Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels Dr. Catherine Murphy

THE NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF LUKE–ACTS The An Outline

Prologue 1:1-4 Infancy & Childhood Narrative 1:5–2:52 Preparation for Public Ministry 3:1–4:13 Ministry in Galilee 4:14–9:50 Journey to 9:51–19:27 Ministry in Jerusalem 19:28–21:38 Passion Narrative 22:1–23:56 Resurrection & Ascension 24:1-53

Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the , Anchor Reference Library. New York: Doubleday, 1997. Plotting Comparisons in Luke and Acts LUKE ACTS

Prologue (1:1-4) Recap of Gospel, reference to Theophilus (1:1-5)

Infancy Narrative (1:5–2:52) Arrival/Departure Preparing for the Spirit (1:6-26) of Preparation for Public Ministry Descent of and Communal Life in Jerusalem (3:1–4:13) Spirit (2:1-45)

Ministry in Galilee (4:14–9:50) Teaching, Healing, Ministry in Jerusalem (3:1–8:1a) Communal Life Journey to Jerusalem (9:51–19:27) The Way Missions in Samaria and Judea (81b–12:25)

Ministry in Jerusalem (19:28–21:38) Gentile Mission ( and Saul; Jerusalem Approves (13:1–15:35)

Passion Narrative (22:1–23:56) Arrest, Trial Mission of Paul to the ends of the earth (15:36–28:31)

Resurrection Appearances (24:1-53) Luke’s Prologue An Overview of His Narrative Style

Since many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the events that have been fulfilled among us, just as those who were eyewitnesses from the beginning and ministers of the word have handed them down to us, I too have decided, after investigating everything accurately anew, to write it down in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may realize the certainty of the teachings you have received.

κατεχήθης catechesis How Luke Advances the Prologue’s Themes Orderly Account

Mark Luke

Jesus goes to Capernaum after his Jesus returns to Nazareth after his temptation, which is not his home; later he temptation, where he reads from Isaiah returns to Nazareth, where he is rejected and is rejected; he moves to Capernaum

Jesus calls his disciples right when he Jesus cures a demoniac in Capernaum, as arrives in Capernaum; they drop well as Simon’s mother-in-law and others; everything and follow him he asks Simon to put his nets down after a fish-less night and they catch more than their nets can hold; then Jesus calls Simon and the others, and they leave everything and follow

Mark introduces the women followers at Luke introduces them in chapter 8, during the cross, but says they’ve been there the Galilean ministry since Jesus was up in the Galilee How Luke Advances the Prologue’s Themes Certainty of the Teachings

God The Community & Ethics Jesus

Angel announces that A genealogy that begins with Adam Jesus receives God’s Elizabeth and Mary will (instead of Abraham) signals Jesus’ “seal of approval” at bear sons; they do significance for ALL peoples baptism

Mary, Elizabeth and Jesus refuses to be Simeon explicitly praise Satan’s agent and God’s trustworthiness remains faithful to God

John the Baptist does The first thing Jesus proclaims is Jesus enacts the jubilee what the angel said he that Isaiah’s prophecy of jubilee is redemption would (1:16-17) fulfilled—and for all peoples

God will vindicate him Transfiguration prefigures in the resurrection the promised resurrection

Much of Jesus’ teaching about how Jesus journeys to to be a disciple is set ”on the way” Jerusalem to fulfill his to Jerusalem, to his death mission and word Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels Dr. Catherine Murphy

LUKE’S INFANCY NARRATIVE The Gospel of Luke Literary Characteristics: Infancy Narrative

John the Baptist Jesus

Before births John’s birth announced Jesus’ birth announced 1:5-25 1:26-38 Mary visits cousin Elizabeth 1:39-56 Birth John is born Jesus is born 1:57-58 2:1-20 John is circumcised and presented Jesus is circumcised and presented 1:59-79 2:21-38

Childhood The child grew… The child grew… 1:80 2:39-40 …and taught in Temple 2:41-52 Themes in the Infancy Narrative

Before the Births of John and Jesus Themes • Birth of John announced •The relationship of • Birth of Jesus announced John and Jesus • Mary visits Elizabeth • Prayer

•The action of the Holy Spirit Births of John and Jesus • Birth of John •The inauguration of the year of favor / the • Circumcision / manifestation of John raising of the lowly / redemption • Birth of Jesus •Temple as center of • Circumcision / manifestation of Jesus holiness • Finding in the Temple Differences between Infancy Accounts

