I IPP12

China

Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project Public Disclosure Authorized Minority Nationalities Development Plan

Draft December 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

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Background

1. Two sets of participatory rural appraisals, a full social assessment (SA) which included specific focus on minority nationalities for the Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project (JIAMP) is the basis for this Minority Nationalities Development Plan (MNDP). 2. According to the World Bank's Operational Directive (OD) 4.20 on Indigenous People, national minorities involved or affected by JIAMP shall be given special concerns and assistance. The OD requires that project activities be tailored to the cultural characteristics and customs, and are based on the practical situation of the affected minorities. For the affected minority villages, preferred consideration is to be given to those applying for project activities and some specific activities have been added based on the village's specific requests.

Overview of Minority Nationalities in Jiangxi

3. Jiangxi Provinces has a marginal population of minority nationalities. About 112,800 people, accounting for 0.27% of total population in Jiangxi are registered as minority nationalities. 4. Minority nationalities are located all over Jiangxi. Shi minority are located mainly in southern Jiangxi. Hui, Mongol, Korean and Manchu minorities are mainly located in cities, especially and Jiuj iang. Totally 29 counties/cities/districts in Jiangxi have minority populations of over 1,000 people, see Table-l below. Table-1: Geographic Distribution of Minority Nationalities Jiangxi Minority Population Geographic Distribution In Project Remark Counties Shi 90,000 South Jiangxi, Northeast Yes Live in villages Jiangxi Yao 1,000 South Jiangxi Yes Live in villages Hui 15,000 Nanchang, No Live in cities Mongol 1,000 Scattered No Live in cities Korean 1,000 Scattered No Live in cities Manchu 1,000 Scattered No Live in cities Chuang 1,000 Scattered No Live in cities 3

5. The majority of the minority nationalities in Jiangxi belong to Shi and Hui. The Shi originate from the borderlands of Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Guangdong Provinces, gradually settling down and living with other nationalities in mountain areas and borderlands of many provinces (cities) since Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Hui arrived Jiujiang, Nanchang, Jindezhen and nearby areas starting as early as the Tang Dynasty. Other nationalities with a distinguishtable population are Yao, Mongol, Korean, Manchu and Chuang each with more than 1,000 people. 6. Between years 1997-2000, 17 line bureaus in Jiangxi Province have worked directly to address development in minority areas. During this time period a total of RMB 6,508,000 has been provided in poverty reduction funds and RMB 200,000 equivalent in goods. In addition, 84 projects have been carried out in these areas and 1,238 people have been trained in agro-technical activities.

Overview of Minority Nationalities in Project Areas

7. Twenty-one counties will take part of the prcject (Chongren, Nancheng, and Yihuang in City; Chongyi, Guan, Golden Development District, Longnan, Quannan, Shicheng, Xinfeng, Xingguo, Xunwu, and Zhanggong District in Ganzhou City; Hukou, Pengze, Wuning, and Yongxiu in Jiujiang City; and Dexing, Hengfeng, Guangfeng, and Yugan in City). There are totally 19 villages with minority nationalities in the affected areas, located in Hengfeng, Wuning, Yongxiu, Xingguo, Chongyi, Xinfeng, Longnan, Quannan, and Xunwu counties (see Annex I for map). The total number of minority nationalities in the affected areas is 14,166 accounting for 0.18% of the affected areas total population of 7,731,000. The majority of the minority nationality population is Shi and Yao. The Shi in the affected areas are mostly migrants from the reservoir region of the "Two Rivers" (the Xin'an and Fuchun River) in Zhejiang and those who have registered themselves as minorities after 1985 with the expanded implementation of national minority policies. The Yao in Jiangxi are mostly transalpine Yao. The Yao in Quannan migrated in 1948 from Luoba Village in Shixing County, Guangdong P'rovince. 8. The dominant ethnic group in southern Jiangxi is the Hakka people of the Ilan nationality, who barely can be differentiated from the local Shi people due to long term cultural exchange. While the Shi have kept their traditional festivals, their day to day lifestyle is very similar to the Han lifestyle, such as ancestor worship, concept of ancestral line, compiling pedigrees, building ancestral temples, etc.. 9. The SA found that in , no pedigree of Shi nationality has mentioned the tale of Panhu or ancestor graphs, nor can anyone tell tales or features of Shi nationality. The Shi who immigrated from Zhe-jiang into Jiangxi in 1969 during reservoir construction in Zhejiang, live dispersed among Han nationality and speak Mandarin and local dialects. They can speak Shi language but do not have national costumes. Those of 50 years of age or older, still can sing Shi national songs, both self-written and ancestral. The "Lei's Genealogy" compiled in 1907 has intensive Shi features kept and contains the "Preface for Rebuilding the Panhu Temple" and the 4

