Least killifish (heterandria formosa)

Continue A highly underrated fish, the least Killifish (Heterandria formosa) is also the smallest fish found in North America. Native to the Lower Plain from South Carolina to southern Louisiana (Rosen 1979; Page and Burr 1991), this fish is actually a living lighter, not a real killifish. Real killifish are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. Fast Stats: Level of Care: Beginner Type: Livebearer Origin: North America Life span: 3+ years Tank: Freshwater; 5+ gallons (low current) Temperature: 66-75°F pH: 7.0-8.0 (source: SeriouslyFish) Behavior: Shy and peaceful Nutrition: Unfussy omnivore: accepts crushed flakes, daphnia, and other small foods Sexual dimorphism: Males are smaller than females (0.75 vs 1.4) and have large gopodia. Reproduction: Live presumptuous; superfetation Least Killifish (H. Formosa) [Photo courtesy Brian Gratwicke — CC 2.0] Tank requirements Because they are such a small of fish, least Killifish can be kept in smaller aquariums. Still, if they prefer schools/colonies, these fish have a minimum tank size of 5 liters. Given their small size, killifish also prefer tanks with low water movement as they will be battered around by a strong filter. In terms of water parameters, the least Killifish is relatively demanding. They will happily live in waters between 66 and 75°F with normal pH levels (around 7.0). Tankmates Small and peaceful fish, Least Killifish prefer single-species tanks. They may not be kept in community tanks, but can be kept with other small fish, such as Endler's Livebearers and water snails. Please note that the least Killifish fry can be consumed by other fish species (but not by their own species). Behavior These shy fish do best when kept in small colonies without other fish. They generally shoal (swimming together), but mining school on occasion (swimming together, with the same direction). They spend more time in open water when they feel more comfortable and at ease. It may take a few weeks after the introduction of a new tank before a group of least Killifish feels safe enough to spend more time in the open air. Moreover, the presence of shelter is reassuring to them- they tend to hover around large plants and shady areas. Mine hover around a large Amazon Sword plant (Echinodorus grisebachii) and a decent sized forest of Windelov Java Ferns (Microsorum pteropus 'windelov'). For best results with this fish, store them in a heavily planted, single-species tank. Nutrition When it comes to nutrition, at least Killifish are onfussy, omnivorous eaters. Due to their small size, it is advisable to crush flakes and other larger foods before Fed. This small living carrier accepts both live and prepared food. Breeding A prolific live carrier, Least Killifish are easy to breed. In an aquarium with sufficient water parameters and where both sexes are present, breeding is tied to the occurrence. Mature female females females bake regularly as opposed to in defined groups. This is because they undergo superfetation, the successive fertilization of two or more eggs of different ovulations resulting in the presence of embryos of different ages (source: Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary). Newborn Least Killifish are relatively large and are able to care for themselves. In general, adults do not pose a threat to their young and specimens of all ages can coexist peacefully in the same tank. Other information Males exhibit inbreeding depression. A generation of full-sib mating results in a decrease in male reproductive performance (source: Ala-Honkola 2009). When breeding these fish, starting with a larger colony/breeding cattle, it is recommended to reduce the effects of inbreeding. Videos How to make sex least Killifish? The Top 5 Underrated Freshwater Fish The Top 5 Easy-to-Breed Freshwater Aquarium Fish The Top 10 Freshwater Nano Fish 5-Gallon Stocking Ideas The Top 5 Tank Mates for Mystery Snails For More Fun Facts About the Least Killifish, Visit AquariumKids.com! Feel free to contact me at evanb [at] aquariumkids [dot] com with any questions. Heterandria formosa Adult female Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific Classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Poeciliidae Genus: Heterandria Species: H. formosa Binomial name Heterandria formosaGirard, 1859 [2] Heterandria formosa (known as the least killifish, dwarf topminnow, mosqu or dwarf living)[3] is a species of living-in-demand fish within the Poeciliidae family. This is the same family that includes well-known aquarium fish such as guppies and mollies. Heterandria formosa is not as often preserved in aquariums as these species. H. formosa is one of the smallest fish in the world (7th smallest since 1991[update]),[4] and is the smallest fish found in North America. [5] Despite the common name least killifish, it belongs to the Poeciliidae family and not to one of the killifish families. Range and habitat Heterandria formosa is the only member of its genus found in the United States. [6] Its geographic range spans the southeastern United States, from