Full Technical Report 2019 ii

This document is the full technical report of ICTP for the year 2019. For the non-technical description of 2019 highlights, please see the printed “ICTP: A Year in Review” publication.

iii Contents Research ...... 1 High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) ...... 2 Phenomenology of Particle Physics ...... 2 Cosmology ...... 5 The ICTP ATLAS Experimental group at the CERN Large Hadron Collider ...... 5 String and Quantum Field Theories ...... 6 Training Activities ...... 8 Interdisciplinary Activities ...... 8 Outside Activities ...... 8 Staff and Long-Term Visitors ...... 9 Funding ...... 10 Publications ...... 11 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) ...... 23 Research Initiatives ...... 23 Research Activities ...... 23 Training Activities ...... 25 Activities ...... 26 Seminars and Special Events/Meetings ...... 28 Other Events ...... 33 Participation in International Programmes ...... 34 Services ...... 34 Grants and Awards ...... 34 Staff, Postdoctoral Fellows and Long-term Visitors ...... 34 Funding ...... 41 CMSP: Sustainable Energy ...... 41 CMSP: Synchrotron Radiation Related Theory ...... 43 Publications ...... 44 Mathematics (MATH) ...... 55 Staff ...... 56 Activities ...... 57 Publications ...... 60 Earth System Physics (ESP) ...... 62

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Research Lines ...... 62 Specific Research Activities during 2019 ...... 63 Training Activities ...... 75 International Projects and External Funding ...... 78 Participation in International Programmes ...... 78 Staff and Long-Term Visitors (3 months or more) ...... 79 Publications ...... 80 Applied Physics (AP) ...... 89 Multidisciplinary Laboratory (MLAB) ...... 89 Telecommunications/ICT for Development Laboratory (T/ICT4D) ...... 101 Medical Physics ...... 107 Fluid Dynamics ...... 109 Anchor Optics Research (AOR) ...... 110 Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) ...... 111 Research Activities ...... 112 Training Activities ...... 114 Participation in International Programmes ...... 115 Services ...... 115 Staff and Long-Term Visitors ...... 116 Funding ...... 118 Publications ...... 118 Training and Education Programmes ...... 122 Postgraduate Diploma Programme ...... 123 The 2018-2019 ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Brief ...... 124 ICTP/IAEA Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP)...... 127 2019 Fellows Financially Supported by IAEA ...... 127 2019 Fellows Financially Supported by ICTP ...... 127 ICTP/UniTS Joint Master in Physics Programme (Laurea Magistralis in Physics) ...... 130 Master in the Physics of Complex Systems ...... 131 Joint ICTP/SISSA Master in High Performance Computing (MHPC) ...... 132 Joint ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics (MMP) ...... 133 PhD Programme in Earth Science, Fluid Dynamics, and Mathematics. Interactions & Methods ...... 135 Scientific Objectives ...... 135 Educational Objectives ...... 135

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Statistics ...... 136 Joint International ICTP/SISSA PhD (JIISP) Programme in Physics and Mathematics ...... 137 Career Support ...... 138 Associates Programme ...... 139 Framework...... 139 Selection of Candidates ...... 139 Visits and Costs ...... 141 Federated Institutes Programme...... 142 Policy ...... 142 Criteria for the Selection of the Institutes ...... 142 Federated Institutes ...... 143 Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) ...... 144 Activities in 2019 ...... 144 Success Story ...... 146 ICTP-Elettra Users Programme ...... 148 Sesame Cooperation Programme ...... 149 Activities in Developing Countries ...... 150 Office of External Activities ...... 151 Affiliated Centres ...... 152 Networks ...... 153 Visiting Scholars/Consultants ...... 154 Scientific Meetings ...... 155 Collaborations between OEA Programmes and ICTP Scientists ...... 155 Collaborations between OEA and Other ICTP Research Groups ...... 156 Glossary ...... 156 Partner Institutes ...... 157 ICTP-South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ...... 157 Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics (MCTP) ...... 158 ICTP-East African Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-EAIFR) ...... 159 ICTP-Asia Pacific (ICTP-AP) ...... 164 Physics Without Frontiers (PWF) ...... 167 Prizes and Awards ...... 168 Dirac Medal and Prize ...... 169 ICTP Prize ...... 170

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Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries...... 171 ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award ...... 172 Scientific Support Services ...... 173 Marie Curie Library ...... 174 Highlights ...... 175 In Numbers ...... 176 Information and Communication Technology Section (ICTS) ...... 177 The African Review of Physics ...... 178 Science Dissemination Unit ...... 179 Activities 2019 ...... 179 Educational and Research Activities ...... 179 ICTP Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab) ...... 179 Training and Activities ...... 180 Hosted Activities ...... 180 Work carried out at SciFabLab in 2019 ...... 181 Some Projects and Outreach Activities in 2019 ...... 181 Staff ...... 183 Collaborators ...... 183 Publications by SDU Staff ...... 183 Funding ...... 183 Statistics ...... 184 Introduction to the Statistics ...... 185 Summary of Visitors and Person-months by Country ...... 186 Grand Total ...... 186 Visitors and Person-months by Country ...... 187 Least Developed Countries (25 countries) ...... 188 Developing Regions (77 countries) ...... 189 Developed Regions (44 countries) ...... 192 Summary of Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity ...... 194 Grand Total ...... 194 Degree Programmes ...... 194 Programmes ...... 194 Visits and Person-months by Research Section ...... 196 Visits and Person-months by Training Activities ...... 197

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Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity ...... 198 Degree Programmes ...... 199 Programmes ...... 201 Research Activities ...... 204 Training Activities ...... 207

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Research

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High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) There are four broad research areas in the High Energy Section:

• Phenomenology of Particle Physics • Cosmology • The ICTP ATLAS Experimental Group at the CERN Large Hadron Collider • String and Quantum Field Theories Phenomenology of Particle Physics A new junior faculty member, Joan Elias Miró (Spain), joined the HECAP Section in October 2019.

In 2019 the group has been active in different aspects of particle phenomenology, including collider physics, dark matter, the physics of axions and axion-like particles, flavour and neutrino physics, and theoretical developments. Collider Physics The methods to improve LHC measurements, in particular the couplings between three standard model gauge bosons, has been studied. The research was focussed on the measurement of some particular interactions which were known to be difficult to measure due to the suppression of the interference with the SM processes. The differential observables which can enhance the interference has been found and the prospects for the high luminosity and high energy LHC upgrades for these measurements were studied. The results have been published and used in the review CERN Yellow Report for Higgs and Electroweak physics. The group also contributed to the CERN Yellow Report, in particular with the review of the top flavour violating decays in various BSM scenarios and with the feasibility of these searches at linear colliders. High Precision computation of the Topological susceptibility in QCD and Axion mass The topological susceptibility in QCD controls the vacuum structure of strong interactions and - in the presence of an axion - its mass. Thanks to the use of chiral effective field theories, such quantity has been computed at ICTP with unprecedented accuracy and the result has already been used in the last edition of the Particle Data Group. The importance of the computation is twofold: it can be used to calibrate non perturbative computations made with other methods, such as lattice QCD, and it provides the highest precision determination of the QCD axion mass. If such new particle is found, the computation above would represent the first step towards an indirect probe of very high energy physics, which would otherwise be unreachable. QCD Axion abundance from string evolution Besides solving the strong CP problem of the Standard Model, the QCD axion could also explain another open question of modern physics: the nature of dark matter. Depending on the primordial evolution of our Universe, axion particles could be created in different ways. In particular for high-scale inflationary scenarios, the underlying symmetry associated to the axion field is expected to undergo a transition from an unbroken to a broken phase. In this scenario configurations of so-called axionic strings form and evolve in the expanding Universe until, at the QCD cross-over scale when the axions get a mass, strings eventually decay producing axions which would contribute to the current dark matter abundance. The computation of the corresponding abundance of axions is very challenging and no agreement is currently present in the literature. Our group continued an ongoing project performing extensive studies of the string evolution, with simulations using large computer clusters (ICTP, joint ICTP-SISSA and Italian CINECA). Several new results include the establishment of scaling violations in the evolution of the string network, the determination of the evolution of the spectral index of the axionic radiation from the strings, and the understanding of the non-linear effects affecting the

Research | 3 axion spectrum at the QCD transition time. The results will substantially reduce our uncertainties in the determination of the axion dark matter abundance and will have important implications both from the theoretical side, as well as for experimental searches. Physics of Axion-Like Particles In a recent preprint, the production of axion quanta during the early universe evolution of an axion-like field which rolls down a potential with wiggles was analysed. Such type of axion potential, with a linear term plus a cosine, was first considered in the context of string cosmology, in models of axion monodromy. The current study focussed on the resulting friction force on the zero-mode. Although this type of potential is realized in many models (like axion-inflation), such exponential production of axion quanta was rarely investigated before.

A second work analysed in detail how this particle friction impacts the implementations of the cosmological relaxation mechanism of the electroweak scale, which have the same type of wiggly potential. Phase Transitions in the Early Universe The group also participated in the study of phase transitions in the early universe and their implication for the gravitational wave (GW) observations. In a recent work, it was shown how two toy models with the same potential can lead to the very different primordial GW signals due to the presence of vector fields. An ongoing project studies the primordial GW spectrum in models with walking dynamics, which can be used to address the hierarchy problem. Physics of Flavour The group has carried out studies on a model-independent description of the flavour anomalies in the context of the Standard Model effective theory and its possible origin in the motivated assumption that the coefficients of the effective operators are determined by a single vector in flavour space. Testable predictions are obtained for independent observables.

Besides, a comprehensive review of models of lepton (and quark) flavour has been published in the Review of Modern Physics. The review contains several original results concerning the classification of flavour models, in particular those based on non-linear symmetries and on symmetries non-commuting with the Poincaré or gauge group. Neutrino Physics The study of oscillations of low energy neutrinos in the Earth is important for several reasons: the exploration of interesting matter effects, the measurements of the neutrino parameters, the tomography of the Earth. Due to the Earth rotation, the trajectory of solar neutrinos scan the Earth. The nadir angle dependence of signals during the nights encodes information about structure of the Earth density profile. The dependence on such angle of the night events excess have been computed for future experiments DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande, THEIA, and MICA in Antarctica using recently developed 3D models of the Earth. The properties of these dependencies and their implication for the Earth tomography have been studied. The conclusion is that DUNE and Hyper- Kamiokande will be able to see some generic features of the nadir angle dependence. For a detailed tomography and for distinguishing different models, Megaton-scale detectors such as MICA are instead needed.

Understanding collective phenomena due to neutrino scattering in supernovae is an outstanding problem in neutrino physics. The main question is whether the expected phenomena are realized in real supernovae or they are artifacts of approximations and simplifications. In this connection, the effect of an extended neutrino production region on collective oscillations has been studied. It has been shown that integration over the

Research | 4 neutrinosphere suppresses very strongly the off-diagonal element of the density matrix, and consequently, leads to a delay (in propagation time) of strong flavour transitions. The suppression is quantified using a simple model of two intersecting neutrino fluxes. The evolution equation has been derived for the density matrix elements integrated over the emission region and solved both numerically and analytically.

New physics can emerge at low energy scales, involving very light and very weakly interacting new particles. These particles can mediate interactions between neutrinos and usual matter and contribute to the Wolfenstein potential relevant for neutrino oscillations. The potentials due to ultra-light scalars and vector mediators are computed taking into account the finite size of the distribution of matter (Earth, Sun, supernovae). In contrast to statements made in the literature, using various bounds on properties of mediators it was shown that for the scalar mediators the new matter effects are negligible. For the vector mediators large matter effects are still possible for masses 10-17 to 10-14 eV and couplings g~10-25.

Another project realized by the group dealt with reconciling the so-called 3+1 neutrino oscillation for the short baseline and reactor neutrino anomalies with cosmological observations. In the 3+1 neutrino scheme, a fourth neutrino with a mass of 1 eV and mixing of 0.1 with active neutrinos is required. Within the standard cosmology, such sterile neutrino can be created in the early universe before neutrino decoupling, through the oscillation of the active neutrinos. This is at odds with the bound on the number of the extra relativistic degrees of freedom from BBN and CMB as well as with the upper bounds on the sum of neutrino masses from BAO and CMB. A new model has been constructed where sterile neutrinos are coupled to an ultra light scalar field which plays the role of the dark matter. The expectation value of this scalar can then be considered as an effective mass for the sterile neutrinos. During the early universe before neutrino decoupling, this effective mass can be large enough to suppress the effective mixing and - as a result - the production of the sterile neutrino via oscillation.

The ANITA observatory has registered two events that can be interpreted as tau neutrinos with energies around 0.6 EeV emerging deep from the Earth. These two events are considered anomalous as the Earth is opaque for neutrinos at these energies. In a different project a scenario beyond the standard model that can solve the anomaly was proposed.

Ongoing projects include the study of the potential of FASERnu experiment to probe long lived new particles and a study of the reconsideration of the Grossman-Nir bound and the anomalous KOTO result. Effective Field Theory Constraints Studying the space of consistent, relativistic, and unitary effective field theories is an important direction to understand the non-trivial constraints on theory describing nature. Ongoing investigations are focussing on bounding the space of allowed S-matrix elements of Goldstone-bosons. Using dispersion relations and axiomatic S-matrix principles it has been found that super-soft theories (i.e. theories whose leading interaction is very irrelevant) do not admit a unitarity and Lorentz invariant UV completion. What is truly remarkable of this study is that any number of loops are allowed and the conclusions found are valid at all orders in perturbation theory. Non perturbative effects from perturbation theory Most of the computations performed in phenomenology to compare theories to experiments rely on perturbation theory. In some relevant cases, most notably low-energy QCD, standard perturbation theory is outside its regime of validity. The interesting question of how much of the non-perturbative dynamics could be recovered from the perturbative expansion and how such information could be encoded in the coefficients of the perturbative series has been lacking a definite answer for a long time. The group has concluded an

Research | 5 advanced study in non-trivial lower dimensional quantum field theories, where a method developed at ICTP has proven to allow to extract quantities in the non-perturbative regime using only perturbation theory. In particular, perturbative computations of phi4 theory in two dimensions in the broken phase allowed the determination of several non-perturbative quantities testing for the first time a weak-strong duality completely within perturbation theory and providing detailed information about the phases of the theory at strong coupling. Non perturbative effects from Hamiltonian Truncation A second approach to the study of strongly coupled theories is through the Hamiltonian truncation technique. So far it has been only applied to low dimensional theories, namely d=1+1 spacetime. The reason is two-fold. First, it is numerically very expensive to implement (this problem can be addressed with modern computer farms and state-of-the-art algorithms); and secondly, there are a number of conceptual issues that prevent from using this approach at d>=2+1. The conceptual issues are of various sorts. The most important one is how to deal with the UV divergences at all orders. In a work in preparation the main obstructions for applying Hamiltonian Truncation techniques in d=2+1 have been precisely nailed down and overcome. This work opens the possibility to many potential follow-ups to further develop this technology. Cosmology In 2019 the primary research activities of the Cosmology group were in the following directions:

Constraints on Dark Energy with Gravitational Wave observations (Creminelli and PhD students Tambalo and Yingcharoenrat) The observation of the coalescence of two neutron stars both through the Gravitational Wave (GW) signal and its electromagnetic counterpart allowed a very precise measurement of the speed of GWs. If Dark Energy is not simply a cosmological constant, GWs propagate through some sort of medium, like light in a material. Many effects are possible, besides the change of speed: decay of GWs into dark energy perturbations, dispersion of GWs and instabilities of dark energy induced by GWs. All these effects put severe bounds on the existing models.