"Textual Research of Clan Founders". Many of the elders know Panhu and other tales, but the younger generation know very little about their own culture. The kinship, social organization, religious preference, mode of production, lifestyle and economic level of Shi nationality are almost the same as the local Han people. 10. The Yao are more distinguishable from the Han. They people speak Yao language without own written language, usually speaking Yao and Mandarin in their daily life. After the establishment of People's Republic of , except for introducing cultivation of paddy rice from Han Nationality, the Yao people have followed their traditional method of slash-and-burn cultivation for dry land crops, such as maize. Except for important cultural holidays and attending celebrations, the Yao in Jiangxi dress in regular Han clothes. The traditional dressing includes black clothes with stand collar for men, and blue clothes with obliquely opened borders, matched with laced short apron for women. When the Yao get married, they move into newly built houses apart from their parents carrying the quilt, mat and clothes originally used with bowls and chopsticks provided by their parents. 11. Table 2 presents more detailed information on minority nationalities within project areas. Basically, the proportion of the minority population in the affected areas is very small and they are closely assimilated with the local Han. Main development issues identified in the minority nationality villages are: (i) bad roads; (ii) inadequate communication of information; (iii) lagging economy. 5

Table-2: Minority Overview at Affected Counties Key identified development areas County Minority village Basic information 0.68 Inaccessible to broadcast/TV, dilapidated houses and primary Hengfeng Lanzi Shi Village, Yaojia Total population: 2559, Shi population: 1413, per capita tilled land: etc. Township mu, mountain forest:4.9 mu schools, tilled land: 0.7 Road repair, construction of canals, reservoirs, dikes, etc. Wuning Yangdu Shi Village, Luoping Total population: 2073, Shi population: 668, per capita Town mu, mountain forest: 1.5 mu of roads and hill ponds, etc. Shantou Shi Village, Donglin Total population: 1016, Shi population: 504, per capita tilled land: 0.5 Repair Township mu, mountain forest: 2 mu 0.7 Yongxiu Xinzhuang Shi Village, Total population: 2005, Shi population: 260, per capita tilled land: Meitang Town mu, mountain forest: 6.78 mu I mu, Dike repair, etc. Xingguo Jianshe Shi Village, Total population: 1020, Shi population: 352, per capita tilled land: Gulonggang Town mountain forest: 2.5 mu mu, Inaccessible to broadcast/TV, dike repair, etc. Yaoqian Shi Village, Total population: 1070, Shi population: 390, per capita tilled land: I Gulonggang Town mountain forest: 2.5 mu etc. Sheping Shi Village, Fengbian Total population: 1114, Shi population: 371, per capita tilled land: 0.5 Dike repair, Township mu, mountain forest: 12 mu , to broadcast, Tv, dilapidated houses and nrimary Longtan Shi Village, Total population: 805, Shi population: 342, per capita t!ld Inaccessible dike repair, etc. Chongxian Township mountain forest: 17 mu schools, 1.4 mu, Inaccessible to broadcast/TV, etc. Chongyi Gaodong Shi Village, Ledong Total population: 411, Shi population: 234, per capita tilled land: Township mountain forest: 22 mu to broadcast, TV, road, etc. Zhudong Shi Village, Niedu Total population: 745, Shi population: 469, per capita tilled land: 0.7 mu, Inaccessible Township mountain forest: 22 mu to broadcast/TV, drinking water, etc. Shenbu Shi Village, Total population: 828, Shi population: 421, per capita tilled land: 0.65 Inaccessible Changlong Town mu, mountain forest: 2 mu tilled land: 0.63 Inaccessible to broadcast, TV, dilapidated houses and primary Xinfeng Tianlong Shi Village, Anxi Total population: 1916, Shi population: 1152, per capita dike repair. etc. Town mru, mountain forest: 3.34 mu schools, 0.62 Dilapidated houses and primary schools, dike repair, etc. Qiushi Shi Village, Zhengping Total population: 1947, Slii population: 1452, per capita tilled land: 6

Key identified development areas County Minority village Basic information Township mu, mountain forest: 2.3 mu tilled land: 0.8 Drinking water, dike repair, etc. Yueling Shi Village, Longshe Total population: 1620, Shi population: 750, per capita Township mu, mountain forcst: 4 mu tilled land: 0.82 Dilapidated houses and primary schools, dike repair, etc. Taiping Shi Village, Gubei Total population: 2122, Shi population: 1053, per capita Town mu, mountain forest: 1.67 mu Dilapidated houses and primary schools, drinking water, etc. Longnan Shi Village, Huangsha Total population: 382, Shi population: 364 Township per capita tilled land: 0.36 Lagging economic development Quannan Yao Village, Zhushan Total population: 278, Shi population: 259, Township mu, mountain forest: 35 mu Dilapidated houses and primary schools, drinking water, dike Shi Village, Total population: 3025, Shi population: 2010, per capita tilled land: 0.5 Xunwu Beiting repair, etc. Chengjiang Town mu, mountain forest: 2.2 mu houses and primary schools, drinking water, dike Village, Total population: 3486, Shi population: 1702, per capita tilled land: 0.45 Dilapidated Wenkou Shi repair, etc. Chengjiang Town mu, mountain forest: 1.5 mu 7