south Carolina south to Georgia and Florida, and westward across the Gulf Coast from Florida to Louisiana. [6] [7] In recent years, this species has been collected in eastern Texas. It is recorded to occur along the western portion of the Sabine River basin, according to North American Native Fish (NANFA). [8] It has also been collected as far west as Humble, TX in small sand pit ponds after the 2017 floods associated with Hurricane Harvey. It is one of aquarium fish that are endemic to North America. Heterandria formosa lives mainly in overgrown, slow-moving or standing freshwater habitats, but this species also occurs in brackish waters. [7] Description Description formosa is one of the smallest fish and smallest vertebrates known to science. [6] Males grow to about 2 centimeters (0.8 inches), while females grow a little larger, to about 3 centimeters (1.2 inches). [6] [9] The fish is generally an olive color, with a dark horizontal stripe through the center of the body. There is also a dark spot on the dorsal fin and females also have a dark spot on their fin. Like most poeciliids, male fins are modified into a gonopodium (intromittent organ) that is used to deliver sperm and impregnate females during mating. Diet Heterandria formosa eats mainly aquatic invertebrates such as worms and crustaceans. They also eat plant material. [7] Breeding Like most poecilids, H. formosa is a living carrier. The male uses his modified fin, or gonopodium, to deliver sperm to the female. The fertilized eggs grow in the female until they hatch, and the free-swimming pups are released into the water. Heterandria formosa has an unusual breeding strategy, even among living carriers: instead of all the young ones released at once, as many as 40 fries are released over a period of 10 to 14 days, but occasionally over a longer period. [4] [6] [9] Inbreeding depression The effect of inbreeding on reproductive behaviour was studied in H. formosa in at least one published work. [10] A generation of full-sib mating was found to reduce reproductive performance and likely reproductive success of male offspring. Other traits that displayed inbreeding depression were offspring viability and maturation time of both men and women. References ^ NatureServe (2013). Heterandria formosa. IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. 2013: e.T202395A18233162. doi:10.2305/IUCN. UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202395A18233162.nl ^ Nicolas Bailly (2010). Bailly N (ed.). Heterandria formosa Girard, 1859. Fishbase. World register of marine species. Picked up on May 29, 2012. ^ Common names of Heterandria formosa. Fishbase. Picked up on May 29, 2012. ^ a b Baensch, H. (1991). Baensch Aquarium Atlas. 592–593. ISBN 3-88244-050-3. ^ Jason C. Chaney & David L. Bechler (2006). The occurrence and distribution of Heterandria formosa (Teleostei, Poeciliidae) in Lowndes County, Georgia (PDF). Georgia Journal of Science. 64 (2): 67–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-14. ^ a b c d e Dawes, J. (1995). Live overbearing fish. 186–187. ISBN 0-7137-2592-3. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Heterandria formosa in FishBase. February 2019 version. ^ Combest, Lisa. North American native fish. North American Fishes Forum. North American native fish. Picked up at 5 2018. ^ a b Dawes, J. (2001). Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. p. 276. ISBN 1-55297-544-4. ^ Ala-Honkola O, Uddström A, Diaz Pauli B, Lindström K (2009). Strong inbred depression in male mating behavior in a poeciliid fish. Vis. evolutionary biology. 22 (7): 1396–406. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01765.x. PMID 19486236. External links Heterandria formosa - Der Zwergkärpfling, German-language Recovered from Background: Climate and sea level fluctuations during the last Pleistocene glacial cycle (~130-0 ka) strongly influenced current divisions and genetic diversity of northern hemisphere biotas by forcing range contractions in many species during glacial progress and allowing expansion after glacial retreat ('expansion-contraction' model). Evidence for such fan dynamics and refugia in the unglazed Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain largely stems from terrestrial species, and aquatic species pleistocene reactions remain relatively unsprooid. Heterandria formosa, a broad regional endemic, offers an ideal system to test the expansion contraction model within this biota. By integrating ecological niche modeling and phylogeography, we deduce the Pleistocene history of this live- inducing fish (Poeciliidae) and test for various predicted distribution and genetic effects of the last ice age. Results: Paleoclimatic models predicted range shrinkage to a single southwest Florida peninsula refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by northward expansion. We dedication the distribution of the spatial population into four groups that reflect genetic barriers outside this refuge. Several other characteristics of the genetic data corresponded to predictions derived from an expansion contraction model: limited