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Alkaline Igneous Rocks Geological Society Special Publications Series Editor K Alkaline Igneous Rocks Geological Society Special Publications Series Editor K. C 0 E GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO 30 Alkaline Igneous Rocks EDITED BY J. G. FITTON & B. G. J. UPTON Grant Institute of Geology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JW 1987 Published for The Geological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications OXFORD LONDON EDINBURGH BOSTON PALO ALTO MELBOURNE Published by DISTRIBUTORS Blackwell Scientific Publications Editorial offices: USA and Canada Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc 8 John Street, London WC1N 2ES PO Box 50009, Palo Alto 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ California 94303 52 Beacon Street, Boston Massachusetts 02108, USA Australia 667 Lytton Avenue, Palo Alto Blackwell Scientific Publications California 94301, USA (Australia) Pty Ltd 107 Barry Street, Carlton 107 Barry Street, Victoria 3053, Australia Carlton, Victoria 3053 9 1987The Geological Society. Authorization to British Library photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the Cataloguing in Publication Data internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by The Geological Society for libraries and other Alkaline igneous rocks.--(Geological Society special users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center publications, ISSN 0305-8719) (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided 1. Alkalic igneous rocks that a base fee of $02.00 per copy is paid directly to I. Fitton, J.G. II. Upton, B. G. J. CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA. III. Series 0305-8719/87 $02.00 552'. 1 QE462.A4 First published 1987 ISBN0-632-01616-7 Typeset, printed and bound in Great Britain by Library of Congress William Clowes Limited, Beccles and London Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alkaline igneous rocks. (Geological Society special publication; no. 30) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Alkalic igneous rocks. I. Fitton, J. G. II. Upton, B. G.J. III. Geological Society of London. IV. Series. QE462.A4A43 1987 552'. 1 86-26364 ISBN0-632-01616-7 Contents Preface vii Introduction: FITTON, J. G. & UPTON, B. G.J. ix BAILEY, D. K. Mantle metasomatism--perspective and prospect 1 MENZIES, M. Alkaline rocks and their inclusions: a window on the Earth's interior 15 EDGAR, A. D. The genesis of alkaline magmas with emphasis on their source regions: inferences 29 from experimental studies LE Bhs, M. J. Nephelinites and carbonatites 53 TWYMAN, J. D. & GITTINS, J. Alkalic carbonatite magmas: parental or derivative ? 85 DAWSON, J. B. The kimberlite clan: relationship with olivine and leucite lamproites, and 95 inferences for upper-mantle metasomatism BERGMAN, S. C. Lamproites and other potassium-rich igneous rocks: a review of their 103 occurrence, mineralogy and geochemistry ROCK, N. M. S. The nature and origin of lamprophyres: an overview 191 CLAGUE, D. A. Hawaiian alkaline volcanism 227 WEAVER, B. L., WOOD, D. A., TARNEY, J. & JORON, J. L. Geochemistry of ocean island basalts 253 from the South Atlantic: Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha HARRIS, C. & SHEPPARD, S. M. F. Magma and fluid evolution in the lavas and associated 269 granite xenoliths of Ascension Island FITTON, J. G. The Cameroon line, West Africa: a comparison between oceanic and continental 273 alkaline volcanism BAKER, B. H. Outline of the petroIogy of the Kenya rift alkaline province 293 MACDONALD, R. Quaternary peralkaline silicic rocks and caldera volcanoes of Kenya 313 WOOLLEY, A. R. & JONES, G. C. The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline 335 province, Malawi BOWDEN, P., BLACK, R., MARTIN, R. F., IKEI E. C. KINNAIRD, J. A. & BATCHELOR, R.A. 357 Niger-Nigerian alkaline ring complexes: a classic example of African Phanerozoic anorogenic mid-plate magmatism LI/~GEOIS, J. P. & BLACK, R. Alkaline magmatism subsequent to collision in the Pan-African 381 belt of the Adrar des Iforas (Mali) FLETCHER, C. J. N. & BEDDOE-STEPHENS, B. The petrology, chemistry and crystallization 403 history of the Velasco alkaline province, eastern Bolivia BARKER, D. S. Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Trans-Pecos Texas 415 EBY, G. N. The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern 433 North America vi Contents UPTON, B. G. J. & EMELEUS, C. H. Mid-Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in southern 449 Greenland: the Gardar province LARSEN, L. M. & SORENSEN, H. The Ilimaussaq intrusion--progressive crystallization and 473 formation of layering in an agpaitic magma NIELSEN, T. F. D. Tertiary alkaline magmatism in East Greenland: a review 489 DOWNES, H. Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism in the Massif Central, France 517 KOGARKO, L. N. Alkaline rocks of the eastern part of the Baltic Shield (Kola Peninsula) 531 Index 545 Preface The papers contained in this volume were presented at a symposium held in Edinburgh in September 1984, which marked the passage of ten years since the publication of The Alkaline Rocks edited by Henning Sorensen. In organizing the symposium and compiling this volume we aimed to review recent developments in the petrology and geochemistry of alkaline igneous rocks. We have, for example, paid particular attention to work on lamprophyres and carbonatites which are rock associations of current interest not covered in Sorensen's book. Reviews of recent work on some of the classic alkaline provinces, such as East Africa, southern Greenland and the Kola Peninsula, are included together with reviews of less well- known areas. Other papers discuss the impact of experimental, geochem- ical and isotopic studies on our understanding of the generation and evolution of alkaline magmas. We are indebted to the contributors for their collaboration in producing this volume and it is with sadness that we note the death, on 14 February 1986, of Brian Baker, whose pioneering field studies formed the basis for much of our knowledge of the tectonic and volcanic evolution of the East African Rift. An obituary and appreciation of his work is published in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (28, v-vii). We are grateful to The Geological Society and The Royal Society of Edinburgh for their generous assistance with the symposium costs, to Lucian Begg and Dodie James for their help with organizing the symposium and producing this volume, and to our colleagues for the care and enthusiasm with which they reviewed the manuscripts. The efforts of Edward Wates and his staff at Blackwell Scientific Publications are also gratefully acknowledged. To all these we offer our sincere thanks. J.G.F. B.G.J.U. vii Introduction J. G. Fitton & B. G. J. Upton Alkaline igneous rocks may be defined as those which have higher concentrations of alkalis than can be accommodated in feldspars alone, the excess appearing as feldspathoids, sodic pyroxenes, sodic amphiboles and other alkali-rich phases. These rocks are, therefore, deficient in silica and/or alumina with respect to alkalis and will have nepheline and/or acmite in their norms. In practice the term 'alkaline' is used to encompass a wide range of igneous rocks, not all of which conform to this rigid definition. Carbonatites, for example, are certainly silica-deficient but are rarely alkali-rich. True (nepheline-normative) alkali basalts grade into hypersthene-normative transitional basalts without any obvious change in mineralogy. Since transitional basalts are often closely associated with alkali basalts in the field, they are traditionally regarded as alkaline. It is now usual practice to define alkaline igneous rocks simply in terms of their alkali (Na20+ K20) and silica contents (see, for example, Le Bas et al. 1986). We have not attempted to review the classification of alkaline igneous rocks in this volume as this has been dealt with elsewhere (e.g. Sorensen 1974; Streckeisen 1967, 1980). The only alkaline rocks not covered in previous reviews are those hydrous mafic to ultramafic hypabyssal rocks known as the lamprophyres. The present volume includes three papers on this group. A comprehensive overview of lamprophyres is given by Rock and of the sub-group of lamproites by Bergman. The relationship between lamproites and kimberlites (which arguably belong to the lampro- phyres) is discussed by Dawson. Volumetrically, alkaline rocks account for less than one per cent of all igneous rocks. Despite this, their remarkable mineralogical diversity has brought them repeatedly to the attention of petrologists and mineralogists, with the result that alkaline rocks account for about half of all igneous rock names. Sorensen (1974) lists no fewer than 400 alkaline rock types. This diversity springs largely from an abundance of alkalis and deficiency in silica which together generate a large number of mineral species not stable in more silica-rich, alkali-poor magmas. However, a large part of the attention given to alkaline rocks is due to their characteristic high concentrations of incompatible or large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). These are often of more than academic interest as most of the world's resources of niobium, tantalum and the rare-earth elements are found in or around alkaline igneous rock bodies. The economic importance of alkaline igneous rocks is further enhanced by their association with economic deposits of apatite (Kogarko) and with diamonds (Dawson; Bergman). Evidence for continental alkaline magmatism can be found as far back as the late Archaean. For example, biotites from the Poohbah Lake syenite in north-western Ontario have been dated at around 2.7 Ga (Mitchell 1976) and a similar age has been reported by Larsen et al. (1983) for the Tupertalik carbonatite in western Greenland. At the present time, alkaline magmas are erupted in all tectonic environments with the possible exception of mid-ocean ridges. Even here, though, mildly alkaline lavas are sometimes erupted from off-axis volcanoes, as in the Vestmann Islands of Iceland. Alkaline igneous rocks are found on all the continents and on islands in all the ocean basins. Their occurrences may be classified on the basis of tectonic setting into three categories; continental rift valley From: FITTON, J.
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