Economic Development of the Affected Miniorities in Project Areas

12. According to the SA, the overall development level of the minority nationalities in the project areas is generally the same as of the local Han, except for some majority minority nationality villages which are poorer than their neighboring villages. Main factors that restrict the development of these villages is lack of access, low level of education, lack of information flow and shortage of funds.

Project Activities Aimed at Minority Natiotialities

13. As stipulated in the ethnic policies of China, all domestic nationalities are equal and the policy of regional autonomy shall be impleniented where national minorities reside in larger numbers. In addition, national minorities enjoy other preferences, including special financial support from the state; family planning exceptions; preferential treatment in university admissions; etc. Also, national minorities are treated as a disadvantaged group as a whole because they are small in population and their economic development has been negatively affected by a number of factors (natural environment and education). 14. The number of minority nationality population involved in the JIAMP is small, without many distinct cultural features and are therefore easily neglected by concerned government departments. Therefore the project will: * Enforce national ethnic policies. Project offices shall cooperate closely with local minority and religion administrations and actively enforce national ethnic policies aiming to take the advantage of favorable national policies for the minority areas; * Give priority to provide project activities in minority natural villages, villages, and townships under project counties; and * Require all project counties with minorities to fully consult with minority villages and adopt project activities for these village in accordance with their preferences. 15. Considering Shi villages' high degree of acculturation with local Han people in terms of lifestyle, production methods, customs, as well as the equivalent degree of economic development, no special subprojects have been developed for the Shi. Instead, preferential treatment shall be offered to Shi villages applying to participate in any project activities under the general project framework. Participation of Shi shall be especially encouraged through specific outreach activities. 16. Considering the more distinguishable needs of the Yao, as recommended by the SA, an independent subproject for the Yaoshan Village in the Zhushan Township, Quannan County, addressing that villages particular needs has been developed. This subproject has not been limited by the overall framevwork of the project. Funding of Activities

17. In execution of the project, the affected counties will in general give priority to fund the demand for project activities for minority villages in the project areas and request from them reasonable fund guarantees and offer more generous counterpart funds. For minority villages unwilling to get involved in the project, county project management offices are explicitly responsible for finding out the reasons for this and see how their concerns could be addressed. The Provincial Project Management Office will monitor this. 18. To the extent possible, the project management offices at all levels shall seek grant funds to support the development of minority villages in the project areas. 19. The project will encourage the Provincial Government to combine their poverty reduction efforts in the project counties in a planned and organized manner so as to make available additional funds for construction of basic facilities in the minority villages, such as roads, radio and TV, training, etc., so as to create a good investment environment for the project.

Management

20. The county project management offices are respDnsible for the implementation of the activities. County-level minority nationality coordinators (minority people responsible for minority affairs from county-level minority and religious administrations) shall be assigned to be responsible fbr supervising and overseeing the work in project minority villages. The minority nationality coordinators shall report to the national minorities and county project management offices; be responsible for collecting suggestions and requirements from the villagers; to provide timely feedback to project management offices; and work together with the women's coordinators to provide project information. organize skill training, technical guidance, inspection and supervision to achieve the overall objective of the project. Beneficiary participation in project activities is going to take place in accordance with the project's Beneficiaries Participation Manual. 21. For minority villages unwilling to participate in the project, active efforts of mobilization and publicity shall be made to detail the contents, objectives, and significance of the project so as to involve as many minority villages as possible in the project. For individual minority farmers who are less willing to participate in the project, county minority nationality coordinators and county project management offices shall initiate door-to-door publicity explaining the project in detail. During implementation of the project, applications from poor minority families will be accepted at any time in order to maximize the degree of participation of national minorities. See Annex 2 for details on implementation and publicity plans 9

Technical Support

22. Before implementation of the project, counly project management offices, county-level nationality coordinators and woman coordinators shall obtain relevant technical personnel for training of practical techniques and skills necessary for providing support to the minority villages. Compared to non-minority villages, more intensive and specific training must be given. When the project has started, nationality coordinators shall request that extension workers visit the minority villages more frequently for field consultations, answering technical questions, surveying local conditions and popularizing effective techniques.

