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International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 10, Issue, 11(F), pp. 36131-36135, November, 2019 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN THE LAKE ECOSYSTEM OF NAVALGUND IN DHARWAD DISTRICT, KARNATAKA - INDIA

Ratna V Airsang1 and H C Lakshman2

1Department of Botany, J.S.S. Banashankari Arts, Commerce & S. K. Gubbi Science College, Vidyagiri, Dharwad-580 004, Karnataka - India 2Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad-580 003, Karnataka – India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2019.1011.4844

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Phytoplankton inhabit widely in different environments. Due to their undemanding nutritional habits, simple structure, fast growth and reproduction these algae have a great capacity of adapting Received 15th August, 2019 th to extreme ecological conditions. The present paper deals mainly with, ecologically significant Received in revised form 7 Phytoplankton belonging to five different classes of algae related to physicochemical characteristics September, 2019 of Arekurahatti Lake in Navalgund. Nineteen physicochemical parameters were analyzed seasonally Accepted 13th October, 2019 th from May 2012 to April 2013. The climate change and variation in physicochemical parameters Published online 28 November, 2019 played an important role in the diversity of Phytoplankton and favoured the maximum blooming of Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae members especially during Key Words: Monsoon. But during winter and summer season much fluctuation was observed in the density of

Seasonal, Ecosystem, Diversity, these members. Surprisingly, the species of Dinophyceae members were appeared during summer Phytoplankton, Arekurahatti Lake, Water season when phosphate levels were found least in the lentic water body. On an average, the per cent quality index, Cyanophyceae. occurrence of Cyanophyceae members was found maximum followed by Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae. A total of One hundred and ninteen species were recorded throughout the year belonging to Bacillariophyceae (41), Chlorophyceae (35), Cyanophyceae (27), Euglenophyceae (13) and Dinophyceae (3). The results of physicochemical parameters revealed that the load of nutrients in Arekurahatti Lake has influenced abundance of Phytoplankton species. Based upon the recorded physicochemical parameters the status of the lentic water body in the present study indicated its oligotrophic nature. The water quality index recorded was ranged from 45.52 to 58.06 on hundred point scale. The water quality was rated as medium during the months of May, June, July, October, January, February, March and April and during the remaining months it was rated as poor. Therefore, the investigation may suggest that water of Arekurahatti Lake can be used for domestic purposes but not for drinking according to drinking water quality standards (WHO, 1990).

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INTRODUCTION environmental effects of water chemistry, in addition to the physical and geomorphologic characteristics of rivers and lakes Water is the elixir of life. It is very essential to all living (Steven et al., 1999). Chemical analysis of water provides good organisms since it is the key that supports life. It shapes the indication of the chemical quality of the aquatic ecosystem, but earth’s surface and moderates climate. The earth’s ecosystems does not integrate ecological factors such as altered riparian are linked and maintained by water. Clean fresh water is a vegetation or altered flow regime and therefore does not crucial resource used for drinking, irrigation, industry, necessarily reflect the ecological state of system (Karr et al., recreation and agriculture (Stephen et al., 1998). Today, the 2000). But phytoplankton abundance in water body reflects the water is polluted with hundreds of toxins and impurities due to average ecological condition and therefore, they may be anthropogenic activities. Biological assessment is a useful considered as an indicator of water quality (Bhatt et al., 1999; alternative for assessing the ecological quality of aquatic Sha et al., 2000). Water quality index is one of the most ecosystems since biological communities integrate the