Theoretical Studies on Inflation (Celoria, Creminelli, Kobayashi and Mirbabayi) The group published results in different directions. An outstanding open problem in cosmology is to show under which assumptions the Universe starts inflating. A theorem was rigorously proven in the simple case of two spatial dimensions. Another problem in inflationary cosmology is to tackle infrared divergences: this was studied within the spacetime region accessible to a single observer (the so-called static patch). A third open problem is the production of primordial seeds for the magnetic fields (inflationary magnetogenesis): progress was made in understanding the detailed evolution of the fields after inflation. A new class of models was also introduced, where inflation is driven by adiabatic media.

Spin of Primordial Black Holes (Mirbabayi) As recent observations of black holes are sensitive to spin, it is important to understand the prediction for primordial black holes, as opposed to the result of standard stellar collapse. The calculation predicts a quite low spin parameter, at the percent level. The ICTP ATLAS Experimental group at the CERN Large Hadron Collider 2018 saw the completion of Run II of the CERN LHC, which ended in December. Run II delivered an unprecedented 150 inverse femtobarns of proton collision data to the ATLAS experiment at a centre of mass energy of 13 TeV. Most of this data was collected in 2017 and 2018. Results from this huge data set have started to become available in 2019 and this will continue for years beyond.

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Personnel-wise 2019 saw the return to the group on a permanent basis of former PhD student and postdoc, Dr. Michele Pinamonti, who won an INFN position based in Trieste. The two PhD students in the group, Mohamed Faraj and Jacopo Magro, both qualified as authors of ATLAS papers, having completed important studies which will contribute to the upgrade of the tracking detector systems of the experiment in the future. A master’s student from Afghanistan, Baktash Amini, joined the group as part of the Physics Without Frontiers programme to support physicists in Afghanistan. Amini’s thesis is based on measuring the top quark pair production cross- section using deletion final states.

The group continues to work on top quark and Higgs boson studies including searching for resonances in the top-antitop quark system and the search for processes involving multiple top and bottom quarks. These studies are based on the full run II datasets which are now available for the collaboration to analyse.

The group continues to contribute to various technical aspects of the ATLAS experiment such as validation of Monte Carlo simulation samples, Monte Carlo production, the development of new statistical tools.

The group also organised several particle physics masterclasses for high school and university students as well as visits of school students to CERN, including a programme for students from China.

The presence of the ICTP ATLAS group continues to provide an added visibility of the ICTP at CERN which has helped catalyse other activities such as the African School in Fundamental Physics and particle physics masterclasses worldwide. String and Quantum Field Theories In 2019 the main research activities of the String Theory and Quantum Gravity section were in the following directions: String Phenomenology A longstanding question in superstring/M theory is whether it predicts supersymmetry below the string scale. A necessary condition for this to be true was formulated; this is the mathematical conjecture that all stable, compact Ricci flat manifolds have special holonomy in dimensions below eleven. Almost equivalent is the proposal that the landscape of all geometric, stable, string/M theory compactifications to Minkowski spacetime (at leading order) are supersymmetric. Several physically relevant mathematical results were collected. It was demonstrated that in many cases non-supersymmetric Ricci flat manifolds suffer from generalised Witten bubble of nothing instabilities.

Results related to compactifications on seven-dimensional G2 manifolds were derived. A study was made of R6 as a singular quotient of a conical space with holonomy G2 with respect to an obvious action by U(1) on CP3 with fixed points. Closed expressions were found for the induced metric, and for both the curvature and symplectic 2-forms characterizing the reduction. All these tensors are invariant by a diagonal action of SO(3) on R6, which can be used effectively to describe the resulting geometrical features. Another result was the investigation of the dimensional reduction of ten dimensional heterotic action on spacetimes of the form M×Y, where M is three dimensional maximally symmetric Anti de Sitter or Minkowski space, and Y is a compact seven-dimensional manifold with G2 structure. The real superpotential functional of the corresponding three- dimensional N=1 theory was derived. It was confirmed that extrema of this functional precisely correspond to supersymmetric heterotic compactifications on manifolds of G2 structure. Quantum Gravity, Black Holes and Holography A definition of two-dimensional Liouville quantum gravity with cosmological constant was proposed, using conformal bootstrap for the timelike Liouville theory coupled to supercritical matter. A no-ghost theorem for

Research | 7 the states in the BRST cohomology was proved and it was shown that the four-point function constructed by gluing the timelike Liouville three-point functions is well defined and crossing symmetric for external Liouville energies corresponding to all physical states in the BRST cohomology.

In the direction of black holes, the geometry dual to a typical black hole microstate was investigated in the framework of the AdS/CFT correspondence. It was argued that this geometry includes a region behind the horizon, which can be described by the mirror operators, a set of state-dependent operators in the dual CFT. This geometry was probed by considering state-dependent deformations of the CFT Hamiltonian, which have an interpretation as a one-sided analogue of the Gao-Jafferis-Wall traversable wormhole protocol for typical states.

A new test was developed which provides a necessary condition for a quantum state to be smooth in the vicinity of a null surface. This test was applied to the inner horizon of Reissner-Nordström black holes, providing additional suggestions for the failure of strong cosmic censorship in certain cases. In parallel, linear mode instabilities of Dirac fields in AdS-Reissner-Nordström backgrounds were investigated. No instability was found, in contrast with the scalar field case, where a violation of the near-horizon BF bound in the AdS- Reissner-Nordström background triggers the already known scalar condensation near-horizon linear instability.

A rigorous bound for thermal relativistic correlators at large spacelike momenta was derived. This bound is valid for any relativistic QFT and in the case of large N gauge theories it may have implications for bulk reconstruction in AdS/CFT when the bulk geometry has horizons.

A class of asymptotically AdS wormhole solutions were considered in the context of holography. Correlation functions of local operators on distinct boundaries were studied and a holographic interpretation of the dual CFT was discussed.

Various results were published in the direction of understanding the role of soft hair and asymptotic symmetries in quantum gravity. In particular, in the case of 3 dimensional black holes, a proposal was developed connecting Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions at infinity to boundary conditions on the horizon of a BTZ black hole. Exact results in Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theories and String theory It was shown that the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer eta-invariant can be related to the temperature dependent Witten index of a noncompact theory and a new proof of the APS theorem was given using scattering theory. The eta- invariant was related to a Callias index and was computed using localization of a supersymmetric path integral. It was shown that the eta-invariant for the elliptic genus of a finite cigar is related to quantum modular forms obtained from the completion of a mock Jacobi form.

Novel infra-red dualities between two-dimensional non-abelian gauge theories with minimal supersymmetry were discovered. Local supersymmetric boundary conditions in 3d N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories, with possible Chern-Simons couplings were classified. A direct path-integral calculation of holomorphic anomaly in the partition function of maximally supersymmetric four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on a certain class of 4- manifolds is under development.

The elliptic genus of K3 was investigated using conformal perturbation theory around the orbifold point. The lifting of 1/4 BPS states was investigated and the implications for the proposal of symmetry surfing and Mathieu moonshine were discussed. In addition, second order conformal perturbation theory for Z2 orbifolds of conformal field theories in two dimensions was investigated and various technical results related to this computation were established.

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A method based on Green's function was developed to evaluate the one loop determinants that arise in localization of supersymmetric field theories on AdS spaces. It was shown that under general assumptions the variation of the one loop determinant with respect to the localizing background reduces to a total derivative and therefore receives contributions only from the origin of AdS and from asymptotic infinity. It was shown that the variation of the one loop determinant is proportional to an integer, which furthermore, is an index of a first order differential operator. Training Activities Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics 28 March - 5 April Organisers: E. Gava, V. Hubeny, Z. Komargodski, K.S. Narain, Local Organiser: A. Dabholkar

Advanced Workshop on Accelerating the Search for Dark Matter with Machine Learning 8 - 12 April Organisers: G. Zaharijas, P. Ullio, A. De Simone, F. Calore, G. Bertone, Local Organiser: P. Creminelli

Turning Every Stone: Interpreting the LHC Run-2 Data 27 - 31 May Organisers: M. Cobal, L. Serkin, Local Organiser: B. Acharya

New Pathways in Explorations of Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Gravity Beyond Supersymmetry 24 June - 5 July Organisers: F. Benini, L. Pando Zayas, C. Vafa; Local Organiser: A. Dabholkar

Summer School on Particle Physics 10 - 21 June Organisers: G. Villadoro, A. Romanino; Local Organiser: G. Villadoro

Conference on Non-Perturbative Methods in Quantum Field Theory 3 - 6 September Organisers: M. Mirbabayi, M. Serone, S. Rychkov, P. Vieira, M. Unsal, Local Organiser: G. Villadoro Interdisciplinary Activities ICTP School on Geometry and Gravity 15 - 26 July Organisers: C. Arezzo, P. Creminelli, R. Schoen, R. Wald, L. Mazzieri

ICTP School and Workshop on Gauge Theories and Differential Invariants 30 September - 11 October Organisers: A. Tanzini, G. Bonelli, L. Goettsche Outside Activities Joint ICTP-SAIFR School on Observational Cosmology (São Paulo, Brazil) 22 July - 2 August Organisers: P. Creminelli, R. Rosenfeld, R. Abramo, ICTP Scientific Contact: M. Mirbabayi

Tenth Crete Regional Meeting in String Theory (Kolymbari, Greece)

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15-22 September Organisers: V. Niarchos, K. Papadodimas, E. Kiritsis. Staff and Long-Term Visitors Professional Staff ACHARYA, Bobby (U.K.) Senior Research Scientist CREMINELLI, Paolo (Italy) Senior Research Scientist and Head, Postgraduate Diploma Programme and Coordinator Diploma Programme in High Energy Physics DABHOLKAR, Atish (India) Senior Research Scientist and Section Head (until November 4th, 2019) ELIAS MIRÓ, Joan (Spain) Research Scientist (as of October 2019) MIRBABAYI, Mehrdad (Iran) Research Scientist PAPADODIMAS, Kyriakos (Greece) Research Scientist PUTROV, Pavel (Russia) Research Scientist THOMPSON, George (Australia) Senior Research Scientist and Head, Office of Strategic Planning and Education VILLADORO, Giovanni (Italy) Senior Research Scientist Emeritus Scientists NARAIN, Kumar S. (India) Emeritus Scientist RANDJBAR-DAEMI, Seifallah (Iran) Emeritus Scientist SENJANOVIC, Goran (Croatia) Emeritus Scientist SMIRNOV, Alexei Yu. (Russia) Emeritus Scientist Research Staff Associates MINWALLA, Shiraz (India) Staff Associate PANDO ZAYAS, Leopoldo (U.S.A.) Staff Associate SHETH, Ravi (U.S.A.) Staff Associate Scientific Consultants BENINI, Francesco (Italy) Consultant GAVA, Edi (Italy) Consultant ROMANINO, Andrea (Italy) Consultant Visiting Professor COBAL, Marina (Italy) Visiting Scientists (2 months or more) AZATOV, Aleksandr (Georgia) EXIRIFARD, Ghasem (Iran) FARZAN, Yasaman (Iran) GHOSH, Diptimoy (India) HAMDELLOU, Hilal (Algeria) KAKONA, Tony (Congo) KEITA, Kaniba Mady (Mali) PINAMONTI, Michele (Italy) SIKHANDER, Shehryar (Pakistan) TAPIA, Victor (Chile)

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TELLO, Vladimir (Venezuela) SHAW, Kate (U.K.) Outreach, ATLAS Group and PWF SHEIKH-JABBARI, Mohammad (Iran) TROCONIS, Orlenys (Venezuela) Post-doctoral Fellows ANG, Jian Peng (Singapore) CELORIA, Marco (Italy) FONSECA, Nayara (Brazil) INGOLDBY, James (U.K.) KANG, Jin U (DPR Korea) KOBAYASHI, Takeshi (Japan) PANIZZO, Giancarlo (Italy) PAPADOULAKI, Olga (Greece) RUDRA, Arnab (India) SANCHEZ PINEDA, Arturo R. (Venezuela) SERKIN, Leonid (Mexico) SVANES, Eirik Eik (Norway) ZADEH, Ida (Iran/Canada) PhD Students DE DOMINICIS, Claudia (Italy) FARAJ, Mohammed Imad (Palestine) GONZALEZ LEZCANO, Alfredo (Cuba) GORGHETTO, Marco (Italy) GRIGOLETTO, Andrea (Italy) JAIN, Diksha (India) MAGRO, Jacopo (Italy) NAJJAR, Marwan (Jordan) NIETO GUERRERO, Carlos (Colombia) REYIMUAJI, Yakefu (China) TAMBALO, Giovanni (Italy) YINGCHAROENRAT, Vicharit (Thailand) Funding Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (APCTP)

New Pathways in Explorations of Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Gravity beyond Supersymmetry Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Summer School on Particle Physics Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Advanced Workshop on Accelerating the Search for Dark Matter with Machine Learning Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)

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Conference on Non-Perturbative Methods in Quantum Field Theory Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Turning Every Stone: Interpreting the LHC Run-2 Data Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

M. Celoria (Postdoc) Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Publications Acharya, B. S., Maharana, A., & Muia, F. (2019). Hidden sectors in string theory: Kinetic mixings, fifth forces and quintessence. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2019)048

Acharya, B. S. (2019). Supersymmetry, Ricci Flat Manifolds and the String Landscape. ArXiv:1906.06886 [Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Ph, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.06886

Acharya, B. S., Dhuria, M., Ghosh, D., Maharana, A., & Muia, F. (2019). Cosmology in the presence of multiple light moduli. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2019(11), 035–035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/11/035

Acharya, B. S., Bryant, R. L., & Salamon, S. (2019). A circle quotient of a G2 cone. ArXiv:1910.09518 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09518

MoEDAL Collaboration, Acharya, B., Alexandre, J., Baines, S., Benes, P., Bergmann, B., Bernabéu, J., Bevan, A., Branzas, H., Campbell, M., Cecchini, S., Cho, Y. M., de Montigny, M., De Roeck, A., Ellis, J. R., Sawy, M. E., Fairbairn, M., Felea, D., Frank, M., … Zgura, I. S. (2019). Magnetic monopole search with the full MoEDAL trapping detector in 13 TeV $pp$ collisions interpreted in photon-fusion and Drell-Yan production. Physical Review Letters, 123(2), 021802. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.021802

Ang, J. P., Roumpedakis, K., & Seifnashri, S. (2020). Line Operators of Gauge Theories on Non-Spin Manifolds. ArXiv:1911.00589 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.00589 submitted to Journal of High Energy Physics.

