Iron Age in Turkmenistan: Ulug depe in the Kopetdagh piedmont Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Johanna Lhuillier
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Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, Johanna Lhuillier. Iron Age in Turkmenistan: Ulug depe in the Kopetdagh piedmont. M. Mamedow. Historical and Cultural sites of Turkmenistan. Discoveries, Researches and restoration for 20 years of independence, Turkmen state publishing service, 2011. halshs-01111871
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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. HISTORICALAND CULTURAL SITES OF TURKMENISTAN fiAMjlTHHKH HCTOPHH H KYALTYPLI TYPKMEHHCTAHA UOK 902/904 T90
TÜRKMENISTANYN TARVHY WE MEDENI YADYGÂRLIKLERI (Gara~syzlygyn 20 y-yly içinde edilen ylmy açy~lar~ owreni~ we rejeleyi~ i~leri). -A.: Türkmen dowlet ne~irYat gullugy, 2011.
Bu kitab;J Türkmenislanyn çaginde yerle~yan lal)'hy-medeni yadygarli klerde 20 yylyii ( 1991-20 Il) dowamynda amala a~yl)'lan arhcologiya -bflrlag i$lerinc we rejeleyi~ - aballayy~ taslamalaryna gatna~all belli alymlal)'n. $cyle hem ya~ hünamlcnlerir'l yhny Jn MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKMENISTAN (Oiscoveries, Rcseal"Ches and Restoration for 20 years of lndependence). - A.: Turkmen state publishing service, 20 Il. Articles of the well-known investigators and young specialists who were taking part in archaeological expeditions and the projects on conser vation and restoration of historieal monuments on terri 101)' ofTurkmenistan during last 20 years (1991-20 Il) is in<.:\uded in the book. First of ail. Ihis is articles which represent the developed scientinc repol1s with ail il\Jispen~able illustrations, giving full underslanding about charactcr and results orslUdies. The \Vide panorama of the history ormnterial culture ofTurkmcnislan t'rom a neolith before the late Middle Ages is presented. Arlides are publ ished in the language of author (Tmkmen, English or Russian) (lnd provided with (1 brier resume in two other languages. nAM51THJ1KI1 I1CTOPIflif JiI KYJIhTYPbl TYP[{MEHI1CTAHA (HaY'lHble OTKpbIHISI, HCCJJeL(O BaTe.nbCKHe H peCTaspaUHOHHble pa60Tbl Ja 20 .neT lIe3aOHCHMOCTH). - A.: TypKMeHcr B KHl1ry nKJIIO'lCUbl CT TDKPN~ 120,2011 KBK 63.4.2 Tü + 63.3(0) © Türkmen dowlet ne~iryat gullugy, 2011 CONTENTS ivl ,A . MAivl FOOV Research and Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments in Turkmcnistan ...... 69 V. M. M ASSON Formation and blossoll1 of a civil ization of ancient oriental type in the south ofTurkmenistan ...... 74 L.B. KIRCHO Exploration orAltyn-depc in 1995-2001 ...... 99 N.F. SOLOV'EVA Excavation of IIgynly-depe selliemeni ...... ,...... 117 V SARIANIDI Archaeology ol'Gonur and Avesla ...... ,...... 148 S. SA LVATOR 1 Intemational relations of turkmenistan bronze age civi lisation and a survey of the IsIAO arheologictll acti vities in the murghab delta ...... 171 G. ROSSI-OSM IDA Activities undertaken by the ligabue study B.I\I. UDEMURA DOV Ancient Farming Settlements of Margiana (on the malerials ofAdji Klli settlements' excavation) ...... 212 A,T.ORAZOV A kiln from Adji-Kui ...... 218 O. LECOMTE Ulug-depe: 4000 years of evolution between plain and deserl...... 221 J. BENDEZU-SARMIENTO. Iron Agc in Turkmenistan: Ulug-depe in the Kopctdagh piedmont ...... 239 1. LHU[LLIER F. BRUNET A clay figurine workshop 6000 years old ...... 25\ J. CORDOBA Turkmen-spanish arhaeological mission in Geokchik clepe ...... 257 VN. PI LlPKO Excavation ofTowcr Building in Old Nisa ...... 277 G,A . KOSHELENKO. Mansur-depe in Parthiena: Construction Features and Destination ...... 285 VA. GAIBOV C. LlPPOLIS Old Nisa the Turkmen-ltalian archaeological Projecl ...... " ...... 