Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC 806-368-9811 www.rwfei.com
1500 Broadway, Suite 1117, Lubbock, TX 79401 Office: 806-368-9811, Fax: 806-368-9812 [email protected] www.ExpertEngineering.com
Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
April 14, 2016
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary ...... 2 2. Background ...... 3 3. Scope of Work ...... 6 4. Statement of Qualifications Related to Scope of Work Performed ...... 7 5. Documents Reviewed ...... 9 6. Test Setup and Procedure ...... 10 7. Results ...... 17 8. Conclusions and Opinions...... 31 9. Disclaimer ...... 33
1 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
1. Executive Summary
1.1 The purpose of this forensic engineering investigation was to determine the ability of Gastite’s ½-in. FlashShield CSST to meet the LC-1027 listing criteria after being subjected to real-world installation scenarios. Furthermore, the ability of Gastite’s ½-in. FlashShield CSST to meet the proposed City of Lubbock, TX modification to the LC-1027 listing criteria was also evaluated. 1.2 Brand new Gastitie ½-in. FlashShield CSST samples were aged by subjecting them to a number of real-world installation and use conditions by subjecting them to commonly known degrading environments including a) pull-test through stud holes, 2) bending of CSST to within manufacturer’s minimum bend radius specification, and 3) exposure to the required ASTM B117-11, 96-hour salt spray test. The CSST test specimens were subjected to each of the above conditions individually or in combination.
1.3 Following the above aging process, the Gastitie ½-in. FlashShield CSST samples were subjected to electrical tests simulating delivery of lightening energy to CSST samples. These samples were then visually examined in order to document the observed damage (if any) and whether the structural integrity of the samples were compromised.
1.4 Based on performance requirements outlined in LC-1027, it was found that Gastite’s FlashShield CSST does not meet the LC-1027 listing criteria after being subjected to real- world installation and use scenarios as described in 1.2.
1.5 Based on performance requirements outlined in the proposed City of Lubbock, TX modified LC-1027 listing criteria, it was found that Gastite’s FlashShield CSST does not meet the proposed performance threshold (85 coulombs for Current 3) after being subjected to real-world installation scenarios described in 1.2.
2 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
2. Background
2.1 According to a report by the NFPA1, there was an average of 27,070 fires per year between 2007 and 2011 caused by ignition of natural gas or liquid petroleum (LP) gas. Although structural fires can occur for a number of different reasons, a common cause of explosions and fires in structures is due to a leak or break in gas transport lines to the exterior and/or interior of affected structures. According to a report by the NFPA1, 21% of natural gas- induced home structure fires involved a leak or break, and 35% of LP gas-induced home structure fires involved a leak or break in the gas transport lines.
2.1.1 Traditionally, black iron pipe has been used as the gas delivery system within structures, however, in recent years, Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST) has grown in popularity.
2.1.2 CSST was created in the 1980’s by the Japanese in response to a demand for gas transport lines that are more flexible and therefore more capable of absorbing structural movement experienced during earthquake events2. Relative movement between two adjacent black iron pipes were determined to be the source of many structural fires initiated by ignition of released gas from failed black iron coupling junctions3.
2.1.3 Both black iron pipe and CSST have the potential for breaks and leaks. However, due to black iron pipes rigidity, a large number of coupling junctions are needed in order to install a gas delivery system in a structure using black iron pipe. Since couplings between connected pieces are natural stress multipliers due to their inherent design, the risk of failure due to leakage and/or breakage at the couplings increases as the number of coupling junctions within a structure also increases. Additionally, during installation of black iron pipe coupling junctions, Teflon tape or pipe joint compound is used to insure a leak-free connection at the coupling points. After years of use, the Teflon tape or compound can degrade, thereby increasing the likelihood of gas leakage at the connection points. In contrast to black pipe’s high stiffness which prevents it from
1 “Fires Starting with Flammable Gas or Flammable or Combustible Liquid”. National Fire Protection Association. 2014 2 "CSST Facts." CSSTFacts. OmegaFlex Corporation, Web.
3 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
being bent, CSST’s inherent flexibility allows installers of gas lines to bend it around corners and route it through holes within structure’s support studs without the need for multiple coupling junctions. This beneficial aspect of CSST use (requiring less connection couplings than black pipe) plays a positive role in reducing the incidents of structural fires caused by leaks or breaks at the connection couplings.
2.1.4 The rigid nature of black iron pipe also makes it susceptible to breakage or leakage of coupling junctions when the pipe is inadvertently knocked, moved as in the case of uneven foundation settlement, earthquake, or flooding which can move gas operated appliances from their original position. In a structure with black iron pipe, rigid movement of one piece of pipe with respect to the other can cause additional stresses at their coupling junction thereby increasing the risk of cracking or breaking at the coupling. Due to its inherent flexible design, CSST can absorb the energy of inadvertent knocking, yanking, or movement by natural forces, without transferring the applied forces to the coupling points, and can stretch up to two times it’s length without breakage.
2.1.5 From an ease-of-installation point of view, CSST drastically cuts installation time and cost. Black iron pipe has to be cut to size on-site and requires many special tools. CSST is also cut on-site, but all that is needed is a standard tubing cutter. CSST also has installation advantages over black iron pipe when it comes to remodeling projects. Once black iron pipe is installed, it is set and all later additions or changes must be performed around the black iron pipe gas delivery system. CSST’s flexible design allows the installers to move it around and easily route it through tight spaces within the walls or ceiling of a structure.
2.1.6 Based on its ability to reduce the risk of failure at the coupling junctions, as well as its ease of installation, CSST is currently the preferred method for transport of gas within structures.
2.1.7 Despite the above advantages, the thin-wall design and flexibility advantage of CSST (as compared to black iron pipe) becomes a disadvantage when the exerted energy on the
4 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
gas line comes from a sudden impulse of an electrical energy source such as electrical arcing within a structure due to lightning strikes. This is due to the fact that the electrical arcing energy delivered to CSST is more likely to fully penetrate its thin and flexible wall as opposed to the thicker and more rigid wall of a black iron pipe.
2.2 Gastite is one of the manufacturers of CSST with a line of CSST marketed as FlashShield CSST. While the existing design for construction of CSST offered by other manufacturers calls for an inner stainless steel layer covered by an semi-conductive or insulative polymer outer jacket, the construction design of FlashShield incorporates an additional aluminum mesh layer covered by an additional layer of exterior polymer jacket. In other words, the wall of FlashShield CSST is composed of 4 layers of material, namely, stainless steel/polymer/aluminum mesh/polymer, moving from the innermost to outermost layer respectively. Gastite claims that the addition of an aluminum mesh and another exterior layer of polymer provides the needed resistance to prevent damage to the inner steel layer when subjected to electrical arcing during a lightning strike event on the structure. Gastite further claims that FlashShield is the only corrosion tested and approved CSST on the market that meets the performance criteria set forth by both LC-1024 and LC-1027.
5 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
3. Scope of Work
3.1 RWFE was retained to perform an engineering investigation of the CSST Gastite FlashShield products within the following scope of work:
3.1.1 Review of provided documents and relevant standards as listed in section 5 of this report,
3.1.2 Lightning tests on “as-built” or as “as-delivered” Gastite FlashShield ½-in. pipe assemblies using the current fitting design (XR3) to act as the control specimen,
3.1.3 Lightning tests on Gastite FlashShield ½-in. pipe assemblies that have undergone a 96- hour environmental exposure conducted in accordance with ASTM B-117 (as required by ANSI LC-1) with or without subjecting them to one or more of the following “real- world” installation conditions; a bend in the tube and/or exposure to the ANSI LC 1 CSST wear test apparatus,
3.1.4 Rendering of an expert opinion, within a reasonable degree of scientific and engineering certainty, on the accuracy of the Gastite FlashShield performance claims under normal real-world wear and tear conditions.
6 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
4. Statement of Qualifications Related to Scope of Work Performed
Dr. J. Dickens
4.1 Dr. Dickens qualifications are set forth in his curriculum vitae, a copy of which is attached as Appendix (A) of this report. Dr. Dickens is a tenured Full Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, and a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas. He holds the C. B. Thornton Chair for Electronics in Electrical Engineering, and is the Co- Director of the Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics at Texas Tech University.
4.2 Dr. Dickens earned a Bachelor of Science (B.S.), a Master of Science (M.S.), and a Doctorate (Ph.D.) degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas Tech University in 1991, 1993, and 1995, respectively. He has more than 20 years of design and research experience in the areas of pulsed power, power electronics, power systems, high voltage engineering, dielectric breakdown, radio frequency (“RF”) and microwaves, and energetic materials.
4.3 Dr. Dickens has published more than 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and has made technical presentations at more than 150 conferences throughout the world. A list of his publications is included in his CV.
4.4 Dr. Dickens has extensive experience in the area of pulsed power including the effects of high power events such as lightning. He regularly conducts testing and experiments involving the effects of high power arcing on materials and equipment. He has analyzed the effects of lightning on large industrial installations. In addition, He has assisted in the deployment of mitigation solutions for lightning induced failures and safety issues in large industrial plants.
7 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Dr. J. Rasty
4.6 Dr. Rasty’s academic qualifications include bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees in Mechanical Engineering (LSU), as well as a master degree in business administration (Texas Tech). His areas of expertise within mechanical engineering that are pertinent to this case include the following, but are not limited to, damage mechanics, materials science, design, metallurgy, engineering safety, forensic engineering, manufacturing and root-cause failure analysis. He is a registered professional engineer (State of Texas), and has been involved in mechanical engineering and related work for the past 28 years in various capacities including industry, national R&D laboratories, national research foundations, and academia.
4.7 For the past 27+ years (since 1988), Dr. Rasty has maintained continuous employment as a tenured professor at the department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas Tech University where he has taught 25 different courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels including, but not limited to, the areas of materials science, corrosion, metallurgy, manufacturing, design, solid mechanics, root-cause failure analysis and forensic engineering. He is the original developer of a course entitled “Principles of Failure Analysis and Forensic Engineering”, which he has taught for the last 18 years at both graduate and undergraduate levels. The subject matters covered in this class include, but are not limited to, safety issues in design, damage mechanics. fractography, failure analysis techniques, forensic engineering techniques/methodology, warning systems, engineering ethics, legal responsibilities, and standards of care. Dr. Rasty is a full-professor and director of the Materials Performance and Failure Analysis Laboratory at the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas Tech University where he has served as the Principal and/or Co-Principal Investigator of more than $7.4 million in research grants sponsored by various industries, government agencies, national funding agencies, and national research laboratories.
4.8 Over the past 24+ years, Dr. Rasty has served as the founding president of Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (RWFE), which is a boutique-style consulting firm specializing in engineering consulting, forensic engineering, investigation of accidents, root-cause failure analysis, forensic animation, and intellectual property work. In this capacity, he has been involved in hundreds of engineering consulting and research projects in the above-mentioned
8 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
areas. Several of his previous cases, including his doctoral dissertations, have dealt with manufacturing techniques for tubular products as well as characterization of damage to tubular products subjected to short-duration / high magnitude energy. A copy of Dr. Rasty’s CV is included in Appendix (B) of this report.
5. Documents Reviewed
5.1 Provided Documents 5.1.1 Standards and Codes 5.1.1.1 ANSI LC 1-2014/CSA 6.6-2014 – Fuel Gas Piping Systems Using Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing 5.1.1.2 LC1024 – PMG Listing Criteria for Conductive Jacketed Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing 5.1.1.3 LC1027 – PMG Listing Criteria for Multi-Layer, Conductive, Jacketed Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing 5.1.1.4 Lubbock Model Code and Construction Advisory Board Committee Minutes (July 22, 2015) 5.1.2 Photographs 5.1.2.1 Salt Spray Unit Tester Photos (Saltbox-Saltbox5) 5.1.2.2
9 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
6. Test Setup and Procedure 6.1 LC-1027 Listing Criteria 6.1.1 The LC-1027 listing criteria “defines test methods and performance requirements applicable for evaluating simulated lightning resistance of a special exterior jacket system factory-applied over a CSST.” The LC-1027 specifies a particular simulated lightning waveform to be used in the testing. Figure 1 shows the LC-1027 listing criteria specified simulated lightning waveform. The specifics of each current component is shown in Table 1. 6.1.2 In addition to the simulated lightning specification, the LC-1027 also states that the CSST samples tested must be subjected to a minimum 96-hour corrosion test conducted in accordance with ASTM B 117. In addition, the specimen must be joined to a fitting in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
Figure 1 LC-1027 listing criteria simulated lightning waveform.
10 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Table 1. LC-1027 lightning waveform criteria. COMPONENT 1 (Return Stoke) Action Integral 0.055 x 106 A2s, minimum Peak Amplitude 30 kA, minimum Time Duration ≤ 500us COMPONENT 2 (Intermediate Current) Maximum Charge Transfer 10 coulombs (±10%) Average Amplitude 2 kA (±20%) Time Duration ≤ 5ms COMPONENT 3 (Continuing Current) Amplitude 200–800 A Charge Transfer 26 coulombs, minimum City of Lubbock, TX modified 85 coulombs, minimum
6.1.3 The LC-1027 also states that the CSST covered by the listing criteria also conforms to the ANSI LC 1 CSA 6.26 standard. The LC 1 standard is a comprehensive standard that includes “real-world” criteria such resistance to installation damage. Within this section of the LC 1 standard, a test apparatus is specified for simulating “drag-zone” installation. The test apparatus consists of three studs with offset holes (3”). Figure 2 shows the specified LC 1 test apparatus. The CSST section under test is routed though the three holes and pulled at a rate of 1-2 feet per second through the holes. Damage to the jacket shall not expose the CSST pipe core.
Figure 2. ANSI LC 1 CSST wear test apparatus.
11 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
6.2 Lubbock Texas Proposed Modification to LC-1027 6.2.1 The City of Lubbock, TX has proposed a modified standard based upon the LC-1027 listing criteria that increases the Component 3 charge transfer to a minimum of 85 coulombs. This results in a waveform that deposits a total of 95 coulombs minimum.
6.3 Sample Preparation 6.3.1 Thirty 3-foot test samples of Gastite’s ½ inch FlashShield CSST were prepared and subjected a 96-hour environmental test in accordance with the ASTM B 117. Prior to environmental exposure one end of each sample was terminated with a Gastite Flashshield CSST fitting. In addition, fifteen of the thirty samples were subjected to the ANSI LC 1 CSST wear test apparatus prior to environmental exposure. 6.3.2 The orientation of the fitting was a parameter that was varied in environmental exposure, with 10 samples exposed with the fitting up, 10 samples exposed with the fitting down and 10 samples with the fitting horizontal. 6.3.3 Ten additional 3-foot test samples of Gastite’s ½ inch FlashShield CSST were prepared with fittings and not subjected to environmental exposure. Five of these samples were subjected to the ANSI LC 1 CSST wear test apparatus.
6.4 Simulated Lightning Testing at LTI 6.4.1 The prepared samples were transferred to Lighting Technologies Inc. (LTI) in Pittsfield, MA for simulated lightning testing. LTI is a recognized lightning testing laboratory with equipment and diagnostics to accurately produce the LC-1027 waveform. LTI was provided the LC-1027 and the city of Lubbock, TX proposed 85 C component 3 modification. LTI selected appropriate pulse forming networks (PFN’s) and switching times to achieve the LC-1027 waveform. LTI conducted a calibration shot to verify the waveform. Figure 3 shows the measured waveforms of this calibration shot.
12 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Figure 3. LTI simulated lightning calibration waveforms of proposed City of Lubbock, TX modified LC-1027 listing criteria.
6.4.2 The LTI simulated lightning calibration waveform achieved a Component 1 peak current of 32 kA and an action integral of 0.057 x 106 A2s, Component 2 average current of 2.04 kA with 10.2 coulombs, and Component 3 average current of 342 A with 90.3 coulombs. This waveform was determined to meet the City of Lubbock, TX modified LC-1027 testing criteria. 6.4.3 After calibration, LTI then proceeded to individually test the prepared Gastite ½ inch FlashShield CSST samples. Figure 4 shows the two configurations that were utilized during this testing. Some of the samples were tested straight and another portion of the samples were tested with a bend applied approximately half way down. Both configurations represent real-world situations encountered in a typical residential installation.
13 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Figure 4. LTI CSST testing configurations.
6.4.4 Table 2 shows a summary of the LTI testing with tabulated current Component parameters, testing configuration, environmental exposure and observed damage. While a detailed assessment of the observed damage is detailed in Section 7, the table shows 10 of the prepared Gastite ½ inch FlashShield CSST samples failed. In addition, it can be seen that several tests only achieved approximately 38 coulombs of charge transfer in current Component 3. This is due to the complete fusing of the outer aluminum mesh near the fitting of these test samples. This fusing interrupted the relatively low current and low voltage used to produce the Component 3 waveform in these tests. Figure 5 shows a photo illustrating the fused aluminum mesh near the fitting that occurred during Test 2 on Sample 1.
14 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Figure 5. Photo showing fused aluminum mesh near fitting.
15 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Table 2. LTI testing summary.