Benini, F., Gang, D., & Zayas, L. A. P. (2020). Rotating Black Hole Entropy from M5-branes. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)057

Benini, F., Iossa, C., & Serone, M. (2020). Conformality Loss, Walking, and 4D Complex Conformal Field Theories at Weak Coupling. Physical Review Letters, 124(5), 051602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.051602

Bashmakov, V., Benini, F., Benvenuti, S., & Bertolini, M. (2019). Living on the walls of super-QCD. SciPost Physics, 6(4), 044. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.4.044

Celoria, M., Comelli, D., Pilo, L., & Rollo, R. (2019). Adiabatic media inflation. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2019(12), 018–018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/12/018

Creminelli, P., Tambalo, G., Vernizzi, F., & Yingcharoenrat, V. (2019). Dark-Energy Instabilities induced by Gravitational Waves. ArXiv:1910.14035 [Astro-Ph, Physics:Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Ph, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.14035 under review for Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

Research | 12

Creminelli, P., Tambalo, G., Vernizzi, F., & Yingcharoenrat, V. (2019). Resonant Decay of Gravitational Waves into Dark Energy. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2019(10), 072–072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/10/072

Creminelli, P., Senatore, L., & Vasy, A. (2020). Asymptotic Behavior of Cosmologies with Λ>0 in 2+1 Dimensions. Communications in Mathematical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-020-03706-3

Bautista, T., Dabholkar, A., & Erbin, H. (2019). Quantum gravity from timelike Liouville theory. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(10), 284. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)284

Dabholkar, A., Jain, D., & Rudra, A. (2019). APS η-invariant, path integrals, and mock modularity. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(11), 80. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2019)080

Dabholkar, A. (2019). Ramanujan and Quantum Black Holes. ArXiv:1905.04060 [Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04060

David, J. R., Gava, E., Gupta, R. K., & Narain, K. S. (2020). Boundary conditions and localization on AdS: Part 2 General analysis. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2020)139

An, O. S., Kang, J. U., Kim, J. C., & Ko, Y. H. (2019). Quantum consistency in supersymmetric theories with R- symmetry in curved space. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(5), 146. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)146

Buldgen, G., Drewes, M., Kang, J. U., & Mun, U. R. (2019). General Markovian Equation for Scalar Fields in a Slowly Evolving Background. ArXiv:1912.02772 [Hep-Ph, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02772

Kobayashi, T., & Ubaldi, L. (2019). Inflaxion Dark Matter. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(8), 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2019)147

Kobayashi, T., & Sloth, M. S. (2019). Early Cosmological Evolution of Primordial Electromagnetic Fields. Physical Review D, 100(2), 023524. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.023524

Mirbabayi, M., Gruzinov, A., & Noreña, J. (2020). Spin of Primordial Black Holes. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2020(03), 017–017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/017

Mirbabayi, M. (2019). A Weak Gravity Theorem. ArXiv:1905.02736 [Astro-Ph, Physics:Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Ph, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.02736

Mirbabayi, M. (2019). Infrared dynamics of a light scalar field in de Sitter. ArXiv:1911.00564 [Astro-Ph, Physics:Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.00564

Narain, K. S., & Assi, A. Z. (2018). The Decoupling of Ω¯ in String Theory. ArXiv:1807.11432 [Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.11432 Nuclear Physics B, 938, 762–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2018.12.013

Fonseca, N., Morgante, E., Sato, R., & Servant, G. (2020). Axion Fragmentation. ArXiv:1911.08472 [Astro-Ph, Physics:Hep-Ph, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08472 submitted to Journal of High Energy Physics

Fonseca, N., Morgante, E., Sato, R., & Servant, G. (2019). Relaxion Fluctuations (Self-stopping Relaxion) and Overview of Relaxion Stopping Mechanisms. ArXiv:1911.08473 [Astro-Ph, Physics:Hep-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08473

Research | 13 submitted to Journal of High Energy Physics

Panizzo, G. 2019. Contributed towards papers published within the ATLAS Experiment (see full list below).

Papadodimas, K., Raju, S., & Shrivastava, P. (2019). A simple quantum test for smooth horizons. ArXiv:1910.02992 [Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02992 de Boer, J., van Breukelen, R., Lokhande, S. F., Papadodimas, K., & Verlinde, E. (2020). Probing typical black hole microstates. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)062 de Boer, J., van Breukelen, R., Lokhande, S. F., Papadodimas, K., & Verlinde, E. (2019). On the interior geometry of a typical black hole microstate. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(5), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)010

Dias, O. J. C., Masachs, R., Papadoulaki, O., & Rodgers, P. (2019). Hunting for fermionic instabilities in charged AdS black holes. ArXiv:1910.04181 [Gr-Qc, Physics:Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04181 submitted to Journal of High Energy Physics

Betzios, P., Kiritsis, E., & Papadoulaki, O. (2019). Euclidean wormholes and holography. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(6), 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2019)042

Gukov, S., Pei, D., & Putrov, P. (2019). Trialities of minimally supersymmetric 2d gauge theories. ArXiv:1910.13455 [Hep-Th, Physics:Math-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13455

Gadde, A., Gukov, S., & Putrov, P. (2019). Exact solutions of 2d supersymmetric gauge theories. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(11), 174. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2019)174

Drukker, N., Trancanelli, D., Bianchi, L., Bianchi, M. S., Correa, D. H., Forini, V., Griguolo, L., Leoni, M., Levkovich- Maslyuk, F., Nagaoka, G., Penati, S., Preti, M., Probst, M., Putrov, P., Seminara, D., Silva, G. A., Tenser, M., Trepanier, M., Vescovi, E., … Zhang, J. (2020). Roadmap on Wilson loops in 3d Chern-Simons-matter theories. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 53(17), 173001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751- 8121/ab5d50

Gherardi, V., Marzocca, D., Nardecchia, M., & Romanino, A. (2019). Rank-one flavor violation and B-meson anomalies. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(10), 112. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)112

Romanino, A., & Reyimuaji, Y. (2019). Unbroken flavour symmetries vs lepton masses and mixings. Proceedings of Neutrino Oscillation Workshop — PoS(NOW2018), 074. https://doi.org/10.22323/1.337.0074

Feruglio, F., & Romanino, A. (2019). Neutrino Flavour Symmetries. ArXiv:1912.06028 [Hep-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06028

Avinash, Jana, C., & Rudra, A. (2019). Renormalisation in Open Quantum Field theory II: Yukawa theory and PV reduction. ArXiv:1906.10180 [Hep-Th]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.10180

Jain, D., & Rudra, A. (2019). Leading soft theorem for multiple gravitini. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(6), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2019)004

Senjanovic, G., & Tello, V. (2020). Parity and the origin of neutrino mass. ArXiv:1912.13060 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Hep-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13060

Shaw, K. 2019. Contributed towards papers published within the ATLAS Experiment (see full list below).

Research | 14

Smirnov, A. Yu., & Xu, X.-J. (2019). Wolfenstein potentials for neutrinos induced by ultra-light mediators. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(12), 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2019)046

Hansen, R. S. L., & Smirnov, A. Y. (2019). Effect of extended ν production region on collective oscillations in supernovae. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2019(10), 027–027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475- 7516/2019/10/027

Smirnov, A. Y. (2019). Neutrino Mixing via the Neutrino Portal. ArXiv:1905.00838 [Hep-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.00838

Smirnov, A. Y. (2019). The Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) Effect. ArXiv:1901.11473 [Hep-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11473

Brdar, V., & Smirnov, A. Y. (2019). Low scale left-right symmetry and naturally small neutrino mass. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2019)045 de la Ossa, X., Larfors, M., Magill, M., & Svanes, E. E. (2020). Superpotential of Three Dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ Heterotic Supergravity. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)195 de la Ossa, X., Larfors, M., Magill, M., & Svanes, E. E. (2020). Superpotential of Three Dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ Heterotic Supergravity. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)195

Serone, M., Spada, G., & Villadoro, G. (2019). . λφ4/2 Theory II: The Broken Phase Beyond NNNN(NNNN)LO. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(5), 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)047

Gorghetto, M., & Villadoro, G. (2019). Topological susceptibility and QCD axion mass: QED and NNLO corrections. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2019)033

Keller, C. A., & Zadeh, I. G. (2020). Conformal Perturbation Theory for Twisted Fields. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 53(9), 095401. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab6b91

Keller, C. A., & Zadeh, I. G. (2020). Lifting 1/4-BPS States on K3 and Mathieu Moonshine. Communications in Mathematical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-020-03721-4 The following papers were co-authored within the ATLAS Collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of isolated-photon plus two-jet production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt s=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(3), 179. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)179

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). A measurement of soft-drop jet observables in $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV. Physical Review D, 101(5), 052007. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.052007

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for chargino-neutralino production with mass splittings near the electroweak scale in three-lepton final states in $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector. Physical Review D, 101(7), 072001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.072001

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the transverse momentum distribution of Drell-Yan lepton pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1912.02844 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02844

Research | 15

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the relative $B^{\pm}_{c}/B^{\pm}$ production cross section with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV. ArXiv:1912.02672 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02672

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Searches for electroweak production of supersymmetric particles with compressed mass spectra in $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector. Physical Review D, 101(5), 052005. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.052005

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for long-lived neutral particles produced in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV decaying into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS inner detector and muon spectrometer. Physical Review D, 101(5), 052013. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.052013

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for direct stau production in events with two hadronic $\tau$-leptons in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector. Physical Review D, 101(3), 032009. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.032009

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of the $Z(\rightarrow\ell^+\ell^-)\gamma$ production cross-section in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)054

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged-particle production in Xe+Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.44$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. Physical Review C, 101(2), 024906. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.024906

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). ATLAS data quality operations and performance for 2015-2018 data-taking. Journal of Instrumentation, 15(04), P04003–P04003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/04/P04003

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of differential cross sections for single diffractive dissociation in $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV $pp$ collisions using the ATLAS ALFA spectrometer. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2020)042

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Transverse momentum and process dependent azimuthal anisotropies in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16$ TeV $p$+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector. The European Physical Journal C, 80(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7624-4

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). $Z$ boson production in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}$= 5.02 TeV measured by the ATLAS experiment. Physics Letters B, 802, 135262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135262

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Evidence for electroweak production of two jets in association with a $Z\gamma$ pair in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. Physics Letters B, 803, 135341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135341

Research | 16

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the $t\bar{t}$ production cross-section and lepton differential distributions in $e\mu$ dilepton events from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1910.08819 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.08819

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for new resonances in mass distributions of jet pairs using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(3), 145. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2020)145

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Determination of jet calibration and energy resolution in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1910.04482 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04482

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of $J/\psi$ production in association with a $W^\pm$ boson with $pp$ data at 8 TeV. ArXiv:1909.13626 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)095

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for direct production of electroweakinos in final states with one lepton, missing transverse momentum and a Higgs boson decaying into two $b$-jets in (pp) collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1909.09226 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.09226

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with same-sign leptons and jets using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1909.08457 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08457

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of azimuthal anisotropy of muons from charm and bottom hadrons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1909.01650 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.082301

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for light long-lived neutral particles produced in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV and decaying into collimated leptons or light hadrons with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1909.01246 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01246

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Performance of electron and photon triggers in ATLAS during LHC Run 2. ArXiv:1909.00761 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7500-2

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for electroweak production of charginos and sleptons decaying into final states with two leptons and missing transverse momentum in $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collisions using the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1908.08215 [Hep- Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7594-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurements of top-quark pair differential and double-differential cross-sections in the $\ell$+jets channel with $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1908.07305 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7525-6

Research | 17

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of angular and momentum distributions of charged particles within and around jets in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1908.05264 [Hep- Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.064901

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for bottom-squark pair production with the ATLAS detector in final states containing Higgs bosons, $b$-jets and missing transverse momentum. ArXiv:1908.03122 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2019)060

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the inclusive isolated-photon cross section in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using 36 fb$^{-1}$ of ATLAS data. ArXiv:1908.02746 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)203

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Electron and photon performance measurements with the ATLAS detector using the 2015-2017 LHC proton-proton collision data. ArXiv:1908.00005 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/12/P12006

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of $K_S^0$ and $\Lambda^0$ production in $t \bar{t}$ dileptonic events in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.10862 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052- 019-7512-y

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of $W^\pm$ boson production in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.10414 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019- 7439-3

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the jet mass in high transverse momentum $Z(\rightarrow b\overline{b})\gamma$ production at $\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV using the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.07093 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07093

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the inclusive cross-section for the production of jets in association with a Z boson in proton- proton collisions at 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.06728 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7321-3

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of flow harmonics correlations with mean transverse momentum in lead-lead and proton-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.05176 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7489-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). ATLAS $b$-jet identification performance and efficiency measurement with $t\bar{t}$ events in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. ArXiv:1907.05120 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7450-8

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of $W^{\pm}$-boson and $Z$-boson production cross-sections in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=2.76$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.03567 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7399-7

Research | 18

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for heavy neutral Higgs bosons produced in association with $b$-quarks and decaying to $b$-quarks at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1907.02749 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02749

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Resolution of the ATLAS muon spectrometer monitored drift tubes in LHC Run 2. ArXiv:1906.12226 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/P09011

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Identification of boosted Higgs bosons decaying into $b$-quark pairs with the ATLAS detector at 13 TeV. ArXiv:1906.11005 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7335-x

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Properties of jet fragmentation using charged particles measured with the ATLAS detector in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. ArXiv:1906.09254 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.052011

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for diboson resonances in hadronic final states in 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1906.08589 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2019)091

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurement of long-range two-particle azimuthal correlations in $Z$-boson tagged $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}{=}8$ and 13 TeV. ArXiv:1906.08290 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052- 020-7606-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for a heavy charged boson in events with a charged lepton and missing transverse momentum from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1906.05609 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.052013

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for excited electrons singly produced in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. ArXiv:1906.03204 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7295-1

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Observation of electroweak production of a same-sign $W$ boson pair in association with two jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1906.03203 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.161801

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for magnetic monopoles and stable high-electric-charge objects in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.10130 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.031802

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of distributions sensitive to the underlying event in inclusive $Z$-boson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.09752 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7162-0

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ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Search for heavy neutral leptons in decays of $W$ bosons produced in 13 TeV $pp$ collisions using prompt and displaced signatures with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.09787 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)265

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for the electroweak diboson production in association with a high-mass dijet system in semileptonic final states in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.07714 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.032007

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of $ZZ$ production in the $\ell\ell\nu\nu$ final state with the ATLAS detector in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV. ArXiv:1905.07163 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)127

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of fiducial and differential $W^+W^-$ production cross-sections at $\sqrt{s}=$13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.04242 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7371-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Modelling radiation damage to pixel sensors in the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1905.03739 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Physics]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/06/P06012

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the top-quark mass in $t\bar{t}+1$-jet events collected with the ATLAS detector in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV. ArXiv:1905.02302 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2019)150

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for a right-handed gauge boson decaying into a high-momentum heavy neutrino and a charged lepton in $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. ArXiv:1904.12679 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134942

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of $W$ bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1904.05631 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052- 019-7199-0

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Combination of searches for invisible Higgs boson decays with the ATLAS experiment. ArXiv:1904.05105 [Hep- Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.231801

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Observation of light-by-light scattering in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1904.03536 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.052001

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Evidence for the production of three massive vector bosons with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.10415 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134913

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the production cross section for a Higgs boson in association with a vector boson in the $H

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\rightarrow WW^{\ast} \rightarrow \ell\nu\ell\nu$ channel in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.10052 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134949