2H7 B. KAIM VictoriollS fire at Mele Hairam ...... , ...... 303 R.G. MURADOV Mashad-Ata mosque and khal\qah inMedieval Dekhistan ...... 335 IV VOLKOV Earthenware From pilgrim inns of Gurganj and a khanqah ncar the mausoleum ofTekesh ...... 347 N,S. BASH 1MOVA Reinforcing and restoration works on the arch itecturnl monuments Ak Saray di ng ;'Ind Ysmamut-ata .... 355 T. WI LLlA tvlS The Ancien! Merv Project (2001-2003) ...... 381 R. .IEPBAROV Conservation works in neighbourhood ofAncient Merv ...... 397 M. AivlANOV Decoration in the interior of the Mausoleum of Mukhammed ibn Zeid in Merv ...... 4-04 D.A. DOVlETOV Astana-baba architectunll complex ...... ,...... ,.... . 410 A. KHAUv!YRADOV Conservation orthc Ruin s Located in Front of Meana-baba mausoleum ...... 415 E.A. IvlURAOOv;\. Rock al1 Bezegli-dcrc (Chanoyr valley) ...... 423 INFORMATION ABOUT /\UTHORS ...... ,...... 425 ABBRFVIATIONS ...... 427 1. Bendezu-Sarmiento, J. Lhuillier IRON AGE IN TURKMENISTAN: ULUG-DEPE IN THE KOPETDAGH PIEDMONT ince 200 1, the Turkmen-French Archaeo 10- understanding of the transitional period between the gical Mission, directed by O. Lecomte and Late Bronze Age and Lhe Early Iron Age, as weil as SM. Mamedov carried out excavatÎ ons at belween the Early and the Middle Iron Age, by defi the site of Ulug-depe, located near Dushak in the oing more precisely the material culture. Kopetdagh piedmont (Lecomte et al. 2002; Bouc harlal, Francfort, Lecomte, 2005; Lecomte, 2007). The Iron Age First excavated by V. 1. Sarianidi in the late six ties (1967-1970) (CapJfaIHJ1J,H, 1969, 19 7 1, 1972; Ulug 3 period (Yaz 1) CapHaHH}J,li, Ka L lypl1c, 1968), the site, by its loca tion, size (13ha) and heigbt (30 m above the level ln trench 16, several occupation phases have been of the piedmont), olTers the longest stratigraphy in îdentified. The oldest one is characterized by a series Central Asia, from the middle Chalcolithic (Na of pole holes that are suggestive of a wooden supers mazga Il) down ta the Achemenid period (4th cen tructure. The second one is defined by a mud brick Clo tury BC). Therefore Ulug-depe is one or the rare or associated with a mud brick constnlction, ofwhich, sites of Central Asia which presents Bronze levels only the foundatioDs are preserved by two perpendicu as weil as Iron Age levels. The early Iron Age is lar lilles. A floor with in situ potsherds, containing in U/ngtlepc. of particular importance and the tieldwork done teresting pieces of handmade pottery, is characteristîc Gap: diJrllfIJ·lIPYI/dnll recently by the Turkmen-French Archaeological of a period of abandonment. A third seulement phase !(omfi$i. Mission gives a better understanding of tbis period is represented by five oyen built over a smal1 surface in the Kopetdagh region. (about 3 meters square), which may be identified as a l..1lrlg-r/",w I!(IS{' : (1 l'IeH'floJ'J 4/'(lI"lie,k The reasons for the collapse of the proto-urban ci domestic, either private or specialized installation. The vilization, i.e. the Oxus civillzation, and for the end of fourth and last phase of Early Tron Age occupation has .V/ P2 ~()CIJ {' , the Bronze Age (in the second half of the 2nd mîlJe• been identified through the means of layen; containing B"J(/_~ /(lJtJ L 4 · ~\' L'J11 0 PUII nîum BC) are still a matter of debate. The question of Yaz 1 archaeological material but there tS no architec aryan or îndo-iranian migrations remains open. Ac ture associated with il. cOl·ding to recent researches, the 'invasion' of Andro In trench 23, localed north of the depe, the occu nova nomadic groups rrom the steppes has caused the pation is different. Th.e oldest levels consis-t of layers decline of the Oxus civilization. Towns were deserted presenting a