*Corresponding author: Ratna V Airsang Department of Botany, J.S.S. Banashankari Arts, Commerce & S. K. Gubbi Science College, Vidyagiri, Dharwad-580 004, Karnataka - India Ratna V Airsang and Lakshman H C., Effect of Water Quality on The Sustainability Of phytoplankton Diversity In The Lake Ecosystem of Navalgund In Dharwad District, Karnataka - india effective tools to communicate information on the quality of the length of the lake measures about 327.72 meters (1,075.2 water to the concerned citizens and policy makers ft) and width measures about 236.5 meters (775.93 ft). Depth (Ramakrishnaiah et al., 2009; Yesodha et al., 2011). The of the lake measures about 6 meters and average water level is seasonal variation of phytoplankton’s community is strongly 3.5 meters. It is located on the Gulburga Bijapur Hubli affected by several environmental factors like temperature and highway. The distance from Dharwad to Arekurahatti is 41 light intensity (Sussane et al., 2005; Farahani et al., 2006). The kms. The lake water is used for drinking and also for domestic abundance and species composition of algae can have purposes. This lake is linked to Malaprabha River through significant implications with regard to both water clarity and channel connection. Village population is 3718 with 1846 quality of any water body (Adironack Ecologists, 2010). males and 1872 females (as per 2011 census). Eutrophication is a global phenomenon associated with nutrient Collection of water samples for enrichment of aquatic ecosystem. Monitoring of water quality is the first step that can lead to management and preservation of Analysis of physico-chemical parameters aquatic ecosystem. It is also true that the management of any The surface water samples from the Arekurahatti lake of aquatic ecosystem is aimed to the preservation of its habitat by Navalgund taluk were collected seasonally for a period of one suitably maintaining the physicochemical quality of water year from May 2012 to April 2013. Pre-cleaned polyethylene within acceptable levels (Abdar, 2014). In the present scenario, carbonyl cans of the capacity of one liter were employed for wet lands are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic this purpose with utmost care. Air and water temperatures and activities. Many fresh water resources of Navalgund taluk of pH were observed on spot and also in the laboratory. For the Dharwad district are heading towards environmental estimation of dissolved oxygen and BOD determination water degradation due to pollution. Therefore the present work was samples were collected separately in 350 ml BOD bottles. For carried out to understand the impact of water quality on the further analysis, samples were brought to laboratory and sustainability of phytoplankton population in the Lake analyzed other parameters using standard procedures (APHA, ecosystem of Navalgund taluka of Dharwad district. 1995). From the collected sample of lentic water body, MATERIALS AND METHODS sedimentation was made in acid Lugol’s solution and the supernatant was discarded. The phytoplankton sediment was Navalgund is a taluk comes under Dharwad district, Karnataka concentrated to 30 ml by centrifugation. state, India (Fig. 1). It is located 47 kms away from Dharwad and 374 kms from Bangalore. Navalgund is situated at 15˚57΄ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION North latitude, 75˚37΄ East longitude and 578 (1,896 ft above The abundance, distribution and composition of the the sea level) meters elevation. Bennihalla is the main stream phytoplankton in response to physicochemical parameters flows through Navalgund. Navalgund has geographical area of varied seasonally, in the lentic water bodies of Navalgund about 1080 Sq. Kms and had a population of 1, 90,208 with during the present investigation from May 2012 to April 2013. 96,942 males and 93,266 females (as per 2011 Census Average The results of the Physico-chemical analysis of Arekurahatti winter temperature is 20⁰C and summer temperature is 39⁰C. Lake is presented in table 1. pH is an important quality parameter which influences the survival and nourishment of biological life. Maximum pH value was observed in the rainy season and low in summer. Turbidity values were found high during winter and low turbidity value was observed during summer. It has been well documented that the variation in water temperature can be correlated with seasonal variation. The water was comparatively warmer during the rainy season because of the less rain fall and hot sunny days .The temperature was reduced to 20˚C in winter season (January). Sreenivasan et al., (1964), have observed that the peaks of phytoplankton occurred at different period in different years.

Therefore, only temperature was not responsible for the Figure 1 Map showing the study area Navalgund in Dharwad District, fluctuation, high pH, alkalinity, carbon dioxide and nutrients Karnataka- India. are also responsible for their organic production. Electric Conductivity (EC) was varied from the minimum 220µs/cm (in winter) to maximum of 330µmhos/cm (rainy season) in Arekurahatti Lake. In the present study, alkalinity was increased in the month of rainy season and low in the month of February (summer). High values of total Alkalinity may be attributed to the increase in organic decomposition during

which carbon dioxide is liberated. This reacts to form Figure 2 Showing the Photographs of Arekurahatti Lake in Navalgund bicarbonate thereby increasing total alkalinity in summer In the present investigation Arekurahatti Lake has been (Mahadev and Hosamani 2010; Airsang and Lakshman, 2013). selected (Figure 2). Arekurahatti Lake is large sized lake Total alkalinity is due to salts of weak acids and bicarbonates occupying the area 16 acres 11 guntas situated in the village .The highly alkaline water is not potable. Total hardness, Arekurahatti of Navalgund in Dharwad district. Approximately, Sodium and Magnesium were found high in rainy season. 36132 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 10, Issue, 11(F), pp. 36131-36135, November, 2019