Specimen Lighning Aged (Yes/No) Pulled Bent Waveform Component A Waveform Component B Waveform Component C Steel Layer Breached/Leaked # Test # Up/Down/Horiz. (Yes/No) (Yes/No) kA x10^6 A^2.s kA ms C A ms C Yes/No
1 2 Y/D Y Y 31 0.055 2 5 10 138 36 5 N 2 4 Y/D Y Y 32 0.058 2.02 5 10.1 333 264 88 N 3 21 Y/D Y Y 32 0.056 2 5 10.4 564 65.8 36.8 Y 4 11 Y/U Y Y 32 0.058 2 5 10 353 260 92 Y 5 12 Y/U Y Y 32 0.06 2.06 5 10.3 388 260 101 N 6 22 Y/U Y Y 32 0.057 2.06 5 10.3 534 70.4 37.6 Y 7 5 Y/H Y Y 32 0.057 2.08 5 10.4 372 258 96 Y 8 6 Y/H Y Y 32 0.059 2.04 5 10.2 361 260 94 Y 9 23 Y/H Y Y 32 0.057 2.12 5 10.6 588 63.2 37.2 Y 10 9 Y/D N N 32 0.056 2.04 5 10.2 356 264 94 N 11 10 Y/D N N 32 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 356 264 94 Y 12 24 Y/D N N 32 0.057 2.04 5 10.2 534 70.4 37.6 N 13 13 Y/U N N 32 0.057 2.08 5 10.4 365 260 95 N 14 14 Y/U N N 31 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 338 260 88 N 15 25 Y/U N N 31 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 549 37.6 37.6 Y 16 15 Y/H N N 31 0.057 2.08 5 10.4 373 260 91 N 17 16 Y/H N N 32 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 350 260 97 N 18 26 Y/H N N 32 0.056 2.08 5 10.4 563 68.8 38.8 N 19 17 N Y Y 32 0.057 2.06 5 10.3 386 256 99 Y 20 21 18 N N Y 31 0.055 2.08 5 10.4 353 260 92 Y 22 23 19 N Y N 32 0.056 2.08 5 10.4 368 258 95 N 39 3 Y/D Y N -31 0.055 2.04 5 10.2 300 270 81 N 40 7 Y/H Y N 32 0.057 2.08 5 10.4 369 260 96 N 41 8 Y/H Y N 32 0.057 2.08 5 10.4 375 264 99 N 42 27 Y/U Y N 32 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 502 42.8 41.6 N 43 28 Y/H Y N 32 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 562 66.8 37.6 N 44 29 Y/D N Y 31 0.056 2.06 5 10.3 558 63.2 35.3 N 45 30 Y/D N Y 31 0.055 2.06 5 10.3 477 92.8 44.3 N
16 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7. Results 7.1 Specimen #1 Damage Observations 7.1.1 As shown in Fig. 6, moderate damage to outer skin due to pulling through stud holes. Outer jacket was sliced open to reveal damage to the underlying aluminum mesh (Fig. 7). Aluminum mesh was eroded away at the outer radius of one of the bends (Fig. 8), while the aluminum mesh at the inner radius of bend was intact. This may be attributed to pretesting damage to aluminum mesh at bend where tearing of the cells of aluminum mesh (due to bending) resulting in additional resistance and local melting of aluminum mesh (Fig. 9). There is evidence of aluminum material sputtering on the inner surface of the outer jacket due to vaporization of aluminum mesh at the location (Fig. 10). The specimen did not appear to be breached through CSST inner steel lining as it held up air pressure. 7.1.2 Near the fitting, the aluminum mesh appeared to have been eroded away (Fig. 11, Fig. 12) and CSST inner lining showed signs of inward radial collapse (Fig. 13,fig 14). The brass fitting has an engraving that read,” GASTIGHT COM\PATENTS.” Other identifying symbols on brass fitting were,” DN15, 18, UPC, 15, 09, LS (Fig. 15, Fig. 16). The bends of the pipe 90 degrees with a bend radius of ¾”. 7.1.3 Condition of brass fitting: Fitting showed light oxidation and tarnishing of brass material as a result of the exposure from corrosion testing (Fig. 11). Aluminum mesh near the brass fitting was mostly eroded away with only a small area (approx. ¼ inch) intact (Fig. 12). The semicircular retainers around tip of CSST contained moderate corrosion products on the interior of each piece (Fig. 12, Fig. 17, Fig. 18). The plastic lining between CSST and the aluminum mesh was eroded significantly, especially near the area where the CSST wall experienced the inward radial collapse (Fig. 13). Aluminum mesh at this area appeared to have been vaporized away (Fig. 13). The inward radial collapse of CSST appears to have been caused by an electromagnetic force field generated when the electrical pulse travelled from the aluminum mesh to the brass fitting. The CSST tubing, although inwardly collapsed at this location (near the fitting), did not contain a breached area that would have allowed for a gas leak. This was confirmed by pressurizing the tube with air to check for a leak.
17 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7.2 Specimen #2 Damage Observations 7.2.1 Specimen 2 did not show a breach in the steel layer as it held air pressure. The brass fitting showed light signs of corrosion byproducts and a moderate indication of arcing (Fig. 19, Fig. 20). The aluminum mesh near the brass fitting was also vaporized away by approximately a length of 1 inch when compared to the new tubing (Fig. 21). There is also signs of arcing and melting of aluminum mesh near the brass fitting (Fig. 22). The outer plastic jacket was peeled away by 1.25 inches from the brass fitting (Fig. 22). At one of the bend locations, the inner and outer plastic layers as well as the aluminum mesh were vaporized away, exposing the steel layer through a 1” by 0.75” window (Fig. 23). The other bend area appeared to be intact with a slight tear in the exterior plastic layer in the outer radius measuring ~1/16” by ~5/8” (Fig. 24). 7.2.2 The brass fitting was removed in order to inspect the condition of the internal components (Fig. 25). Moderate corrosion was observed on the internal fitting components (Fig. 26). The steel layer appeared to be generally intact with a very small internal collapse (Fig. 27). The outer plastic layer was peeled 2 inches from the tip of the steel tubing (Fig. 28).
7.3 Specimen #3 Damage Observations 7.3.1 There is a breach in the steel layer of ~0.5” by 0.25” on the outer radius of one of the bend areas (Fig. 29). The internal plastic layer was breached in a location along the same bend area as the steel tube breach. This plastic breaching was ~0.5” by 0.25” in. The aluminum meshing around that area was also vaporized ~0.75” by 0.75”. The outer plastic layer also had an opening that was ~1” by 1.1” in size along the same outer bend area as the steel tubing breach (Fig. 30). The outer plastic layer as basically blown off by the arc at the bend area (Fig. 30). 7.3.2 The brass fitting’s outer surface was lightly corroded. The internal components have a light to moderate corrosion (Fig. 31). There is evidence that the aluminum mesh experienced heating and discoloration due to the electrical strike test with roughly 0.25” of the mesh being vaporized (Fig. 32). There is no radial collapse of the steel tubing at the brass fitting (Fig. 33).
18 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7.4 Specimen #4 Damage Observations 7.4.1 There are two holes along the outer radius of one of the bends in the steel tubing. One is 7/16 by 3/8 inch while the other is 0.25” by 0.25” in size (Fig. 34). 7.4.2 The inner and outer plastic layers were breached around both holes of the steel tubing with the inner plastic having a hole of 1.1” by 3/8” and the outer plastic layer having a hole of 1.1” by 0.5” (Fig. 35). The separation of the holes is ~0.5”, while the average distance between the damage caused by pulling the tubing through wooden studs on the outer plastic layer is ~0.5”(Fig. 35). The breaches in the steel tubing, therefore, are in similar locations to those of the damage from the studs. The aluminum mesh was vaporized at the same location as the other breaches but with a size of 0.75” by 0.75”. The outer plastic jacket was cut and pulled back to view the aluminum mesh. It was then that signs of severe vaporization of the aluminum mesh were found (Fig. 36). The damage, however, did not open up the inner plastic layer. The heating caused vaporization of 0.75”. There was splattering of aluminum along the inner wall of the outer plastic layer (Fig. 37). 7.4.3 The aluminum mesh close to the brass fitting was vaporized away from the brass fitting except for a 0.5“ segment (Fig. 38). The outer plastic layer was also damaged with a 0.5” separation from the brass fitting (Fig. 39). The outer surface of the brass fitting as well as the inside is lightly corroded from the standard corrosion test (Fig. 40). There is severe inward radial collapse of the steel tubing wall near the fitting end (Fig. 41, Fig. 42).
7.5 Specimen #5 Damage Observations 7.5.1 Extensive damage has occurred to the aluminum mesh at one of the bends of the tubing. The mesh has been vaporized to the point where a minimum separation of ~.5” (Fig. 43) and a maximum separation of ~2.5” has occurred (Fig. 44). The inner plastic layer has three breaches with sizes of 3/8” by 1/8”, 0.5” by 1/8”, and 7/16” by 1/8” (Fig. 44). Theses breaches appear to coincide with the areas where the damage on the outer plastic layer caused by pulling the tubing through the studs appeared. The outer plastic layer also has significant damage with a breach that wraps all the way around the tubing except for a 0.75” segment (Fig. 44). The maximum length of the breach is 2.5 inches. The steel tubing, however, is intact with no puncture as seen from pressure test.
19 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
The other bend had no apparent damage to the outer most plastic layer as well as the aluminum mesh. 7.5.2 There is light corrosion on the surface and internally of the brass fitting (Fig. 45). There was no collapse of the steel layer. Light amount of corrosion on the aluminum mesh was observed but was relatively intact (Fig. 46).
7.6 Specimen #6 Damage Observations 7.6.1 At the outer radius of one of the bend areas, there are multiple breaches to the outer plastic layer, aluminum mesh layer, as well as the inner plastic layer (Fig. 47). The locations of these breaches appear to coincide with the damage the outer plastic layer took from being pulled through the stud during pretesting. The average size of the damage of the outer plastic layer at for locations is ~0.75” by 3/16”. The aluminum lining was vaporized at the outer radius where the hole in the steel layer was discovered (Fig. 48). The damage on the aluminum mesh was 1.25” by 1” in size. There is also a breach of the steel layer at the outer radius of one of the bends (Fig. 48). The size of the breach is 0.5” by 0.5”. There was no obvious damage to the other bend as the outer layer was intact and removal of the outer layer did not reveal any damage to the aluminum mesh. 7.6.2 Near the brass fitting, both the outer plastic layer and the aluminum mesh have been separated from the brass fitting (Fig. 49). The outer plastic has totally separated with a distance of ~0.75”. The aluminum mesh has separated from the brass fitting except for a 0.5” segment. The outside surface of the brass fitting as well as the inside are lightly eroded while the internal components of the fitting are moderately corroded (Fig. 50). The steel layer shows signs of inward collapse at the fitting (Fig. 51).
7.7 Specimen #7 Damage Observations 7.7.1 Three breaches that occurred in the steel tubing were along one of the bend areas of the tubing. One of those breaches occurred on the outside radius while the other two occurred approximately at its inside radius (Fig. 52). The hole along the outside radius measures 3/8” by 0.25” while the other two holes both measure 3/16” by 1/8”. The inner plastic layer is breached, with a hole 1” by 1” in size. Removal of the outer plastic
20 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
layer revealed the extent of damage. The aluminum mesh and the outer plastic layer both have breaches 1.25” by 1” at this location. 7.7.2 All layers at the second bend appeared to be intact. 7.7.3 The brass fitting is only lightly corroded at its surface. There is moderate corrosion of the internal components (Fig. 53). There is sign of electrical heating and the aluminum mesh was vaporized at the fitting end (Fig. 54). There is no collapse of the steel wall (Fig. 55).
7.8 Specimen #8 Damage Observations 7.8.1 There is a single breach of the steel tubing along the outer radius an inch away from one of the bend areas. The size of this breach is 0.25” by 5/16”(Fig. 56). The inner plastic layer’s breach is in the same location as that of the steel, with a size of 3/8” by 0.5”. Upon removal of the exterior plastic layer, the extent of the damage was made known. The aluminum mesh has been vaporized along that outer radius bend with a 1.5” by 1.25” hole (Fig. 56). The breach of the outer plastic layer has the size of 1” by 1”(Fig. 57). No damage was observed at the other bend. 7.8.2 Near the brass fitting, both the outer plastic layer and the aluminum mesh are completely separated from the fitting by an approximate distance of 1”, but the inner plastic lining as intact (Fig. 58). There was also no collapse of the steel tubing. The plastic is melted and bent while the aluminum is vaporized (Fig. 59). There are signs of charring and electrical heating at the brass nut of the fitting (Fig. 59). There is light corrosion of the surface and interior of the brass fitting (Fig. 60).
7.9 Specimen #9 Damage Observations 7.9.1 There is a single breach of the steel tubing whose location coincides with the notches from the pretest stud pulling wear along the outer radius of one of the bend areas. The size of the breach is 0.5” by 3/8”. The hole of the inner plastic lining, in the same location as the breach of the steel tubing, is 0.5” by 3/8”. The outer plastic layer was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The aluminum mesh is also vaporized in that area with a size of 7/8” by 0.75” (Fig. 61). There are two areas of damage to the outer plastic layer, both coinciding with the stud caused damage. These breaches are both 0.75” by 0.25” (Fig. 62). No damage to the interior side of the bend or the other bend
21 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
was observed. The exterior plastic layer was removed at the other bend to further verify that there was no damage (Fig. 63). 7.9.2 The brass fitting has light corrosion damage. There was no collapsing of the steel wall. There was also no corrosion of the internal fitting components (Fig. 64). No corrosion of the mesh was observed at the fitting end (Fig. 65).
7.10 Specimen #10 Damage Observations 7.10.1 At the point of arc, the inner plastic layer is intact while the aluminum mesh and the outer plastic layer where breached. The size of the outer plastic layer’s breach was 1.5” by 1.5” (Fig. 66). The outer plastic layer was removed to show the damage to the mesh. The Aluminum mesh was vaporized at the point of arc and a breach was made with the size 2” by 2” (Fig. 67, Fig. 68). The inner plastic layer was peeled away to examine the steel, and it was confirmed that the steel layer was not breached (Fig. 69). 7.10.2 Near the brass fitting, the outer plastic layer as well as the aluminum mesh received damage. There were areas of charring as well as arching at the fitting end (Fig. 70). The aluminum mesh was vaporized on one side of the pipe near the fitting by ~1.25”(Fig. 71). There were also signs of corrosion where there was contact with the fitting (Fig. 72). The same area also blew off the outer plastic layer. There was light corrosion on the outer surface of the brass fitting as well as moderate corrosion of its internal components (Fig. 72). The inner wall of the steel layer did not show signs of collapse (Fig. 73).
7.11 Specimen #11 Damage Observations 7.11.1 Upon first inspection, the outer plastic layer was breached 1.25” by 2” (Fig. 74) and the aluminum mesh had a vaporized 2.25” by 2.25” hole (Fig. 75). The outer layer was peeled away to reveal the extent of the damage to the mesh. The inner plastic layer also received damage with a 0.25” long tear. The inner plastic layer was peeled away to view the steel tubing. It did not appear that the steel layer was damaged (Fig. 76). 7.11.2 At the fitting, the outer plastic layer was blown off and separated from the fitting by 1.5” (Fig. 77). The aluminum mesh was also vaporized all the way around the pipe and separated from the fitting by 1” (Fig. 78). The surface of the brass was lightly corroded while the internal components where moderately corroded (Fig. 78). The inner plastic
22 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
layer was peeled away to reveal damage to the steel layer, which exhibited evidence of inward wall collapse at the fitting end (Fig. 79).
7.12 Specimen #12 Damage Observations 7.12.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached (Fig. 80). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1.75” diameter area (Fig. 81). The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 82). 7.12.2 There were signs of moderate corrosion of the aluminum mesh at the fitting (Fig. 83). The fitting itself also showed signs of moderate corrosion (Fig. 84). The aluminum mesh was vaporized away by about 1” from the fitting end (Fig. 85). There was sign of light internal collapse of the steel at the fitting (Fig. 86).
7.13 Specimen #13 Damage Observations 7.13.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1.5” diameter (Fig. 87). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” by 1.5” area (Fig. 88). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 89). 7.13.2 There was corrosion on the brass fitting (Fig. 90). There was no corrosion off the internal components of the fitting (Fig. 91). There was no collapsing of the inner wall. Both the mesh and the outer jacket seemed intact at the fitting area (Fig. 92).
7.14 Specimen #14 Damage Observations 7.14.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” diameter (Fig. 93). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” by 2” area with extensive signs of heating and arcing (Fig. 94, Fig. 95). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 96).
23 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7.14.2 There was light corrosion on the surface brass fitting (Fig. 97). There was moderate corrosion of the internal components as well as the mesh (Fig. 97). There was no collapsing of the inner wall. The outer plastic layer near the fitting and the aluminum mesh were damaged. The plastic layer was blown off by 1” while the mesh as vaporized by 1.5” at the fitting end (Fig. 98). There was also sign of corrosion of the aluminum mesh.
7.15 Specimen #15 Damage Observations 7.15.1 At the point of arch, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 0.25” diameter location (Fig. 99). The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” diameter area (Fig. 100). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer at the arc point (Fig. 101). 7.15.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the internal components (Fig. 102). There was also evidence of electrical arcing to the brass fitting. Vaporization of the aluminum mesh and damage to the outer plastic layer was observed to the extent of an inch (Fig. 103). There was also an extensive inward radial collapse of the steel tubing near the fitting (fig 103,fig 104).
7.16 Specimen #16 Damage Observations 7.16.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached at a 1” by 2” location (Fig. 105). No sign of breach of the steel was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” diameter area (Fig. 106). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer at the arc point (Fig. 107). 7.16.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the internal brass components (Fig. 108). There was, however significant charring of the internal components. There was no collapsing of the inner wall. The outer plastic layer near the fitting was slightly damaged while the aluminum mesh was slightly vaporized near the fitting (Fig. 109).
24 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7.17 Specimen #17 Damage Observations 7.17.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached at a 1.5” by 1” hole (Fig. 110). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” by 2” area (Fig. 110). The interior plastic layer was damaged by a 1” by 0.5” hole revealing the steel (Fig. 110). The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 110). 7.17.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the internal components of the fitting (Fig. 111). There was no collapsing of the inner wall. Both the mesh and the outer jacket seemed intact at the fitting area (Fig. 112).
7.18 Specimen #18 Damage Observations 7.18.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 0.75” hole (Fig. 113). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” by 2.5” area (Fig. 114). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 115). 7.18.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting (Fig. 116). There was no corrosion of the internal components of the fitting (Fig. 116). There was no collapsing of the inner wall. Both the mesh and the outer jacket seemed intact and with no corrosion at the fitting area (Fig. 117).
7.19 Specimen #19 Damage Observations 7.19.1 The tubing was completely severed at one of the bend areas (Fig. 118). There were signs of charring as well as electrical heating at this location (Fig. 118). 7.19.2 The brass fitting was not age treated so there was no corrosion at that location of the internal components. The steel tubing was not collapsed and there was no sign of arching near the fitting (Fig. 119).
25 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7.20 Specimen #21 Damage Observations 7.20.1 The outer plastic layer was blown away by a 1” diameter hole at the outer radius of one of the bends (Fig. 120). Upon removal of the outer layer, the aluminum mesh was revealed to be vaporized by a 1.5” diameter hole at the outer radius of one of the bends (Fig. 121). The inner plastic layer was also revealed to have been blown away by a 0.75 diameter hole. The steel was revealed to have been breached at this location at two locations. Both the punctures were located along the bend but are facing perpendicular to the bend. 7.20.2 The brass fitting was not age treated so no corrosion was present. The aluminum mesh as well as the plastic layers near the fitting did not seem effected by the arc test (Fig. 122). There was no radial collapse of the steel tubing at the fitting.
7.21 Specimen #23 Damage Observations 7.21.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 0.75” hole (Fig. 123). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1.75” by 1.5” area (Fig. 124). The damage to the interior plastic layer was slight. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. There was a light charring mark on steel layer without punching through (Fig. 125). 7.21.2 The specimen did not go through the age treatment and there was no sign of arcing at the brass fitting (Fig. 126). There was no collapsing of the inner wall. Both the mesh and the outer jacket seemed intact at the fitting area.