Matthew Luke

Narrative structure emphasizes contrast Narrative structure emphasizes the between two kings of the Jews, Herod and relationship of Jesus and John the Baptist Jesus

Dreams conveying angelic messages move Canticles of praise from humans and the plot (Joseph’s 3 dreams, magoi’s angels interpret the key events dream) Mary’s Magnificat Zechariah’s Benedictus angels’ hymn Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis

We hear nothing of Jesus’ childhood, Luke tells a story of Jesus at age 12, left except that part of his infancy was spent in behind in the Temple one Passover, where Egypt he is found teaching the teachers

Mary and Joseph live in Bethlehem; Jesus Mary and Joseph live in Nazareth; Jesus is is born at home born in his ancestral home because Joseph is required to register there for a Roman census Themes Emerging From Prologue & Infancy Narrative

• Concern for history, order • The relationship of John and Jesus • Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy • Prayer, and temple as a place of prayer • Action of the Holy Spirit • Year of favor: redemption and a universalizing of “salvation” • Sharing of goods, justice for poor Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels Dr. Catherine Murphy

NARRATIVE & REDACTIONAL THEMES IN LUKE Themes Emerging From Narrative Critical Exercises

• Concern for history, order These first two are mostly emphasized in Luke 1–2 and the • The relationship of John and Jesus ordering of the plot • Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy • Prayer, and temple as a place of prayer • Action of the Holy Spirit • Year of favor: redemption and a universalizing of “salvation” • Sharing of goods, justice for poor Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Relationship of John and Jesus

Matthew 11:2-4 Luke 7:18-22

Now when John heard in prison The disciples of John told him of all these about the deeds of the Christ, he things. And John, calling to him two of his sent word by his disciples and said disciples, sent them to the Lord, saying, to him, “Are you he who is to come, “Are you he who is to come, or shall we look for another?” or shall we look for another?” And when the men had come to him, they said, “John the Baptist has sent us to you, saying, ‘Are you he who is to come, or shall we look for another?’” In that hour he cured many of diseases and plagues and evil spirits, and on And many that were blind he bestowed sight. And Jesus answered them, “Go and tell he answered them, “Go and tell John what you hear and see….” John what you have seen and heard….” Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy

Mark 9:2-4 Luke 9:28-31

And after six days Now about eight days after these Jesus took with him Peter and sayings he took with him Peter and James and John, and led them up a John and James, and went up on the high mountain apart by themselves; mountain to pray. And as he was praying, the and he was transfigured before them, appearance of his countenance was and his garments became glistening, altered, and his raiment became intensely white, as no fuller on earth dazzling white. could bleach them. And there And behold, two men appeared to them Elijah with Moses; talked with him, Moses and Elijah, and they were talking who appeared in glory and spoke of his exodus, which he was to to Jesus. accomplish in Jerusalem. Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Prayer

Mark 3:13-15 Luke 6:12-13

And he went up on the In these days he went out to the mountain, mountain to pray; and all night he and continued in prayer to God. And called to him when it was day, he called his those whom he desired; and they disciples, came to him. And he appointed and chose from them twelve, to be with him, and to be twelve, whom he named sent out to preach and have apostles…. authority to cast out demons…. Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Prayer

Mark 8:27 Luke 9:18

Now it happened that as he was And Jesus praying alone went on with his disciples, the disciples were with him; to the villages of Caesarea ; and on the way he asked and he asked his disciples, “Who do men say them, “Who do the people say that I am?” that I am?” Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Action of the Holy Spirit

Mark Luke

Mark 1:12-13 Luke 4:1-2 The Spirit And Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and drove him out into the was led by the Spirit for forty days wilderness. And he was in the in the wilderness… wilderness forty days…

Mark 1:14a Luke 4:14a Now after John was arrested, And Jesus came Jesus returned in the power of the into Galilee… Spirit into Galilee… Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Year of the Lord’s favor

Mark 6:1-2 Luke 4:16-22

He went away from there and And he came to his own country; and his came to Nazareth, where he had been disciples followed him. And on brought up; and he went to the synagogue, as the sabbath he began to teach his custom was, on the sabbath day. And he in the synagogue, stood up to read; and there was given to him the book of the prophet Isaiah. He opened the book and found the place where it was written, “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor….” And he began to say to them, “Today this scripture has been fulfilled and many in your hearing.” And all spoke well of him, who heard him were and wondered at the gracious words which astonished… proceeded out of his mouth… Themes in Luke Redactional Evidence Year of the Lord’s favor salvation for all nations Matthew 8:5-6 Luke 7:1-6