western slant lollowing the surface of the and occupations spread out inta the oases (Bendezu site. Several occupation phases can be recognized. In Sarmiento, in press). The late Bronze Age is defincd the beginning, several settlements and dump layers by detcrioration in the quality of the craft industry and (organic and full ofasbes) have been identified. Later, the disappearance of long distance exchanges. The tbe whoJe area. was levelled off by a layer of brick rise of Iron Age cultures (Yaz 1) around 1450-1300 (circa 40cm width) and several low walL~ were made BC emphasizes the appearance of ni raI settlements of rarruned clay used as bultresses. Severa! walls ori scattered over oases. These set1lements are characte ented NE~SW and NW-SE were built, with a steep rized by a citadel erected on the top of a mud-brick western slant. Various occupations layers are linked terrace. The main difference with the previous period to those, especially a floor covered with fired oyen is the manufacture of a specifie handmade pottery de~ fragments. A level of in situ potsherds empbasizes corated with red geometric designs applied on a bright an abandonment state. Shortly after the area was reu background. The other main feature is the disappea sed and levelled off by the building of structures of rance of the grave-burying practice (Lhuillier, 2010). pise fol1owing an E-W orientation. Then, older walls At Ulug-depe the Early Irou Age levels, designa were covered by blocks of pise. This occupation le ted Ulug 3 - period, were cxcavated in 2004 and in vel is also associated with successive Roors and dump 2008 in trench 16 as weil as În 2010 in trench 23. The layers. Finally a massive construction, for which th purpose ofthese excavations was twofold. First of ail, Tee walls have been excavated (buîlt with 27 x 52 x it aimed at identifying the occupation for tbis period, 8 cm mud bricks), may be interpreted as a supporting which is still problematic in Central Asia, and obtai platfonn for a fortified building. This asswnption is Ding stratified rnaterial in order lü denne the Yaz l also confinned by the topography of the site and by variant in the piedmont. Secondly, it aîmed at a better relationships estab!ished with other known sites for 240 UllIgdl!pllniii kI/l'lm;)'. ,~ . Ma!' I!f UllIg-depe. Buil 1((1 Y'f.h'-oelle Cdepx)' (I(o!,flla). the Yaz 1 period (Lhuillier, in press), as Vaz-depe, and nlling material. A large building was erected on Tillja-depe or Kuchuk-depe. the platfor m. Becallse of its size, its prox i mity to the citadel and to the contemporary buildings identified The transition befween U/ug 3 (Yaz 1) and U/ug 2 by the geomagnetic survey carried out in 2003, this (Yaz Il) periods building is interpreted as an administrative center. The transition ismarked in Trencll 23 by a phase of The Lrans ilion betl-veen the Early Iron Age and the abandonmenl, lhen by a reoccupation during the Yaz Bronze Age (Ulug 4 period) fI period, The walls of the massive construction were reused, levelled otT by new brick layers al their Lop, A stratigraphie eontinllity between Middle-Lale the empty spaces were fi lied in with deposil sediment Bronze Age and Iron Age levels was round only in mixed with Yaz II-HI potsherds. This layout is part trench 23. The Yaz l layers are directly settled upon of a new platfonn Iinked to the citadel excavated at lhose of the Bronze Age. There is no evidence of a the top of the site and dated from the Yaz II period by period of abandonm.::nl. Some layers, averaging 50 C14 analysis (personal communication from O. Le cm widlh, present an assemblage or NMG V-Yaz [ comte). Therefore, the foundation lrench of the Yaz Ir potlery showing that the transition \Vas graduaI. 