7.22 Specimen #39 Damage Observations 7.22.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 1.5” hole (Fig. 127). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1” by 1.5” area (Fig. 128). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 129). 7.22.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components, as well as signs of significant arcing (Fig. 130). There was no collapsing of the inner wall but there
26 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
was extensive damage to both the outer plastic layer as well as the aluminum mesh near the fitting. The mesh was vaporized up to an inch from the end while the plastic was blown off by 1.75”(Fig. 131).
7.23 Specimen #40 Damage Observations 7.23.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 1.5” hole (Fig. 132). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1” by 1.5” area (Fig. 133). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 134). 7.23.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components (Fig. 135). There was no collapsing of the inner wall, but there was light damage to the outer plastic layer as well as heavy corrosion of the aluminum mesh near the fitting (Fig. 136).
7.24 Specimen #41 Damage Observations 7.24.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1.25” by 1.25” hole (Fig. 137). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” diameter area (Fig. 138). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 139). 7.24.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting but no corrosion to the inner components (Fig. 140). There was no collapsing of the inner wall and no damage to the mesh or plastic near the fitting (Fig. 141).
7.25 Specimen #42 Damage Observations 7.25.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 1” hole (Fig. 142). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1.5” by 1.5” area (Fig. 143). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The
27 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 144). 7.25.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components with signs of charring (Fig. 145). There was no collapsing of the inner wall, but there was light damage to the outer plastic layer as well as vaporization of the aluminum mesh near the fitting by 0.5” (Fig. 146).
7.26 Specimen #43 Damage Observations 7.26.1 At the point of arc, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 1” hole (Fig. 147). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 2” by 2” area (Fig. 148). The damage did not extend to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 149). 7.26.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components (Fig. 150). There was no collapsing of the inner wall, but there was light damage to the outer plastic layer as well as corrosion of the aluminum mesh near the fitting (Fig. 151).
7.27 Specimen #44 Damage Observations 7.27.1 At the outer radius along one of the bends, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1.5” by 1.5” hole (Fig. 152). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be vaporized away over a 1.5” by 1.5” area (Fig. 153). The damage was minor to the interior plastic layer. The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 154). 7.27.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components (Fig. 155). There was a slight collapsing of the inner wall, and heavy corrosion of the aluminum mesh near the fitting (Fig. 156).
7.28 Specimen #45 Damage Observations 7.28.1 At the outer radius along one of the bends, the outer plastic layer was breached by a 1” by 1.5” hole (Fig. 157). No sign of breach was observed since pressure was held. The outer jacket was peeled away to reveal damage to the mesh. The mesh appeared to be
28 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
vaporized away over a 1.5” by 1.5” area (Fig. 158). The damage was minor to the interior plastic layer (Fig. 158). The inner plastic layer was removed to view condition of the underlying steel. No damage was observed to the steel layer (Fig. 159). 7.28.2 There was light corrosion on the brass fitting as well as the inner components (Fig. 160). There was no collapsing of the inner steel wall, and a 1” vaporization and corrosion of the aluminum mesh near the fitting (Fig. 161).
7.29 Aged only Samples 7.29.1 Aged Up: Inspection of the samples that were aged up indicate moderate to heavy corrosion of the aluminum mesh where the tubing attaches to the brass fitting (Fig. 162, Fig. 163, Fig. 164, Fig. 165, Fig. 166, Fig. 167, Fig. 168, 169) 7.29.2 Aged Horizontal: Aluminum mesh also received corrosion as seen in Fig. 170, Fig. 171. 7.29.3 Aged Down: Aluminum mesh was also corroded in Fig. 172, Fig. 173, and Fig. 174.
29 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Table 2. Damage summary.
Spec. #1 Spec. #2 Spec. #3 Spec. #4 Spec. #5 Spec. #6 Spec. #7 Spec. #8 Spec. #9 Spec. #10 Spec. #11 Spec. #12 corrosion of brass fitting exterior surface (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) L L L L L L L L L L L L corrosion of brass fitting internal components (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) M M L L L M M L N M M M condition of Aluminum mesh at brass fitting (Pulverized, Corroded, Uneffected) P P P P U P P P U P P P mechanical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations(Tear, Intact) T T T T I T T T T electrical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations (Pulverized/Intact) P P P P P P P P P size of damage to Aluminum mesh at arch point (inches) 0.75 X 1.25 2 X 2.25 0.75 X 0.75 0.75 X 0.75 2.5 X 2.75 1.25 x 1 1.25 X 1 1.5 X 1.25 7/8 X 0.75 2 X 2 2.25 X 2.25 1.75 X 1.75 damage to external plastic layer (inches) 1.5 X 2.0 1.75 X 2.0 1 X 1.1 1.1 X 0.5 2 X 2.5 0.75 X 3/16 1.25 X 1 1 X 1 0.75 X 0.25 0.75 X 0.75 1.25 X 2 1.75 X 1.75 damage to internal plastic layer none 1 X 1 0.5 X 0.25 1.1 X 3/8 3/8 X 1/8 0.5 X 0.5 1 X 1 3/8 X 0.5 0.5 X 3/8 steel layer intact? (holds pressure) Yes/No Y Y N N Y N N N N Y N Y 7/16 X 3/8 & 3/8 X 0.25 & size of breach to steel layer (inches) 0.5 X 0.25 0.25 X 0.25 0.5 X 0.5 3/16 X 1/8 0.25 X 5/16 0.5 X 3/8 steel layer collapsed inwards at brass fitting Yes/No Y Y N Y N Y N N N N Y Y Spec. #13 Spec. #14 Spec. #15 Spec. #16 Spec. #17 Spec. #18 Spec. #19 Spec. #21 Spec. #23 Spec. #39 Spec. #40 Spec. #41 corrosion of brass fitting exterior surface (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) L L L L L L N N N L L L corrosion of brass fitting internal components (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) N M L L L N N N N L L N condition of Aluminum mesh at brass fitting (Pulverized, Corroded, Uneffected) U P P P U U U U C P C U mechanical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations(Tear, Intact) T T electrical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations (Pulverized/Intact) P P size of damage to Aluminum mesh at arch point (inches) 2 X 1.5 1.5 X 1.5 2 X 2 2 X 2 2 X 2 2 X 2.5 Severed 1.5 x 1.5 1.75 X 1.5 1 X 1.5 1 X 1.5 2 X 2 damage to external plastic layer (inches) 1.5 X 1.5 1 X 1 0.25 X 0.25 1 X 2 1 X 2 1 X 0.75 Severed 1 X 1 1 X 0.75 1 X 1.5 1 X 1.5 1.25 X 1.25 damage to internal plastic layer 1 X 0.5 Severed 0.75 X 0.75 steel layer intact? (holds pressure) Yes/No Y Y N Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y size of breach to steel layer (inches) 0.25 X 0.25 Severed 0.5 x 0.25 steel layer collapsed inwards at brass fitting Yes/No N N Y N N N N N N N N N Spec. #42 Spec. #43 Spec. #44 Spec. #45 corrosion of brass fitting exterior surface (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) L L L L corrosion of brass fitting internal components (None,Light, Moderate, Heavy) L L M M condition of Aluminum mesh at brass fitting (Pulverized, Corroded, Uneffected) P C P P & C mechanical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations(Tear, Intact) electrical damage to Aluminum mesh at bend locations (Pulverized/Intact) size of damage to Aluminum mesh at arch point (inches) 1.5 X 1.5 2 X 2 1.5 X 1.5 1.5 X 1.5 damage to external plastic layer (inches) 1 X 1 1 X 1 1.5 X 1.5 1 X 1.5 damage to internal plastic layer steel layer intact? (holds pressure) Yes/No Y Y Y Y size of breach to steel layer (inches) steel layer collapsed inwards at brass fitting Yes/No N N Y N
30 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
8. Conclusions and Opinions
8.1 As stated previously, Gastite’s FlashShield CSST does not appear to meet the LC-1027 listing criteria as written nor does it meet the proposed City of Lubbock, TX modified LC- 1027 listing criteria after being subjected to real-world installation scenarios, including being subjected to a bend within the manufactures minimum bend radius specification. The minimum bend radius stated in the Gastites’s FlashShield “Design and Installation Guide” dated 4/2015 for ½ CSST is > 0.75 in (see Figure 1 below). At this bend radius, the aluminum protective mesh appears to fail and provide insufficient protection against 85 C of charge in the Component 3 lighting phase. This failure is evident with and without accelerated corrosion exposure.
Figure 1. Excerpt from Gastites’s FlashShield “Design and Installation Guide” dated 4/2015
8.2 The bends used in this lightning testing series is representative of those used in most residential installations. In fact the bends imposed during this testing were carefully made such that the CSST was only bent once and not over-bent. Based upon our limited testing of the impact of bending on Gastite’s FlashShield CSST is our opinion that bending a section near the minimum bend radius more than a single time will greatly impact its ability to meet the LC-1027 listing standard. In many installation scenarios, it is possible that the
31 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
CSST could be bent and then straightened and re-bent to correct an error or provide a “better fit”. While Gastites’s FlashShield “Design and Installation Guide” dated 4/2015 does state “Avoid stressing the tubing or fittings with tight bends, kinks, twists, stretching or repetitive bending,” it does not warn of the impact it could have on its lightning protection. 8.3 Another important limitation of Gastite’s FlashShield CSST occurs when it is exposed to environmental corrosion. This is one of the purported benefits of CSST over traditional black pipe. Our testing indicates that significant corrosion occurs at the connector attachment point of the aluminum mesh. This corrosion is evident before lightning testing on untested samples after the connector/CSST connection is disassembled. It is quite evident in the lightning testing results as many samples had the aluminum mesh completely vaporize near this connection. The rapid plasma formation and associated shockwave created a mechanically formed hole (as opposed to electrical melting) in the CSST on several samples. 8.4 From a practical inspection point-of-view, the above identified potential defects that can occur in Gastites’s FlashShield pipe system cannot be seen or identified without destructive testing or very advanced imaging (x-ray, CT, etc.). This means that if installation mistakes are made, there is no practical way for an inspector to identify the defects. Moreover, the testing conducted in this study shows the seriousness of these potential defects on the ability of Gastites’s FlashShield to meet the LC-1027 standard. Because Gastite’s FlashShield was recently introduced and has a limited installation base, statistical failure modes and rates are not available for comparison to other CSST lightning resistant technologies in “real-life” installation scenarios.
32 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
9. Disclaimer
The opinions stated in this report are based on review of available documents and testing performed to this date as outlined in this report. The authors reserve the right to expand upon or to revise the aforementioned opinions as more information is made available through discovery, research, and/or testing.
Submitted By:
______James C. Dickens, PhD, PE Jahan Rasty, PhD, PE, CFEI, CFII
------END OF REPORT------
APPENDIX A – Dr. Dicken’s CV APPENDIX B – Dr. Rasty’s CV
33 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
APPENDIX (A)
Dr. Dickens’S CV
34 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
RWFE, LLC – 1500 Broadway, Suite 1117, Lubbock, TX 79401 Office: 806-368-9811 Facsimile: 806-368-9812 Website: www.ExpertEngineering.com Email: [email protected]
James Claude Dickens, Ph.D., P.E.
Co-Director of the Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Licensed Professional Engineer State of Texas #88713 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102 Tel. (806) 742-3533; FAX (806) 742-1245 E-Mail: [email protected]
8401 County Road 6940 (806) 790-9876 Cell Lubbock, TX 79407 (806) 742-1254 TTU
EDUCATION
PhD (Electrical Engineering) Texas Tech University 1995 MS (Electrical Engineering) Texas Tech University 1993 BS (Electrical Engineering) Texas Tech University 1991
Teaching areas: Electronics (analog and digital circuit design) Circuits, Pulsed Power, Electrical Power Distribution Systems, Power Electronics, Optics and Optical Systems, Failure Analysis, Fields, Microwave and RF Circuits, Communications and Communication Circuits, and Electric Space Propulsion. Research areas: SiC Photoconductive Switching, Pulsed Power, Pulsed RF Sources and Applications, Communication Systems, High Speed Data Conversion, Jammer Systems and Topologies, Pulsed Lasers, Fiber Laser and applications, Electrical Failure Forensics, Grounding and Shielding, Power Electronics, High Efficiency DC/DC Converters, Explosive Pulsed Power, High Power Microwaves, Arc and Plasma Diagnostics, and Electric Space Propulsion. Short Courses Taught: Grounding and Shielding, Power Electronics, Personnel Safety, Power Distribution Systems, Pulse Generators, High Voltage Generators, Compact Pulsed Power, Compact DC/DC Technology, High Power Microwaves, and Electrical and Optical Diagnostics.
35 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Texas Tech University Charles Bates Thornton Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Sept. 2009
Professor Sept. 2008 Electrical & Computer Engineering
Associate Professor Sept. 2001- Electrical & Computer Engineering Aug. 2008
Assistant Professor Jan. 1999- Electrical & Computer Engineering Aug. 2001
Research Assistant Professor May 1996- Electrical & Computer Engineering Dec. 1998
CONSULTING
Multiple Expert Witness Cases (discovery, depositions, reports and testimony) Primex Aerospace FMV Swedish Defense Department Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) High Tech Consultants BAE Systems L3 Communications Lockheed Martin Boeing Corp. White Sands Missile Range NASA
AWARDS, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, and SERVICES
Technical Program Chair for the 2008 IEEE Power Modulator Conference in Las Vegas, NV Guest editor of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue on Pulsed Power Lecturer at High Power Microwave Workshop at FOI in Grindsjön, Sweden, Aug. 2005. Presented an invited talk at Kumamoto University’s International Forum on Pulsed Power Science. All expenses were paid by the host institution. 2005 Chancellor’s Excellence in Research Award from Texas Tech University. Vice-Chairman of 2003 IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. Civilian Research Defense Foundation (CRDF) Chairman of Physics panel 2003 Civilian Research Defense Foundation (CRDF) International onsite reviewer 2000- present. CRDF Physics Review Panel 1999-present.
36 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
AIAA Electric Propulsion Technical Committee Secretary 2000-2002. Session Organizer at 2002 International Conference of Plasma Science. Session Organizer at the 2002 Power Modulator Symposium. AIAA Electric Propulsion Technical Committee 1999-present. Organizer and lecturer at workshop on Pulsed Power Technology, Bechtel, 2001. Organizer at workshop on Pulsed Power Technology, China Lake. Workshop on Pulsed Power Technology workshop at Texas Tech University. Pulsed Power Science and Technology Committee 1999-present. Session Organizer at 2000 International Conference of Plasma Science. Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellow 1996 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1993-present. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 1990-present.
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
TTU ORS Report $ 15,786,227 total award credited to individual PI. (4/20/14)
Dr. Dickens has the highest funded research in the COE over the past decade. Dr. Dickens has been P.I / Co-P.I. on 4 highly competitive MURI grants. Dr. Dickens is P.I. on a highly competitive Navy IED basic research grant. (>400 original submissions 8 awarded) Dr. Dickens has been P.I. on six highly competitive DURIP equipment grants.
DIRECTION OF GRADUATE STUDENTS: (all students wrote Thesis or Dissertation)
Degree Function Grad Date Student
Billy Sullivan Ph.D. Chair 2013 Jonathan Parson Ph.D. Chair 2012 John Walter Ph.D. Chair 2012 Braxton Bragg Ph.D. Chair 2012 Braxton Bragg M.S.E.E. Chair 2010 Cameron Hettler Ph.D. Chair 2011 Colt James Ph.D. Chair 2010 Cameron Hettler M.S.E.E.. Chair 2009 William Sullivan M.S.E.E. Chair 2009 Jonathan Parson M.S.E.E. Chair 2008 Yeong-Jer Chen Ph.D. Chair 2008 Thomas Holt Ph.D. Committee member 2008 David Belt Ph.D. Co-Chair 2008 Ryan Karhi M.S.E.E. Committee member 2007
37 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Colt James M.S.E.E. Chair 2007 Brent McHale Ph.D. Committee member 2006 Mic Cevallos Ph.D. Chair 2006 Shad Holt M.S.E.E. Chair 2006 Juan Carlos Ph.D. Committee member 2004 Michael Hoffman M.S.E.E Chair 2003 Heath Keene M.S.E.E Chair 2003 David J. Hemmert Ph.D Committee member 2003 Johnathan Blackwell M.S.E.E Chair 2002 Michael Cevallos M.S.E.E. Chair 2002 Roberto Izquierdo M.S.E.E Chair 2001 Juan Carlos M.S.E.E Chair 2001 Zhan Mei M.S.E.E Chair 2001 Efren Brito M.S.E.E Chair 2001 John Walter M.S.E.E Chair 2000 Michael Cevallos M.S.E.E Chair 2000 Guruprakash Radhakrishna M.S.E.E Committee member 2000 Naveen Anumalla M.S.E.E Committee member 1999
PUBLICATIONS
JOURNALS
1. “Window Breakdown Caused by High Power Microwaves,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, HPM Issue, 26 296 (1998) (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, D. Hemmert, H. Krompholz, and L.L. Hatfield).
2. “High Voltage Subnanosecond Breakdown,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on High Power Microwave Generation, 26 874 (1998) (with J. Mankowski and M. Kristiansen).
3. “Imaging of High-Power Microwave-Induced Surface Flashover,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue “Images in Plasma Science”, 27 138 (1999) (with A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, M. Kristiansen, H. Krompholz, and L.L. Hatfield)
4. “High Power Microwave Generation by a Coaxial Virtual Cathode Oscillator,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 27 1538 (1999) (with W. Jiang, K. Woolverton, and M. Kristiansen).
5. “Efficiency Enhancement of Coaxial Virtual Cathode Oscillator,” 27 1543 (1999) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, (with W. Jiang and M. Kristiansen). 6. “Pulsed Power Generation Using Ferromagnetic Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 28, 2000. (with S.I. Shkuratov, M. Kristiansen, L.L. Hatfield, and R. Martin).
7. “High-Current and High-Voltage Pulsed Testing of Resistors,” Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 28 , Issue: 5 , Oct. 2000 Pages:1607 - 1614 , (with S.I. Shkuratov,
38 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
M. Kristiansen, L.L. Hatfield, and E. Horrocks).
8. “Optical Diagnostics on Helical Flux Compression Generators,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on Pulsed Power Science and Technology, Vol. 28, 1445-1450, 2000. (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, and H. Krompholz).