intraspecific divergence (e.g. average mtDNA p-distance = 0.66%); a pattern of mtDNA diversity (average Hd = 0.934; average π = 0.007) consistent with rapid, recent population expansion; a lack of mtDNA isolation-by-distance; and clinal variation in allozymediversity with higher diversity at lower latitudes near the predicted refugium. Statistical tests of mismatch distributions and merging simulations of the gene tree provided more support to a scenario of post-glacial expansion and diversification of one refugium than to any other model examined (e.g. multi-refugia scenarios). Conclusions: Congruent results from various data indicate that H. formosa fits the classic Pleistocene expansion contraction model, even if the genetic data indicate additional ecological influences on the population structure. Although the evidence for Plio-Pleistocene Gulf Coast vicariance is well described for many freshwater species currently codistribution with H. formosa, this kind of demography and diversification departs especially from this pattern. Species-specific dynamics may therefore have figured out more prominently in shaping Coastal Plain evolutionary history than previously thought. Our findings reinforce the growing appreciation for the complexity of phylogeographic phylogeographic in southern North America's southern refugia, including reactions of Coastal Plain freshwater biota to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Figure 1 5 Heterandria formosa modern, native geographical... Figure 1 13 Heterandria formosa modern, indigenous geographical distribution and collection points. Sites (dots) correspond to... Figure 1 Heterandria formosa modern, native geographical distribution and collection locations. Sites (dots) correspond to exact locations and sample sizes in Table 1. Brackets indicate regional groups discussed in the text and used in analyses (WCP, Western Coastal Plain; FL, Florida; ACS, Atlantic Coastal Plain). Top left stakes shows a close-up of Apalachicola River/Bay and Apalachee Bay zones and hydrography. Rivers are blue lines; predicted river paths to the pleistocene LGM coastline (dotted line) are given based on GIS-based bathymetric modeling at -110 m (provided by P. J. Unmack). Figure 2 5 Nuclear allozyme phylogeography. Map of... Figure 2 13 Nuclear allozyme phylogeography. Map of clades derived from neighbor-joining analysis of Nei's impartial... Figure 2 Nuclear allozyme phylogeography. Map of clades derived from neighbor-entry analysis of Nei's impartial D from 11 allozyme loci in [42]. Inset graphic: corresponding tree topology with assigned clade colors, as well as the results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of allele frequency data for the populations, which confirm the neighbor-joining relationships. Figure 3 5 MAXENT reconstructions of Pleistocene Last... Figure 3 13 MAXENT reconstructions of Pleistocene Last Interglaciation (LIG) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and... Figure 3 MAXENT reconstructions of Pleistocene Last Interglaciation (LIG) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and current distributions. A) Reprojection of H. formosa ecological niche model (C) on paleoclimatic data layers representing LIG environments. B) Reprojection of H. formosa ecological niche model on colder/drier environmental conditions of the LGM, from which southward range contraction, possibly to microrefugia. C) Contemporary ecological niche model. Colors represent logistical ecological niche model scores and range from 0 (dark blue, indicating unsuitable subaeral areas) to 1 (100% bioclimatic suitability, thus a higher predicted chance of preventing species). Figure 4 5 Latitudinal cline in Heterandria formosa... Figure 4 13 Latitudinal cline in Heterandria formosa allozyme genetic diversity. This linear regression model shows... Figure 4 Latitudinal cline in Heterandria formosa allozyme genetic diversity. This linear regression model shows a strong negative relationship between allozymic genetic diversity (He) and latitude (P = 0.002). dots indicate genetic diversity of places below the latitude of 28°N (dotted line; the moderate-tropical transition), with bioclimatic prediction above the in our Last Glacial Maximum model (Figure 3B), i.e. within the alleged LGM refugium. Figure 5 5 Figure 5 13 The six graphs on the left show the frequency distributions of the songs of... Figure 5 The six graphs on the left show the frequency distributions of the number of pairwise cytb differences between H. formosa individuals for each SAMOVA-intensified population group and regional group, with confidence intervals on expected values derived from parametric bootstrapping (104 iterations) in Arlequin. The average estimated timing of population outs (circles) and 95% confidence intervals of parametric bootstrapping (bars) are plotted to the right, with gray shadows indicating the time since the start of the LGM. Figure 6 5 Chronogram of Heterandria formosa and... Figure 6 13 Chronogram of Heterandria formosa and related poeciliid species diversification, and gene tree results.... Figure 