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2020). Measurements of top-quark pair spin correlations in the $e\mu$ channel at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV using $pp$ collisions in the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.07570 [Hep-Ex]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.07570 submitted to European Physical Journal

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for high-mass dilepton resonances using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data collected at $\sqrt{s}=$13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.06248 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.07.016

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of $VH$, $H\to b\bar{b}$ production as a function of the vector-boson transverse momentum in 13 TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.04618 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)141

ATLAS collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of jet-substructure observables in top quark, $W$ boson and light jet production in proton- proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.02942 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2019)033

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of prompt photon production in $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV $p$+Pb collisions with ATLAS. ArXiv:1903.02209 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.07.031

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Constraints on mediator-based dark matter and scalar dark energy models using $\sqrt s = 13$ TeV $pp$ collision data collected by the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1903.01400 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Hep-Ph]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)142

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for heavy particles decaying into a top-quark pair in the fully hadronic final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1902.10077 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.092004

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Comparison of fragmentation functions for light-quark- and gluon-dominated jets from $pp$ and Pb+Pb collisions in ATLAS. ArXiv:1902.10007 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.042001

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Searches for third-generation scalar leptoquarks in $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1902.08103 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2019)144

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements and $|f_{\rm LV}V_{tb}|$ determinations at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments. ArXiv:1902.07158 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2019)088

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ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the four-lepton invariant mass spectrum in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1902.05892 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2019)048

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of $W^{\pm}Z$ production cross sections and gauge boson polarisation in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1902.05759 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052- 019-7027-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Electron reconstruction and identification in the ATLAS experiment using the 2015 and 2016 LHC proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. ArXiv:1902.04655 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Physics]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052- 019-7140-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for long-lived neutral particles in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter. ArXiv:1902.03094 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6962-6

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for heavy charged long-lived particles in the ATLAS detector in 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV. ArXiv:1902.01636 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.092007

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Searches for scalar leptoquarks and differential cross-section measurements in dilepton-dijet events in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment. ArXiv:1902.00377 [Hep- Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7181-x

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for low-mass resonances decaying into two jets and produced in association with a photon using $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1901.10917 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.03.067

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Dijet azimuthal correlations and conditional yields in $pp$ and $p$+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1901.10440 [Hep-Ex, Physics:Nucl-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034903

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the ratio of cross sections for inclusive isolated-photon production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt s = 13$ and $8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1901.10075 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2019)093

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for scalar resonances decaying into $\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ in events with and without $b$-tagged jets produced in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1901.08144 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2019)117

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the $t\bar{t}Z$ and $t\bar{t}W$ cross sections in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1901.03584 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.072009

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ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Search for supersymmetry in final states with two same-sign or three leptons and jets using 36 fb$^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collision data with the ATLAS detector. ArXiv:1706.03731 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)084

ATLAS Collaboration. incl. Acharya, B.S., Panizzo, G., Sanchez Pineda, A., Serkin, L., Shaw, K. (2019). Measurement of the $W$ boson polarisation in $t\bar{t}$ events from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV in the lepton+jets channel with ATLAS. ArXiv:1612.02577 [Hep-Ex]. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017- 4819-4

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Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) Research in the CMSP Section spans some of the most exciting areas of theoretical condensed matter physics, including the physics of nanostructures, interacting many-body quantum systems (at or far from equilibrium), quantum computation and quantum simulations, the computer simulations of fluids and solids with atomistic, molecular and electronic structure methods, the design of new materials for renewable energy applications and synchrotron-radiation related physics. Research Initiatives The CMSP Section has played a pivotal role in two specific initiatives. While the one on sustainable energy is fully integrated in the section, the Institute for Theoretical Quantum Technologies is a joint effort of three different institutions. Here the CMSP Section has been one of the initiators. Sustainable Energy Initiative CMSP scientists have devoted substantial efforts also in renewable energies. The idea behind this initiative is to link the fundamental research carried out in the section with issues of great relevance for the whole society and for developing countries. Efficient collection and storage of renewable forms of energy like solar radiation or wind requires the development of advanced functional materials. CMSP research in the field of sustainable energy focuses on this materials-related aspect. Using modern computer simulation techniques, conversion and storage processes are investigated on the atomic scale. The initiative is focused on computational investigations of materials of relevance for renewable-energy applications. Quantum atomistic simulations are employed to understand the behaviour of materials and processes, like photoabsorption and photocatalysis. The initiative encompasses in-house research activities, cooperation with the Centre’s students and visitors, as well as training activities, like, in 2019, the ICTP Caribbean School on Materials for Clean Energy. Trieste Institute for Theoretical Quantum Technologies (TQT Institute) The aim of the proposed institute is to create a Quantum-Hub in Trieste to coordinate and promote research activities related to the emerging quantum technologies. The three partners of this Quantum-Hub will be the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), the Scuola Internazionale di Studi Superiori Avanzati (SISSA) and the University of Trieste (UniTS). The Institute will be solely of theoretical nature and will cover relevant research regarding the emerging quantum technologies in the four pillars constituting the Quantum Manifesto: quantum communication, computation, simulation, and sensing. Research Activities The research in the CMSP Section is summarized by the following main research lines that constitute the backbone of the activity in the CMSP Section.

● The physics of nanostructures: understanding the physics of nano-devices offers the fascinating opportunity to explore quantum properties of matter at the mesoscopic level. Besides their fundamental impact on modern technology, quantum coherence and strong interactions play a fundamental role in these systems. CMSP research topics include charge and heat transport, thermoelectric effects, nanoelectromechanical systems, quantum coherent electronics and spintronics, solid-state quantum information processing, topological systems, nano-friction, and low-dimensional systems with interactions.

● The properties of many-body quantum systems: the investigations of quantum many-body systems at CMSP bridges different aspects of condensed matter, statistical mechanics, and quantum information. The wide spectrum of topics covered includes the study of superconductivity and magnetism in

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strongly-correlated systems, superfluids, cold atoms in optical lattices, localization in disordered systems, many-body physics with light, dynamics and relaxation in complex systems, quantum simulators, and quantum information processing with many-body quantum systems. It is important to notice that the strong involvement of the CMSP section in the creation and launch of TQT has further boosted all the researches in the area of quantum information processing.

● Atomistic simulations of molecular and electronic structures: A very important part of the research activity was also devoted to simulations of molecular and electronic systems. Here the attention has been devoted to solid-state simulations, soft-matter simulations, and data-science for complex systems. Work at CMSP in this area focuses on simulations of systems under a variety of different conditions. All of this with a strong interdisciplinary nature, ranging from condensed matter physics to computational chemistry. On the condensed matter side, this includes studying materials under high pressure, the physics of friction and lubrication, multiferroic materials, and surface physics. For soft- matter systems, this includes bulk liquid water, ions and small organic molecules in water, water at interfaces and finally physical chemistry of biological systems such as proteins and DNA. Simulation methods include classical and ab-initio molecular dynamics, path-integral molecular dynamics, and electronic structure calculations. Last but not least all the research investigations of materials for renewable energy applications that at the heart of the research initiative mentioned above.

In addition to the close collaborations with local scientific institutions such as SISSA, Elettra, and the University of Trieste, the research activities in the CMSP Section benefit of numerous collaborations worldwide that include: Princeton University, University of Oxford, Centre for Quantum Technologies - National University of Singapore, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) - Munich, Germany, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Paris, France, Université Paris Diderot - Paris, France, Aalto University - Helsinki, Finland, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems - Dresden, Germany, IQOQI - Innsbruck, Austria, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics - Garching, Germany, Scuola Normale Superiore – Pisa, Italy, and Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur & IFISUR - Bahía Blanca, Argentina.

The intense efforts of the CMSP scientists are witnessed by 95 publications in peer reviewed journals published in 2019. In addition to these publications, there are already more than 45 already accepted for publication or undergoing review. Among the published papers, 11 of them were published in high impact journals as (PNAS, Phys. Rev. Lett., Phys. Rev. X, Nano Letters, JACS, J. Chem. Phys. Lett., Science and Nature publishing group).

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The impact of CMSP work can be summarised by the table below, showing the number of citations that members and affiliated to CMSP have received in the last years. In 2019, CMSP has received over 12,000 citations. [Source: Web of Science]

14000 12041 12000 10000

8000 6797 6000 4501 4835 4000 3534 2000 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 1 N° of Citations of CMSP Papers (from WoS) Training Activities The staff members and senior postdocs of CMSP supervised numerous Postdocs, PhD, Diploma and Master students, as well as long-term visiting students. Ph.D. students supervised or co-supervised Claudia ARTIACO (SISSA), Federico BALDUCCI (SISSA), Giacomo GATTO (Univ. Trieste), Philip C. CRUZ (SISSA), Paola DELCOMPARE RODRIGUEZ (Univ. di Trieste), Youness DIOUANE (SISSA), Giuliano GIUDICI (SISSA), Eduardo GONZALEZ LAZO (SISSA), Deepak KARKI (SISSA), Ali KHOSRAVI (SISSA), Adu OFFEI-DANSO (SISSA), Silvia PAPPALARDI (SISSA), Tommaso PAROLINI (SISSA), Muhammad QAISRANI (SISSA), Nishan RANABHAT (SISSA), Anam SARA (SISSA), Yusuf SHAIDU (SISSA), Federica SURACE (SISSA), Xhek TURKESHI (SISSA) and Vittorio VITALE (SISSA). Other Long-Term Students/Visitors Najmeh ESHAQI SANI (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran), Alejandra FOGGIA (previously ICTP-MHPC student), Wenbin HE (CSRC Beijing, China), Chuang LI (Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China), Rajat PANDA (from Oct.2019 became Ph.D student), Sayed Reza SAFDARI (University of Isfahan, Iran) and Daniel SHADRACK (Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania). Diploma or Master students supervised or co-supervised ICTP Diploma: Amel ALHASSAN (Sudan), Ezron CABRERA (Philippines), Cornelio CAP LOPEZ (Guatemala), Edward DONKOR (Ghana), Jesus ESPINOZA-VALVERDE (Costa Rica), Poetry TARABUNGA (Indonesia), Anne Nadine TEWONOU DJOTA (Cameroon), Amar THAKURI (Nepal), Mikheil TSITSISHVILI (Georgia).

Master Students: Emanuele COSTA (Univ. Trieste), Giuseppe MAGNIFICO (Univ. Bologna), Tommaso MICALLO (SISSA), Alex PIVIDORI (Univ. Trieste). STEP Visiting Scientists and Students Nair AUCAR BOIDI (Argentina/Italy), Kenza HAMMAM (Morocco), Reyhaneh KHASSEH (Iran), Lodvert TCHIBOTA POATY (Congo).

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Courses The staff and senior postdocs of CMSP taught the following courses at ICTP’s Postgraduate Diploma Programme and at Master and PhD programs in other universities:

• Course on Simulation at SISSA • Course on Parallel Fast Fourier Transformations, ICTP-SISSA Master in High Performance Computations • Course on Electronic Structure Theory: Quantum Chemical Methods in SISSA PhD Programme in Condensed Matter Physics • Advanced Statistical Mechanics (Diploma) • Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Diploma) • Theory of Classical and Quantum Computation for SISSA PhD Program • Biological Physics (Diploma) • Numerical Methods I (Diploma) • Numerical Methods II (Diploma) • Many-Body Phenomenology (Diploma) • Electrons and Phonons in Solids (Diploma) • Several courses of the 1st and 2nd year of the Master in Physics at ICTP-EAIFR in Kigali, Rwanda

CMSP scientists participated in the organisation of international conferences both within and outside ICTP. Activities (Total: 16)

19th International Workshop on Computational Physics and Material Science: Total Energy and Force Methods (SMR 3266) 9 - 11 January 2019, ICTP - Budinich Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Marilia Caldas (University of Sao Paulo, Brazil), Mike Finnis (Imperial College, London, U.K.), Jeffrey Neaton (University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.), Local Organiser: Ali Hassanali Co-sponsor(s): Psi-k

Workshop on Crystal Structure Prediction: Exploring the Mendeleev Table as a Palette to Design New Materials (SMR 3267) 14 - 18 January 2019, ICTP - Kastler Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Artem Oganov (Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia), Alessandro Laio (SISSA), Gautam Desiraju (IISc Bangalore, India), Local Organiser: Sandro Scandolo Co-sponsor(s): Psi-k

Advanced School on Ubiquitous Quantum Physics: the New Quantum Revolution (SMR 3273) 18 - 22 February 2019, ICTP - ex-SISSA Main Auditorium (I week) & Budinich Lecture Hall (II week) Organiser(s): Angelo Bassi (University of Trieste, Italy), Fabio Benatti (University of Trieste, Italy), Roberto Floreanini (INFN, Trieste, Italy), Local Organiser: Marcello Dalmonte Co-sponsor(s): European Project TEQ: Testing the Large Scale Limit of Quantum Mechanics, European Commission, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Workshop on Ubiquitous Quantum Physics: the New Quantum Revolution (SMR 3371) 25 February - 1 March 2019, ICTP - Budinich Lecture Hall

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Organiser(s): Angelo Bassi (University of Trieste, Italy), Fabio Benatti (University of Trieste, Italy), Roberto Floreanini (INFN, Trieste, Italy), Local Organiser: Marcello Dalmonte Cosponsor(s): European Project TEQ: Testing the Large Scale Limit of Quantum Mechanics, European Commission, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Conference on Modern Concepts and New Materials for Thermoelectricity (SMR 3269) 11 - 15 March 2019, ICTP - Giambiagi Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Vladimir Kravtsov (ICTP), Alexandre Pourret (CEA Grenoble), Sawako Nakamae (CEA Saclay), Kalliopi Trohidou (NCSR Demokritos, Athens), Andrey Varlamov (SPIN-CNR, Rome), Local Organiser: Antonello Scardicchio Co-sponsor(s): MAGENTA, European Union

Ceremony 2018 Dirac Medal Awards to Subir Sachdev (Harvard), Dam Thanh Son (Chicago) and Xiao-Gang Wen (MIT): Understanding Novel Phases in Strongly Interacting Many-Body Systems 28 March 2019 - SPECIAL ICTP EVENT, ICTP - LB Budinich Lecture Hall

Conference on Quantum Measurement: Fundamentals, Twists, and Applications (SMR 3285) 29 April - 4 May 2019, ICTP - Kastler Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Yuval Gefen (Weizmann Institute of Science), Alessandro Romito (Lancaster University, U.K.), Fabio Sciarrino (Sapienza University, Italy), Local Organiser: Antonello Scardicchio Co-sponsor(s): Transregional Collaborative Research Center 183 - Entangled States of Matter, John Templeton Foundation, Quantum Information Laboratory, Lancaster University

School and Workshop on Patterns of Synchrony: Chimera States and Beyond (SMR 3286) 6 - 17 May 2019, ICTP - ex-SISSA Auditorium (I week) & Kastler Lecture Hall (II week) Organiser(s): Yuri Maistrenko (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine), Sudeshna Sinha (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India), Arkady Pikovsky (Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany), Local Organiser: Rosario Fazio