9. “High Voltage Subnanosecond Corona Inception,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on Pulsed Power Science and Technology, Vol. 28, 2000. (with J. Mankowski and M. Kristiansen).
10. “Microwave Magnetic Field Effects on High Power Microwave Window Breakdown,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on High Power Microwaves, Vol. 28, 472-477, 2000. (with D. Hemmert, A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, H. Krompholz, and L.L. Hatfield).
11. “Electrical Behavior of a Simple Helical Flux Compression Generator for Code Benchmarking,” Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 29 , Issue: 4 , Aug. 2001, Pages:573 - 581 , (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, J.B. Cornette, K. Jamison, R. Parinson, M. Giesselmann, P. Worsey, J. Baird, and M. Schmidt).
12. “Subnanosecond Corona Inception in an Ultra Wideband Environment,” Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 30 , Issue: 3 , June 2002 Pages:1211 - 1214 ,(with John Mankowski M. Kristiansen, J. Lehr, W. Prather, and J. Gaudet).
13. “Compact Explosive-Driven Generator of Primary Power Based on a Longitudinal Shock Wave Demagnetization of Hard Ferri- and Ferromagnetics”, Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 30 , Issue: 5 , Oct. 2002 Pages:1681 - 1691, (with S.I. Shkuratov, M. Kristiansen, and J.C. Hernendez).
14. “Current Mode of Pulsed Power Generation in Moving Magnet Systems”, Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 30 , Issue: 5 , Oct. 2002 Pages:1674 - 1680, (with S.I. Shkuratov, M. Kristiansen, and J.C. Hernandez).
15. “Rapid decontamination of large surface areas,” Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 28 , Issue: 1 , Feb. 2000, Pages:173 - 179. (with Farrar, L.C.; Haack, D.P.; McGrath, S.E.; O'Hair, E.A.; Fralick, J.A)
16. “Shock Wave Demagnetization of BaFe12O19 Hard Ferrimagnetics”, Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002) 3007-3009 (with S.I. Shkuratov, E.F. Talantsev and M. Kristiansen.
17. “Transverse Shock Wave Demagnetization of Nd2Fe14B High-Energy Hard Ferromagnetics, Journal of Applied Physics 92 (2002) 159-162 (with S.I. Shkuratov, E.F. Talantsev, and M. Kristiansen).
18. “Ultracompact Explosive-Driven High-Current Source of Primary Power Badsed on Shock Wave Demagnetization of Nd2Fe14B Hard Ferromagnetics”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 73 (2002) 2738-2742 (with S.I. Shkuratov, E.F. Talantsev, and M. Kristiansen).
39 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
19. “The Conductivity of a Longitudinal-Shock-Wave-Compressed Nd2Fe14B Hard Ferromagnetics, Modern Physics Letters B, 16, No. 12 (2002) 1-11 (with E.F. Talantsev, S.I. Shkuratov, and M. Kristiansen).
20. “Theoretical Treatment of Explosive Driven Ferroelectric Generators”, Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 30 , Issue: 5 , Oct. 2002 Pages:1665 - 1673, (with S.I. Shkuratov, Ya. Tkach, E.F. Talantsev, M. Kristiansen, L.L. Altgilbers, and P.T. Tracy).
21. “Single Shot, Repetitive and Life-Time High-Voltage Testing of Capacitors”, Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on ,Volume: 30 , Issue: 5 , Oct. 2002 Pages:1943 - 1949, (with S.I. Shkuratov, E.F. Talantsev, L.L. Hatfield, and M. Kristiansen).
22. “Studies on a Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator,” SAE Transactions, Journal of Aerospace, vol. 109, pp. 865-869, 2000 (This Transactions volume was published in 2001 and “…contains the best 135 technical papers of all those presented in 2000.”) (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, M. Giesselmann, B. Freeman, D. Dorsey, P. Worsey, J. Baird, and M. Schmidt).
23. “Longitudinal Shock Wave Demagnetization of High Energy Nd2Fe14B Ferromagnetics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1248 (2003) (with S.I. Shkuratov, E.F. Talantsev, and M. Kristiansen.
24. “Thermodynamic State of The Magnetic Flux Compression Generator Volume,” IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, vol. 30, 1659-1664 (2002). (with A. Neuber, T. Holt, and M. Kristiansen).
25. ”Helical MFCG For Driving A High Inductance Load,” accepted for publication in the Special Edition of the Journal of EM Phenomenon on FCGs (Oct. 2003) (with Andreas A. Neuber, Juan-Carlos Hernández, Magne Kristiansen).
26. “Quantification of Ohmic and Intrinsic Flux Losses in Helical Flux Compression Generators,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 32, pp. 1902-1908 (2004) (with Juan-Carlos Hernandez, Andreas A. Neuber and Magne Kristiansen).
27. “DC Flashover of a Dielectric Surface in Atmospheric Conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 32, pp. 1828-1834 (2004) (with John T. Krile, Andreas A. Neuber, and Hermann G. Krompholz).
28. “Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Proceeding of the IEEE, vol. 92 number 7, 1205- 1215 July 2004. (with Andreas A. Neuber).
29. “Microwave Frequency Determination Mechanisms in A Coaxial Vircator,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 32, pp. 1799-1804 (2004) (with X. Chen, J. Mankowski, L. Hatfield, E. Choi, and M. Kristiansen).
30. “A Bench Top Railgun With Distributed Energy Sources,” Mankowski, J.; Dickens, J.; Giesselmann, M.; McDaniel, B.; McHale, B.; Kristiansen, M., Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 43, Issue 1, Part 2, Jan. 2007 Page(s):167 – 169
40 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
31. “Interface Breakdown During High-Power Microwave Transmission,” Neuber, A. A.; Edmiston, G. F.; Krile, J. T.; Krompholz, H.; Dickens, J. C.; Kristiansen, M., Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 43, Issue 1, Part 2, Jan. 2007 Page(s):496 – 500
32. “High-Power Microwave Surface Flashover of a Gas–Dielectric Interface at 90–760 torr,” Edmiston, G.; Krile, J.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H., Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 34, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2006 Page(s):1782 – 1788.
33. “The Impact of Field Enhancements and Charge Injection on the Pulsed Breakdown Strength of Water,” Wetz, D.A.; Mankowski, J.J.; Dickens, J.C.; Kristiansen, M., Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 34, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2006 Page(s):1670 – 1679
34. “Conduction and breakdown mechanisms in transformer oil,” Butcher, M.; Neuber, A.A.; Cevallos, M.D.; Dickens, J.C.; Krompholz, H., Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 34, Issue 2, Part 3, April 2006 Page(s):467 – 475
35. “A bench top railgun with distributed energy sources” Mankowski, J; Dickens, J; Giesselmann, M, et al., IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS Volume: 43 Issue: 1 Special Issue: SI Pages: 167-169 Part: 2 Published: JAN 2007
36. “Interface breakdown during high-power microwave transmission”, Neuber, AA; Edmiston, GF; Krile, JT, James Dickens, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS Volume: 43 Issue: 1 Special Issue: SI Pages: 496-500 Part: 2 Published: JAN 2007
37. “Contributing factors to window flashover under pulsed high power microwave excitation at high altitude”, Edmiston, G; Neuber, A; McQuage, James Dickens, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DIELECTRICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION Volume: 14 Pages: 783-789 Published: 2007
38. Low-Jitter Triggered Spark Gap With High-Pressure Gas Mixtures Yeong-Jer Chen; Mankowski, J.J.; Dickens, J.C.; Walter, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 36, Issue 5, Part 3, Oct. 2008 Page(s):2546 - 2553 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2008.2004366
39. Compact Electroexplosive Fuses for Explosively Driven Pulsed Power McCauley, D.R.; Belt, D.W.; Mankowski, J.J.; Dickens, J.C.; Neuber, A.A.; Kristiansen, M.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 36, Issue 5, Part 3, Oct. 2008 Page(s):2691 - 2699 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2008.2004230
40. Utilization of a Nonexplosive Test Bed for Flux-Compression-Generator Electroexplosive Opening Switches Belt, D.W.; Mankowski, J.J.; Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Kristiansen, M.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 36, Issue 5, Part 3, Oct. 2008 Page(s):2684 - 2690 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2008.2001889
41. Secondary Arc Formation Within a Distributed Energy Railgun Karhi, R.W.; Mankowski, J.J.;
41 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Dickens, J.C.; Kristiansen, M.; Wetz, D.A.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 36, Issue 5, Part 3, Oct. 2008 Page(s):2738 – 2746 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2008.2004228
42. Imaging of the Explosive Emission Cathode Plasma in a Vircator High-Power Microwave Source Walter, J.; Mankowski, J.; Dickens, J.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 36, Issue 4, Part 1, Aug. 2008 Page(s):1388 - 1389 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2008.924489
43. Optimization of a low jitter, 50 kV, 100 Hz triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures, Chen, Y.; Dickens, J.; Mankowski, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on Volume 16, Issue 4, August 2009 Page(s):971 – 978 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TDEI.2009.5211842
44. Optimization of an FCG-Based High-Power Microwave System Using Nonexplosive Pulsed Power, Davis, C. B.; Neuber, A. A.; Young, A.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J. C.; Kristiansen, M.; Plasma Science, IEEE transactions on Volume 37, Issue 12, Part 2, Dec. 2009 Page(s):2321 - 2327 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2009.2033602
45. Recent Advances in Explosive Pulsed Power, L.L. Algilbers, A.H. Stults, J. Dickens, et. al., Journal of Directed Energy, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spring 2009, pg 149.
46. High electric field packaging of silicon carbide photoconductive switches Hettler, C.; James, C.; Dickens, J.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):631 - 634 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386380
47. VUV Emission and Streamer Formation in Pulsed Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Pressure, Rogers, T.G.; Neuber, A.A.; Frank, K.; Laity, G.R.; Dickens, J.C.; Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 38 , Issue: 10 , Part: 1 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2059714 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 2764 - 2770
48. “Design and Evaluation of a Compact Silicon Carbide Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch, James,” C.; Hettler, C.; Dickens, J.; Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 58 , Issue: 2 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TED.2010.2089689 Publication Year: 2011 , Page(s): 508 – 511.
49. “Pulsed magnetic field excitation sensitivity of match-type electric blasting caps,” Parson J, Dickens J, Walter J, et al., REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Volume: 81 Issue: 10 Article Number: 105115 OCT 2010
50. “Theoretical performance of a mobile GPS linked pulsed ring down array,” Reale, D., Mankowski, J., Chen, Y., Walter, J, Holt, S., Dickens, J., Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 18, Issue:4, Page(s): 1079 – 1083, 2011.
51. “Spatially Resolved VUV Spectral Imaging of Pulsed Atmospheric Flashover,” George R Laity, Andrew S Fierro, Lynn L Hatfield, James C Dickens and Andreas A Neuber, Volume 39, Issue 11, Page(s) 2122-2123, 2011
42 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
52. “Phenomenology of streamer propagation during pulsed dielectric surface flashover,” George Laity, Andreas Neuber, Andrew Fierro, James Dickens and Lynn Hatfield, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) 946-953, 2011
53. “An explosively driven high-power microwave pulsed power system,” M. A. Elsayed, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, J. W. Walter, M. Kristiansen, and L. L. Altgilbers, Review of Scientific Instruments, Volume 83, Issue 2, 024705(1-11), 2012.
54. “Operation of a Sealed-Tube-Vircator High-Power-Microwave Source,” John W Walter, Curtis F Lynn, James C Dickens and Magne Kristiansen, Plasma Science, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 40, Issue 6, Pages 1618-1621, 2012.
55. “Characterization of Annealed HPSI 4H-SiC for Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches,” C Hettler, WW Sullivan III and J Dickens, Materials Science Forum, Volume 717, Page(s) 301-304, 2012.
56. “Charged Electret Deposition for the Manipulation of High Power Microwave Flashover Delay Times,” J Stephens, S Beeson, J Dickens and A Neuber, Physics of Plasmas, Volume 19, Issue 11, Page(s) 112111-11211-5, 2012.
57. Shallow Incorporation of Nitrogen in HPSI 4H-SiC through the Laser Enhanced Diffusion Process,” WW Sullivan III, C Hettler and J Dickens, Materials Science Forum, Volume 717, Page(s) 813-816, 2012.
58. Material selection considerations for coaxial, ferrimagnetic-based nonlinear transmission lines,” JWB Bragg, AA Neuber and JC Dickens, Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 113, Issue 6, Page(s) 064904-064904-4, 2013
59. C. F. Lynn, J. C. Dickens, and A. A. Neuber, “Focused cathode design to reduce anode heating during vircator operation,” Phys. Plasmas 20, 103113 (2013).
60. J.-W. Bragg, W. Sullivan, D. Mauch, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “All solid-state high power microwave source with high repetition frequency,” Review of Scientific Instruments, 84(5), 054703 - 054703-7 (2013)
61. S. Beeson, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “Plasma relaxation mechanics of pulsed high power microwave surface flashover,” Physics of Plasmas 20(9), 093509 - 093509-9 (2013).
62. G. Laity, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, and K. Frank, “Simultaneous measurement of nitrogen and hydrogen dissociation from vacuum ultraviolet self-absorption spectroscopy in a developing low temperature plasma at atmospheric pressure,” Appl. Phys. Letters, 102, 184104, (2013).
63. J.-W. Bragg, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “"Ferromagnetic Nonlinear Transmission Lines as High Power Microwave Source" IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci. 41, 232-237, 2013.
43 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
64. W.W. Sullivan, D. Mauch, A. Bullick, C. Hettler, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “A compact 45 kV curve tracer with picoampere current measurement capability,” Rev. Sci. Inst. 84, 034702 (2013).
65. G. Laity, A. Fierro, J Dickens, A Neuber, “A Passive Measurement of Dissociated Atom Densities in Atmospheric Pressure Air Discharge Plasmas using Vacuum Ultraviolet Self- Absorption Spectroscopy,” Journal of Applied Physics 115, 123302, (2014).
66. A Fierro, J Dickens, A Neuber, “3-D Simulation of Low-Temperature Plasma Development Under Pulsed Conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, to be published, (2014).
67. J Stephens, A Fierro, B Walls, J Dickens, A Neuber, “Nanosecond, repetitively pulsed microdischarge vacuum ultraviolet source,” Applied Physics Letters 104 (7), 074105, (2014). 68. J Stephens, J Dickens, and A Neuber, “Semiempirical wide-range conductivity model with exploding wire verification,” Physical Review E 89 (5), 053102 (2014).
69. D. V. Reale, J.-W. B. Bragg, N. R. Gonsalves, J. M. Johnson, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, and J. J. Mankowski, “Bias-field controlled phasing and power combination of gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission lines,” Review of Scientific Instruments, 85, 054706 (2014).
70. J Stephens, A Fierro, J Dickens, and A Neuber, “Influence of VUV illumination on breakdown mechanics: pre-ionization, direct photoionization, and discharge initiation,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47 (32), 325501 (2014).
71. J. Stephens, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “Micrometer-resolution high speed imaging of pulsed microdischarge ignition,” IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci. Volume 42, issue 10, pgs 2652-2653, (2014).
72. J. Parson, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Imaging of Explosive Emission Cathode and Anode Plasma in a Vacuum-Sealed Vircator High-Power Microwave Source at 250 A/cm²,” IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci., Volume 42, issue 10, pgs 2864-2865 (2014).
73. J. Parson, C. Lynn, J. Mankowski, M. Kristiansen, A. Neuber, J. Dickens,” Conditioning of carbon fiber cathodes in UHV-sealed tubes at 200 A/cm²,” IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci., Volume 42, issue 10, pgs 2592-2593, (2014).
74. D. Ryberg, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber,“System for Time-Discretized VUV Spectroscopy of Spark Breakdown in Air,” to be published in Rev. Sci. Inst. 2014.
75. S. Beeson, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber,” Global Model for Total Delay Time Distribution of High Power Microwave Surface Flashover,” to be published in IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci. (2014).
76. A. Fierro, J. C. Dickens, A. Neuber, “3-D S Simulation of Low-Temperature Plasma Development Under Pulsed Conditions,” IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci., Volume 42, issue 10, pgs 2864-2865, (2014)
44 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
77. J. Stephens, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber,”Temporally resolved electron density of a repetitive, nanosecond pulsed microdischarge" To be published in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics : JPhysD-103225.R1.
78. Sl Beeson, J. Dickens, A. Neuber “A High Power Microwave Triggered RF Opening Switch,” Review of Scientific Instruments, Volume 86, Issue 3, March 1, 2015.
79. Huseyin Ekinci, Vladimir V. Kuryatkov, Daniel L. Mauch, James C. Dickens & Sergey A. Nikishin, “Plasma Etching of n-Type 4H-SiC for Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch Applications,” Journal of Electronic Materials, Volume 44, Issue 3, Feb, 2015.
BOOK CHAPTERS
1. Explosively Driven Pulsed Power, Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators”, A. Neuber Edtr., Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, ISBN 3-540-26051-X, 2005
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS and PRESENTATIONS
1. “Insulator and Electrode Mass Erosion and Surface Voltage Holdoff Recovery for a Transient, High Current Surface Discharges,” Proceedings of the 6th EML Conference, April 1991 (with T. G. Engel and M. Kristiansen).
2. “Electrode Performance of a Three Electrode Triggered High Energy Spark Gap Switch,” Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Albuquerque, NM, June 21-23, pp 471-474 (with T. Engel and M. Kristiansen).
3. “Characterization of a Novel Single-Gap Transformer Coupled L-C Generator,” Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Power Modulator Symposium, Myrtle Beach, SC, June 23-25, 1992, p. 293 (with T. Engel and M. Kristiansen).
4. “Communications Impact of Hall Plasma Thrusters,” AIAA-95-2929, 31st AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference. San Diego CA, July 10-12, 1995, 95-2929 (with J. Mankowski, E. O’Hair, and M. Kristiansen).
5. “Instrumentation and Data Acquisition of the Hall Thruster,” AIAA-95-2930, 31st AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference. San Diego CA, July 10-12, 1995, 95-2929 (with J. Mankowski, E. O’Hair, and M. Kristiansen).
6. “Plume Model of Hall Effect Plasma Thrusters with Temporal Consideration,” XXIV International Electric Propulsion Conference, Moscow, Russia, September 19-23, 1995 (with E. O’Hair, and M. Kristiansen).
7. “Compact Modulator Using Inductive Energy Storage and a Solid State Opening Switch,” Proceedings of the 22nd International Power Modulator Symposium, Boca Raton, Florida, June 1996 (with J. Bridges and M. Kristiansen).