Calcium was found high in the summer. But Calcium and investigation. The Cyanophyceae were recorded about 44%, Chloride were found minimum in winter. Chloride was found Chlorophyceae 21%, Bacillariophyceae 16% and maximum in summer and rainy season. Chloride concentration Euglenophyceae 19%. is the most useful parameter for evaluating the atmospheric In the present study, temperature, pH, alkalinity and nutrient input to sub-surface water (Shiva Kumar 2009). High content in Arekurahatti Lake water played a vital role. During concentration of chloride in the water gives an undesirable taste the investigation phytoplankton distribution was varied in to water. This higher concentration of chloride reduced the different months and seasons from May 2012 to April 2013. algal population in the present work. Sodium, Sulphates, Dissolved oxygen, Phosphate, Nitrate and pH are the most Magnesium and BOD values were found maximum in winter significant parameters operating in this water body. The and minimum in summer and rainy season. nutrients accumulated in the lake water have increased the Nitrates were found maximum in rainy season. Nitrates, number of Euglenophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Sulphates and Chlorides play an important role in the and Cyanophyceae members to maximum during the months of eutrophication (Meera Bai, G. 2010). Sulphates and Nitrates Monsoon over the population of Dinophyceae. But during the were found within the desirable range (WHO, 1990). Margalef months of winter and summer season much fluctuation in the (1964, 1968) suggested that phytoplankton population is rich in density of Euglenophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae fertile water. Phosphorus is another factor that deviated and Cyanophyceae members was observed. On an average the considerably in the Lake waters. Chrost (1991) and Olson percentage of occurrence of Cyanophyceae members was (1991) are of the opinion that phosphates are common inside found maximum followed by Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae, cells but can be excreted outside the cell or be associated with Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. Surprisingly, the exterior cell surface. Phosphatase enzymes cleave dissolved Dinophyceae members were appeared only in the months of organic phosphorous to liberate phosphate. Excretion of March and April, during summer season when phosphates were extracellular phosphates increases when phosphorous becomes found least in the lentic water body. In the present scarce. The ubiquitous nature of these compounds in lakes investigation, phosphates were found between 0.7 mg/L to 11.0 leads to rapid turnover of many organic phosphorus compounds mg/L and these values lie between 0.0 mg/ L to 12.0 mg/L. leading to high amounts of phosphorus in Lakes. Total Therefore, the trophic status of the selected lentic water body is Phosphate and COD were found high in rainy season and least designated as oligotrophic. The investigation may suggest that in summer. Chemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen the water of Arekurhatti Lake may be used for domestic required for oxidation of organic constituents with strong purposes but not for drinking according to drinking water oxidizing agent (acidified potassium dichromate). Thus it is quality standards (WHO, 1990). used as measure of organic equivalent of the organic matter Table 1 Seasonal Mean and standard deviation values of present in the sample. The values obtained in the present study physico-chemical parameters of Arekurahatti Lake during May are not acceptable according to drinking water quality 2012 to April 2013 standards during all seasons (WHO, 1990). Potassium was found maximum in rainy season and minimum in summer. Parameters Rainy season Winter Summer Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Turbidity values were ranged between 3 NTU (summer) to 82 (Min – Max) (Min – Max) (Min – Max) NTU (rainy season) in Arekurahatti Lake. TDS (total dissolved 29.50 ± 3.11 30.00 ± 02.31 25.00 ± 02.31 Air Temperature solids) values were varied between 143 mg/L to 215 mg/L. (26.00 – 33.00) (28.00 – 32.00) (23.00 – 27.00) Dissolved oxygen plays an important role in regulating inside Water 27.50 ± 1.29 26.00 ± 02.31 25.55 ± 04.11 waters. DO was found higher in winter and lower in rainy Temperature (26.00 – 29.00) (24.00 – 28.00) (20.00 – 29.00) 24.03 ± 22.08 25.08 ± 38.17 4.98 ± 1.55 Turbidity season. (05.10 – 54.00) (02.80 – 82.00) (3.00 – 6.40)

