Deindividuation Loss of individual identity in presence of group • Occurs in large groups – e.g., looting, rioting • Physical anonymity – e.g., Would KKK members burn crosses if they weren’t wearing hoods? • Diminished self-awareness

“Jump bitch jump”

Kitty Genovese Bystander Apathy • New York City, 1964 • field studies (Harold Takooshian) – New York City • Kitty Genovese was raped – bicycle theft and murdered while at least – wallet pickpocketing 38 neighbors looked on – man put unconscious woman in car trunk • 20 replications, no intervention • nobody phoned the police – why car alarms suck until after the attacker left the • 95-99% false alarms scene • few people stop thieves (1-5%) – field study (Takooshian) • When asked why they didn’t » 8% intervened » 15% helped thief break in act, bystanders said things • many people complain (60%) and some damage car out of like, “I just don’t know,” or “I aggravation • doesn’t deter real thieves just didn’t want to get • waste of police resources involved.”

Bystander Apathy Why Don’t People Help? • Experiment (Latane and Darley, 1970) • ambiguity – subjects heard student in adjacent room having an epileptic seizure and gasping for help • risks to self – likelihood and speed of intervention depended on how many others subject though were present • anonymity • diffusion of responsibility

1 Diffusion of Responsibility Practice What You Preach “I used to ask myself, ‘Why doesn’t somebody do something?!’ • Experiment (Darley & Batson, Then I realized I am somebody.” 1973) -- Jane Wagner • Princeton Theology Seminary students were on their way to give a sermon about “The Good Samaritan” – Good Samaritan: New Testament figure who takes time to help injured man at a roadside • Subjects were deliberately made to be early, on-time, or late • On their way through an alley, the seminary students found a man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning • What do you think they did?

Persuasion • Robert Cialdini, social psychologist who trained with the best • reciprocity – Hare Krishnas’ flower power: “Please, it is a gift for you.” – preys on reciprocal altruism • lowballing – “Would you be a subject in an experiment at 7:00 a.m.?” • 24% yes – “Would you be a subject in an experiment? Yes? By the way, it’s at 7:00 a.m.” • 56% yes, 95% of them showed up – “I’ll give the car to you for $7,000. I need to discuss this with my manager. The manager says you can have it for only $7,300.” • door-in-the face technique • foot-in-the-door technique

Social Impact Theory Personality Test Scores • How would you rate the accuracy of your personality test score (available on the main course web page)?

0 = very poor, no relation to my personality 1 = poor, not very close Convergence of social forces Diffusion of social impact 2 = more wrong than right 3 = more right than wrong 4 = pretty close 5 = describes me almost perfectly

2 Sigmund’s Greatest Hits See text, Ch. 15, FQ 26-32 1. Psychoanalysis 2. Id, Ego, Superego 3. Psychosexual stages of Development 4. Freudian slip 5. Oedipal Complex (and Electra Complex) 6. Defense Mechanisms 7. Interpretation of Dreams 8. Penis Envy 9. Influence on later psychologists 10. Cocaine

1. Psychoanalysis 2. Id, Ego, Superego • hysterical women in Vienna • the “talking cure” Superego Ego Id • catharsis = explosive release of pent up emotions • hypnosis • free association • Anna O.

• conscience • principle • unconscious • driven by libido • pleasure principle

3. Psychosexual Stages of Development Fixation

oral anal phallic

• Example: Anal retentiveness latent genital

3 Sigmund’s Greatest Hits Three Revolutions in Human Thought 4. Freudian slip (… according to Freud himself) – subconscious, often sexual, thoughts lead to misspeaking Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) 5. Oedipal (Electra) complex • the earth is not the centre of the universe – boys (girls) are in love with their mothers (fathers) 6. Defense Mechanisms – e.g., repression Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 7. Interpretation of Dreams • humans are not special, they are just a species like any other animals – latent vs. manifest content 8. Penis envy 9. Later psychologists (1856-1939) – Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, Karen Horney • humans are not motivated only by their 10. Cocaine conscious thoughts but largely by unconscious (and often unpleasant) motives

Praise for Freud Critiques of Freud • most influential psychologist ever • real theories make testable predictions and can be disproved • psychoanalysis has been very popular – subjective, unverified analyses • huge impact on pop culture – experiments have not supported theories • recognized importance of unconscious influences • theories of development were not based on on behavior observing children • recognized importance of early development on • hysterical women in Vienna are not representative adult behavior • some argue he was misogynistic

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