Training

23. All project training programs shall involve a certain proportion of minority representatives. Training activities need to be adapted for the specific needs of the minority villages both in terms of content and delivery mechanism. Model households should be selected in the minority villages to play a demonstration and driving role, enhancing the confidence of minority farmers, especially the poorest ones.

Specific Project Activities Aimed at Yaoshain Village

24. Yaoshan Village has a total population of 278 people in 52 families, of which 259 people in 51 families are Yao. The village has a per capita cultivated area of 0.36 nmu (of which per capita paddy field area is 0.15 mu) and a total area of mountain forest of 35 mu. 25. Yaoshan Village is located in a mountainous area with poor communications and infrastructure and with generally poor living conditions. Annual average per capita income is RMB 760. The villagers live mainly on traditional hunting, tree felling, pianting maize and yam, and collecting mountain products in remote mountains. In recent years, since many wild animals are hardly found in mountain forests due to the deterioration of ecological environments and over-hunting, the villagers have turned into tree felling and digging bamboo shoots in spring and winter, and collecting wild mushrooms as their main sources of income. They also plant paddy rice in a small areas with a low output. 26. In accordance to the villager traditional knowledge and practices, and making good use of local natural resources, the project aims at increasing the villagers income and improving their living standard. * Project Obiective: To improve the level of economic development of Yaoshan Village, improve Yao people's living environment and increase their income. * Proiect Beneficiaries: All people in the Yaoshan Village. 10 l Implementation Assistance: The Provincial and County Women's Federation shall function as the implementation assistance entity in cooperation with the local Project Management Offices. They will provide information regarding the project to the Yaoshan Village, organize skills training and technical guidance through their own organizational network consisting of women's federations at city, county, township (town) and village levels. * Proiect Activities: Will be selected by the farmers in accordance with their wishes. The Women's Federation will conduct full participatory survey to determine activities to be included. o A loan of RMB 3,000 is going to be provided for each of the 52 borrowing families (a total loan of RMB 156,000). The pay-back period for the loan shall be 3 years (Period 1: 2002-2005). However, the period may be adjusted to the t:ype of project selected by the farmers and the profiting period therecf. o Holding training courses on practical techniques. Training activities are going to be initiated by general knowledge training. Every Yao family shall learn 1-2 practical (technical) skills. * Implementation Plan: o Publicity and mobilization: In May 2002, pre-project publicity shall be conducted by the Women's Federaticin. This is to brief the villagers regarding details of the project. o June to August 2002 shall be the project publicity season when participatory needs surveys are going to be carried out and detailed information will be provided by the Women's Federation to the Yaoshan village. o Activities will start in September 2002. * Draft Budget. Total project cost is estimated to RMB 309,600 consisting of: o Loan funds: RMB 156,000 for 52 families (RMB 3000 each). O Publicity expenses: RMB 560 o Training costs: RMB 10, 920 o Costs for training infrastructure (buildings): RMB 70,000, o Training participation subsidies to farmers: RMB 7,800 o Extension costs (breeding of wild animals/plants): RMB 90,000 o Grants for poorest families RMB 5,000 (RMB 500/family for 10 families). 11

Annex 1 Project implementation plan Stage Activity Method Organization Requirements Source of fund Project 1. Project publicity for Participatory Provincial/ county 1. Give full audience to 1. The project design requires RMB 20,000. preparation (May full understanding project management minorities' opinions, tailor 2. The construction of infrastructure is expected to 2002) among minorities offices, nationality development projects to their . r coriaos woe' prcia sitaton. be paid by grant funds from the line bureaus, 2. Participatory project fedreaton the money will firstly go to the Yaoshan village design federaton 2. Wide project publicity with and then to Shi villages 3. Determine publicity board, minority organizational structure meeting, TV, broadcast, organizational structure booklet, etc.

Project execution Project execution, duly Participatory Project beneficiaries, all 1. Liaison men Key staff training ,practical skill training and (commencement) modified to fulfill expected levels of project In d II demonstrationeMnoritie activities requires about RMB benefits. management offices, 2 t ofnvolveies in at 200,000 in total , which will be funded through nationality coordinators, g e J poverty alleviation funds from line bureaus women's coordinators, other grassroots organizations

Project publicity plan Time Task, method Objective Organizer May. 2002 Pre-project publicity, making hand Briefing minorities of World Bank project County project management offices, county nationality bills, pasting posters coordinators, and county women's coordinators. Jul.-Aug., Publicity season for projects selected Giving full information regarding activities selected by 2002 by minorities beneficiaries themselves 12

Annex 2 Map of Minority Nationalities within Project Areas

Maps of Proposed Proiect Areas of JIAMP

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