Human Anatomy

Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of approximately 126 bones in 4 major groupings: – Pectoral girdle – Upper extremity – Pelvic girdle – Lower extremity

www.fisiokinesiterapia.biz Pectoral Girdle

• Attaches upper extremity to the body – more mobile than other animals but easier to dislocate • Scapula and clavicle • Clavicle attaches medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula – sternoclavicular joint – acromioclavicular joint • Scapula articulates with the humerus – humeroscapular or shoulder joint – easily dislocated because of its loose attachment Scapula (shoulder blade)

• Triangular plate that dorsally overlies ribs 2 to 7 • Spine ends as acromion process • Coracoid process for muscle attachment • Glenoid fossa is shallow socket for head of humerus Scapular Features Scapula Features

• Right/Left • Borders and angles (3 each) • Fossas (3) •Notch •Spine • Processes (acromion and coacoid) • Glenoid cavity • Infraglenoid tubercle (attachment of triceps) Clavicle (collar bone)

Conoid tubercle

• S-shaped bone, flattened dorsoventrally • Inferior surface marked by muscle & ligament attachments • Sternal end is rounded -- acromial end is flattened • Thickened in those who do heavy manual labor • Easily and often broken Upper Extremity

• 30 bones per limb • Brachium or arm contains the humerus • Antebrachium or forearm contains the radius & ulna (radius on thumb side) • Carpus or wrist contains 8 small bones arranged in two rows • Manus or hand contains 19 bones in 2 groups – 5 metacarpals in the palm – 14 phalanges in the fingers Humerus • Hemispherical head forms shoulder joint above anatomical neck • Muscles attach to greater & lesser tubercles and deltoid tuberosity • Intertubercular groove holds biceps tendon • Rounded capitulum articulates with radius • Pulleylike trochlea articulates with ulna • Olecranon fossa holds olecranon process of ulna in straightened arm • Forearm muscles attach to medial & lateral epicondyles Humerus

• Right/Left • Head and necks (epiphyseal line) • Tubercles (2) and intertubercular groove • Deltoid tuberosity • Shaft and nutrient foramen • Condyles (trochlea and capitulum) • Epicondyles (felt medial and lateral to the elbow) – Medial epicondyle protects ulnar nerve (funnybone) • Fossas (coronoid and olecranon) Ulna and Radius

•Radius – head is disc that rotates freely during pronation & supination • articulates with the capitulum – radial tuberosity for biceps muscle •Ulna – olecranon and trochlear notch form proximal end – radial notch holds head of ulna • Interosseous membrane – ligament attaches radius to ulna along interosseous margin of each bone Radius and Ulna

• Radius: – Head – Radial tuberosity (biceps – Styloid process – Ulnar notch •Ulna: – Trochlear notch – Processes (olecranon and coranoid) – Head – Styloid process – Radial notch Metacarpals and Phalanges

• Phalanges are bones of the fingers – thumb or pollex has proximal & distal phalanx – fingers have proximal, middle & distal phalanx • Metacarpals are bones of the palm – base, shaft & head – numbered I-V Carpal Bones

• Form the wrist – allows flexion, extension, abduction & adduction • 2 rows of 4 bones each – proximal row is scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum & pisiform – distal row is trapezium, trapezoid, capitate & hamate But Adrian, Do I Need to Remember all the Carpals?

Yes!! But How Do I Remember Them?

• Proximal row first, then lateral to medial • Some (scaphoid) • Lovers (lunate) • Try (triquetrum) • Positions (pisiform) • That (trapezium) • They (trapezoid) • Can’t (capitate) • Handle (hamate)

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• Proximal row first, then lateral to medial • Sarah (scaphoid) • Loves (lunate) • To (triquetrum) • Pet (pisiform) • The (trapezium) • Tiny (trapezoid) • Chiuhuhuas (capitate) • Head (hamate) Pelvic Girdle • Composed of 2 bones: right & left os coxa • Transmits weight from upper body to legs & protects viscera • Each os coxae is joined to the vertebral column at the sacroiliac joint • Anteriorly, pubic bones are joined by pad of fibrocartilage to form pubic symphysis Os Coxa (Hip Bone)

• Acetabulum and obturator foramen • Ilium is superior portion – iliac crest and iliac fossa – greater sciatic notch contains sciatic nerve – ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS • Pubis is anterior portion – body, superior, and inferior ramus • Ischium is posterolateral portion – ischial tuberosity bears body weight if sit – ischial spine (separates greater and lesser sciatic notch) – lesser sciatic notch lies between ischial spine & tuberosity – ischial ramus joins inferior pubic ramus Comparison of Male & Female

• Female less massive, shallower pubic arch greater than 100 degrees, and pubic inlet round or oval • Male heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical, coccyx more vertical, and pelvic inlet heart-shaped, outlet smaller Femur

• Nearly spherical head & constricted neck – ligament to fovea capitis • Greater & lesser trochanters for gluteal tuberosity muscle attachment – Intertrochanteric crest on posterior • Posterior ridge called linea aspera

• Medial & lateral condyles and adductor tubercle epicondyles found distally

• Smooth patellar surface on anterior femur Patella and Tibia

• Patella is triangular sesamoid bone • Tibia is thick, strong weight- bearing bone on medial side of leg – broad superior head with 2 flat articular surfaces • medial & lateral condyles anterior crest • separated by intercondylar eminence – roughened anterior surface can be palpated below the patella (tibial tuberosity) – distal expansion is medial malleolus Fibula

• Slender lateral strut that helps stabilize the ankle • Does not bear any of the body’s weight – use as spare bone tissue to replace bone elsewhere • Head is proximal end • Lateral malleolus is distal expansion • Joined to tibia by interosseous membrane The Ankle and Foot

• Tarsal bones are shaped & arranged differently from carpal bones due to load-bearing role of the ankle • Talus is most superior tarsal bone – forms ankle joint with tibia & fibula – sits upon calcaneus & articulates with navicular • Calcaneus forms heel (achilles tendon) • Distal row of tarsal bones – cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms Pneumonic Device

• Children (calcaneus) • That (talus) • Never (navicular) • March (medial cuneiform) • In (intermediate cuneiform) • Line (lateral cuneiform) • Cry (cuboid) The Foot

• Remaining bones of foot are similar in name & arrangement to the hand • Metatarsal I is proximal to the big toe (hallux) – base, shaft and head • Phalanges – 2 in big toe • proximal and distal – 3 in all other toes • proximal, middle & distal X ray of the Right Foot