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Psychological Sense of Community Among Older Adults in Puerto Rico Two Years After Hurricane María

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Psychological Sense of Community Among Older Adults in Puerto Rico Two Years After Hurricane María Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2021 Psychological Sense of Community Among Older Adults in Puerto Rico Two Years After Hurricane María Thomas D. Buckley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Community Psychology Commons, Emergency and Disaster Management Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Gerontology Commons, Other Mental and Social Health Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Social Work Commons © Thomas D. Buckley Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6786 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Psychological Sense of Community Among Older Adults in Puerto Rico Two Years After Hurricane María A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Thomas D. Buckley1 BSW, George Mason University, 2013 MSW, Columbia University, 2015 Dissertation Chair: Denise Burnette, Ph.D.1 Dissertation Committee: Humberto Fabelo, Ph.D.1 Kyeongmo Kim, Ph.D.1 Tracey Gendron, Ph.D.2 1Virginia Commonwealth University School of Social Work 2Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Gerontology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA June 2021 2 © Thomas D. Buckley 2021 All Rights Reserved 3 Acknowledgements I want to thank the chair of my dissertation, Denise Burnette, Ph.D., for her guidance and support during the dissertation process and during my four years in the PhD program. I also want to thank Humberto Fabelo, Ph.D., Kyeongmo Kim, Ph.D., and Tracey Gendron, Ph.D. who served as committee members on my dissertation and provided valuable support and feedback throughout. I also want to acknowledge and thank research team members who were instrumental to study design and implementation of our data collection effort in Puerto Rico: Yamile M. Marti, Ph.D.; Ellen Lukens, Ph.D.; Mauricio Yabar, LCSW; Kiara Carrasquillo, MSW; Theresa Taylor, MSW; and Megan Taylor, MSW. Additionally, I thank PECES, Inc. for their support as a community partner. I am very thankful for the older adults who participated in this study and community leaders who assisted during data collection trips. I am extremely grateful to my family and friends who supported me along this journey. Specifically, I thank my brothers- Teddy, Matthew, and Will; my sister-in-law Maddie; Avin, Joann, and Charlotta. I could not have done this without you all! I also want to acknowledge my friends all over the country and local neighbors, who helped provide me a “sense of community” (both locally and virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic) while I worked on my dissertation. Last, I want to acknowledge family members who are deceased but remain big influences in my life, including my Aunt Nancy, my grandfathers, and my grandmother. I also need to recognize the role of my parents- Mary and Matt Buckley- who are also deceased. My mom was a social worker, and my father ran a non-profit for brain injury survivors. They were instrumental in instilling the values and work ethic that aided me in pursuing a career as a social worker, and in finishing this dissertation! 4 Funding I disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this dissertation: This work was supported by a grant from the Samuel S. Wurtzel endowment to Dr. Denise Burnette, Samuel S. Wurtzel Professor of Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University. Declaration of Conflicting Interests I declared that there is no conflict of interest. Author Note Thomas D. Buckley: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-7838 5 Table of Contents List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 10 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 11 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 15 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................... 17 Psychological Sense of Community ................................................................................... 17 Ecological Theory of Aging ................................................................................................ 19 Natural Disasters: Risk and Resilience Framework for Older Adults ................................ 20 Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 22 Data Source and Methodology................................................................................................ 23 Paper 1: Scoping Review of PSOC and Older Adults ........................................................ 23 Papers 2 and 3: Methods and Data Collection .................................................................... 24 References ............................................................................................................................... 30 Appendix 1-A.......................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2. A Scoping Review of Psychological Sense of Community among Community Dwelling Older Adults .............................................................................................................. 41 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 42 Background ............................................................................................................................. 43 Ecological Theory of Aging ................................................................................................ 43 Age-Friendly Cities Framework ......................................................................................... 45 Methods................................................................................................................................... 46 Identifying and Selecting Articles ...................................................................................... 46 Data Charting ...................................................................................................................... 48 6 Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting the Results ........................................................... 48 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Study Characteristics .......................................................................................................... 51 Research Question One ....................................................................................................... 56 Research Question Two ...................................................................................................... 56 Definitions of PSOC ....................................................................................................... 56 Use of PSOC in Analysis ................................................................................................ 57 Operationalization of PSOC ........................................................................................... 58 Research Question Three .................................................................................................... 59 Built Environment and Neighborhoods .......................................................................... 60 Social Participation and Connection ............................................................................... 61 Civic Participation .......................................................................................................... 63 PSOC as a Protective Factor ........................................................................................... 63 Health and Well-being .................................................................................................... 64 Relocation ....................................................................................................................... 65 Scale Development ......................................................................................................... 66 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 67 Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 73 References ............................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 3. Psychometric Testing of the Brief Sense of Community Scale with Older Adults in Puerto Rico ...........................................................................................................................
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