After he had ended all his sayings in the As he entered hearing of the people he entered Capernaum, a centurion came Capernaum. Now a centurion had a slave forward to him, beseeching him and who was dear to him, saying, “Lord, my servant is lying who was paralyzed at home, in terrible distress.” sick and at the point of death. When he heard of Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and heal his slave. And when they came to Jesus, they besought him earnestly, saying, “He is worthy to have you do this for him, for he loves our nation, and he built us our And he said to him, “I will come synagogue.” And Jesus went with them. and heal him.” The Same Themes Appear in Acts

Themes Revealed Are they present in Acts? in the Gospel

Concern for history, order • :1-3; 3:12-26; 7:2-53 The relationship of John and Jesus • Acts 1:5

Fulfillment of Jewish prophecy • :16-21, 24-28, 31, 34 (cf. Lk 24:44) Prayer (and temple as place of prayer) • Acts 1:24-26; 3:1–4:3; 5:12-26, 42 Action of the Holy Spirit • Acts 2; 4:8, 25, 31; 6:3-5, 10 Year of favor - redemption, sharing of goods, • Acts 2:45; 4:32, 35–5:11 justice for the poor - universalizing of “salvation” • –11; 13:46ff Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels Dr. Catherine Murphy

JESUS, PROPHET OF SALVATION Jesus as Prophet Inaugural Words in the Nazareth Synagogue

4:16 When he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, he went to the synagogue on the sabbath day, as was his custom. He stood up to read, 17 and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written:

18 “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free, 19 to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.”

20 And he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on him. 21 Then he began to say to them, “Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.” Jesus as Prophet A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, “He has brought down the powerful because he has anointed me to bring from their thrones, and lifted up the good news to the poor. He has sent me lowly; he has filled the hungry with to proclaim release to the captives and good things, and sent the rich away recovery of sight to the blind, to let the empty. He has helped his servant oppressed go free, to proclaim the year Israel, in remembrance of his mercy, of the Lord’s favor.” according to the promise he made to our ancestors, to Abraham and to his descendants forever.” Mary, Magnificat (Luke 1:52-55) Jesus as Prophet A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for because he has anointed me to bring he has looked favorably on his people good news to the poor. He has sent me and redeemed them. He has raised up to proclaim release to the captives and a mighty savior for us in the house of recovery of sight to the blind, to let the his servant David, as he spoke through oppressed go free, to proclaim the year the mouth of his holy prophets from of of the Lord’s favor.” old, that we would be saved from our enemies and from the hand of all who hate us.” Zechariah, Benedictus (Luke 1:68-71) Jesus as Prophet A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, “Do not be afraid; for see—I am because he has anointed me to bring bringing you good news of great joy good news to the poor. He has sent me for all the people: to you is born this to proclaim release to the captives and day in the city of David a Savior, who is recovery of sight to the blind, to let the the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a oppressed go free, to proclaim the year sign for you: you will find a child of the Lord’s favor.” wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.” Angel (2:10-12) Jesus as Prophet A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, “Do not be afraid; for see—I am because he has anointed me to bring bringing you good news of great joy good news to the poor. He has sent me for all the people: to you is born this to proclaim release to the captives and day in the city of David a Savior, who is recovery of sight to the blind, to let the the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a oppressed go free, to proclaim the year sign for you: you will find a child of the Lord’s favor.” wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.” Angel (2:10-12) Jesus as Prophet A Release Echoing Earlier Prophecies

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, “Master, now you are dismissing your because he has anointed me to bring servant in peace, according to your good news to the poor. He has sent me word; for my eyes have seen your to proclaim release to the captives and salvation, which you have prepared in recovery of sight to the blind, to let the the presence of all peoples, a light for oppressed go free, to proclaim the year revelation to the Gentiles and for glory of the Lord’s favor.” to your people Israel.” Simeon, Nunc Dimittis (2:29-32) Jesus as Prophet Inaugural Words in the Nazareth Synagogue