8. “Breakdown at Window Interfaces Caused by High-Power Microwave Fields,” Intense
45 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Microwave Pulses IV, SPIE Proceedings, Volume 2843, Denver, Colorado, August 1996 (with J. Elliott, L.L. Hatfield, M. Kristiansen, and H. Krompholz).
9. “Window and Cavity Breakdown Caused by High Power Microwaves,” Presented at the 24th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, San Diego, CA, May 1997 (with A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, H. Krompholz, L.L. Hatfield and M. Kristiansen).
10. “High Voltage Subnanosecond Dielectric Breakdown,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and Pulse Shortening, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 1997 (with J. Mankowski and M. Kristiansen).
11. “Breakdown at Window Interfaces Caused by High-Power Microwave Fields,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and Pulse Shortening, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 1997 (with A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, L.L. Hatfield, M. Kristiansen, and H. Krompholz).
12. "Evaluation of a Russian SOS Diode for Use in a Compact Modulator System," Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, June 29 - July 02, 1997 (with M. Kristiansen, M. Giesselmann and J.G. Kim).
13. “Window and Cavity Breakdown Caused by High-Power Microwave Fields,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, June 29 - July 02, 1997 (with A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, L.L. Hatfield, M. Kristiansen, and H. Krompholz).
14. “Streamer Discharges by Pulsed Power on a Spiral Transmission Line,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, June 29 – July 02, 1997 (with H. Akiyama, T. Sueda, S. Tsukamoto, Y. Nishihashi, S. Katsuki, M. Hagler and N. Inoue).
15. “A Subnanosecond High Voltage Pulser for the Investigation of Dielectric Breakdown,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, June 29 - July 02, 1997 (with J. Mankowski and M. Kristiansen).
16. “Development of Improved Triggered Vacuum Switches,” Submitted to International Workshop on Electromagnetic Launchers, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1998 (with T. Warren, M. Kristiansen, et.al.).
17. “High-Power Microwave Generation by Coaxial Vircator,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with W. Jiang, K. Woolverton, M. Kristiansen).
18. “Energy Efficiency Analysis of an Inductive Storage System,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with J.G. Kim, J Zhang, M. Giesselmann, M. Kristiansen, and J. Mankowski).
19. “The Design of a Compact Pulse Transformer,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with J. Zhang, M. Kristiansen, M.
46 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Giesselmann, J. Mankowski, D. Castro, and D. Garcia).
20. “Pulsed Power Conditioning with a Transformer for an Inductive Energy Storage System,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with J. Zhang, M. Giesselmann, M. Kristiansen, J. Mankowski, D. Castro, and D. Garcia).
21. “Pulsed Power Generation Using Ferromagnetic Circuits,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with S.I. Shkuratov, M. Kristiansen, L.L. Hatfield, and R. Martin).
22. “Pulsed, High Energy Testing of Resistors,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with S.I. Shkuratov, M. Kristiansen, L.L. Hat- field, and E. Horrocks).
23. High Voltage Subnanosecond Corona Inception,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with J. Mankowski, M. Kristiansen, J. Lehr, W. Prather, and J. Gaudet).
24. Optical Diagnostics on Helical Flux Compression Generators,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen and H. Krompholz).
25. “Simulation, Design and Test of a MOV Pulse Shaping Device for High Power Microwave Generators,” Proc. 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 27-30, 1999 (with M. Giesselmann, M. Kristiansen, and E. Kristiansen).
26. “High Power Microwave Window Breakdown Under Vacuum and Atmospheric Conditions”, SPIE’s International Symposium on AeroSense, (Intense Microwave Pulsed VII”, 24-28, April 2000, Orlando, FL (with D. Hemmert, A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, H. Krompholz, L.L. Hatfield).
27. “Fundamental Studies of a Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator,” 13th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Nagaoka, Japan, June 25-30, 2000. (with M. Kristiansen and A. Neuber).
28. “Energy Balance of Shock Wave Ferromagnetic Generators,” Proceedings of 12th Symposium on High Current Electronics, Tomsk, Russia, Sept. 24-29, 2000 (with S.I. Shkuratov and M. Kristiansen).
29. “Dielectric/Gas Interface Breakdown Caused by High Power Microwaves,” 13th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, June 2000, Nagaoka, Japan (with D. Hemmert, A. Neuber, H. Krompholz, M. Kristiansen and L.L. Hatfield). (Invited)
30. “Helical Flux Compression Generator for Basic Research,” Proc. 12th Sympoisum on High Current Electronics, Tomsk, Russia, Sept. 24-29, 2000 (with A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, M. Giesselman, B. Freeman, P. Worsey, and H. Krompholz).
47 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
31. “3-D PIC Simulation of a Coaxial Vircator,” 13th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, June 2000, Nagaoka, Japan (with W. Jiang (Nagaoka University of Technology), and M. Kristiansen.
32. “High-Power Microwave Generation by a Coaxial Vircator,” 13th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, June 2000, Nagaoka, Japan (with W. Jiang (Nagaoka University of Technology), and M. Kristiansen).
33. “Pulsed Power Systems”, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Third Edition edited by Robert A. Meyers, Vol. 13 (2001), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA (with M. Kristiansen).
34. “A Completely Explosive Pulsed Power Mini-System”, Submitted for publication in the Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002, RSI MS # A02449 (with E.F. Talantsev, S.I. Shkura- tov, and M. Kristiansen.
35. “Autonomous Ultra-Compact Explosive-Driven High-Voltage Generator Based on a Trans- verse Shock Wave Demagnetization of Nd2Fe14B Hard Ferromagnetics”, Submitted for publication in the Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002, RSI MS # A02200 (with S.I. Shkura-tov, E.F. Talantsev, and M. Kristiansen.
36. “Pre-Breakdown Current Behavior In Dc Volume Breakdown In Transformer Oil,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 289-292. (with M. Butcher, A. Neuber, and H. Krompholz)
37. “Optical Diagnostics Of Liquid Nitrogen Volume Pre-Breakdown Events,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1029-1032. (with M. Butcher, A. Neuber, and H. Krompholz)
38. “Pulsed And Self Electrical Breakdown In Biodegradable Oil,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1036-1039. (with M. Cevallos, A. Neuber, M. Haustein, and H. Krompholz)
39. “Physical Efficiency Limits Of Inch-Sized Helical MFCG's,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 413-416. (with A. Neuber, T. Holt, J. Hernandez, and M. Kristiansen)
40. “Small Sized MFCG For Driving A High Impedance Load,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1065-1068. (J. Hernandez, A. Neuber and M. Kristiansen)
41. “Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Materials as Seed Sources for Magnetic Flux Compressors,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, 1069-1072. ( with N. Schoeneberg, J. Walter, A. Neuber, and M. Kristiansen)
42. “Design Criteria For Prevention Of Armature “Turn-Skipping” In Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas,
48 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1077-1080. (with J. Rasty, X. Lee, A. Neuber, and M. Kristiansen)
43. “Conductivity Measurements Of Explosively Shocked Aluminum And OFHC Copper Used For Armature Material In A Magnetic Flux Compression Generator,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1073-1076. (with D. Hemmert, J. J. Mankowski, A. Neuber, J. Rasty, and M. Kristiansen)
44. “Surface Flashover Across Ceramic Disks In Vacuum At Cryogenic Temperatures,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 305-308. (with H. Keene, A. Neuber, and H. Krompholz)
45. Physics Of Dielectric Surface Flashover At Atmospheric Pressure,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 285-283. (with J. Krile, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, and H. Krompholz)
46. “Nanosecond Laser-Triggered Microwave Switch,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 309-312. (with M. Mcquage and A. Neuber).
47. “Short Pulse Electric Field Sterilization of Liquid Media,” Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, TX, June 15-18, 2003, p. 1124-1127. (with D. Wetz, K. Truman, J.J. Mankowski, and A. Neuber)
48. “Electrical Breakdown in Transformer Oil,” Joint Fall Meeting of the Texas Sections of the APS and AAPT and Zone 13 Society of Physics Students, Lubbock, TX, Oct 2003 (abstract only published) (with M. Cevallos, A. Neuber, and H. Krompholz)
49. G. Edmiston, A. Neuber, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, J. Krile, "High Power Microwave Surface Flashover of a Gas-Dielectric Interface at 90 to 760 Torr," Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
50. J. Krile, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, H. Krompholz, G. Edmiston, “Similarities of Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions for Pulsed Unipolar and RF Excitation,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
51. H. Krompholz, L.L. Hatfield, A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, K. Kohl, J. Chaparro,“ Subnanosecond Breakdown in Argon at High Overvoltages,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
52. J. Qian, R.P. Joshi, J.F. Kolb, K.H. Schoenbach, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, M. Butcher, M. Cevallos, H. Krompholz, E. Schamiloglu, J. Gaudet, “Simulation Studies of Liquid Water Breakdown by a Sub-Microsecond Pulse,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
53. H. Veselka, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “Shock Induced Conductivity for High Power Switching,” Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
49 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
54. M. Butcher, M. Cevallos, A. Neuber, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, “Investigation of Charge Conduction and Self-Breakdown in Transformer Oil,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
55. A.A. Neuber, Y.J. Chen, J.C. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, “A Compact, Repetitive, 500 kV, 500 J, Marx Generator,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
56. Y.J. Chen, J.J. Mankowski, A. Neuber, J.C. Dickens, “A Low-Cost Metallic Cathode for a Vircator HPM Source,” to be published in Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
57. D. Belt, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, A. Neuber, “Multistage Helical Flux Compression Generator Non-Explosive Test Bed,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
58. M.D. Cevallos, M.D. Butcher, J.C. Dickens, A.A. Neuber, H.G. Krompholz, “Bubble Dynamics and Channel Formation for Cathode Initiated Discharges in Transformer Oil,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
59. M.D. Cevallos, M.D. Butcher, J.C. Dickens, A.A. Neuber, H.G. Krompholz, “Composite Shadowgraphy and Luminosity Images of Self Breakdown Discharge Channels in Transformer Oil,” Proceedings of the 15th Int. IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Monterey, CA, June 13-17, 2005
60. A. Neuber, J. Krile, G. Edmiston, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, "Limits of High Power Microwave Transmission due to Interface Breakdown," presented (oral) at 2005 Tri-Service VED Workshop, 12-16 September 2005
61. A. Neuber, G. Edmiston, J. Krile, K. Morales, J. Dickens, H. Krompholz, "High Power Microwave Breakdown Limits of Dielectric/Gas Interfaces,” 2005 International COE Forum on Pulsed Power Science will be held on November 13 – 14 at Kumamoto, Japan. (invited)
62. A. Neuber, J. Krile, G. Edmiston, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen ,“Interface Breakdown During High Power Microwave Transmission,” 13th EML Symposium, May 22- 25, 2006, Berlin, Germany.
63. Lynn, C.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J, “Opening Switch Utilizing Shock Wave Induced Conduction in PMMA and PVC,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):556 - 556 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345862
64. Karhi, Ryan W.; Mankowski, John J.; Dickens, James C, “A Synchronous Free-Running Arc Distributed Energy Railgun,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):1016 - 1016 Digital Object Identifier
50 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346322
65. Chen, Hao; Jiang, Chunqi; Kuthi, Andras; Gundersen, Martin A.; Dickens, James, ”Small Back-Lighted Thyratrons,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):430 - 430 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345736
66. James, Colt; Dickens, James C.; Holt, Shad, “Evaluation of Switch Jitter on a High Pressure Coaxial Spark Gap,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):429 - 429 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345735
67. McCauley, D.; Belt, D.; Mankowski, J.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A.; Kristiansen, M, “Electro- Explosive Fuse Optimization for Helical Flux Compression Generator using a Non- Explosive Test Bed,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):656 - 656 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345962
68. Belt, D.; Walter, J.; Mankowski, J.; Dickens, J,”Modeling of a Single Element Pulsed Ring- Down Antenna for Implementation in a Phased Array System,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):816 - 816 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346122
69. Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Mankowski, J.; Kristiansen, M,”Theoretical Pulsed Ring Down Antenna Array Performance” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):482 - 482 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345788
70. Chen, Yeong-Jer; Mankowski, John J.; Walter, John W.; Dickens, James C “Jitter and Recovery Rate of a Triggered Spark Gap with High Pressure Gas Mixtures,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):255 - 255 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4345561
71. Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M,“Electrical and Optical Measurements of Explosively Driven Plasma Jets,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):723 - 723 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346029
72. Holt, Shad L.; Krile, John T.; Hemmert, David J.; Hackenberger, Wesley S.; Alberta, Edward F.; Walter, John W.; Dickens, James C.; Altgilbers, Larry L.; Stults, Allen H “Testing of New Ferroelectric Elements Custom Engineered for Explosively Driven Ferroelectric Generator Applications,” Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):722 - 722 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346028
73. Krile, John T.; Holt, Shad L.; Hemmert, David J.; Walter, John W.; Dickens, James C.; Altgilbers, Larry L.; Stults, Allen H “Development of an Ultra-Compact Explosively Driven Magnetic Flux Compression Generator System,”
51 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
74. Pulsed Power Plasma Science Conference, 2007. PPPS 2007. IEEE June 17 2007-April 22 2007 Page(s):721 - 721 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPPS.2007.4346027
75. Veselka, H.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J “Pressure Induced Conductivity for High Power Switching,” Power Modulator Symposium, 2006. Conference Record of the 2006 Twenty- Seventh International 14-18 May 2006 Page(s):219 - 219 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MODSYM.2006.365221
76. Opening Switch Utilizing Stress Induced Conduction in Polymethylmethacrylate Lynn, C.; Krile, J.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):483 - 486 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743696
77. A 50 kV, 100 Hz Low Jitter Triggered Spark Gap with High Pressure Gas Mixtures Chen, Yeong-Jer; Mankowski, John J.; Dickens, James C.; Walter, John; Kristiansen, Magne; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27- 31 May 2008 Page(s):197 - 200 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743614
78. Energy Deposition and Electromagnetic Compatibility Assessment of Electroexplosive Devices Parson, J.; Dickens, J.; Walter, J.; Neuber, A.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):439 - 442 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743684
79. Analysis of Mesoband Single Element Pulsed Ring-Down Antennas for Implementation in Phased Array Systems Belt, D.; Mankowski, J.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27- 31 May 2008 Page(s):152 - 155 Digital Object Identifier 0.1109/IPMC.2008.4743602
80. A Compact, Self-Contained High Power Microwave Source Based on a Reflex-Triode Vircator and Explosively Driven Pulsed Power Young, A.; Holt, T.; Elsayed, M.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A.; Kristiansen, M.; Altgilbers, L.L; Stults, A.H.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):147 - 150 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743600
81. Window Flashover Initiation under Pulsed Microwave Excitation Krile, J.; Edmiston, G.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H.; Neuber, A.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):560 - 563 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743719
82. Scaling and Improvement of Compact Explosively-Driven Ferroelectric Generators Bolyard, D.; Neuber, A.; Krile, J.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):49 - 52 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.47
83. Shock Wave Simulation of Ferrite-Filled Coaxial Nonlinear Transmission Lines Sullivan, W.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):517 - 520 Digital Object
52 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743706
84. High-Current Compact FCG Seed Source Implementing Solid State Switching Elsayed, M.; Holt, T.; Young, A.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Altgilbers, L.L.; Stults, A.H.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):25 - 28 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743567
85. Compact Silicon Carbide Switch For High Voltage Operation James, C.; Hettler, C.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A.; IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, Proceedings of the 2008 27-31 May 2008 Page(s):17 - 20 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743565
86. Jitter and recovery rate of a 50 kV, 100 Hz triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures Yeong-Jer Chen; Mankowski, J.J.; Walter, J.W.; Dickens, J.C.; Plasma Science, 2008. ICOPS 2008. IEEE 35th International Conference on 15-19 June 2008 Page(s):1 - 1 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PLASMA.2008.4590809
87. Jitter and recovery rate of a triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures Chen, Yeong-Jer; Dickens, J.; Walter, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):244 - 249 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386309
88. High electric field packaging of silicon carbide photoconductive switches Hettler, C.; James, C.; Dickens, J.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):631 - 634 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386380
89. High voltage photoconductive switches using semi-insulating, vanadium doped 6H-SiC, James, C.; Hettler, C.; Dickens, J.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):283 - 286 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386303
90. Stand-alone, FCG-driven High Power Microwave system Young, A.; Neuber, A.; Elsayed, M.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Altgilbers, L.L.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE 91. June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):292 - 296 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386301
92. VUV emission from dielectric surface flashover at atmospheric pressure Rogers, G.; Neuber, A.; Laity, G.; Dickens, J.; Frank, K.; Schramm, T.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):855 - 859 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386373
93. Electrical conduction in select polymers under shock loading Lynn, C.; Neuber, A.; Krile, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009- July 2 2009 Page(s):171 - 174 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386199
94. Performance of a compact triode vircator and Marx generator system Walter, J.; Dickens, J.;
53 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):133 - 137 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386184
95. Energy deposition assessment and electromagnetic evaluation of electroexplosive devices in a pulsed power environment Parson, J.; Dickens, J.; Walter, J.; Neuber, A.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):892 - 896 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386262
96. A compact 5kV battery-capacitor seed source with rapid capacitor charger Holt, S. L.; Dickens, J. C.; McKinney, J. L.; Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):897 - 901 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386260
97. Optimizing power conditioning components for a Flux Compression Generator using a non-explosive testing system Davis, C.; Neuber, A.; Young, A.; Walter, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):951 - 955 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386110
98. Prediction of compact explosively-driven ferroelectric generator performance Bolyard, D.; Neuber, A.; Krile, J.; Dickens, J.; Kristiansen, M.; Pulsed Power Conference, 2009. PPC '09. IEEE June 28 2009-July 2 2009 Page(s):167 - 170 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386196
99. Low jitter triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures and Kr85 Yeong-Jer Chen; Dickens, J.C.; Walter, J.W.; Kristiansen, M.; Plasma Science - Abstracts, 2009. ICOPS 2009. IEEE International Conference on 1-5 June 2009 Page(s):1 - 1 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227620
100. Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of dielectric surface flashover at atmospheric pressure Laity, G.; Frank, K.; Rogers, G.; Kristiansen, M.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A.; Schramm, T.; Plasma Science - Abstracts, 2009. ICOPS 2009. IEEE International Conference on 1-5 June 2009 Page(s):1 - 1 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227565
101. G. Rogers, A. Neuber, L. Hatfield, G. Laity, K. Frank, J. Dickens, “Atmospheric Flashover in a Symmetric Electric Field Geometry,” 2010 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, May 23 - 27, 2010 in Atlanta, GA.