1t ap platform (built \Vith mud bricks averaging 52 x 30 x pears clearly only in [he pottery types, as VI. SananÎ ! 0-12 cm in size) was dug inLo lhe Yaz l levels. New di already documented it at UJug-depe in the 1960's, levelling layers ofpisé were then added onto the slo No hiatus can be observed in the stratigraplly. The pe of the depe. direct superimposition of a nurnber of structures is In trench 16, the transÎtion between Vaz land Vaz accenlLlated by the steep slope of the tepe. For exam Il is also characterized by a continuous stratigraphy. pIe, an Iron Age wall was built directly on a Bronze Above the Vaz J level are several Vaz Il dump layers Age oyen. This recent discovery strengthens the hy (aboul 40 cm width) and occurs a collapsed mud potbesis of a non violent, progressive and sholt lived brick constmction, wllose function remains obscu transition, belween lhe end of the Bronze Age and the re. Above this construction a large building (orien beginning of the Iron Age, ted NNE-SSW) was erected with 30-31 x 24 x 9 cm mud bricks. After an abandonment period, this buil The ceramic complex ding and the whole area sUIToLmding were levelled off in order to construct a platform (J ,20 m in beight) The Ulug 3 layers of trench 16 has provided in using both an.:hitectural structures (walts, columns) 200R about 1500 potsherds, and also several hun- 241 Ulllgd epedeu ( 3-nji gaZllw çukw:Vllllalt) çykll/l /wramika IIlIsga/ary. SOnle l'.w mple,. qf/lle Ulug 3 pO/1 er}' GO/ll/JIe..r. 06pa:J/( [> f Aepa"'"~rl c Yi/)"'-Ù" " C 3. 16. Sargyt N~ 1953 242 UllIgdepedell (3-nji gm, 1I11' çllkllryllda/l) çykan keramika lIt1sgnlary. SOll1e ",.l'omples of/hl' Ulug J pullerj' cUlliplex. O()PUJ/(I>I /i('plLI/II/W (.' ) '~IJyt' - d eJ1 e J. 243 VluRdepedc" Inpyltll/ ker{/lIIlki gllpllJl:)/,1 glJrnll~·ler/ /liJll1lIsg{/IU,.y. --~-~ SO/l/ e <,,"fl/II/l /es 0/ th e ,rhl'/' ('S i ~ /'/;/I/g J 1'011<'( 1' t'iJIII/J!t!.I', ()fj/!lI:JIII" '/l(l/IM gl'pl1.1f1I·W/,,/'IIÙ 1I 0(}JdIIJ r ~~ (Iy.)- {k" t j, ______2 3 1 t) ) 24 25 ---Sem 244 o ? 2 5 ( ~10 ~13 7 ---Sem Ulugdepedell lapyllJH dreds of potsherds for the Yaz II-Ill levels. A total of ned, 'Aattened or everted ri m. Some carinated vessels keramilû gaplnry!lï 395 diagnostic potsherds or complete pots from ail also occur in the assemblage. Straight-sided wall va Kornüsleril1lii f1Ilsgnlory. the different MAFTur trencbes (the majority coming ses with straight or everted rim are al50 weil represen Some eW/Ilp/e.\' of/he shape., fTom the trench 16), have been studiecl, and lhe shape ted. For the bowls, profiles with an «S» rim predomi nf VllIg J pnllery {'omp/ex. of 312 potsherds was recognized. Il constitutes 79 % nate (16,70 % of the corpus). Other open shapes, with of the corpus. convex walls and ditferent types of rim are much Iess Oflpa3fl'" rjm!1-I/lœpa'JII',eLliOù The whole Early lron Age pottery is handmade. frequent. Some miniature opcn vessels also OCCUT in nOC)'ôbl C Y;/y~-r)el1e J There are very fe"" complete shapes, but we can assu the complex. They are ofien bowls with convex and me that most of the pottel)' has a Aat or slightly con vertical walls or with opencd wall. cave, botto m. 27 types techno-morphological have Closcd profiles are lessmorphologieally various been identified. but represent 54,5 % of the corpus. Most of the jars More than 40 % of the shapes are open. They in (24 % of the total) have an everted rounded, or more elude bowls with straight or opened wall and sharpe- frequently, Aat lip (Fig. 6). fine wall pots with an S 245 A" li' r- mallllbtJoo' & li' >" r- :~~:~~ l1 1 .' Il .,' ...... ÂÂ 1 TlO ".10'\ .-- ",,',,' - 1- " ~ •~ " Â"• Â n, II r. t-- ' r1~ n 9 'C't 'V nnhollf. A '" •~ " ~T7 1 ni 1'-" ~U(IÛ f-- "''''''~ - ~ .. VI " .d11llli. ,. U" A- ~ TA TTO • .