8.10 ± 0.08 08.05 ± 00.20 7.80 ± 0.46 pH During rainy season in the Arekurahatti Lake, Cyanophyceae (8.00 – 8.17) (07.85 – 08.25) (7.40 – 8.43) (10,830 org/L) members were found abundant. They were Electric 295.00 ± 33.17 255.00 ± 40.42 270.00 ± 49.66 followed by Euglenophyceae (4,200 org/L), Chlorophyceae conductivity (250.00 – 330.00) (220.00 – 310.00) (220.00 – 330.00) 99.00 ± 10.00 90.00 ± 13.66 86.00 ± 07.39 (2,580 org/L) and Bacillariophyceae (1,620 org/L) respectively. Total Alkalinity (88.00 – 112.00) (76.00 – 108.00) (72.00 – 104.00) The abundance of Chlorophyceae (2,790 org/L) was to the Total dissolved 192.00 ± 21.51 166.00 ± 26.39 175.00 ± 32.55 maximum during winter season followed by the members of solids (163.00 – 215.00) (143.00 – 202.00) (143.00 –215.00) 85.50 ± 14.27 86.00 ± 19.55 93.00 ± 14.65 Cyanophyceae (1,440 org/L), Bacillariophyceae (1,200 org/L) Total hardness and Euglenophyceae (1,110 org/L) respectively. During (66.00 – 100.00) (70.00 – 114.00) (78.00 – 112.00) 50.00 ± 8.33 43.00 ± 08.72 53.50 ± 07.19 Calcium summer season, it was recorded that the maximum abundance (40.00 – 60.00) (32.00 – 50.00) (44.00 – 60.00) of the members of Bacillariophyceae (2,460 org/L). These were 8.63 ± 3.71 10.45 ± 03.56 09.48 ± 02.59 Magnesium followed by the members of Cyanophyceae (2,460 org/L), (3.40 –12.15) (07.29 – 15.55) (06.32 – 12.64) 83.00 ± 22.42 91.50 ± 27.48 114.00 ± 11.43 Chlorophyceae (1,560 org/L) and Euglenophyceae (870 org/L) Chlorides (60.00 – 110.00) (66.00 – 120.00) (100.00 – 126.00) respectively. On an average, the abundance of cyanophyceae 9.63 ±2.50 10.60 ± 03.68 4.40 ± 2.40 Sulphates members with the density of 4,830 of org/L was recorded (7.50 – 13.00) (05.40 – 14.00) (2.80 – 7.90) 0.85 ± 0.64 0.95 ± 0.65 0.58 ± 0.28 followed by the Chlorophyceae with the density of 2,310 org/L, Nitrates Euglenophyceae with the density of 2,060 org/L and (0.40 – 1.80) (0.10 – 1.50) (0.30 – 0.90) 7.35 ± 2.45 5.25 ± 1.65 1.45 ± 0.51 Phosphates Bacillariophyceae with the density of 1,760 org/L respectively. (5.70 – 11.00) (2.80 – 6.40) (0.70 – 1.80) In the present work, the distribution pattern of species 34.75 ±11.84 36.88 ± 16.27 35.75 ± 04.35 Sodium belonging to different classes of phytoplankton in Arekurahatti (24.00 – 45.00) (20.00 – 52.00) (30.00 – 40.00) 2.13 ± 0.718 2.55 ± 0.58 2.10 ± 0.49 Lake in percentage was documented during the present Potassium (1.70 – 3.20) (2.00 – 3.10) (1.50 – 2.50) 36133 | P a g e Ratna V Airsang and Lakshman H C., Effect of Water Quality on The Sustainability Of phytoplankton Diversity In The Lake Ecosystem of Navalgund In Dharwad District, Karnataka - india

Dissolved 6.43 ± 0.44 7.50 ± 1.00 6.43 ± 0.43 CONCLUSION Oxygen (5.80 – 6.80) (7.00 – 9.00) (6.00 – 7.00) Chemical 32.80 ± 27.33 28.40 ± 02.65 28.50 ± 09.13 The present investigation reveals that variation in the Oxygen Demand (16.00 – 73.60) (25.60 – 32.00) (15.70 – 37.30) Biological 2.37 ± 1.74 7.09 ± 4.19 3.92 ± 1.88 abundance of phytoplankton is due to cumulative effect of Oxygen Demand (0.18 – 4.38) (3.50 – 12.25) ( 2.10 – 6.48) environmental factors and the density of phytoplankton is dependent on various ecological factors either directly or All parameters are in mg/L, except pH, Turbidity in NTU, indirectly. The values of COD were found in the Lake always Temperature in ˚C and EC in μmhos/sec deviated from the drinking water quality standards. The values Table 2 Showing Seasonal variation in Phytoplankton of phosphates were found between 0.7 mg/L to 11.0 mg/L and density (org/L) of Arekurahatti Lake during May 2012 to these values lie between 0.0 mg/L to 12.0 mg/L Therefore, the April 2013. trophic status of the selected lentic water body is designated as

Seasons/ oligotrophic and it can be revealed that the water of the Lake is Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Euglenophyceae Classes not fit for consumption according to drinking water quality Rainy 10830 2580 1620 4200 standards (WHO, 1990) especially during August, September, Winter 1440 2790 1200 1110 November and December. It showed varying pollution levels Summer 2220 1560 2460 870 and diversity of phytoplankton throughout the year. Average 4830 2310 1760 2060

Acknowledgement

First author is greatly indebted to UGC New Delhi and also 12000 thankful to Guide, JSS Banashankari Arts, Commerce, S. K. 10000 Gubbi Science College management, Principal and Staff for their continuous support. 8000 Rainy References 6000 Winter 1. Abdar, M. R. 2014. Assessment of water quality and 4000 Summer major threats to Morna reservoir in Western Ghats (M.S.) India. Poll. Res. 33 (2): 265-270. 2000 2. Airsang, R. V. and Lakshman, H. C. (2013). Diversity of Chlorophyceae related to physico-chemical parameters 0 in Shetter Lake of Navalgund, Dharwad District in Cyano Chloro Bacillo Eugleno Karnataka-India. Science Research Reporter. 3(2):129-

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How to cite this article:

Ratna V Airsang and Lakshman H C.2019, Effect of Water Quality on The Sustainability Of phytoplankton Diversity In The Lake Ecosystem of Navalgund In Dharwad District, Karnataka - india. Int J Recent Sci Res. 10(11), pp. 36131-36135. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2019.1011.4844

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