School on Advances in Condensed Matter Physics: New Trends and Materials in Quantum Technologies (SMR 3287) 7 - 15 May 2019, Samarkand - Uzbekistan (outside ICTP) Organiser(s): Vladimir Falko (NGI, the University of Manchester), Davron Matrasulov (Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent), ICTP Scientific Contact: Mikhail Kiselev Co-sponsor(s): Physical Society of Uzbekistan, Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Samarkand State University

School and Conference on Complex Quantum Systems out of Equilibrium in Many-Body Physics and Beyond (SMR 3295) 27 May 2019 - 7 June 2019, Yerevan - Armenia Organiser(s): Boris Altshuler (Columbia University), Rosario Fazio (ICTP), Vladimir Gasparyan (California State University Bakersfield), Igor Lerner (University of Birmingham), Emil Yuzbashyan (Rutgers University), ICTP Scientific Contact: Rosario Fazio, Local Organisers: N. Ananikian (Yerevan Physics Institute, Armenia), A. Allahverdyan, L. Ananikyan, ZH. Gevorkian, N. Izmailyan, A. Nersessian, V. Ohanyan, A. Piloyan Co-sponsor(s): Armenian National Science and Educational Fund, Volkswagenstiftung, Scientific Committee of Armenia,Entropy - Open Access Journal

ICTP Caribbean School on Materials for Clean Energy (SMR 3297) 30 May 2019 - 5 June 2019, Cartagena - Colombia

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Address: c/o Universidad de Cartagena: Calle de la Universidad (Carrera 6) No. 36 – 100, Aula Máxima de San Agustín Organiser(s): Javier Antonio Montoya (Universidad de Cartagena), Carlos C. Pinilla (Universidad del Norte), Local Organiser: Beatriz Cogollo-Olivo (Universidad de Cartagena), ICTP Scientific Contact: Ralph Gebauer, Nicola Seriani Cosponsor(s): Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad del Norte, Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas Y Naturales, COLCENCIAS Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SUE Caribe, Instituto de Matemáticas Aplicadas

Conference on Nanophononics, Bridging Statistical Physics, Molecular Modeling and Experiments (SMR 3302) 24 - 28 June 2019, ICTP - Kastler Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Seyed Mehdi Vaez Allaei (University of Tehran, Iran), Davide Donadio (University of California Davis, U.S.A.), Giuliano Benenti (University of Insubria, Como, Italy), Local Organiser: Mikhail Kiselev

StatPhys27 (SMR 3308) 8 - 12 July 2019, Buenos Aires - Argentina Organiser(s): Gustavo Lozano (Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET), Pablo Balenzuela (Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET), Ana Maria Llois (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Universidad de Buenos Aires), Silvina Ponce Dawson (Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET), ICTP Scientific Contact: Matteo Marsili

Conference on Taming Non-Equilibrium Systems: from Quantum Fluctuation to Decoherence (SMR 3316) 29 July 2019 - 1 August 2019, ICTP - LB Budinich Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Mauro Paternostro (Queen’s University), Nikolai Kiesel (University of Vienna), Martin Eckstein (University of Erlangen), Daniele Fausti (University of Trieste), Local Organiser: Rosario Fazio Cosponsor(s): European Research Council, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

College on Energy Transport and Energy Conversion in the Quantum Regime (SMR 3318) 12 - 30 August 2019, ICTP - LB Budinich Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Liliana Arrachea (University of San Martin), Giulio Casati (Università degli Studi dell'Insubria), Christopher Jarzynski (University of Maryland), Ronnie Kosloff (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Local Organiser: Mikhail Kiselev

Conference on Signatures of Topology in Condensed Matter (SMR 3330) 21 - 25 October 2019, ICTP - LB Euler Lecture Hall Organiser(s): Michele Governale (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand), Michael S. Fuhrer (Monash University, Australia), Fabio Taddei (NEST NANO-CNR, Pisa, Italy), Local Organiser: Marcello Dalmonte Cosponsor(s): The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, FLEET - ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Istituto Nanoscienze – CNR Seminars and Special Events/Meetings (Total: 49)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Optimal Control, Lattice Gauge Theories, and Quantum Annealing 15 January 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Simone MONTANGERO (Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 'Galileo Galilei' University of Padova, Italy

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Algebraic localization of disordered long-range quantum models

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22 January 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): G. PUPILLO (Strasbourg University, France)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Tensor Network Methods for Probability Distribution Functions and beyond... 24 January 2019 at 2:00 p.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Mario COLLURA (Univ. of Oxford, U.K.)

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Identical Suppression and Universality of the Hall Response in Interacting Quantum Lattices 25 January 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Michele FILIPPONE (Theory of Quantum Matter, Physics, Univ. of Geneve, Switzerland)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar - Topology, Symmetry, and Anomalies: Investigating Domain Wall Physics in Quantum Hall Nematic States 29 January 2019 at 11:00 am, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): S. PARAMESWARAN (Oxford)

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Phase Transitions under Drive 31 January 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Sebastian DIEHL (Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Germany)

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Playing with the Physics of Twisted Bilayer Graphene 14 February 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Michele FABRIZIO (SISSA, Trieste, Italy)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Four-point Functions in the Fortuin-Kasteleyn Cluster Model 19 February 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Jesper JACOBSEN (ENS, Paris France)

Fifth Annual Meeting Trieste-Ljubljana Collaboration in Condensed Matter Physics 21 February 2019 at 10:00 a.m., ICTP - Kastler Lecture Hall

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Combining Machine Learning and Logic for Complex Systems 28 February 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Luca BORTOLUSSI (Univ. degli Studi di Trieste)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Quantum Transport after Inhomogeneous Quenches 5 March 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): S. SOTIRIADIS (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Granular Brownian Motion 12 March 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265, room 128 Speaker(s): Andrea PUGLISI (Univ. di Roma, Italy)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Solvable Minimal Models for Many-body Quantum Chaos 19 March 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room

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Speaker(s): Andrea DE LUCA (Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, U.K.)

Condensed Matter Seminar: Magnetic Effect in the Functioning of Hemoglobin 26 March 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Nejat BULUT (Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Seeing Beyond the Light: Vision and Photon Electrodynamics in Quantum Spin Ice 11 April 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Claudio CASTELNOVO (University of Cambridge, U.K.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Hypersonic Transport of Bose-Einstein Condensates in a Neutral- Atom Accelerator Ring 15 April 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Wolf VON KLITZING (Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: The Paradigm of Jamming: From Low-Temperature Glasses to Machine Learning and More 16 April 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Silvio FRANZ (LPTMS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Logarithmic Terms in Entanglement Entropy: Black Holes, Anomalies and Boundaries 7 May 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): M. Sergey SOLODUKHIN (Université de Tours, France)

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Stark Many-body Localisation 9 May 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Christopher Andrew HOOLEY (Univ. of St. Andrews, U.K.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Universal Dynamics near Non-Thermal Fixed Points and Quantum Turbulence 14 May 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): T. GASENZER (Heidelberg University, Germany)

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: First-Principles-based Calculations of Caloric Effects in Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics 23 May 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Claude EDERER (Materials Theory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland)

Condensed Matter Seminar: Quantum Dynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics of Nanostructured Dirac- like Materials in a High Magnetic Field 28 May 2019 at 14:00, ICTP - Adriatico GH - Lundqvist Lecture Hall Speaker(s): Norman J.M. HORING (Dept. of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken NJ, U.S.A)

ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Brownian Yet Not Gaussian Diffusion 6 June 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Adriatico GH - Giambiagi Lecture Hall Speaker(s): Flavio SENO (Università' degli Studi di Padova, Italy)

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Condensed Matter Seminar: Structure and Properties of Gold-Fullerene Nanocomposite 11 June 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): J. MEENA DEVI (Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) and School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: On the Extensive Generalized Thermostatics for Non-Extensive Complex Systems 11 June 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Velimir ILIĆ (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbia)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: The Kac Model and (Non-)Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics 13 June 2019 at 11:00, SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Federico BONETTO (Georgia Tech, Mathematics, College of Sciences, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.)

Condensed Matter Seminar: Understanding Spin-1 Kagome Antiferromagnet through the Hida Model 18 June 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Brijesh KUMAR (School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: What is Inside a Black Hole 18 June 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Andre LECLAIR (Dept. of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A.)

Condensed Matter Seminar: Magneto-Electric Coupling through Lattice Distortions 25 June 2019 at 11:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Daniel CABRA (UNLP, Dept. Física, La Plata, Argentina)

Condensed Matter Seminar: Collective and Local Effects in the Driven-Dissipative Dynamics of Many-Body Quantum Systems 25 June 2019 at 11:40, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Nathan SHAMMAH (RIKEN, Saitama, Japan)

Joint ICTP/SISSA CMSP Seminar - From Flocking Birds to Swarming Bacteria: A Study of the Dynamics of Active Fluids 16 July 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Xiang CHENG (Dept. Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Anderson-type Transition of Quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma 6 September 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Tamás G. Kovács (University of Debrecen, Hungary)

Special CMSP and Marie Curie Library Seminar: An Editor’s Guide to Nature 16 September 2019 at 10:30 a.m., ICTP - Euler Lecture Hall Speaker(s): Gaia DONATI, Associate Editor of Nature, Nature Research

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Continuum Field Theory for the Ising Model 26 September 2019 at 10:00, SISSA - Via Bonomea 263, rm 138 Speaker(s): Francesco CARAVELLI (Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S.A.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Entanglement of 2D Fermions on the Torus

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5 November 2019 at 11:00 a.m., SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Ignacio REYES (Albert Einstein Institute, Potsdam, Germany)

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Ab initio Thermodynamics with the help of Machine Learning 6 November 2019 at 11:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Bingqing CHENG (Trinity College, The University of Cambridge, U.K.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Complexity and Conformal Field Theory 12 November 2019 at 11:00, SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Michal HELLER (Albert Einstein Institute, Potsdam, Germany)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Temperature Interfaces in the Katz-Lebowitz-Spohn Driven Lattice Gas 21 November 2019 at 10:30, SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Uwe TAUBER (Virginia Tech, U.S.A.)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Motzkin Spin Chains and their Exact Holographic Tensor Network Representations 26 Novembre 2019 at 11:00, SISSA - Via Bonomea 265 Speaker(s): Zhao ZHANG (Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China)

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Lecture: Fluctuation Relations for Open Systems 27 November 2019 at 16:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Matteo POLETTINI (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)

CMSP News and Views Seminars: Quo Vadis DMRG? 28 November 2019 at 11:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Uli SCHOLLWOECK (LMU Munich, Germany)

CMSP Special Lectures: Bits and Pieces in Free Fermions - Part I 28 November 2019 at 14:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Mohammad Ali RAJABPOUR (Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil)

CMSP Special Lectures: Bits and Pieces in Free Fermions - Part II 4 December 2019 at 14:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Mohammad Ali RAJABPOUR (Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil)

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar Series: Analog Quantum Simulation of Lattice Models 5 December 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Enrique RICO ORTEGA (Univ. of the Basque Country UPV EHU, Bilbao, Spain)

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Propagation of Information in Turning Flocks of Starlings 12 December 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Asja JELIC (ICTP, CMSP Section, Trieste, Italy)

Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: From Quantum Algorithms to Out-of-Equilibrium Phenomena in Interacting Trapped-Ion Spin Chains 17 December 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room

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Speaker(s): Guido PAGANO (Joint Quantum Institute & Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland Dept. of Physics and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, U.S.A.)

CMSP Special Lecture: Quantum Engineering with Trapped Ions 18 December 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Guido PAGANO (Rice University, U.S.A.)

CMSP Physics Seminar: A Scheduler of Quantum Circuits Based on Dynamical Pattern Improvement and its Application to Hardware Design 19 December 2019 at 11:00 a.m., ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): GianGiacomo GUERRESCHI (Intel)

CMSP Special Lecture - RNA World on Ice: A New Scenario for the Emergence of Life 19 December 2019 at 14:00, ICTP - Luigi Stasi Seminar Room Speaker(s): Ivan GLADICH (Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar, and European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT) Venice, Italy) Other Events ● Fifth Annual Meeting Ljubljana-Trieste with participation of University of Ljubljana ICTP - SISSA physics members in Condensed Matter Physics held on Thursday 21 February 2019 at ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall

● Second Trieste-Florence Cold Atom Meeting from Thursday 9 to Friday 10 May 2019, held at ICTP Luigi Stasi Seminar Room, with participation of University of Florence, ICTP and SISSA physics members.

● CMSP Two Day Annual Meeting held on 16 and 17 May 2019 at ICTP Luigi Stasi Seminar Room, with participation of all ICTP CMSP members.

● Collaboration with The Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics - Workshop on Ergodicity in Isolated Quantum Systems: From Glassiness to Localization, from 20 May to 12 July 2019 in Arcetri - Florence, Italy. Organised by Antonello Scardicchio, Marcello Dalmonte, Vladimir Kravtsov.

● Mini Computational Physics, comprising of lectures and practical sessions for CMSP students and postdoctoral fellows from 25 June to 2 July 2019, held in the Luigi Stasi Seminar Room and Leonardo Building Computer Laboratory. Organised by Marcello Dalmonte.

● Rosario Fazio and Mikhail Kiselev, along with lecturers from Dept. of Physics of the University of Trieste and SISSA (Angelo Bassi, Fabio Benatti, Giuseppe Santoro and Andrea Trombettoni) gave talks at the Trieste Junior Quantum Days (H576) from 24 to 26 July held at ICTP Giambiagi lecture room.

● Antonello Scardicchio, together with Pasquale Calabrese, and other co-organisers (Michele Burrello, Andrea De Luca, Andrea Gambassi and Robert Konik) organised a special event to celebrate Giuseppe Mussardo’s 60th birthday entitled “The Wonders of Theoretical Physics, Celebrating 60 Years of Giuseppe Mussardo” from 23 to 25 October 2010 and held at ICTP, Budinich lecture hall.

● Rosario Fazio, in collaboration with the Accademia dei Lincei, organised a day devoted to Quantum Technologies for high school students.

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Participation in International Programmes Members of the CMSP Sections gave numerous invited talks at international conferences and workshops and numerous seminars at various universities all over the world. Services All the faculty members of the CMSP have institutional responsibilities inside and outside ICTP.

Inside ICTP: STEP programme coordinator (Binggeli), ICTP-Elettra users programme coordinator (Binggeli), Head of the CMSP Section (Fazio), Member of the Academic Committee (Fazio, Scandolo), Director a.i, Research Division, ICTP (Scandolo), Member of Committee on Advance on End-of-Service Allowance (Fazio), ICTP representative of ICTP-SAIFR (Fazio), Faculty Board representative (Binggeli, Hassanali), Coordinator of ICTP Initiative on Renewable Energy (Gebauer), ICTP Representative of the EAIFR-ICTP Scientific Council (Hassanali), SESAME Council ICTP representative (Binggeli), Elettra proposal review panel, ICTP representative (Binggeli), Executive committee of the African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (Seriani), Director TQT Institute (Fazio);

Outside ICTP: CMSP members have participated in PhD evaluation panels and PhD committees in many different universities. They serve as referees and/or in the editorial board of scientific journals and in several different funding agencies. Grants and Awards Marcello Dalmonte, awarded grant under FARE Programme from the Italian Ministry of Education. Project Name: MEPH - Many-body entanglement in programmable quantum hardware.