4:22They said, “Is not this Joseph’s son?” 23 He said to them, “Doubtless you will quote to me this proverb, ‘Doctor, cure yourself!’ And you will say, ‘Do here also in your hometown the things that we have heard you did at Capernaum.’” 24 And he said, “Truly I tell you, no prophet is accepted in the prophet’s hometown. 25 But the truth is, there were many widows in Israel in the time of Elijah, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, and there was a severe famine over all the land; 26 yet Elijah was sent to none of them except to a widow at Zarephath in Sidon. 27 There were also many lepers in Israel in the time of the prophet Elisha, and none of them was cleansed except Naaman the Syrian.” 28 When they heard this, all in the synagogue were filled with rage. 29 They got up, drove him out of the town, and led him to the brow of the hill on which their town was built, so that they might hurl him off the cliff. 30 But he passed through the midst of them and went on his way. Jesus as Prophet He Acts Like Elisha

Luke 5:12-16 2 Kgs 5 He heals a man with leprosy Namaan was a foreigner, a Syrian Mark is his source; Luke adds that afterward Jesus withdrew to the wilderness and prayed.

Luke 17:11-19 He heals ten men with leprosy

Unique to Luke. Only the foreigner, the Samaritan, returns to thank him. Jesus as Prophet He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 7:11-17)

Soon afterwards he went to a town called Nain, and his disciples and a large crowd went with him. As he approached the gate of the town, a man who had died was being carried out. He was his mother’s only son, and 1 Kgs 17:17-24 she was a widow; and with her was a large crowd from the town. When the Lord saw her, he had compassion for her and said to her, “Do not weep.” Then he came forward and touched the bier, and the bearers stood still. And he said, “Young man, I say to you, rise!” The dead man sat up and began to speak, and Jesus gave him to his mother. Fear seized all of them; and they glorified God, saying, “A great prophet has risen among us!” and “God has looked favorably on his people!” This word about him spread throughout Judea and all the surrounding country. Jesus as Prophet He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

Then he led them out as far as Bethany, and, lifting up his hands, he blessed them. While he was blessing them, he withdrew from them and 2 Kgs 2:1-13 was carried up into heaven. And they worshiped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy; and they were continually in the temple blessing God. Jesus as Prophet He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

Luke is aware of the tradition linking Elijah to John; the angel Gabriel mentions it to Zechariah:

“With the spirit and power of Elijah he will go before him, to turn the hearts of parents to their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.” Luke 1:17 Jesus as Prophet He Acts Like Elijah (Luke 24:50-53)

But he prefers to minimize that in favor of Jesus:

Mark 9:11-13 Luke

Then they asked him, “Why do the scribes say that Elijah must come first?” He said to them, “Elijah is indeed coming first to restore all things. How then is it written about the Son of Man, that he is to go through many sufferings and be treated with contempt? But I tell you that Elijah has come, and they did to him whatever they pleased, as it is written about him.” Jesus as Prophet He Is the Prophet Like Moses (Luke 9:28-31)

Now about eight days after these sayings Jesus took with him Peter and John and James, and went up on the mountain to pray. And while he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became dazzling white. Suddenly they saw two men, Moses and Elijah, talking to him. They appeared in glory and were speaking of his exodus, which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem. Jesus as Prophet He Is the Prophet Like Moses (:18-25; cf. 7:37)

“In this way God fulfilled what he had foretold through all the prophets, that his Messiah would suffer. Repent therefore, and turn to God so that your sins may be wiped out, so that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord, and that he may send the Messiah appointed for you, that is, Jesus, who must remain in heaven until the time of universal restoration that God announced long ago through his holy prophets. Moses said, ‘The Lord your God will raise up for you Peter Preaching in Solomon’s Portico from your own people a prophet like me. You must in the Temple listen to whatever he tells you. And it will be that everyone who does not listen to that prophet will be utterly rooted out of the people.’ And all the Deuteronomy 18:15 prophets, as many as have spoken, from Samuel and those after him, also predicted these days. You are the descendants of the prophets and of the covenant that God gave to your ancestors.” The Theme of Salvation Jesus is Savior of All

§ Angels’ opening hymn

□ Only place in the synoptic gospels where Jesus is called ”savior” *

□ Language echoes imperial claims

* John’s Gospel will refer to Jesus by the imperial title “Savior of the world” (4:42) Temple of Roma and Augustus Parthenon in the Background built after 27 BCE The People (dedicated this temple) to the Goddess Roma and [[Augustus Caesar]], when the general in charge of the hoplites was Pammenes, son of Zenon, of Marathon, priest of the Goddess Roma and Augustus Soter on the Acropolis, when the priestess of Athena Polias was Megiste, daughter of Asklepiades of Halai, in the archonship of Areios, son of Dorion, of Paiania.