6 Chronogram of Heterandria formosa and related poeciliid species diversification, and gene tree results. A) Chronogram due to Bayesian relax-clock coalescent-dating analysis in BEAST based on mitochondrial cytb and RPS7 variation. Tip labels are sequence codes, including population, site number, and specimen code for each individual sequence (details in Figures 1 and Table 1). Node bars (dark blue) are 95% highest rear densities for node ages. The analysis included three log-normally modeled fossil/biogeographic calibration points (red triangles enclose boundaries of limitations). Average node ages of interest are discussed in detail in the text. Nodal support values are of the form: Bayesian posterior probableties (PP; ≥95)/maximum probability bootstrap ratios (BP; ≥50). B) Comparison between the 'best' gene tree of H. formosa cytb haplotypes and the 'Minimalise Deep Coalescences' species tree (right) derived from the haplotype tree using Maddison and Knowles' [76] method, with BP ≥ 50 through each node. Figure 7 5 Statistical parsimony network relations between ... Figure 7 13 Statistical parsimony network relationships between cyt b and RPS7 haplotypes (numbered). Networks were... Figure 7 Statistical parsimony network relationships between cytb and RPS7 haplotypes (numbered). Networks were defined in TCS based on a 95% parsimony criterion. Network circles indicate haplotypes scaled based on their frequency (smallest colored circles = 1 sample; scale applies to cytb network; RPS7 haplotype frequencies are given in parentheses), lines represent 1 mutation tap between haplotypes and dotted lines enclose different network regions (numbered, with regions in parentheses). Colors represent haplotype identities, samova-derived populations (K = 4) shown in Figure 1. sub-refugia revealed in blackfish (Dallia): implications for understanding the effects of Pleistocene glaciations on Beringian taxa and and Arctic aquatic fauna. Campbell MA, Takebayashi N, López JA. Campbell MA, et al. BMC Evol Biol. 19, 15:144 Jul. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0413-2. BMC Evol Biol. 2015. PMID: 26187279 Free PMC article. Evolutionary history of the Maltese wall lizard Podarcis filfolensis: insights on the 'Expansion– Contraction' model of Pleistocene biogeography. Salvi D, Schembri PJ, Sciberras A, Harris DJ. Salvi D, et al. Mol Ecol. 2014 Mar;23(5):1167-87. doi: 10.1111/mec.12668. Mol Ecol. PMID: 24716210 Of glaciers and refugia: a decade of study sheds new light on the phylogeography of northwestern North America. Shafer AB, Cullingham CI, Côté SD, Coltman DW. Shafer AB, et al. Mol Ecol. 2010 Nov;19(21):4589-621. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04828.x. Epub 2010 17 Sep. Mol Ecol. PMID: 20849561 Review. Evaluation of signatures of glacial refugia for North Atlantic benthic marine taxa. Maggs CA, Castilho R, Foltz D, Henzler C, Jolly MT, Kelly J, Olsen J, Perez KE, Stam W, Väinölä R, Viard F, Wares J. Maggs CA, et al. Ecology. 2008 Nov;89(11 Suppl):S108-22. doi: 10.1890/08-0257.1. Ecology. 2008. PMID: 19097488 Review. Show more similar articles See all similar articles Climate change models predict declines in the range of a microendemic freshwater fish in Honduras. McMahan CD, Fuentes-Montejo CE, Ginger L, Carrasco JC, Chakrabarty P, Matamoros WA. McMahan CD, et al. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 29;10(1):12693. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69579-7. Sci Rep. 2020. PMID: 32728139 Free PMC article. Interspecific genetic differences and historical demographics in South American Arowanas (Osteoglossiformes, Osteoglossidae, Osteoglossum). Souza FHS, Perez MF, Bertollo LAC, Oliveira EA, Lavoué S, Gestich CC, Ráb P, Ezaz T, Liehr T, Viana PF, Feldberg E, Cioffi MB. Souza FHS, et al. Genen (Basel). 2019 9 Sep.10(9:693. doi: 10.3390/genes10090693. Genes (Basel). 2019. PMID: 31505864 Free PMC article. Unique maternal and environmental effects on the body morphology of the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa. Landy JA, Travis J. Landy JA, et al. Ecol Evol. May 24, 2018. 12):6265-6279. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4166. eCollection 2018 Jun. Ecol Evol. 2018. PMID: 29988417 Free PMC article. Cryptic lineage divergence in marine environments: genetic differentiation on multiple spatial and temporal scales in the widespread inter tidal goby Gobiosoma bosc. Milá B, Van Tassell JL, Calderón JA, Rüber L, Zardoya R. Milá B, et al. Ecol Evol. 2017 22jun3;7(14):5514-5523. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3161. eCollection 2017 Jul. Ecol Evol. 2017. PMID: 28770087 Free PMC article. Pleistocene to holocene expansion of the black-belt in Central America, maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae). McMahan CD, Ginger L, Cage M, David KT, Chakrabarty P, Johnston M, Matamoros WA. McMahan CD, et al. PLoS One. 2017 May 30;12(5):e0178439. Doi: eCollection 2017. PLos one. 2017. 2017. 28558052 Free PMC article. Show More Cited by Articles See All Cited by Articles Articles

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