~.,,~ 1 1~ (l f n l" .. f,U 1r- ::;:.• ~ r-- 1U41t:u1~ A (OI1IWI A. 1 M' ., " V 1 Tl, • ~ li TT> TU ~ f-- ~IiU"9t A !:~~ . I ' l'I d,,,,,,,", ~J[ , IIIJI ~, -1 .& r- 1 - U fl LJ toccLlp4 .kJ.(O t~ Î -1 ~'Ln O('O'-' " Am &. 01 <:> r- PI,II\. _ ().J~IU~ .,. ~ '"' Â'" PolI lk t 'tWo'l ~ A .A."· '-- ...... V'" =- ~~Z ~~d;\ ", ',.,'0 r .. '" 1 ~.&'~ ,,1."'. ~ •• ~-1 - Ii'ct l blt'uflOl~ A.~I 1 .4..A'" 1 rim constitute the most abollllding fonn oftne Ulug 3 can also have a handle or a lug in the centre. Pans, Ulugdepeden lupylull complex, that is 30% of the corpus. characterized by a fiat botlom \Vith straight waIls, are keramilta ollüm/er;nil'i ylJziindliki I/agy$laryl, Coarse ware, modeled more roughly, has gene smoothed and blackened by tire in the ioside part. gornli$leri. ral1y a storage function. They are quite rare and re Other shapes are very few represented (less than 1% present only 4,80% of the studied material. Only few of the corpus). Ring-shaped base was discovered in The Iyp%gy of V/Hg 3 cookîng pots have been identified in the cor;)Us. They Ulug 3 1evels, bul the complete shape of the vessel re pain/cd l'ul/ery decuru/iu,,_ show vertical walls and a flat or rounùed ri m. Vessels mains unknown, nevertheless this type could corres bearing lugsmay belong to this pottery type. Flat lids pond both lo open and closes profiles with an S rim, TUnO,702I1f1 Opll{/..Ilellll/aJ/bIiNX .\I0/IJ UliO lJ C pocnuclloll Kepa,lIl11w y.JYi!-oel1e J. 1\ ----l III Polnh AI - ., • - P!olnt 1 - Ciohl )( • Al ... ~ ~ ., (toUt!' ft] 1 ,. .. l'I111 * m -1 - - ,s - ~",'",.. - /OB' -- ~ RI> Il ~ ~ AllI BI t> lhe inclusions someti1l1es puncluate the surface by forming small vacuoles. This pasle group includes aIl the open profi les except lhose with an S rim and all the jars. This group, whicb is the more impor tant one, constitulcs aboul 48 % or (he corpus. The th ickncss of the \Va Il is about l ,3 - 1,5 Clll max i mu m. SOlllctimes. we Gill observe that the \Valls (Ire re gularizeù by a careful polishing, but lJsually wc can observe a lack of preparation of che paste, marked by micro-fissures, occurrîng during the drying, and by the varia bi! i ty of Ih ick ness. Pas te is usua lIy beige or pinkish beige, \.Vith $Ometi111es red spots resulting from li.ring. The vessels of the lm;t group show a very coarse pas te. The main shapes are cooking pots. lids and pans, which represcnt less than 5 % of lhe ~orpus . Their paste is prepùred with minerai /emper (Iimes tone). chamotte (3-5 mm) and sometimes also with VII/gdcp/!. as already known in Jashilly-depe (Gutlyev, Zadne vegetal temper. Sorne micro-Assures arc visible on (;0((11111.1' IJJII<.ilro'(r.!:y,l provskiy, 1985, fig. 2, 1) (j/llg-du/}, ·. Furthennore, Ihree main paste groups, correlated fn Ulug-dcpe, 24,40 % or pOllery from UllIg 3 'l'Ile dllS 0111 Imrlilis. with delemlined shapes can be distinguished in hand conlext is decolëlted (Fig. 3-6). The majority of de made vessels (Lhuill icI' and Frankfurt, is press). coralion is composed by painted ware, but wc also ~~' I, \'.' - ') (, II (' . 1'1I ( · I\OIWIIIIl~ (' IIn,'pe/j"u,,)! , The first group includes vases \Vith a compact, colleded a sherd with an incised decoration (triangle) very Ane and light p between main motives, are frequent, with thirteen dif Several graves were a[so excavaled, in pan;cu ferent types, constihJlîng more rhan II % ofmolives. lar one of chitu-grave coming from a context dated Shapeless btushwork are also frequenl. From the Middle-Late rron age (Yaz 11 - 111). Very The lransition between Ulug 2 and Ulug 3 periods few graves of this period ,ue known in Central Asiil. ismarked by the appearance ofYaz II-III tyre wheel 1Il our case, this