102. K. Frank, G. Laity, A. Neuber, G. Rogers, L. Hatfield, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, A. Fierro, “Time-Resolved Spectral Investigations of Pulsed Atmospheric Dielectric Surface Flashover Discharges,” 63rd Gaseous Electronics Conference, October 4th – 8th, Paris, France, (2010).
103. Spectral analysis of vacuum ultraviolet emission from pulsed atmospheric discharges, Laity, G.; Neuber, A.; Rogers, G.; Frank, K.; Hatfield, L.; Dickens, J.; Plasma Science, 2010 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/PLASMA.2010.5534416 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 1 IEEE Conferences.
104. G. Laity, A. Neuber, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, L. Hatfield, “Nanosecond-Scale Spectroscopy of
54 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Vacuum Ultraviolet Emission from Pulsed Atmospheric Discharges,” to be published in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL (2011).
105. A. Fierro, G. Laity, L. Hatfield, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Advanced Imaging of Pulsed Atmospheric Surface Flashover,” 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL, (2011).
106. J. Walter, J. Vara, C. Lynn, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, M. Kristiansen, “Anode Optimization for a Compact Sealed Tube Vircator,” to be published in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL (2011)
107. S. Beeson, J. Foster, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Investigation of the Transmission Properties of High Power Microwave Induced Surface Flashover Plasma,” to be published in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL (2011)
108. J. C. Stephens, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, “Compact Electro-Explosive Fuse Optimization for a Helical Flux Compression Generator,” to be published in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL (2011)
109. J.-W. B. Bragg, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Temperature Dependence of Ferrimagnetic Based Nonlinear Transmission Line,” to be published in Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 19th – 23rd, Chicago, IL (2011)
110. G. Laity, A. Fierro, L. Hatfield, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, K. Frank, “ Investigation of Vacuum UV Absorption During Low-Temperature Plasma Formation in N2/H2 Mixtures at Atmospheric Pressures,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012)
111. C. Hettler, W. Sullivan II, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “Performance and Optimization of a 30 kV Silicon Carbide Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch for Pulsed Power Applications,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012)
112. C. Hettler, J-W. Bragg, W. Sullivan, D. Mauch, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “A Compact Phaseable MW-Class High Power Microwave System using an integrated Photoconductive Switch and Nonlinear Transmission Line,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012), abstract only.
113. S. Beeson, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Evolutions of Plasma Density Generated by High Power Microwaves,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012).
55 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
114. D. Reale, J. Mankowski, S. Holt, J. Walter and J. Dickens, "A Mobile Pulsed Ring Down Source Array using Low Power Solid State Radiators," 2011 18th International Pulsed Power Conference, Chicago, IL, June 19-23, 2011
115. J.-W. Bragg. C. Simmons, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “Serial Arrangement of Ferrimagnetic Nonlinear Transmission Lines,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012).
116. J. Parson, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, J. Walter, “Gas Evolution of Nickel, Stainless Steel 316, and Titanium Anodes in Vacuum Sealed Tubes,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012).
117. C. Lynn, J. Walter, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, “Comparison of CsI Coated Carbon Velvet and Aluminum Cathodes Operated at Current Density on the Order of 300 A/cm2,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012).
118. J. Stephens, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, “Experimentation and Simulation of High Current Density Surface Coated Electro-Explosive Fuses,” presented at the 2012 International IEEE IPMHV Conference, June 3rd-7th, San Diego, CA (2012).
119. S. L. Holt, J.C. Dickens, A. A. Neuber, “Power Electronics for Compact Pulsed Power,” 6th Annual RF Munitions And Warhead Workshop, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL, 2012.
120. W. Sullivan III, C. Hettler, D. Mauch, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “A 50 kV Silicon Carbide Photoconductive Switch for Pulsed Power Systems,” presented at the 4th Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference, 30 Sept – 4 Oct, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2012.
121. J.-W. Bragg, W. Sullivan III, D. Mauch, C. Hettler, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “Photoconductive-switched nonlinear transmission line for use as a compact, MW-class high power microwave system,” presented at the 4th Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference, 30 Sept – 4 Oct, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2012.
122. J. M. Parson, J. C. Dickens, A. Neuber, J. Walter, M. Kristiansen, “Anode Material Outgassing at 250 A/cm2 Current Density under UHV Conditions,” presented at the 39th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 8-12 July, Edinburgh, UK, 2012.
123. A. Neuber, J. Stephens, C. Lynn, J. Walter, J. Dickens, M. Kristiansen, “ Stand-Alone Pulsed Power Generator for HPM Generation,” Invited Presentation at the 39th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 8-12 July, Edinburgh, UK, 2012.
124. G Laity, A Fierro, L Hatfield, J Dickens, A Neuber, K Frank, “A passive method for determining plasma dissociation degree using vacuum UV self-absorption spectroscopy,” presented at the IEEE Pulsed Power & Plasma Science Conference, June 16th-21st, 2013.
125. J Stephens, B Loya, J Dickens, A Neuber, “Development and characterization of a pulsed micro hollow cathode discharge array,” presented at the IEEE Pulsed Power & Plasma
56 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Science Conference, June 16th-21st, 2013
126. D Ryberg, G Laity, A Fierro, J Dickens, A Neuber, “An experimental system for the measurement of vacuum UV below 115 nm from pulsed plasma in an N2/O2 environment,” presented at the IEEE Pulsed Power & Plasma Science Conference, June 16th-21st, 2013.
127. J. M. Parson, J. -W. B. Bragg, M. Taylor, D. Barnett, P. Kelly, C. F. Lynn, S. Holt, J. C. Dickens,A. A. Neuber, J. J. Mankowski, “Rep-Rate Operation of a ~200 kV Sealed-Tube Reflex-TriodeVircator at ~200 A/cm2,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
128. J. C. Stephens, D. Ryberg, J. C. Dickens, A. A. Neuber, “Optimization of Shock Intensities Generated by High Current Exploding Wires,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
129. J. C. Stephens, A. S. Fierro, J. C. Dickens, A. A. Neuber, “Pulsed Microdischarge, 121.6 nm VUV Source with 40 Watt Peak Power,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
130. A. Fierro, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “Implementation of a 3D PIC/MCC Simulation to Investigate Plasma Initiation in Nitrogen at Atmospheric Pressure,” presented at the 66th Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, Sept. 30th – Oct. 4th, 2013.
131. J. Stephens, A. Fierro, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, “A Short Pulse, “High Rep-Rate Microdischarge VUV Source,” presented at the 66th Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, Sept. 30th – Oct. 4th, 2013.
132. M. B. Walls, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, A. Neuber, “Pulse Generator Development for Low Impedance Loads,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
133. E. Rocha, P. Kelly, J. Mankowski, A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, J. M. Parson, C. Lynn, T. Queller, J. Z. Gleizer, and Y. E. Krasik, “Evaluating the Performance of a Carbon-Epoxy Capillary Cathode and Carbon Fiber Cathode in a Sealed-Tube Vircator under UHV Conditions,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
134. A. A. Neuber, J. C. Dickens, J. J. Mankowski, L. Hatfield, H. Krompholz, and M. Kristiansen, “Selected Pulsed Power Efforts in US Academia over the Past Two Decades,” Invited Presentation at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
57 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
135. S. Beeson, S. Lin, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Reduction of High Power Microwave Breakdown Delay Times Using Multiple Passes Through a TE111 Resonator,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
136. P. Kelly, J. M. Parson, C. Lynn, M. Taylor, J. C. Dickens, A. Neuber, J. Mankowski, “Performance of ST707 Getter Material in a Rep-Rated High Power Microwave Sealed-Tube Vircator Under UHV Conditions,” presented at the 41st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 20th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, Marriott Wardman Park, Washington DC, May 25 – 29, 2014.
137. E. Cordero, S. Holt, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “A Battery Powered 80 kVA Capacitor Charger,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
138. J. M. Johnson, D. V. Reale, J. Parson, A. Neuber, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, “A 1 kHz, 20 kV Nanosecond Pulse Trigger Generator for Use in Nonlinear Transmission Line Applications,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
139. A. Fierro, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “Measurement and Simulation of Pulsed Plasma Development at Medium Pressure in a Non-Uniform Field,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
140. D. Thomas, D. Mauch, C. White, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “Characterization of Mid-Bandgap Defect States in Silicon Carbide Through Leakage Current Analysis for Optimization of Silicon Carbide Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches, “ presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
141. D. V. Reale, D. Mauch, J. M. Johnson, A. Neuber, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, “Radiation from a SiC PCSS Driven Gyromagnetic Nonlinear Transmission Line High Power Microwave Source,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
142. S. Holt, E. Cordero, R. Torres, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, “A Modular High Power Battery System for Pulsed Power Applications,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
143. C. Lynn, J. Parson, S. Holt, P. Kelly, M. Taylor, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, J. Mankowski,”Frequency Tuning A Reflex Triode Vircator from 1.5 GHz - 5.9 GHz,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
144. P. Kelly, J. Parson, C. Lynn, M. Taylor, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, J. Mankowski, “Performance of ST707 Getter Material in A Rep-Rated High Power Microwave Sealed Tube Vircator under UHV Conditions,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage
58 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
145. P. Gatewood, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, “A Metamaterial-Inspired Electrically Small Antenna for Operation at 2 to 20 MHz,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
146. D. Mauch, C. White, D. Thomas, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, “Overview Of High Voltage 4H-SiC Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch Efforts at Texas Tech University,” Invited Presentation at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
147. K. Eldridge, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber,” A Wavelet Approach to High Power Microwaves,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
148. J. Parson, J.-W. Bragg, P. Kelly, C. Lynn, M. Taylor, D. Barnett, S. Holt, J. Mankowski, J. Dickens, A. Neuber “,Rep-Rate Operation of a 300 KV, High-Power Microwave Sealed- Tube Vircator,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
149. D. Barnett, J. Parson, C. Lynn, P. Kelly, M. Taylor, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, “Design and Operation of a Fast-Risetime, 500 Hz, 24 kV, Optically-Isolated Pulse Trigger Generator,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
150. M. Taylor, P. Kelly, D. Barnett, J.-W. Bragg, J. Parson, C. Lynn, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, “Operation of a 500 kV, 4 kA PFN Marx Generator at a 500 Hz Rep-Rate,” presented at the International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, Santa Fe, NM, June 2014.
59 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
APPENDIX (B)
Dr. Rasty’s CV
60 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
RWFE, LLC – 1500 Broadway, Suite 1117, Lubbock, TX 79401 Office: 806-368-9811 Facsimile: 806-368-9812 Website: www.ExpertEngineering.com Email: [email protected]
Professor Jahan Rasty, Ph.D., PE, MBA, CFEI, CFII Tenured Full-Professor of Mechanical Engineering – TTU Director of the Materials Performance & Failure Analysis Laboratory – TTU Registered Professional Engineer, State of Texas, Certificate No. 71689.
SPECIALIZATION: ● Forensic Engineering Accident Investigation – TTU Program Director, ● Design & Manufacturing of Machines, Equipment and Mechanisms, ● Failure Analysis of Metals, Polymers and Composites, Metallurgy, ● Corrosion and Environmentally-Assisted Failures, ● Analysis of Dynamic Events: Collision, Impact, Fire and Explosion, ● Slips, Trips and Falls: Safety Standards in Premises Liability, ● Safety Engineering: Guarding and Warning Standards, Human Factors, ● Industrial Equipment Failures, Forensic Engineering Investigation EDUCATION: MBA, 1999: College of Business Administration, Texas Tech University. Ph.D., 1987: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University (LSU). Dissertation Title: "Experimental and Finite Element Study of Residual Stresses Induced by Non-homogeneous, Large Deformation Manufacturing Processes: Application to Zircaloy-4(R) Nuclear Fuel Cladding and Oxygen- Free High Conductivity (OFHC) Copper Tubes." B.S./M.S. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University (LSU). 1981/1984: Thesis Title: "The Effect of Imperfect Contact Between Adjacent Layers on the Integrity of Multilayer Wrapped Pressure Vessels with Interlayer Gaps."
61 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: ● The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) – Member ● Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) - Member ● American Society of Materials (ASM International) – Member ● The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) – Member ● Electronic Device Failure Analysis Society (EDFAS) – Member ● National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI) – Member ● Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) International- Member ● International Iron & Steel Symposium 2015 (IISS) – Scientific Committee Member
PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS:
2014: Successfully completed the National Association of Fire Investigators Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator (CFEI) Certification Course, July 21-24, 2014, Sarasota, FL.
2014: Successfully completed the National Association of Fire Investigators Certified Fire Investigation Instructor (CFII) Certification Course, July 25, 2014, Sarasota, FL.
2007: Successfully completed the Vetronix/Bosch approved standardized 8-hour Crash Data Retrieval (CDR) Technician Certification Course, September 9, 2007, North Las Vegas, NV.
2007: Successfully completed the Vetronix/Bosch approved 32-hour Crash Data Retrieval (CDR) Data Analyst Course to qualify for individual CDR System Operator Certification, September 10-13, 2007, North Las Vegas, NV. ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS: 2002-05: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International, Board of Governors – Served as the regional secretary.
2002: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International, Board of Governors – in recognition for “valued service in advancing the engineering profession as Assistant Vice President for Education (1999-2001) and Vice Chair for Education (1998-1999).” 2002: Texas Tech American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Student Chapter Service Award – in recognition of 13 years of service as the Faculty Advisor for the ASME chapter. 2001: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Meritorious Service Award – in recognition for his efforts in coordinating the Graduate Student Technical Conference (GSTC). 1993: Halliburton Education Foundation Award of Excellence for Outstanding Achievement and Professionalism in Education, Research and Service, 1992: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Counsel on Member Affairs Award for outstanding contributions as the Faculty Advisor to the ASME Student Section at Texas Tech, 1992: Ralph Teetor award for education/research, Society of Automotive Engineers,
62 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
1991: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Board of Governors award for valued services in advancing the engineering profession. 1990: Halliburton Education Foundation Award of Excellence for Outstanding Achievement and Professionalism in Education, Research and Service, 1989: Alcoa Foundation Grant Award for Excellence in Research, 1986: American Public Works Association (APWA) Grant Award, 1984-87: Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company Fellow in Materials Science,
WORK EXPERIENCE: 1986-Present: Real-World Forensic Engineering President Performed engineering analysis and provided expert witness testimony and consulting services in the areas of Forensic Engineering, Mechanical Design, Failure Investigation, Stress Analysis, Materials Characterization/Testing, and Experimental Engineering Analysis for a number of local as well as national corporations. 1/85-7/85: ETHYL Corp., Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Project Engineer Evaluated the stresses and displacements of reactor vessels under operating conditions and recommended modifications in the design of the vessels. Analysis was conducted using the existing theoretical solutions. In addition, ANSYS Finite Element Program was utilized to verify the theoretical results. Due to complex geometry of reactor parts being analyzed, extensive experience in modeling of mechanical parts with complex geometry and boundary conditions was obtained.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE: 2008-Present Full-Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University 1993-2008: Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University 1988-1993: Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University
Taught and Developed (**) the Following Undergraduate and Graduate Courses: 1) Mechanics of Solids (ME 3464, Mechanics II) 2) Principles of Failure Analysis & Forensic Engineering (**), TTU-ME 4342 3) Mechanical Metallurgy (**), TTU-ME 4343 4) Materials Science, TTU-ME 2311 5) Statics, TTU-ME 2464 6) Measurements & Instrumentation Laboratory – ME 3218 7) Materials and Mechanics Laboratory, TTU-ME 3328 8) Materials in Design (**), TTU-ME 4341 9) Manufacturing Processes (**), TTU-ME 4344 10) Dynamics, TTU-ME 3331 11) Introduction to Machine Design, TTU-ME 3364 12) Machine Component Design, TTU-ME 3365 13) Mechanical Systems Laboratory, TTU-ME 4252 14) Applied Mechanics (**), TTU-ME 4362
63 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
15) Senior Design-I, TTU-ME 4370 16) Senior Design-II, TTU-ME 4371 17) Individual Studies, TTU-ME 4331 18) Fracture and Failure Analysis (**), TTU-ME 5342 (graduate) 19) Foundations of Solid Mechanics (**), TTU-ME 5352 (graduate) 20) Plasticity and Viscoelasticity (**), TTU-ME 5353 (graduate) 21) Theory of Thermal Stresses (**), TTU-ME 5344 (graduate) 22) Deformation Mechanics (**), TTU-ME 5331 (graduate) 23) Dislocation Mechanics (**), TTU-ME 5343 (graduate) 24) Legal Principles in Forensic Science & Engineering (**), TTU-ME 6330 (graduate)
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT COURSES: 2009: Attended a full day workshop and hand-on training course for “Safe Operation of Forklifts”, presented by office of Environmental Health and Safety, Texas Tech University, May 2009, Lubbock, TX. 2008: Attended a 1½ day workshop on “Intellectual Property in the 21st Century”, given by Raymond Van Dyke, Esq., an intellectual property attorney from the law firm of Winston & Strawn, LLP, in Washington D.C., April 11-12, 2008, Texas Tech University. 2007: Attended a workshop sponsored by ABAQUS Corporation on “Computer Aided Modeling and Application of Finite Element Method to Fracture and Failure Analysis”, May 11-12, Dallas, TX. 2006: Attended a workshop sponsored by ABAQUS Corporation on “Computer Aided Modeling and Application of Finite Element Method to Fracture and Failure Analysis”, May 11-12, Dallas, TX. 2002: Attended the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME International) Management Training Seminar, August 10, 2002, San Antonio, TX. 1997: Successfully completed a course on “Interpersonal Skills” at the ASME Region X Management Training Seminar held, April 4-5, 1997, Arlington, TX. 1997: Successfully completed a course on “Mutil-Scale Modeling of Polycrystal Plasticity” at the Institute for Mechanics and Materials Seminar, April 9-11, 1997, San Diego, CA. 1993: Successfully completed a course on “Teaching Effectiveness” presented at the National Effective Teaching Institute's workshop held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, June 24-26, 1993. 1990: Successfully completed a course on “Probabilistic Structural Analysis Methods and NESSUS Workshop” presented by the Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, April 16-20, 1990. 1989: Successfully completed a course on "Integrated Learning System - Improving Engineering Education," Presented by Dr. K.J. Williamson, and P.K. Hurt, in a teaching effectiveness workshop held at Texas Tech University. 1988: Successfully completed a course on "Creating Creative Engineers", presented at the National Effective Teaching Institute's workshop held at North Carolina State University, June 11-13, 1988.