Rosario Fazio, was recipient with a grant associated with the Google Quantum Research Award. Was appointed “Maldacena” Visiting Scientist Professor, Balseiro Institute in Bariloche, Argentina.

Ali Hassanali, obtained two external grants: one from EC Horizon 2020 FET Open Grant on Artificial Photosynthesis ‘SoFiA’ and one from Howard University for a project on “Water Mediated Interactions in Noisy Biological Systems”

Mikhail Kiselev, National Science Foundation Grant No.PHY-1607611 and Simons Foundation Award for visiting Aspen Center for Physics.

Erio Tosatti, a co-founder of ICTP’s Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section and professor emeritus of the International School of Advanced Studies (SISSA), has received recognition for his achievements from two prestigious science academies: Italy’s Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Nersesyan, who has been scientifically collaborating with ICTP since 1998, has been elected as full member of the National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. Staff, Postdoctoral Fellows and Long-term Visitors Professional Staff (9) BINGGELI, Nadia (Switzerland) DALMONTE, Marcello (Italy) FAZIO, Rosario (Italy) CMSP Division Coordinator. GEBAUER, Ralph (Germany) HASSANALI, Ali (Tanzania) KISELEV, Mikhail (Russia)

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SCANDOLO, Sandro (Italy) SCARDICCHIO, Antonello (Italy) SERIANI, Nicola (Italy) Scientific Consultants (5) CALABRESE, Pasquale (Italy) JELIC, Asja (Serbia/Italy) (As of December.) LAIO, Alessandro (Italy) SANTORO, Giuseppe (Italy) TOSATTI, Erio (Italy) Emeritus Scientists KRAVTSOV, Vladimir E. (Russia/Italy) Distinguished Staff Associate ALTSHULER, Boris (U.S.A.) Research Staff Associate NERSESYAN, Alexander (Georgia) Boltzmann Fellows and Long-Term Visiting Fellow Scientists (2) RODRIGUEZ GARCIA, Alejandro (Spain) STOJIC, Natasa (Croatia) Scientific Collaborators (3) MUSSARDO, Giuseppe (Italy) SELLITTO, Mauro (Italy) SILVA, Alessandro (Italy) Post-Doctoral Fellows (19) ANGELONE, Adriano (Italy) ANSARI, Narjes (Iran) AZIZI, Khatereh (Iran) FAYE, Jean Paul Latyr (Senegal) FRANKLIN MERGAREJO, Ricardo (Cuba) FROMHOLZ, Pierre Martin (France) GHOSH, Sukanya (India) HOVHANNISYAN, Karen (Armenia) GONZALO MANZANO, Paule (Spain) MENDES SANTOS, Tiago (Brazil) MOHARRAMZADEH GOLIAEI, Elham (Iran) MORZAN, Uriel Nicolas (Argentina) NADEN ROBINSON, Victor (U.K.) PAVLOV, Andrei (Russia) POLI, Emiliano (Italy) ROSTAMI, Samare (Iran) RUSSOMANNO, Angelo (Italy) TAYLOR, Scott Richard (U.K.) VELANKANNI, Nandhakumar (India) PhD and Master’s Students (22) ARTIACO, Claudia (Italy)

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BALDUCCI, Federico (Italy) COSTA, Emanuele (Italy) CRUZ, Philip C. (Philippines) DELCOMPARE RODRIGUEZ, Paola (Guatemala) DIOUANE, Youness (Morocco) GIUDICI, Giuliano (Italy) GONZALEZ LAZO, Eduardo (Cuba) KARKI, Deepak (Nepal) KHOSRAVI, Ali (Iran) MAGNIFICO, Giuseppe (Italy) MICALLO, Tommaso (Italy) OFFEI-DANSO, Adu (Ghana) PAPPALARDI, Silvia (Italy) PAROLINI, Tommaso (Italy) PIVIDORI, Alex (Italy) QAISRANI, Muhammad Nawaz (Pakistan) SARA, Anam (Pakistan) SHAIDU, Yusuf (Nigeria) SURACE, Federica (Italy) TURKESHI, Xhek (Albania/Italy) VITALE, Vittorio (Italy) Long-Term Visiting Scientists (8) ESHAQI SANI, Najmeh (Iran) FOGGIA, Alejandra (Argentina) HE, Wenbin (China) LI, Chuang (China) LIANG, Pengfei (China) PANDA, Rajat (India) SAFDARI, Sayed Reza (Iran) SHADRACK, Daniel (Tanzania) Step Fellows (4) AUCAR BOIDI, Nair (Argentina/Italy) HAMMAM, Kenza (Morocco) KHASSEH, Reyhaneh (Iran) TCHIBOTA POATY, Lodvert (Congo) Diploma Students (8) EBOT, Joela Etaya (Cameroon) ELKHEIR, Walaa Musa (Sudan) FERRER, Nica Jane Baluyot (Philippines) KUMI, Harriet (Ghana) OLIYA, Rabindra Raj (Nepal) PELAYO, Jose Carlos (Philippines) RANABHAT, Nishan (Nepal) SSENNYIMBA, William Ken (Uganda)

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Associates in CMSP Field: Simons/Senior/Regular/Junior (45) ADHIKARI, Narayan Prasad (Nepal) Senior Associate AMINI ABCHUYEH, Mohsen (Iran) Junior Associate ARRACHEA, Liliana del Carmen (Argentina) Simons Associate AYALASOMAYAJULA, Meher (India) Regular Associate CABRA, Daniel (Argentina) Senior Associate CHAKRABARTI, Barnali (India) Regular Associate DAS, Sourin (India) Regular Associate DIKANDE, Alain Moise (Cameroon) Senior Associate DUAN, Xiang Mei (China) Regular Associate DUTTA, Amit (India) Senior Associate EL ALLATI, Abderrahim (Morocco) Junior Associate EL BAZ, Morad (Morocco) Regular Associate FANCHINI, Felipe F. (Brazil) Simons Associate HADDAD, Sonia (Tunisia) Simons Associate HAGOSS GEBREYESUS, Gebremedhn (Ghana) Regular Associate HARTITI, Bouchaib (Morocco) Senior Associate HUAMAN GUTIERREZ, A.M. (Peru) Simons Visitor JEYAPRAGASAM, Meena D. (India) Regular Associate JIN, Jiasen (China) Junior Associate KARIMIPOUR, Vahid (Iran) Simons Associate KASHYAP Arti (India) Simons Associate KIRURI, Lucy (Kenya) Regular Associate KUMAR, Brijesh (India) Regular Associate LOMBARDO, Fernando C. (Argentina) Simons Associate M’PASSI-MABIALA, Bernard (Congo) Senior Associate MANDILARA, Alkaterini (Greece) Regular Associate MANGUSSI, Franco (Argentina) Simons Visitor MANNAI, Marwa (Tunisia) Simons Visitor MARTINEZ MESA, Aliezer (Cuba) Junior Associate MELLIT, Adel (Algeria) Simons Associate MEMARZADEH ISFAHANI, Laleh (Iran) Regular Associate NGUYEN Thanh Thi Kim (Viet Nam) Regular Associate PINILLA CASTELLANOS, Carlos C. (Colombia) Regular Associate PUTUNGAN, Darwin Barayang (Philippines) Junior Associate RAJABPOUR, Ali Mohammad (Iran) Junior Associate, also Short Term Visitor RAJABPOUR, Ali (Iran) Junior Associate RAZA, Hassan (Pakistan) Junior Associate REILY ROCHA, Alexandre (Brazil) Simons Associate RUBO, Yuriy (Mexico) Senior Associate SARKAR, Utpal (India) Regular Associate USAJ, Gonzalo (Argentina) Simons Associate VAEZ ALLAEI, Seyed Mehdi (Iran) Regular Associate VERDINELLI, Valeria (Argentina) Simons Visitor WAMBA, Etienne (Cameroon) Simons Associate

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WANG, Pei (China) Junior Associate Short Term Visitors, including Seminar Speakers (total 148) ABANIN, Dmitry (Russian) ADIMI, Samira (Iran) AHMOUM, Hassan (Morocco) AKDENIZ, Zehra (Turkey) ALCARAZ, Francesco (Brazil) ANZOLA, Mattia (Italy) ARABHA, Saeed (Iran) ASLANI, Zahra (Iran) ASSFOUR, Bassem (Syria) ATTAIAA, Moulay-Badr (France) BARSAN, Victor (Romania) BERNARD, Denis (France) BERRADA, Kamal (Morocco) BERTINI, Bruno (Italy) BHANDARI, Bibek (India) BOGOLUBOV, Nikolai (Russia) BOGOMOLNYI, Eugene (France) BORTOLUSSI, Luca (Italy) BULUT, Nejat (Turkey) BURRELLO, Michele (Italy) CAPPELLI, Andrea (Italy) CAPPELLINI, Giacomo (Italy) CARBONE, Giuseppe (Italy) CARDY, John (U.S.A.) CASTELNOVO, Claudia (Italy) CASTRO ALVAREDO,Olalla (Spain) CATANI, Jacopo (Italy) CAUX, Jean-Sebastian (Canada) CERDIERA GOMEZ, Hilda (Brazil) CHENG, Xiang (U.K.) CHESI, Stefano (Italy) CHIAVAZZO, Eliodoro (Italy) CIRIO, Mauro (Italy) COGOLLO OLIVO, Beatrice (Colombia) CUGLIANDOLO, Leticia (Italy) DA SILVA, Estelina Lora (Portugal) DE LUCA, Andrea (Italy) DEL PACE, Giulia (Italy) DIEHL, Sebastiano (Germany) DOUMA, Dick Hartmann (Congo) EDERER, Claude (Switzerland) ESSLER, Fabian (Germany)

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FALCIANI, Gabriele (Italy) FALLANI, Leonardo (Italy) FANG, Yinan (China) FAORO, Lara (Italy) FARAEI, Zahra (Iran) FENDLEY, Paul (U.S.A.) FILIPPONE, Michele (Italy) FIORAVANTI, Davide (Italy) FRANCHINI, Fabio (Italy) FRANZ, Silvio (Italy) FRING, Andreas (Germany) FU, Libin (China) GERMAN, Estefania (Spain) GHOSAL, Amit (India) GHOSH, Prasenjit (India) GORI, Matteo (Italy) GRISANTI, Luca (Italy) HOOLEY, Chris (U.K.) HORING, Norman (U.S.A.) IORIO, Alfredo (Italy) IQBAL, Yasir (India) JOHAL, Ramandeep (India) KENMOE, Stephane (Cameroon) KHASSEH, Reyhaneh (Iran) KIKUMI, Geradius (Tanzania) KLOBAS, Katja (Slovenia) KONIK, Robert (U.S.A.) KOS, Pavel (Slovenia) KUKULJAN, Ivan (Slovenia) KURIAN, Philip (U.S.A.) LECLAIR, Andre (U.S.A.) LERNER, Igor (U.K.) LI, Jianhui (China) LIANG, Pengfei (China) LIVI, Lorenzo (Italy) LJUBOTINA, Marko (Italy) LOUODOP FOTSO, Patrick (Cameroon) MARIC, Vanja (Croatia) MARTONAK, Roman (Slovakia) MATRASULOV, Davron (Uzbekistan) MONTANGERO, Simone (Italy) MORAIS SMITH, Cristiane (Brazil) MUELLER, Markus (Switzerland) NARASIMHAN, Shobhana (India)

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NGUENANG, Jean-Pierre (Cameroon) PAGANO, Guido (Italy) PAINELLI, Anna (Italy) PALADINO, Elisabetta (Italy) PALMA, Massimo (Italy) PARAFILO, Anton (Ukraine) PARAMESWARAN, Siddharth (India) PEARCE, Paul (Australia) PELLEGRINI, Franco (Italy) PERALTA GAVENSKY, Lucila (Argentina) PERSSON, Bo (Sweden) PEZZÈ, Luca (Italy) PIETRACAPRINA, Francesca (Italy) POLETTINI, Matteo (Italy) PROSEN, Tomaz (Slovenia) RAJABPOUR, Ali Mohammad (Iran) RICO ORTEGA, Enrique (Spain) RODRIGUEZ JIMENEZ, Jose (Mexico) SALEUR, Hubert (France) SANTOS-PUNTUNGAN, Alexandra (Philippines) SATPATHI, Urbashi (India) SCHMIEDMAYER, Jorg (Austria) SCHOLLWOECK, Ulrich (Germany) SCIARRINO, Fabio (Italy) SEN, Indraneel (India) SENO, Flavio (Italy) SENOUCI, Khaled (Algeria) SHADRACK, Daniel (Tanzania) SHAHBEIGI, Fereshte (Iran) SHAMMAH, Nathan (Italy) SHARMA, Shraddha (India) became Postdoc from 1st of Nov. SIERRA, German (Spain) SIMONELLI, Cristiano (Italy) SMELYANSKIY, Vadim (U.S.A.) SMERZI, Augusto (Italy) SOLTANI, Morteza (Iran) SUN, Chang Pu (China) TADDEI, Fabio (Italy) TAKACS, Gabor (Hungary) TIWARI, Avinash (India) TONIELLI, Federico (Italy) TROMBETTONI, Andrea (Italy) TSVELIK, Alexei (U.K.) URANGA PINA, Llinersy (Cuba)

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VANICAT, Matthieu (Slovenia) VANJA, Maric (Croatia) VENKATRAMA, Ranjith (Italy) VIDMAR, Lev (Slovenia) VITI, Jacopo (Italy) VOLOKITIN, Alexander (Russia) WANG, Jianjun (China) WANG, Yingdan (China) YAYA, Abu (Ghana) YEVTUSHENKO, Oleg (Ukraine) YUDSON, Vladimir (Russia) ZACCANTI, Matteo (Italy) ZADNIK, Lenart (Slovenia) ZAGIER, Don B. (U.S.A.) ZAMOLODCHIKOV, Sasha (Russia) ZHANG, Rong (China) ZNIDARIC, Marco (Slovenia) ZUNKOVIC, Bojan (Slovenia) Funding In addition to the ICTP support, the members of the section have attracted additional funding through:

• ERC Grants (MODAPHYFRIST and AGEnTh), • EU Grants (SoFiA, PASQUANS), • UNICREDIT, • Google Awards, • Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, • Italian Ministry of Public Education (QUANTRA), • HU Howard University, Washington D.C., U.S.A., • CSRC for computer time

Furthermore, several grants and contributions were received by CMSP members to support SMR activities and conferences.

CMSP: Sustainable Energy Providing cheap and clean energy to the world is one of the most important societal challenges. Especially for the developing world, which is often blessed by abundant natural resources (wind and sunshine), sustainable energy conversion can play a pivotal role in economic development. Some of the most serious issues still hampering a more widespread use of solar or wind energy are related to materials: better and more robust solar cells, cheaper batteries or affordable fuel cells are just some examples of technologies which might make a big difference in this regard. For this reason, ICTP has decided to focus its activities in the area of renewable energy in the area of materials science.

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The research group, which ICTP has established, is applying state-of- the art atomistic computer simulation techniques to problems related to the conversion and storage of energy. In this way, the traditional strengths and expertise of ICTP, which is working since many decades in the general area of atomistic simulations, is applied to the challenges of renewable energy conversion. Research In 2019, most of the research has been devoted to the investigation, by ab-initio simulations, of functional materials of relevance for solar-energy conversion. The main work has been devoted to the characterization of the photocatalyst hematite (α-Fe2O3).