grave belong to a 2-4 years 0 Id chi Id made pOltery. The main ccramie shapes inclllue open (according Lo lhe dental study) inhumaled inside a bowls with a lruncateu base or bowls with a straight si 10, near houses of trench 3. Tbe positÎon of the sided wall, as wcll as flat rim jars. But we ean also body is special, beeause he was in ventral decubitus observe after the potte!)' from the trench 16 that the in the upper parl, with arms bent against the thorax pottety with. a 10l oflCtnper is slill present in the Ulug and the lower part broughl back behind. in-a position 2 layers, in quite important quantity. Cooking pots, far fi·om bcing natural (fcct almostlOllch che skull). usually with handJes and coarse tempered vessels are lt is obvious that this child has received an unusual always diswvered in Ulug 2 1evels. On the contrary, lreatment, as iL was tbe case for two other conre01po we already menLioned the low proportion of coarse rary burials found in 2004 on the site, and for othefs ware in the Early Iron Age complex Ulug 3, and par excavated dttring the 2010 campaign. These [Wo ticularly of sorne characteristic Vaz ! shapes, we can 't 2004 graves show that the bodies had bee)) buried systernarically correlate the coarse handmade vessels without specifie position or aoy signîficant ritual. to the Ulug 3 period. Besides, those shapes are unk Such practices remain obscure, because they do nown in the Ulug 3 level, characterized by a good not fit with «proto-zoroastrian» rituals or decarn isati qua[ity ceramic. on. So how car: wc explain thcse tombs? For the mo To conclude, since the 2008 campaign on the ment, the question is still unsolved. trench 16, which allowed us 10 characterÎze the Ulug 3 assemblage, the 2010 campaign on the trench 23 Discussion since gave new shapes and new decorations, which enlarge significanrly the typology. IL is particularly The excavations ofYal'. 1 levels therefore alloweù i nteresling to notice !hat these vessels present indis us to identify several stages of occupation and to putable parallels with ["hose of Yaz-depe pottcry and bring to light a new corpus. 111e cera01ic [rom thcse also from other sites of Margiane and from (he Tu !evels is characterÎstic of the painted ware cultures rkmen piedmont. Bul [he best parallels can be donc of lhe Early Iron Age in Central ASÎa. But it consti with Tillja-tepe (Sarianidi., 1972b, 1989), providing lutes one of the most retined variants, in which an comparable bowls, pOls with an S rim and also more important part of vessels are painted. ln lhe same classical shapes, as bowls with convex walls. Moreo time half ofthe vessels are made by whee!-throwing ver, the decoration is also close. lndeed, we can find technique, whîch points out that the use of the pol there associations ofseveral moUves within the same ter-wheel or the turn-table do not completely dîsap• fheze, surprisingly close to pa inted decorations of peared at the end of the Bronze age. Besides, coarse Ulug-depe ceramic. vessels remaill very few, until the transÎtion ofYaz fI - 1II period where they become Frequent. Al (he Funeral practîccs sarne time, the handmade painted potlery disappca rcd and rep[aced by the whee!mllde pottery. As weil During the Early Jron Age, burials disappear in the for the beginnillg of the period aS for the enù, this sedentary populations of Central Asia, perhaps under progressive change of technique is the only indi the influence of mazdean religion (Lhuillier 2010). cator of the transition From the BranLe Age to the However in Ulug-depe, some discoveries dating From Early Iron Age, then From the Early lron Age to the the Iron age (Yaz [-Ill) were made. Middle Iron Age. Besides, in bolh cases stt·atigraphy Human «scattered» rests (isolated bones or teeth), shows the absence of abandonmenl layers of and a belonging to about tifteen individuals were round as graduaI but comparatively quick transformation of socialed with potsherds and animal bones in the occu the material assemblage, confirming the absence pation layers. Are they evidencc of decamised bodies of chronological gap. Future works will be focused resulting from zoronstrian praetices? It is difficult tu further on the Iron Age levels, bUl we can already be categocist, bUI il is vety probable, because among say that U[ug-depe is one of the key sites of Central these boncs, a left humerus presents obvious traces of Asia lo understand the sociocu!tural and economic decarn isation (Bendezu-Sanniento 2006). mechanisms of the pel;od. 248 BIBLlOGRAPHY ryrJJbICs,3a)J.HenpOBClnlU, 1985 . Boucharlat, Francfort, Lecomte, 2005. r.ryrJIblCB, ID.A. 3 1III1gt!epü"iJï k()1Iserwlrle" efl bQ/eg; UlII.l1- dltpf.". Cil Ullllla{lc./ll. y.·JY<,-I)cI1': II/l(:nt' A:O/lt'Cp!l{//(I/I/ ptl(,!in !JilJ; 249 H. Bendezu-Sannyento, J. Luillir Til rkmenista n demir asyrynd~l: Kopetdag etegindaki Ulugdepe yadyg~irligi Türkmen-franSLlz arheologik topaty 2001-nji getirdi. $aherler ilal tarapyndan ta~lanyldy, taze yYldan bâri Kopetdag cteginde Du~ak obasynyn oazisler ozle~dirilip ba~lanyar. Giçki büriinç asyry golayynda yerle~yiin Ulugdepe yadygarliginde senetçiligin. we da~ky sowda galna~yklarynyll pese gazllw-agtaty~ i~Jerioi amala a~yryp gelyar. dü~megi bilen hasiyetlenyar. Bizin cyyamymyzdan Ulugdepe Merkezi Aziyanyr\ çaginde yerle~yan onki 1450-1300-nji yyllar li:iweregi Ciaz. 1) dernir yadygarliklerin içinde bürünç we demir asyrlaryn asyryii medent}·eti.rün osü$i oazjslerde oba yerlerin gatlaklaryny jemleyan seyrek du~ gelyan yady ayaga galmagy bilen hiisiyellidir. Bu oturymly yer1ere garliklerii'l biridir. Irki demir asyry ayralyn wajyply kerpiç telTasanyn üstünde gala gurrnak mahsLlsdyr. ga eyedir. TÜrkmen-fransuz. arheologik toparynyn Onki dowrün medeniyetinden esasy tapawLldy - ak sonky :yyllarda geçiren meydan barlaglaty Kopetdag renkli fonun yüzünde gyzyl geometrik nagy~lar bilen etek sebitlerine degi~li bolan irki demir asyryn bezelen, elde yasalan keramikanyn YaYramagydyr. medeniJetine dü~ünmiige yardam bercr. Ikinji hasîyetli ayratynlygy - mazarlarda jaylamak ~aherlerden Ollki siwi lizasiyanyil (yagny, Oks diibiniiî yilip gilmegidir. siwilizasiyasy) blirünç asyryn sOllunda (b.e. Mki [1 Ulugdepede i.rki dcmir asyryii gaLlaklary münyyllygyiî ikinji yarymy) weyran bolmagynyn 2004-nji we 2008-nji yyllard,l yüze çykary1ypdy. sebapleri henize çenli jeclclli mcselelerin b:ri bolup Ekspedîsiyanyil geljekki ylmy-barlag î~leri demir galYar. Ariyleriii ya-da hindi-ariylerifl migrasiyasyna aSylyn gallaklarynyn owrenilmegine gonükdiriler. degi$li bolan soraglar açyklygyna galYar. Sonky Ulugdepanin Merkczi Aziya yadygarhklerinin için• ylmy-barlaglaryn bercn oetijelerine la)iyklykda de demir asyrda bolup geçen sosial-medeni we yk andron çarwa taypalarynyn çôlden gelip bu yerleri dysadyyer ozgeri~liklerine dÜ$ünmek üçin in wajyp eyelemegi, OkE- siwilizasiyasynyn weyranlygyna obyekl1erin biridigi jedelsizdir. x . BeH.ll.e3y-CapMbeHTo, )J.)J(. JlylfJJ:U1p ){(eJ,e :.UJhIH BeK B TYPKMeH"CTaue: ropOLUfme YJlyr-aene B npeAfopMfX KOneT)lara TypKMCHo-q)paHUy3cKaH apxeOJ!Ofl1 LleCl\aH '3KC UJel:IHeM Ka'ieCTBa peMeCJleHHoro npOH3Bo.nCTBa J.i ne.l1.l1!.lH51 C 2001 r. ocyuleCT13JtsleT paC{(OOlUI Ha ropo RClte3HOBeHI1eM TOproBJJH ua .IVJIHIHl>le paCCTOSlIHiSl . illilUe YJlyr-.L1.eoe, pacnOnO:>KeHHOM y T10cenKa ,[{ywaK [Jo;.:rbeM )Ke I(ym,ryp )fœJIC3HOro BeKa (51.3 1) npl1- Il npe)J.rO])bHX KoneT,llara. Ynyr-,Ilene - 3'f0 O,llHO 113 6Jllf3I1TeJ/bHO B 1450-1300 rr. .llO li .3. Ill>lpa)T