOW TRACT OF THE OZARK PLATEAU NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, ADArR COUNTY, OKLAHOMA

Major Field: Botany

Bi0 graphical:

Personal Data: Born in Columbia, MO, on September 19.1978, the daughterofC. Gary and Jannis K. Hayes

Education: Graduated from Rock Bridge High School, Columbia, MO in June 1996; received Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Truman State University, Kirksville, MO in May 2000. Completed the requirements for Master of Science degree with a major in Botany at Oklahoma State University in May 2003.

Experience: Employed as all undergraduate laboratory technician, Plant Sciences Unit, University ofMissouri-Columbia 1996-2000; Employed as a graduate teaching assistant and research assistant, Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, 2000 [0 present.

Professional Memberships: Oklahoma State University Botanical Society (President 2002-2003, Vice President 2001-2002, SecretarylTreasurer 2000-200 I), American Fisheries Society