First, the reaction of CO2 reduction to hydrocarbons has been Figure 2 Iron oxide (Fe2O3)-water extensively studied, with the postdoc N. Velanka. A full reaction interface. Grey, red and light grey network has been obtained, showing the appearance of balls represent iron, oxygen and unconventional reaction intermediates. hydrogen atoms, respectively. Second, simulations have been performed for the interface between Hydrogen bonds are shown in blue. hematite and water, with the goal to extract the physical quantities that enter as parameters in Marcus theory, in order to calculate transfer rates for holes at this interface. The analysis of the data is still ongoing. This work was carried out mainly in collaboration with E. Poli and N. Velanka, both postdocs at ICTP.

In this research, the long-term goal is to understand relations between atomic and electronic structure, photoabsorption and photoelectrochemical behaviour. Understanding how important materials for energy conversion and storage work might open the venue for a more systematic approach to materials development in this field. All these projects are designed to be long-term projects, allowing the creation of sub-projects to facilitate the involvement of collaborators among ICTP postdocs, visitors, and associates. Training activities Workshops and conferences • ICTP Caribbean School on Materials for Clean Energy, Cartagena, Colombia, May 30 - June 5, 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8688/ • Joint ICTP-IAEA 2nd Course on Scientific Novelties in the Phenomenology of Severe Accidents in Water Cooled Reactors, ICTP, Trieste, June 24-28, 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8694/ • Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Physics and Technology of Innovative High Temperature Nuclear Energy Systems, ICTP, Trieste, October 14-18, 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8725/ Students and postdocs supervised Emiliano Poli (ICTP postdoc, Italy) Narjes Ansari (ICTP postdoc, Iran) Nandhakumar Velankanni (ICTP postdoc, India) Samare Rostami (ICTP postdoc, Iran) Lodvert Poaty-Tchibota (STEP, Congo) Paola Delcompare (University of Trieste) Sara Abass (University of Khartoum, Sudan)

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Staff Ralph Gebauer, Coordinator of the Renewable Energy Programme, ICTP senior research scientist, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section.

Nicola Seriani, ICTP Associate Research Scientist, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section.

Nandhakumar Velankanni (India), Postdoctoral fellow

Samare Rostami (Iran), Postdoctoral fellow Editorial Work Ralph Gebauer serves as member of the editorial board of “Solid State Communications” (Elsevier) and of “Scientific Reports” (Nature Publishing Group) CMSP: Synchrotron Radiation Related Theory The aim of the group is to perform theoretical research and training in areas of condensed matter and applied physics that are experimentally investigated by synchrotron radiation (SR). There is close collaboration with experimentalists at the nearby SR source Elettra and at other similar facilities.

Within the relatively large scope of problems that fall under this description, the group has two main focuses of activities. The first field of activities is the investigation of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of systems with strong electron correlations, including transition-metal oxides and related materials. The second main area of interest is the physics of low-dimensional systems and nanostructures. Research Activities The main activities in 2019 include: Photo-chemical Control of Magnetic Anisotropy in Transition-metal Layers The ability to achieve local control on materials magnetic anisotropy is a desirable feature in diverse research applications, with also potential technological follow-ups. Research has been carried out in collaboration with the Nanospectroscopy group at Elettra to investigate photon-beam-induced adsorbate changes that influence the magnetic anisotropy of a magnetic film. In particular, first-principles computational studies have been conducted on the influence of different photo-dissociated carbon species on the magnetic anisotropy of ultrathin Co films. The results contributed to provide a microscopic understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the magnetic-anisotropy photo-chemical control. Magnetic Behavior of Transition-metal-trihalide Monolayers

Recently discovered two-dimensional magnetic van der Waals semiconductors, such as CrI3, can be incorporated and gated in van der Waals nanostructured devices and are attractive candidates for electrical control of magnetism at the nanoscale. Research based on first-principles computations has been carried out in the group to investigate the effects of electric field and electrostatic doping combined with mechanical constraints on the magnetic properties of CrI3 monolayer and bilayer. In particular, ways to mechanically generate or alter the occurrence of magnetic transitions with doping in bilayer CrI3 were proposed based on these studies. Formation of Epitaxial Graphene Phase Research has been carried out in collaboration with the scientists of the Nanospectroscopy and NanoESCA beamlines at Elettra to investigate the role of carbon dissolution and recondensation in graphene epitaxial alignment on cobalt. Epitaxial graphene on cobalt is a high-crystalline-quality phase, promising for application

Research | 44 in spintronics. The work addressed the mechanism of the structural transformation upon annealing leading to the epitaxial phase. The ab-initio study showed that the martensitic phase transition in cobalt at a temperature close to that of the transformation to the epitaxial phase does not actually affect the graphene transformation, leaving the dissolution and recondensation of carbon within carbidic islands as the underlying mechanism. Training Activities • Coordination of the ICTP-Elettra users programme and of the ICTP-IAEA sandwich training and educational programme (N. Binggeli) • Participation in the teaching of the ICTP Diploma programme in condensed matter physics (N. Stojic, N. Binggeli) Staff and Long-Term Visitors Professional Staff N. Binggeli, Switzerland Long-Term Visiting Fellow Scientist N. Stojic, Croatia Post-doctoral Fellow S. Ghosh, India Visiting Scientist A. B. Santos-Putungan, Philippines Publications Wauters, M. M., Russomanno, A., Citro, R., Santoro, G. E., & Privitera, L. (2019). Localization, Topology, and Quantized Transport in Disordered Floquet Systems. Physical Review Letters, 123(26), 266601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.266601

Erdman, P. A., Taddei, F., Peltonen, J. T., Fazio, R., & Pekola, J. P. (2019). Fast and accurate Cooper pair pump. Physical Review B, 100(23), 235428. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.235428

Parafilo, A. V., Gorelik, L. Y., Kiselev, M. N., Park, H. C., & Shekhter, R. I. (2019). Kondo effect in a Aharonov- Casher interferometer. Physical Review B, 100(23), 235413. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.235413

Parolini, T., Inack, E. M., Giudici, G., & Pilati, S. (2019). Tunneling in projective quantum Monte Carlo simulations with guiding wave functions. Physical Review B, 100(21), 214303. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.214303

Mbeng, G. B., Arceci, L., & Santoro, G. E. (2019). Optimal working point in digitized quantum annealing. Physical Review B, 100(22), 224201. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.224201

Rizzato, F., Zamuner, S., Pagnani, A., & Laio, A. (2019). A common root for coevolution and substitution rate variability in protein sequence evolution. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 18032. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019- 53958-w

Karki, D. B., & Kiselev, M. N. (2019). Effects of strong electron interactions and resonant scattering on power output of nano-devices. Physical Review B, 100(19), 195425. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.195425

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Debarba, T., Manzano, G., Guryanova, Y., Huber, M., & Friis, N. (2019). Work estimation and work fluctuations in the presence of non-ideal measurements. New Journal of Physics, 21(11), 113002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab4d9d

Erdman, P. A., Cavina, V., Fazio, R., Taddei, F., & Giovannetti, V. (2019). Maximum power and corresponding efficiency for two-level heat engines and refrigerators: Optimality of fast cycles. New Journal of Physics, 21(10), 103049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab4dca

Bonsignori, R., Ruggiero, P., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Symmetry resolved entanglement in free fermionic systems. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 52(47), 475302. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751- 8121/ab4b77

Sellitto, M. (2019). Cooperative transport with selective kinetic constraints. Physical Review E, 100(4), 040102. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.040102

Sellitto, M. (2019). Nonequilibrium phase transition in constrained adsorption. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 151(11), 111102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5121630

Sellitto, M. (2020). Casimir-like forces in cooperative exclusion processes. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 53(1), 01LT01. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab583c

Mendes-Santos, T., Giudici, G., Dalmonte, M., & Rajabpour, M. A. (2019). Entanglement Hamiltonian of quantum critical chains and conformal field theories. Physical Review B, 100(15), 155122. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.155122

Zhang, J., Ruggiero, P., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Subsystem trace distance in low-lying states of (1 + 1)- dimensional conformal field theories. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(10), 181. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)181

Modak, R., Piroli, L., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Correlation and entanglement spreading in nested spin chains. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(9), 093106. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 5468/ab39d5

Parisi, G., Pascazio, S., Pietracaprina, F., Ros, V., & Scardicchio, A. (2020). Anderson transition on the Bethe lattice: An approach with real energies. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 53(1), 014003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab56e8

Franz, S., Maimbourg, T., Parisi, G., & Scardicchio, A. (2019). Impact of jamming criticality on low-temperature anomalies in structural glasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(28), 13768–13773. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820360116

Facchi, P., Parisi, G., Pascazio, S., Scardicchio, A., & Yuasa, K. (2019). Phase diagram of bipartite entanglement. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 52(41), 414002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751- 8121/ab3f4e

Alam, K., Seriani, N., & Sen, P. (2019). α -MnO 2 under pressure: Possible route to δ -MnO 2. Materials Research Express, 6(7), 076108. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab145c

Mendoza-Arenas, J. J., Žnidarič, M., Varma, V. K., Goold, J., Clark, S. R., & Scardicchio, A. (2019). Asymmetry in energy versus spin transport in certain interacting disordered systems. Physical Review B, 99(9), 094435. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.094435

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Shomali, E., Abdolhosseini Sarsari, I., Tabatabaei, F., Mosaferi, M., & Seriani, N. (2019). Graphyne as the anode material of magnesium-ion batteries: Ab initio study. Computational Materials Science, 163, 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.03.052

Elsayed, W., Abdalla, S., & Seriani, N. (2020). Quasiparticle and Optical Properties of Hydrogen Titanate and Its Defective Systems: An Investigation by Density Functional Theory with Hubbard Correction, Many‐Body Perturbation Theory, and Bethe–Salpeter Equation. Physica Status Solidi (b), 257(3), 1900054. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201900054

Khasseh, R., Fazio, R., Ruffo, S., & Russomanno, A. (2019). Many-Body Synchronization in a Classical Hamiltonian System. Physical Review Letters, 123(18), 184301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.184301

Brenes, M., Varma, V. K., Scardicchio, A., & Girotto, I. (2019). Massively parallel implementation and approaches to simulate quantum dynamics using Krylov subspace techniques. Computer Physics Communications, 235, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.08.010

Varilla, L. A. A., Seriani, N., & Montoya, J. A. (2019). Molecular adsorption and dissociation of CO2 on TiO2 anatase (001) activated by oxygen vacancies. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 25(8), 231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-019-4103-7

Angeli, M., Tosatti, E., & Fabrizio, M. (2019). Valley Jahn-Teller Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. Physical Review X, 9(4), 041010. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041010

Gigli, L., Vanossi, A., & Tosatti, E. (2019). Modeling nanoribbon peeling. Nanoscale, 11(37), 17396–17400. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR04821A

Jong, K. H., Azar, Y. T., Grisanti, L., Stephens, A. D., Jones, S. T. E., Credgington, D., Kaminski Schierle, G. S., & Hassanali, A. (2019). Low energy optical excitations as an indicator of structural changes initiated at the termini of amyloid proteins. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(43), 23931–23942. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP04648H

Alba, V., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Quantum information scrambling after a quantum quench. Physical Review B, 100(11), 115150. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.115150

Shapourian, H., Ruggiero, P., Ryu, S., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Twisted and untwisted negativity spectrum of free fermions. SciPost Physics, 7(3), 037. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.7.3.037

Ansari, N., Laio, A., & Hassanali, A. (2019). Spontaneously Forming Dendritic Voids in Liquid Water Can Host Small Polymers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 10(18), 5585–5591. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02052

The PLUMED consortium, including Laio, A. (2019). Promoting transparency and reproducibility in enhanced molecular simulations. Nature Methods, 16(8), 670–673. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0506-8

Ochoa, R., Laio, A., & Cossio, P. (2019). Predicting the Affinity of Peptides to Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II by Scoring Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 59(8), 3464–3473. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00403

Facco, E., Pagnani, A., Russo, E. T., & Laio, A. (2019). The intrinsic dimension of protein sequence evolution. PLOS Computational Biology, 15(4), e1006767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006767

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Marchetti, F., Capelli, R., Rizzato, F., Laio, A., & Colombo, G. (2019). The Subtle Trade-Off between Evolutionary and Energetic Constraints in Protein–Protein Interactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 10(7), 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00191

Soler, M. A., Medagli, B., Semrau, M. S., Storici, P., Bajc, G., de Marco, A., Laio, A., & Fortuna, S. (2019). A consensus protocol for the in silico optimisation of antibody fragments. Chemical Communications, 55(93), 14043–14046. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC06182G

Karki, D. B., & Kiselev, M. N. (2019). Nonlinear Seebeck effect of SU ( N ) Kondo impurity. Physical Review B, 100(12), 125426. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.125426

Ghosh, S., Mammen, N., & Narasimhan, S. (2019). Descriptor for the Efficacy of Aliovalent Doping of Oxides and Its Application for the Charging of Supported Au Clusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(32), 19794– 19805. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06119

Iadecola, T., & Žnidarič, M. (2019). Exact Localized and Ballistic Eigenstates in Disordered Chaotic Spin Ladders and the Fermi-Hubbard Model. Physical Review Letters, 123(3), 036403. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.036403

Qaisrani, M. N., Grisanti, L., Gebauer, R., & Hassanali, A. (2019). Structural and dynamical heterogeneities at glutamine–water interfaces. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(29), 16083–16094. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP02259G

Pappalardi, S., Calabrese, P., & Parisi, G. (2019). Entanglement entropy of the long-range Dyson hierarchical model. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(7), 073102. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab2903

Alba, V., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Quantum information dynamics in multipartite integrable systems. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 126(6), 60001. https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/126/60001

Masella, G., Angelone, A., Mezzacapo, F., Pupillo, G., & Prokof’ev, N. V. (2019). Supersolid Stripe Crystal from Finite-Range Interactions on a Lattice. Physical Review Letters, 123(4), 045301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.045301

Piroli, L., Vernier, E., Calabrese, P., & Pozsgay, B. (2019). Integrable quenches in nested spin chains II: Fusion of boundary transfer matrices. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(6), 063104. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab1c52

Piroli, L., Vernier, E., Calabrese, P., & Pozsgay, B. (2019). Integrable quenches in nested spin chains I: The exact steady states. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(6), 063103. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab1c51

Manzano, G., Fazio, R., & Roldán, É. (2019). Quantum Martingale Theory and Entropy Production. Physical Review Letters, 122(22), 220602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.220602

Jugovac, M., Genuzio, F., Gonzalez Lazo, E., Stojić, N., Zamborlini, G., Feyer, V., Menteş, T. O., Locatelli, A., & Schneider, C. M. (2019). Role of carbon dissolution and recondensation in graphene epitaxial alignment on cobalt. Carbon, 152, 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.033

Ghosh, S., Stojić, N., & Binggeli, N. (2019). Structural and magnetic response of CrI3 monolayer to electric field. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 570, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2019.06.040