64 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
1984: Successfully completed a course on “Teaching Effectiveness” presented by Professor James E. Stice, at the Center for Teaching Effectiveness Workshop, held at Louisiana State University, March15-17, 1984.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH & PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE:
1988-Present: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX Funded Research: Served as the PI and/or Co-PI of 27 research projects (listed below) with a total funding of $7,478,820 (Other non-funded research projects are not listed).
1) Principal-Investigator: “Experimental and Finite Element Characterization of Residual Stresses”, Funded by AFOSR/Lockheed Martin/Boeing PCC 02 KY4111 F/A-22 Program, $5,000, 8/6/2007 – 5/31/2007.
2) Principal-Investigator: “Property Characterization of Biodegradable Insulation Material,” Funded by MXT Corp., $3,956, 03/13/2006 – 3/13/2007.
3) Principal-Investigator: “Development of Residual Stress Measurement Standards for Machining-Induced Distortion Failures”, Funded by Los Alamos National Laboratory, $37,926, 01/15/2006 – 12/31/2006.
4) Principal-Investigator: “Numerical Analysis of High-Cycle Fatigue with Probabilistic Failure.” Funded by Alpha Star Corporation, $170,000, 6/1/2005 – 5/31/2006.
5) Principal-Investigator: “Effect of Dietary Lipids on Flexural Strength and Histomorphometry of Osteoporotic Animal Bone Models”. Funded by Texas Tech Multidisciplinary Seed Grant Program, $29,200, 4/01/2002- 8/01/2003.
6) Co-Investigator: “Two-year program extension, MURI-II, “Explosive-Driven Power Generation for Directed-Energy Munitions,” Funded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $2,000,000, 5/01/2001- 5/01/2003.
7) Co-Investigator: “MURI II, Explosive-Driven Power Generation for Directed-Energy Munitions,” Funded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $3,000,000, 5/01/98- 5/01/2001.
8) Principal-Investigator: "Materials Testing System”, Instron Corp., $27,320, 5/97.
9) Principal-Investigator: "Hydraulic Power Unit for Cold Expansion of Airplane Fuselage Rivet Holes”, Womack Systems. L.C., $925, 10/96.
10) Principal-Investigator: "Improving Machining of Internally Stressed Components Through Model Predictive Control," Funded by the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, $8,000 9/96-9/97.
65 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
11) Principal-Investigator: "Improving Machining of Internally Stressed Components Through Model Predictive Control," Funded by the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, $16,000 9/95-9/96.
12) Principal-Investigator: "Effective Control of Distortion and Residual Stresses Induced by Rapid Quenching" Funded by the Advanced Technology Program (ATP), Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, $88,000, 1/96-1/98.
13) Principal-Investigator: "Design and Construction of a Scale Model 400-Ton Mechanical Press for Manufacturing Expanded Metal Grating. Funded by EMI Inc., $1,243, 8/94 - 12/94.
14) Principal-Investigator: "Achieving Optimum Material Properties While Minimizing Distortions due to Rapid Quenching," Funded by the Center for Applied Automation and Research (CFAR), $15,250, 11/93-11/94.
15) Co-Investigator: "Effect of Thermal Cycling and Space Conditions on the High Voltage Flash-Over of Dielectrics", Funded by Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), $500,000, 1/93- 1/94.
16) Co-Investigator: "Design and Manufacturing of Multi-Layered Spherical Pressure Vessels Using the Integral Hydro-Bulge Forming Method", Funded by College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, State Line Item Research Program, $23,500, 9/92-9/93.
17) Co-Investigator: "High-Voltage Space Power Research", Funded by Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), $250,000, 1/92-1/93.
18) Co-Investigator: "Effect of Thermal Cycling and Space Conditions on the High Voltage Flash-Over of Dielectrics", Funded by Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), $460,000, 1/92- 1/93.
19) Principal-Investigator: "Composite Materials", Funded by W.G. Composites, $60,000, 12/91.
20) Co-Investigator: "Effect of Thermal Cycling and Space Conditions on the High Voltage Flash-Over of Dielectrics", Funded by Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), $500,000, 1/91- 1/92.
21) Principal Investigator: "Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses Due to Non- uniform Cooling Following Heat Treatment Operation", Funded by Alcoa Technical Center, $10,000, 1/91-1/93.
22) Principal Investigator: "Ultrasonic-Based Measurement of Residual Stresses Induced by Large Deformation Manufacturing Processes", Funded by Engineering Foundation, a Department of Engineering Trustees Inc., $20,000, 9/90-9/91.
66 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
23) Principal Investigator: "Equipment for Ultrasonic-Based Measurement of Residual Stresses Induced by Large Deformation Manufacturing Processes", Funded by Texas Tech University, $24,000, 6/91-6/92.
24) Co-Investigator: "Avionics Integrity: Finite Element Analysis of LRUs and PCBs Subjected to Vibration and/or Thermal Environments", Funded by General Dynamics/FW, $100,000, 1/90-1/91.
25) Principal Investigator: "Physical and Numerical Modeling of Metal-Forming Processes", Alcoa Research Foundation, $7,500, 6/89-90.
26) Co-Investigator: "An Automated Video-Optical Diffractometry Technique for Measurement of Strain on Curved Surfaces", Funded by the Advanced Technology Program (ATP), Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, $114,000, 6/88-9/90.
27) Co-Investigator: "Development of a Beam Pump Intelligent Well Controller: Measurement of Position, Displacement and Induced Forces", Funded by Teledyne Merla Inc., $7,000, 1/89-1/90.
GRADUATE STUDENT SUPERVISSION (Incomplete List)
Student’s Name Degree Earned Thesis/Dissertation Title Daniel Stevens M.S.- M.E. “A new Apparatus for Measurement of Residual (Committee Chair) In Progress Stresses Utilizing Hole-Drilling Method”
Mike Tiprigan M.S.- M.E. “Experimental Study of Failure in High- (Committee Chair) In Progress Pressure Hoses”
Sharath Neelakanta M.S.- M.E. “Experimental Study of Hail Impact Damage on (Committee Chair) In Progress Roofing Materials”
Spandan Archa M.S.- M.E. “Analysis of Residual Stresses via Hole-Drilling (Committee Chair) In Progress and Contour Methods”
Raja Gudipati M.S.- M.E. “Effect of Acid Cleaning on Fractographic (Committee Chair) In Progress Features in Typical Fracture Surfaces”
Dhananjay Ghatpande M.S.- M.E. “Experimental studty of the Energy Absorption (Committee Chair) In Progress Characteristics of Footbal Helmets”
Archis Marathe M.S.- M.E. “Failure Analysis of Synthetic Ropes” (Committee Chair) In Progress
67 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
GRADUATE STUDENT SUPERVISSION (Incomplete List)
Student’s Name Degree Earned Thesis/Dissertation Title Amit Kumar M.S.- M.E. (Committee Chair) In Progress
Andrew Schmit M.S.- M.E. “Effect of Bladder Pressure on Energy Absorption (Committee Chair) May 2014 Characteristics of Football Helmets”
Neil Kanungo M.S.- M.E. “Environmental Degradation of Polymeric Webbing (Committee Chair) May 2014 Materials, Effects of UV, Heat and Humidity”
Zack Branson B.S.- M.E. “Root-Cause Failure of a Polyurethane Chair” (Committee Chair) December 2013
Neil Kanungo M.S.- M.E. “Analysis of Damage to Galvanized Steel Due to Hail (Committee Chair) December 2011 Impact”
David Upshaw M.S.- M.E. “Finite Element Study of Collision Impact” (Committee Chair) May 2011
Hutcheson, Stephen Ph.D.- CHEE, Evaluation of Viscoelastic Materials: The Study (Committee Member) August 2008 of Nanosphere Embedment into Polymer Surfaces and Rheology of Simple Glass Formers Using a Compliant Rheometer Dhorje, Mrugesh M.S. – M.E. Application of Modified Weibull Failure Theory (Committee Member) August 2008 For Contact Loading Ramkumar Ph.D. - M.E. “High Strain-Rate and High Temperature-Rate (Committee Chair) Dec. 2007 Characterization of of Material Properties”
Nathan Poerner M.S. – M.E. “Round-Robin Study of Residual Stress (Committee Chair) Dec. 2007 Measurement Techniques”
Vipin Palande M.S. – M.E. “3-D Finite Element Analsysi of residual Stress (Committee Chair) May 2009 in Cold Expanded Holes”
Gautam Kumar M.S.- M.E “Failure Analysis of an Engine Bearing Cap”. (Committee Chair) May 2005
Xiabin Le Ph.D. – M.E. “Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of (Committee Chair) Explosive Loading in MFCGs”
Nripendue Dutta Ph.D. – M.E. “Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of (Committee Chair) Elasto-Palstic Boundary in Cold Expanded Holes”
Ali Raja M.S.- M.E. “Experimental Study of Bending Fracture Stress (Committee Chair) of Rat Bones Subjected to Different Diets”
68 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
Advisor to Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Thesis Research Projects: (Incomplete List)
Student’s Name Degree Earned Thesis/Dissertation Title Nripendu Dutta Ph.D.- M.E. “Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Investigations 1997 of Elastic-Plastic Boundary and Residual Stress Field around a Cold-Expanded Hole” PROFESSIONAL SERVICES: 2006-2007 10th World Conference on Integrated Design & Process Technology, May 27- June 1, 2007, Antalya, Turkey, Member of program committee, served as session organizer and reviewer.
2005: National Science Foundation Grant Review Panel Served as a reviewer for NSF's Division of Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs covering the topics of Manufacturing and Machine Design.
2001-Present: Secretary - ASME Great International Region X Responsibilities included serving on ASME-Region X Operating Board and assisting the VP with the operation of region X activities.
1998-2001: Assistant VP for Education – ASME Great International Region X Responsibilities included serving on ASME-Region X Operating Board covering more than 50 universities in 4 states and two countries, organization of the annual ASME Regional Student Conference (RSC), Graduate Student Technical Conference (GSTC), Design Contest, as well as organization of the annual Regional Student Leadership Seminar (RSLS) for training of incoming ASME student officers.
1991-Present: ASM/TMS Student Chapter Faculty Adviser, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University. Founded the first joint student chapter of the American Society of Materials and The Metallurgical Society (ASM/TMS) at Texas Tech University.
1989-2002: ASME Student Chapter Faculty Adviser, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University. Provided support and guidance to the local student chapter of the American Society of Engineers.
1998: Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Session Chairman, Served as the chairman for a session on “Application of Numerical Modeling to the Analysis of Residual Stresses" at the SEM's 1998 Spring Conference, June 2-4, 1998, Houston, Texas.
69 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
1997: National Science Foundation Advisory Panel Served as an NSF advisory panelist for the Individual Investigator Award (IIA) proposals in the Mechanics and Materials program in the Division of Civil and Mechanical System, June 9 and 10, 1997.
1995-1996: Soc. for Design and Process Sci. (SDPS) Conference Symposium Developer, Served as the “Materials” Symposium Chairman. Organized the “Materials” symposium at the SDPS's Second World Conference on Integrated Design & Process, held December 1-4, 1996, Austin, Texas.
1995-1996: ASME Conference Symposium Developer, Served as the U.S. Symposium Chairman. Organized the “Manufacturing” symposium at the ASME's Third European joint conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), held July 1-4, 1996, Montpellier, France.
1993-1994: ASME Conference Session Developer, Served as a session developer. Organized and developed a session in "Plasticity" at the ASME's Second European joint conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), held July 4-7, 1994, London, England.
1992-1994: Society for Experimental Mechanics, Residual stress Committee. Served on the SEM Residual Stress Committee and helped with the organization of conference sessions, publications, and workshops.
1993: Society for Experimental Mechanics Conference Session Developer, Organized and chaired a sponsored session on the "Application of Numerical Methods to the Analysis of Residual Stresses," for the 50th Annual Spring Conference of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, June 5-12, 1993, Dearborn, Michigan.
1992: ASME Conference Session Developer, Served as a session developer. Organized, developed and chaired a session in "Plasticity" at the ASME's first European joint conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), June 29-July 4, 1992, Istanbul, Turkey.
70 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
1988-1989: SAE Project Faculty Co-Adviser, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University. Assisted in the organizing of the SAE National Walking Machine Decathlon Contest, held at Texas Tech in April, 1989. This is an annual robotics competition aimed at promoting interdisciplinary cooperation among undergraduate engineering students from ME, CE, EE, and CS Departments.
1991-1997: Adopt-a-Classroom Project. Assisted local high schools with engineering-related design projects and competitions that help promote the field of engineering.
1991-1993: Member of the Board of Directors of Lubbock Tennis Association (LTA).
1989-1990: Volunteer judge at the "Math Count" competition among local schools.
PATENTS: 1. Trafton Rodgers, Jahan Rasty, Trae Blain, Neal St. Martin, Walter Fagley and Kurt W. Niederer, Adjustable Toilet Lift, Patent Number 8800074, Issued August 12, 2014.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS: 1. Jahan Rasty and Archis Marathe, “Effect of Material Composition and Failure Mode on Treatment of Corroded Fracture Surfaces for Optimal Fractography,” Accepted for presentation at the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exhibition, November 12-18, 2010, Vancouver, British Columbia.
2. Dutta, N., and Rasty, J., “Prediction of Elastic-plastic Boundary around Cold-expanded Holes Using Elastic Strain Measurement”, J. of Materials Engineering Technology (accepted).
3. Xiaobin Le and Jahan Rasty, “A probabilistic Approach to Determination of Component Dimensions under Fatigue Loading,” Proceedings of ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, IDETC, August 30-September 2, 2009, San Diego, CA.
4. Rasty J., Le, X., Palande, V., “Does Hail Damage Constitute Material Failure? An Experimental and Finite Element Study of Hail-Induced Damage in Metallic Roofing Materials”, Journal of Engineering Failure Analysis (accepted).
5. Baydogan, M., Cimenoglu, E., Kayali, S.,and Rasty, J., “Improved Resistance to Stress- Corrosion Cracking Failures via Optimized Retrogression and Re-Aging of 7075-T6 Aluminum Sheets, Journal of Metallurgical Transactions A, Volume 39, Number 10, October, 2008, pp. 2470-2476.
6. Nathan Poerner, Jahan Rasty and Mike Steinzig, “Round Robin Study of Residual Stress Measurement Techniques,” 3rd International Residual Stress Summit, October 2-4, 2007, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
71 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
7. Nathan Poerner, and Jahan Rasty, “Effect of Cutting Method on Residual Stress Measurement via Slitting Technique,” Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Annual Conference, June 3-6, 2007, Springfield, Massachusetts.
8. Shen, C.L, Yeh, J.K., Rasty, J., Chyu, M.C., Dunn, D.M., Li, Y., Watkins, B.A., “Improvement of Bone Quality in Gonad-Intact Middle-Aged Male Rats by Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid”, J. of Calcification Tissue International, Vol. 80, April 2007, , pp 286-293.
9. Rasty, J., Le X.., Baydogan, M., and Cardenas-Garcia, J.F., “Measurement of Residual Stresses in Nuclear-grade ZR-4(R) Tubes: Effect of Heat Treatment,” Journal of Experimental Mechanics, Vol.47, Issue 2, Apr. 2007, pp. 185-199.
10. R. Srinivasan,, and J. Rasty, “Prediction and Measurement of Residual Stresses in Extruded and Drawn Rods and Tubes,” The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 2007 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 25 – March 1, 2007, Orlando, Florida.
11. Yanzhang Ma, Jianjun Liu, Chun-Xiao Gao, Allen White, W. N. Mei, and Jahan Rasty, “High-pressure X-ray diffraction study of the giant dielectric constant material CaCu3Ti4O12: evidence of stiff grain surface”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, 191903, May 2006.
12. Chwan-Li Shen, James K. Yeh, Jahan Rasty, Yong Li, and Bruce A. Watkins, “Protective effect of dietary long chain n-3 PUFA on bone loss in intact middle-aged male rats,” British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 95, No. 3, March 2006, pp. 462-468.
13. J. Rasty, and X. Le, “Does Hail Damage Constitute Material Failure? An Experimental and Finite Element Study of Hail-induced Damage in Metallic Roofing Materials,” 2nd International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis (ICEFA-II), September 13-15, 2006, Toronto, Canada.
14. J. Rasty, A. Ertas, and R. Couvillion, Editors, “Proceedings of the 4th Joint ASME/SDPS International Graduate Student Technical Conference”, April 7-8, 2006, Fayetteville, Arkansas.
15. J. Rasty, and H. Sari-Sarraf, “Application of X-Ray Tomography, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy to Failure Analysis of a Fill-Valve Coupling Nut,” 2nd International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis (ICEFA-II), September 13-15, 2006, Toronto, Canada.
16. Murat Baydoğan, Hüseyin Çimenoğlu, E. Sabri Kayalı, and Jahan Rasty, “Effect of Retrogression and Re-aging Treatment on Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of 7075 Aluminum Alloy", Proceedings of the 135th TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society) Conference, March 12-16, 2006, San Antonio, TX.
72 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
17. Yanzhang Ma, Jianjun Liu, Chun-Xiao Gao, Allen White, W. N. Mei, and Jahan Rasty, “High-pressure X-ray diffraction study of the giant dielectric constant material CaCu3Ti4O12: evidence of stiff grain surface”, 2006 American Physical Society (APS) March Meeting, March 13–17, 2006; Baltimore, MD.
18. J. Rasty, M. Baydogan, K. Ramkumar, I. Rivero, and J.F. Cardenas-Garcia, “Measurement of Residual Stresses in Nuclear-Grade Zircaloy−4(R) Tubes – Effect of Heat Treatment,” 2nd Residual Stress Summit, Vancouver, Canada, August 10-12, 2005.
19. P. Worsey, J. Baired, and J. Rasty, Book Section: “Mechanical Aspects,” Explosively Driven Pulsed Power – Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators, Springer Publishing, 2005, pp. 53-125.
20. J. Rasty, A. Ertas, and R. Couvillion, Editors, “Proceedings of the Third Joint ASME/SDPS International Graduate Student Technical Conference”, March 31- April 2, 2005, Lubbock, TX
21. K.V. Ramkumar, and J. Rasty, “Effect of Combined Corrosion and Residual Stress on Fatigue Failure”, proceedings of the 2004 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) X International Congress, June 7-10, 2004, Costa Mesa, California.
22. J.F. Cardenas-Garcia, and J. Rasty, “The Indentation Test Revisited: Obtaining Poisson’s Ratio”, proceedings of the 2004 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) X International Congress, June 7-10, 2004, Costa Mesa, California.
23. J. Rasty, A. Ertas, and R. Couvillion, Editors, “Proceedings of the Second Joint ASME/SDPS International Graduate Student Technical Conference”, March 25-27, 2004, Longview, TX.