Temple of Roma and Augustus The Theme of Salvation Jesus is Savior of All

§ Angels’ opening hymn

□ Only place in the synoptic gospels where Jesus is called ”savior” *

□ Language echoes imperial claims

□ When he is born in David’s city because of Augustus’ census, the emperor’s title of Savior is being contested

§ Inaugural sermon cites Isaiah’s vision of redemption

§ Luke explicitly has Jesus say that “The Son of Man came to seek out and to save the lost” (19:10; Zacchaeus)

* John’s Gospel will refer to Jesus by the imperial title “Savior of the world” (4:42) The Theme of Salvation Not Linked to the Cross in the Same Way as Mark, Matthew

Mark 10:45 Luke 22:27

After James and John request to sit at his right and left hand in the kingdom: “For which is the greater, one who sits at table, or one who serves? Is it not the one who “For the Son of Man also sits at table? But I am among came not to be served but to you as one who serve, and to give his life as a serves.” ransom for many.” The Theme of Salvation Not Linked to the Cross in the Same Way as Mark, Matthew

Matthew 26:27-28 Mark 14:24 Luke 22:20

”Drink of it, all of you; for this is my blood of ”This is my blood of “This cup which is the covenant, which is the covenant, which is poured out for you is poured out for many poured out for many.” the new covenant in for the my blood.” forgiveness of sins.” The Theme of Salvation Yet Luke’s Jesus does save someone while on the cross

Matthew 27:44 Mark 15:32b Luke 23:39-43

And the robbers who …Those who were One of the criminals were crucified with crucified with him who were hanged him also reviled him in also reviled him. railed at him, saying, the same way. “Are you not the Christ? Save yourself and us!” But the other rebuked him…. And he said, “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom.” And he said to him, “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in Paradise.” The Theme of Salvation Extended to the Gentiles (:44-47)

The next sabbath almost the whole city gathered to hear the word of the Lord. But when the Jews saw the crowds, they were filled with jealousy; and blaspheming, they contradicted what was spoken by Paul. Then both Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, “It was necessary that the word of God should be spoken first to you. Since you reject it Paul Preaching in the synagogue and judge yourselves to be unworthy of eternal life, in Pisidian we are now turning to the Gentiles. For so the Lord has commanded us, saying, ‘I have set you to be a light for the Gentiles, so that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.’” The Theme of Salvation Extended to the Gentiles (Acts 13:44-47)

“It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob

and to restore the survivors of Israel; Jews Mourning in Babylonian Exile I will give you as a light to the nations, (Eduard Bendemann) that my salvation may reach to the end of the earth.” Isaiah 49:6 Graduate Program in Pastoral Ministries PMIN 206 The Synoptic Gospels Dr. Catherine Murphy

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR LUKE & ACTS Gospel of Luke Manuscript Evidence

Luke 6:4-16 There are 1,756 manuscripts of Luke; P4 9 of these date to the first 600 years of Christian history

Century Manuscript Extent 100–200s P4/64/67 Parts of Matthew and Luke 1–5 200s 5 papyri parts of chapters 3–18, 22 (P45 has other gospels & Acts) 300s 01 all 03 all 0171 17 verses in chapter 22 (+ Matthew)

300–400s 1 papyrus 5 verses from chapter 7 0181 parts of chapters 9–10 400s 026 parts of 11 chapters 029 parts of 7 chapters 032 all 2 other uncial mss preserving parts of chapters 8–10 500s 10 uncial mss 2 preserve most of the gospel; others fragmentary

D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 320-23. Manuscript Evidence

Acts 26:7-8, 20 30 of the extant manuscripts of Acts P29/pOxy 1597 date to the first 600 years of Christian history

Century Manuscript Extent 200s 5 papyri various parts, in two cases collated with gospels c.300 P38 –19 300s P8 –6 01 all 03 all 0189 300–400s 2 papyri, 1 uncial parts of chapters 3–5, 8, 10 c.400 05 all (+ four gospels, 3 John; diglot Greek and Latin) 400s P112 Acts 26–27 02 all 04 all 7 uncial mss 1 is complete; others preserve 1–2 chapters 400–500s P58 and 1 uncial Acts 1, 2 500s P33 and 3 uncials 1 is complete, others preserve 1–2 chapters

D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 283-6.