24. Chawn-Le Shen, Dale M. Dunn, James, K. Yeh, Bruce A. Watkins, Yong Li, Ali Raja, and Jahan Rasty, “Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Aging-induced Bone Loss in Male Rats.” Presented at the Experimental Biology Conference, Washington D.C., April 2004.
25. David Hemmert, John Mankowski, Jahan Rasty, Andreas Neuber, Xiaobin Le, James Dickens, and Magne Kristiansen, “Conductivity Measurements of Explosively Shocked Aluminum and OFHC Copper Used for Armature Material in a Magnetic Flux Compression Generator,” Presented at the Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, Texas, June 16-18, 2003.
26. J. Rasty, R. Couvillion, and A. Ertas, Editors, “Proceedings of the First Joint ASME/SDPS International Graduate Student Technical Conference”, March 28-29, 2003, Houston, TX.
27. Jahan Rasty and Xiaobin Le, James Dickens, Andreas Neuber, and Magne Kristiansen, “Design Criteria for Prevention of Armature Turn-Skipping in Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Presented at the Pulsed Power Conference, Dallas, Texas, June 16-18, 2003.
73 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
28. Rasty, J., Le, X., Neuber, A., Dickens, J., Kristiansen, M. “Microstructural Evolution of the Armature Material Subjected to Explosive Shock-Loading in Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, Moscow-St. Petersburg, Russia, July 7-14, 2002, pp. 197-201.
29. Rasty, J., Le, X., Neuber, A., Dickens, J., Kristiansen, M. “Effect of Scaling on Armature Expansion Angle in Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, Moscow-St. Petersburg, Russia, July 7-14, 2002, pp. 191-196.
30. Barry J. Henry, MD, Mike Kenison, BS, Catherine McVay, PhD, Rial Rolfe, PhD, Suzanne Graham, MD, Jahan Rasty, PhD, James Slauterbeck, MD, Eugene J. Dabezies, MD, “The Effect of Local Hematoma Blocks on Early Fracture Healing,” Feature Article in the Journal of Orthopedics, Vol. 25, No. 11, November 2002, pp. 1259-1262.
31. Rasty, J., Le, X., “Failure Analysis of the Rear Axles in a Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV),” Symposium on Failure Analysis and Prevention, 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, New York, NY, November 11-16, 2001.
32. Rasty, J., Le, X., Neuber, A., Dickens, J., and Kristiansen, M." Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Armature/Stator Contact in Magnetic Flux Compression Generators,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 17-22, 2001.
33. Le, X., Rasty, J., Neuber, A., Dickens, J., and Kristiansen, M." Calculation of Air Temperature and Pressure History During the Operation of a Flux Compression Generator,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 17-22, 2001.
34. Hemmert, D., Rasty, J., Le, X., Neuber, A., Dickens, J., and Kristiansen, M." Conductivity Measurements of MFCG Armature Material Under Shock and High Strain Rates Utilizing a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Apparatus,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 17-22, 2001.
35. Sofuoglu, H., Gedikli, H., Rasty, J., "Determination of Friction Coefficient by Employing the Ring Compression Test,” ASME Transactions - Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology (JEMT), Vol. 123, issue 3, July 2001, pp. 338-348.
36. Sofuoglu, H., Rasty, J., "Flow Behavior of Plasticine used in Physical Modeling of Metal Forming Processes,” Journal of Tribology International, Vol. 33, Issue 8, October 2000, pp. 523-529.
37. Sofuoglu, H., Rasty, J., "On the Measurement of Friction Coefficient Utilizing the Ring Compression Test" Journal of Tribology International, Vol. 32, Issue 6, January 2000, pp. 327-335.
74 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
38. Neuber, A., Dickens, J., Giesselmann, M., Freeman, B., Rasty, J., Le, X., Krompholz, H., and Kristiansen, M." Fundamental Studies of a Simple Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator,” Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, New Orleans, LA, June 4-7, 2000.
39. Rasty, J., Le, X., Neuber, A., Zhang, J., Dickens, J., "Measurement of Dynamic Electrical Conductivity of MFCG Armature Material under Conditions of Shock and High Strain Rate Loading,” Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June 27- 30, 1999, Monterey, CA, pp. 708-711.
40. Dutta, N., Rasty, J., "Determination of Elastic-plastic Boundary around Cold-expanded Holes Using Elastic Strain,” Proceedings of the 1999 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Spring Conference, June 7-9, 1999, Cincinnati, Ohio.
41. Dutta, N., Rasty, J., and Rassaian, M., “Evolution of Internal Stresses in Co-Drawing Bimetallic Rods,” Proceedings of the 1998 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Spring Conference, June 1-3, 1998, Houston, Texas.
42. Dutta, N., Rasty, J., and Rassaian, M. "Finite Element Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Zone Around Cold-Expanded Holes," Post-Conference Proceedings of the 1997 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Spring Conference, June 2-5, 1997, Bellevue, Washington, pp. 108-115.
43. Rasty, J., Dutta, N., Dehghani, M., and Rassaian, M. "Finite Element Analysis of Residual Stresses and Interface Shear Strength in Co-Drawing of Tubular Components," proceedings of the 1997 Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Spring Conference, June 2-5, 1997, Bellevue, Washington.
44. Rasty, J. and Sofuoglu, H., " On the Measurement of Friction Coefficient Utilizing the Ring Compression Test: Part II - Effect of Deformation Speed, Strain Rate and Barreling," Proceedings of the 1996 ASME European Joint Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), Symposium on Manufacturing, July 1-4, 1996, Montpellier, France, PD-Vol. 75, pp. 189-197.
45. Bellet, M., Rasty, J., Editors, “Volume 3: Composite Materials, Manufacturing, Fatigue, and Fracture,” ASME Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, ASME Publishing, 1996.
46. East, I.I., Veniali, F., Rasty, J., Gransberg, D.D., Ertas, A., Editors, “Integrated Design and Process Technology,” Society for Design and Process Science Publishing, 1996.
47. Rasty, J., H. Shin, "The Effect of Machining Operations on Changes in Curvature and Redistribution of Residual Stresses," Proceedings of the 1995 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting - Symposium on Recent Advances in Structural Mechanics, November 12-17, 1995, San Francisco, CA, PVP-Vol. 321/NE-Vol.18, pp. 65-78.
75 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
48. Sofuoglu, H., and Rasty, J. " On the Measurement of Friction Coefficient Utilizing the Ring Compression Test: Part I - Effect of Material Properties," Proceedings of the 1994 ASME European Joint Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA), Symposium on Design: Analysis, Synthesis, and Applications, July 4-7, 1994, London, England, PD - Vol. 64-8.1, pp. 55-62.
49. Rasty, J., Kolarik, W., and Chen, B.M., "Designing Surface Mounted Components for High Reliability," Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 116, No. 3, September 1994, pp. 232-239.
50. Rasty, J., and Tamhane, P., "Application of the Finite Element Method to the Quasi-Static Thermoelastic Analysis of Prestress in Multilayer Pressure Vessels," ASME Transactions, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 116, No. 3, August 1994, pp. 254-260.
51. Hashemi, J., Rasty, J., Li, S., and Tseng, A.A., "Integral Hydro-Bulge Forming of Single and Multi-Layered Spherical Pressure Vessels," ASME Transactions, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 115, No. 3, August 1993, pp. 249-255.
52. Sofuoglu, H., Rasty, J., "3-D Simulation of the Extrusion Process Utilizing the Physical Modeling Technique," Journal of Energy Sources Technology. Vol. 115, No. 1, March 1993, pp. 32-40.
53. Rasty, J. "Application of the Sach's Boring-out and Finite Element Techniques to the Measurement of Residual Stresses In Oxygen-free High Conductivity Copper Tubes," First International Conference on Processing Materials for Properties, November 7-10, 1993, Honolulu, Hawaii.
54. Rasty, J. "Application of FEM to the Analysis of Tube Drawing Process: I) Effect of Temper on Drawing and Residual Stresses," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, 1993 Spring Conference, June 6-11, 1993, Dearborn, Michigan, pp. 233-247.
55. Rasty, J., Book Section: "Residual (Internal) Stress Considerations in Design," The Engineering Design Process, A. Ertas, and J.C. Jones, John Wiley & Sons Publishing, 1993.
56. Rasty, J., Hunter, D., and Roy, G. "Application of ABAQUS and ADINA Finite Element Codes to the Analysis of Residual Stresses Induced by Rapid Quenching," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, 1993 Spring Conference, June 6-11, 1993, Dearborn, Michigan, pp. 205-213.
57. Rasty, J., Hashemi, J., Hunter D.E. and Dehghani, M., "Finite Element and Experimental Analysis of Stresses due to Quenching Process," Proceedings of the 1992 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting - Symposium on Computational Methods in Materials Processing, November 8-13, 1992, Anaheim, California, MD-Vol. 39 / PED-Vol.61, pp. 195-202.
58. Rasty, J. and Chapman, D., "Isothermal and Thermomechanical Finite-Element Analysis of the Tube Drawing Process Utilizing a Fixed, Tapered Plug," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 1, No.4, August 1992, pp. 547-554.
76 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
59. Jiang, W., Dehghani, M., and Rasty, J. "An Investigation of Hydroforming of Sheet Metals with Varying Blankholding Loads," Proceedings of the 1992 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting - Symposium on Computational Methods in Materials Processing, November 8-13, 1992, Anaheim, California, MD-Vol. 39 / PED-Vol.61, pp. 87-96.
60. Hashemi, J., Rasty, J., and Tseng, A.A. "Application of the Integrated Hydro-Bulge Forming Process to the Manufacturing of Multilayered Spherical Pressure Vessels," Proceedings of the 1992 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting - Symposium on Recent Advances in Structural Mechanics, November 8-13, 1992, Anaheim, CA, PVP-Vol. 248 / NE-Vol.10, pp.73-79.
61. Sofuoglu, H., and Rasty, J., "Three-Dimensional Physical Modeling of Extrusion Process," ASME European Joint Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, ESDA, June 29-July 3, 1992, Istanbul, Turkey. ASME - PD - Vol. 47-1, pp. 377-386.
62. Rasty, J., Hashemi, J., Hunter, D., and Roy, G., "Quenching-Induced Residual Stresses in Forged 7150-Aluminum Blocks," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 8-11, 1992, Las Vegas, Nevada. pp. 756-765.
63. Rasty, J. and Farahaninia, K., "Internal Stress Distributions Resulting From Cold Drawing of Aluminum Tubes," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 8-11, 1992, Las Vegas, Nevada. pp. 1793-1801.
64. Rasty, J., Kolarik, W., and Chen, B., "Designing Surface Mounted Components for High Reliability," Proceedings of the 1992 ASME Energy-Sources Technology Conference, Dynamics and Vibrations Symposium, January 26-29, 1992, Houston, Texas, ASME-PD- Vol. 44, pp. 41-52.
65. Kolarik, W., Rasty, J., Chen, B., and Kim, Y., "Electronics/Avionics Integrity: Definition, Measurement and Improvement," Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Reliability & Maintainability Conference, January, 1992, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp. 460-467.
66. Rasty, J. and Pushkar, T., "Application of the Finite Element Method to the Quasi-Static Thermoelastic Analysis of Prestress in Multilayer Pressure Vessels," Proceedings of the 1991 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting - Pressure Vessel and Piping Symposium, December 1-6, 1991, Atlanta, Georgia. ASME-PVP-Vol. 225 / NE-Vol. 7, pp. 95-102.
67. Rasty, J. and Chapman, D., "Effect of Process Variables on the Tube Drawing Process and Product Integrity," Proceedings of the 1991 ASME/Winter Annual Meeting, December 1-6, 1991, Atlanta, Georgia, ASME-PVP-Vol. 225 / NE-Vol. 7, pp. 81-94.
68. Rasty, J. and Hartley, C. S., "Effect of Various Degrees of Cold Working on the Residual Stress Patterns of Drawn OFHC Copper Tubes," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 9-13, 1991, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, pp. 392-404.
77 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
69. Rasty, J., Husband, M., Eggleston, E., and McCrea, A., "Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses Induced by Nonuniform Cooling of Aluminum Blocks," Sixty-Seventh Annual Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division Symposium, SWARM, May 15-18, 1991, Lubbock, Texas.
70. Rasty, J., Alcouffe, D., and Handy, S., "Effect of Friction on Physical Modeling of Extrusion Process," Sixty-Seventh Annual Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division Symposium, SWARM, May 15-18, 1991, Lubbock, Texas.
71. Rasty, J. and Hartley, C. S., "A Parametric Study of the Tube Drawing Process Utilizing the Finite Element Method," Proceedings of the 1990 Pacific Conference on Manufacturing, December 17-21, 1990, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, pp. 243-254.
72. Rasty, J. and Sofuoglu, H., "On the Validity of Using PLASTICINE in Physical Modeling of Metalworking Processes," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 3-6, 1990, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 638-640.
73. Rasty, J. and Sofuoglu, H., "Flow Characteristics of Various Types of PLASTICINE Used in the Physical Modeling Technique," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 3-6, 1990, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 34-43.
74. Rasty, J. and Hartley, C. S., "Determination of Residual Stresses in Drawn OFHC Copper Tubes Using Electrochemical Machining (ECM)," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, May 28-June 1, 1989, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 893-900.
75. Rasty, J. and Cardenas-Garcia, J. F., "Development of a Walking Machine - A Tool for Promoting Interdisciplinary Cooperation Among Undergraduate Engineering Students," Proceedings of the ASEE Gulf-Southwest Conference, April 2-4, 1989, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 324-331.
76. Cardenas-Garcia, J. F., and Rasty, J., "An Automated Video Optical Diffractometry Technique for Measurement of Strain on Curved Surfaces," Texas Research Seminars Conference, April 24-25, 1989, Dallas, Texas.
77. Rasty, J. and Sabbaghian, M., "The Effect of Imperfect Contact between Adjacent Layers on the Integrity of Multilayered Wrapped Vessels," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 110, No. 3, August 1988, pp. 247-254.
78. Cardenas-Garcia, J. F., Rasty, J. and Moulder, J. C., "NDE Applications of an Optical Technique for Noncontact Measurement of In-Plane Strains," Proceedings of Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, August 1-5, 1988, pp. 768-779.
79. Rasty, J. and Hartley C. S., "Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses in Nuclear-Fuel Cladding," Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Spring Conference, June 19-23, 1986, New Orleans, Louisiana, pp. 254-263.
78 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
80. Rasty, J. and Sabbaghian, M., "The Effect of Imperfect Contact Between Adjacent Layers on the Integrity of Multilayer Wrapped Vessels," Proceedings of the 1985 ASME/Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 23-26, 1985, PVP-Vol. 98-8, pp. 167-176.
INVITED LECTURES: 1) "Principles of Failure Analysis and Solid Mechanics", Raytheon Corporation, October 4-5, 2007, Garland, Texas.
2) "Mechanics of Materials & Failure Analysis", Raytheon Corporation, October 13-14, 2006, Dallas, Texas.
3) “Foundations of Engineering Principles: Statics, Dynamics, Materials, Solid Mechanics”, Raytheon Corporation, October 14-15, 2005, Dallas, Texas
4) “Principles of Forensic Engineering”, 2005 Caprock Crime Scene Investigators (CSI) Camp. The Institute for the Development and Enrichment of Advanced Learners (IDEAL), June 30, 2005, Lubbock, TX.
5) “Principles of Forensic Engineering”, 2005 Caprock Crime Scene Investigators (CSI) Camp. The Institute for the Development and Enrichment of Advanced Learners (IDEAL), June 30, 2005, Lubbock, TX.
6) “Foundations of Engineering Principles: Statics, Dynamics, Materials, Solid Mechanics”, Raytheon Corporation, October 15-16, 2004, Dallas, Texas.
7) “Foundations of Engineering Principles: Statics, Materials, Solid Mechanics”, Raytheon Corporation, October 16-18, 2003, Dallas, Texas.
8) “Engineering Principles: Statics, Materials, Solid Mechanics”, Raytheon Corporation, October 17-19, 2002, Dallas, Texas.
9) "Materials Mechanics & Failure Analysis", Raytheon Corporation, October 11-13, 2001, Dallas, Texas.
10) "Design Through Failure Analysis", Raytheon Corporation, March, 20-22, 2000, Dallas, TX.
11) "Design Through Failure Analysis", Raytheon Corporation, March, 17-19, 1999, Dallas, TX.
12) "Failure Analysis Techniques", Raytheon Corporation, Nov. 7-8, 1998 Dallas, Texas.
13) "Design Through Failure Analysis", Texas Instruments, April 13-15, 1998, Dallas, Texas.
14) "Design Through Failure Analysis", Texas Instruments, Sep. 7-8, Oct. 10-11, Nov. 6-7, and Dec. 10-12, 1997, Dallas, Texas.
79 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results
15) "Materials Research Issues in Aerospace Industry," Lockheed Martin Corporation, Oct. 11, 1996, Forth Worth Texas.
16) "Measurement of Residual Stresses Induced by Non-uniform Cooling of Aluminum Blocks," Alcoa Technical Center, August 21-22, 1991, Alcoa Center, Pennsylvania.
17) "Finite Element Analysis of Avionics Microelectronics Subjected to Thermal and Vibrational Environments," General Dynamics, December 11, 1990, Fort Worth, Texas.
18) "Effect of Friction on the Physical Modeling of Metal Forming Processes," ASME Winter Annual Meeting, November 25-30, 1990, Dallas, Texas.
19) "Finite Element Analysis of Avionics Microelectronics Subjected to Thermal and Vibrational Environments," General Dynamics, September 24, 1990, Fort Worth, Texas.
20) "Residual Stress Analysis via Experimental, Physical Modeling and Finite Element Techniques," Alcoa Technical Center, June 17-18, 1990, Alcoa Center, Pennsylvania.
21) "Current Research Activities in Residual Stress Analysis and Experimental Mechanics at Texas Tech University," Alcoa Technical Center, May 9-10, 1989, Alcoa Center, Pennsylvania.
22) "Analytical and Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses in Nuclear Fuel Cladding," Pratt & Whitney Research and Development Center, United Technologies, July 11-12, 1987, West Palm Beach, Florida.
23) "Effective Computer Modeling and Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses," Shell Oil Company, Westhallow Research Center, August 14-15, 1987, Houston, Texas.
24) "On the Applicability of the Finite Element Methods to the Simulation of Metal Forming Processes," Inland Steel Inc., Research & Development Division, November 17-18, 1987, West Chicago, Indiana.
80 of 80 Gastite Flashshield Lightning Tests and Results