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Costa, N. C., Mendes-Santos, T., Paiva, T., Curro, N. J., dos Santos, R. R., & Scalettar, R. T. (2019). Coherence temperature in the diluted periodic Anderson model. Physical Review B, 99(19), 195116. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.195116

Jamshidi Farsani, M., & Fazio, R. (2019). Quantum heat switch with multiple qubits. Physics Letters A, 383(15), 1722–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.02.045

Zhang, J., Ruggiero, P., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Subsystem Trace Distance in Quantum Field Theory. Physical Review Letters, 122(14), 141602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.141602

Manzano, G., Silva, R., & Parrondo, J. M. R. (2019). Autonomous thermal machine for amplification and control of energetic coherence. Physical Review E, 99(4), 042135. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.042135

Tangpanitanon, J., Clark, S. R., Bastidas, V. M., Fazio, R., Jaksch, D., & Angelakis, D. G. (2019). Hidden order in quantum many-body dynamics of driven-dissipative nonlinear photonic lattices. Physical Review A, 99(4), 043808. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.99.043808

Erdman, P. A., Peltonen, J. T., Bhandari, B., Dutta, B., Courtois, H., Fazio, R., Taddei, F., & Pekola, J. P. (2019). Nonlinear thermovoltage in a single-electron transistor. Physical Review B, 99(16), 165405. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.165405

Sormani, G., Rodriguez, A., & Laio, A. (2020). Explicit Characterization of the Free-Energy Landscape of a

Protein in the Space of All Its C α Carbons. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 16(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00800

Ansuini, A., Laio, A., Macke, J. H., & Zoccolan, D. (2019). Intrinsic dimension of data representations in deep neural networks. ArXiv:1905.12784 [Cs, Stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12784

Barbarino, S., Rossini, D., Rizzi, M., Fazio, R., Santoro, G. E., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Topological Devil’s staircase in atomic two-leg ladders. New Journal of Physics, 21(4), 043048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367- 2630/ab0e18

Turkeshi, X., Mendes-Santos, T., Giudici, G., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Entanglement-Guided Search for Parent Hamiltonians. Physical Review Letters, 122(15), 150606. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.150606

Pinamonti, G., Paul, F., Noé, F., Rodriguez, A., & Bussi, G. (2019). The mechanism of RNA base fraying: Molecular dynamics simulations analyzed with core-set Markov state models. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 150(15), 154123. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083227

Tschirsich, F., Montangero, S., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Phase diagram and conformal string excitations of square ice using gauge invariant matrix product states. SciPost Physics, 6(3), 028. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.3.028

Mestyán, M., Bertini, B., Piroli, L., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Spin-charge separation effects in the low- temperature transport of 1D Fermi gases. Physical Review B, 99(1), 014305. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.014305

Murciano, S., Ruggiero, P., & Calabrese, P. (2019). Entanglement and relative entropies for low-lying excited states in inhomogeneous one-dimensional quantum systems. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(3), 034001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab00ec

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Scarlatella, O., Fazio, R., & Schiró, M. (2019). Emergent finite frequency criticality of driven-dissipative correlated lattice bosons. Physical Review B, 99(6), 064511. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.064511

Surace, F. M., Russomanno, A., Dalmonte, M., Silva, A., Fazio, R., & Iemini, F. (2019). Floquet time crystals in clock models. Physical Review B, 99(10), 104303. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.104303

Alba, V., Santalla, S. N., Ruggiero, P., Rodriguez-Laguna, J., Calabrese, P., & Sierra, G. (2019). Unusual area-law violation in random inhomogeneous systems. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(2), 023105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab02df

Corva, M., Mohamed, F., Tomsic, E., Rinaldi, M., Cepek, C., Seriani, N., Peressi, M., & Vesselli, E. (2019). Learning from Nature: Charge Transfer and Carbon Dioxide Activation at Single, Biomimetic Fe Sites in Tetrapyrroles on Graphene. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(6), 3916–3922. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11871

Giudici, G., Angelone, A., Magnifico, G., Zeng, Z., Giudice, G., Mendes-Santos, T., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Diagnosing Potts criticality and two-stage melting in one-dimensional hard-core boson models. Physical Review B, 99(9), 094434. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.094434

Rajabpour, A., Seif, R., Arabha, S., Heyhat, M. M., Merabia, S., & Hassanali, A. (2019). Thermal transport at a nanoparticle-water interface: A molecular dynamics and continuum modeling study. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 150(11), 114701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5084234

Nosov, P. A., Khaymovich, I. M., & Kravtsov, V. E. (2019). Correlation-induced localization. Physical Review B, 99(10), 104203. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.104203

Pellegrini, F., Panizon, E., Santoro, G. E., & Tosatti, E. (2019). Thermally assisted lubricity and negative work tails in sliding friction. Physical Review B, 99(7), 075428. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.075428

Gigli, L., Kawai, S., Guerra, R., Manini, N., Pawlak, R., Feng, X., Müllen, K., Ruffieux, P., Fasel, R., Tosatti, E., Meyer, E., & Vanossi, A. (2019). Detachment Dynamics of Graphene Nanoribbons on Gold. ACS Nano, 13(1), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b07894

Goliaei, E. M., & Seriani, N. (2019). Structure and Electronic Properties of Small Silver–Gold Clusters on Titania

Photocatalysts for H 2 O 2 Production: An Investigation with Density Functional Theory. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(5), 2855–2863. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b09300

Kikkawa, J.M., Mele, E., Pinczuk, A, Tosatti, E. and Yodh, A.G. (2019). National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir of Elias Burstein (1917-2017). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/burstein-elias.pdf (Online Access on April 24, 2020).

Santos-Putungan, A. B., Stojić, N., Binggeli, N., & Paraan, F. N. C. (2019). Strong chemisorption of CO 2 on B 10 –

B 13 planar-type clusters. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 31(14), 145504. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361- 648X/aafebd

Pham, V. D., Ghosh, S., Joucken, F., Pelaez-Fernandez, M., Repain, V., Chacon, C., Bellec, A., Girard, Y., Sporken, R., Rousset, S., Dappe, Y. J., Narasimhan, S., & Lagoute, J. (2019). Selective control of molecule charge state on graphene using tip-induced electric field and nitrogen doping. Npj 2D Materials and Applications, 3(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-019-0087-5

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Feigel’man, M. V., & Kravtsov, V. E. (2019). Electron-phonon cooling power in Anderson insulators. Physical Review B, 99(12), 125415. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.125415

Naden Robinson, V., Zong, H., Ackland, G. J., Woolman, G., & Hermann, A. (2019). On the chain-melted phase of matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(21), 10297–10302. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900985116

Žnidarič, M. (2019). Nonequilibrium steady-state Kubo formula: Equality of transport coefficients. Physical Review B, 99(3), 035143. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.035143

Tonielli, F., Fazio, R., Diehl, S., & Marino, J. (2019). Orthogonality Catastrophe in Dissipative Quantum Many- Body Systems. Physical Review Letters, 122(4), 040604. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.040604

Barbarino, S., Fazio, R., Vedral, V., & Gefen, Y. (2019). Engineering statistical transmutation of identical quantum particles. Physical Review B, 99(4), 045430. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.045430

Biswas, S., Errea, I., Calandra, M., Mauri, F., & Scandolo, S. (2019). Ab initio study of the LiH phase diagram at extreme pressures and temperatures. Physical Review B, 99(2), 024108. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.024108

Scandolo, S. (2019). Machine learning provides realistic model of complex phase transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(21), 10204–10205. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905457116

Imam, M., Stojić, N., & Binggeli, N. (2019). Mechanism for Reversible Electrical Switching of Spin Polarization in Co / Pb Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 / La 0.7 Sr 0.3 Mn O 3 Tunnel Junctions. Physical Review Applied, 11(1), 014028. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.014028

De Tomasi, G., Amini, M., Bera, S., Khaymovich, I. M., & Kravtsov, V. E. (2019). Survival probability in Generalized Rosenzweig-Porter random matrix ensemble. SciPost Physics, 6(1), 014. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.1.014

Ulman, K., Poli, E., Seriani, N., Piccinin, S., & Gebauer, R. (2019). Understanding the electrochemical double layer at the hematite/water interface: A first principles molecular dynamics study. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 150(4), 041707. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047930

Poli, E., Elliott, J. D., Chulkov, S. K., Watkins, M. B., & Teobaldi, G. (2019). The Role of Cation-Vacancies for the Electronic and Optical Properties of Aluminosilicate Imogolite Nanotubes: A Non-local, Linear-Response TDDFT Study. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 210. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00210

Poli, E., Jong, K. H., & Hassanali, A. (2020). Charge Transfer as a Ubiquitous Mechanism in Determining the Negative Charge at Hydrophobic Interfaces. Nature Communications, 11(1), 901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14659-5

Cheipesh, Y., Pavlov, A. I., Scopelliti, V., Tworzydlo, J., & Gnezdilov, N. V. (2019). Planckian superconductor. Physical Review B, 100(22), 220506. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.220506

Japaridze, G. I., & Nersesyan, A. A. (2019). Ground-state phases and quantum criticality of a one-dimensional Peierls model with spin-dependent sign-alternating potentials. Physical Review B, 99(3), 035134. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.035134

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Bhamu, K. C., Haque, E., Praveen, C. S., Kumar, N., Yumnam, G., Hossain, M. A., & Sharma, G. (2020). Improving the Optical and Thermoelectric Properties of Cs2InAgCl6 with Substitutional Doping: A DFT Insight. ArXiv:2001.07337 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.07337 In Press Santos-Putungan, A. B., Stojić, N., Binggeli, N., & Paraan, F. N. C. (2020). Selective capture of CO2 over N2 and CH4: B clusters and their size effects. Materials Today Communications, 22, 100712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100712

Mendes-Santos, T., Giudici, G., Fazio, R., & Dalmonte, M. (2020). Measuring von Neumann entanglement entropies without wave functions. New Journal of Physics, 22(1), 013044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367- 2630/ab6875

Capponi, S., Fromholz, P., Lecheminant, P., & Totsuka, K. (2019). Symmetry-protected topological phases in two-leg SU(N) spin ladder with unequal spins. ArXiv:1909.13553 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.13553 To appear in Physical Review B

Fromholz, P., Magnifico, G., Vitale, V., Mendes-Santos, T., & Dalmonte, M. (2020). Entanglement topological invariants for one-dimensional topological superconductors. Physical Review B, 101(8), 085136. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.085136

Naden Robinson, V., & Hermann, A. (2020). Plastic and superionic phases in ammonia-water mixtures at high pressures and temperatures. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab68f7

Panda, R. K., Scardicchio, A., Schulz, M., Taylor, S. R., & Žnidarič, M. (2020). Can we study the many-body localisation transition? EPL (Europhysics Letters), 128(6), 67003. https://doi.org/10.1209/0295- 5075/128/67003

Protopopov, I. V., Panda, R. K., Parolini, T., Scardicchio, A., Demler, E., & Abanin, D. A. (2020). Non-Abelian symmetries and disorder: A broad non-ergodic regime and anomalous thermalization. Physical Review X, 10(1), 011025. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.011025

De Tomasi, G., Bera, S., Scardicchio, A., & Khaymovich, I. M. (2020). Sub-diffusion in the Anderson model on random regular graph. Physical Review B, 101(10), 100201. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.100201 Submitted Angelone, A., Ying, T., Mezzacapo, F., Masella, G., Dalmonte, M., & Pupillo, G. (2019). Non-equilibrium scenarios in cluster-forming quantum lattice models. ArXiv:1606.04267 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04267 submitted to Physical Review B

Ansari, N.; Onat, B.; Sosso, G.C.; Hassanali, A. Collective and Long-Range Nature of Density Fluctuations in Supercooled Water Using the Voids Network submitted, 2019.

Rafieiolhosseini, N.; Ansari, N.; Ejtehadi, A.; Hassanali, A. Hydrophobic and Electrostatic Interactions Drive the Binding of Amyloid-Beta 16-23 to the Silica Surface ready for submission, 2019.

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Cogollo-Olivo, B. H., Biswas, S., Scandolo, S., & Montoya, J. A. (2020). {\it Ab initio} determination of the phase diagram of CO$_2$ at high pressures and temperatures. Physical Review Letters, 124(9), 095701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.095701

Murciano, S., Di Giulio, G., & Calabrese, P. (2020). Symmetry resolved entanglement in gapped integrable systems: A corner transfer matrix approach. SciPost Physics, 8(3), 046. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.8.3.046

Zhang, J., & Calabrese, P. (2020). Subsystem distance after a local operator quench. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2020(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2020)056

Turkeshi, X., Ruggiero, P., & Calabrese, P. (2020). Negativity Spectrum in the Random Singlet Phase. Physical Review B, 101(6), 064207. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.064207

Ruggiero, P., Calabrese, P., Doyon, B., & Dubail, J. (2020). Quantum Generalized Hydrodynamics. Physical Review Letters, 124(14), 140603. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.140603

Falciani, G., Franklin, R., Cagna, A., Sen, I., Hassanali, A., & Chiavazzo, E. (2020). A multi-scale perspective of gas transport through soap-film membranes. Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, 10.1039.C9ME00186G. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9ME00186G

Ghosh, S., Stojić, N., & Binggeli, N. (2020). Comment on “Magnetic skyrmions in atomic thin CrI3 monolayer” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 , 232402 (2019)]. Applied Physics Letters, 116(8), 086101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128277

Panighel, M.; Di Santo, M.; Caputo, M.; Fanetti, M.; Castellarin-Cudia, C.; Magnano, E.; Bondino, F.; Stojic, N.; Binggeli, N.; Goldoni, A. (2019). Designing nanoscale magnetic materials by selected supramolecular metallo- porphyrin arrays. Materialia.

Ghosh, S., Mammen, N., & Narasimhan, S. (2020). Support work function as a descriptor and predictor for the charge and morphology of deposited Au nanoparticles. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 152(14), 144704. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143642

Manzano, G., Giorgi, G.-L., Fazio, R., & Zambrini, R. (2019). Boosting the performance of small autonomous refrigerators via common environmental effects. New Journal of Physics, 21(12), 123026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab5c58

Mendes-Santos, T., Mondaini, R., Paiva, T., & Santos, R. R. dos. (2019). A kaleidoscope of phases in the dipolar Hubbard model. ArXiv:1903.00721 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00721

Moorsom, T., Alghamdi, S., Stansill, S., Poli, E., Teobaldi, G., Beg, M., Fangohr, H., Rogers, M., Aslam, Z., Ali, M., Hickey, B. J., & Cespedes, O. (2020). A nano-carbon route to rare earth free permanent magnetism. Physical Review B, 101(6), 060408. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.060408 d’Errico, M., Facco, E., Laio, A., & Rodriguez, A. (2018). Automatic topography of high-dimensional data sets by non-parametric Density Peak clustering. ArXiv:1802.10549 [Cs, Stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10549 submitted to Scientific Reports

Yong Wang, Junjie Wang, Andreas Hermann, Cong Liu, Hao Gao, Erio Tosatti, Dingyu Xing, and Jian Sun Partial melting state with 1D cooperative diffusion emerged from simple cubic calcium submitted to Science Advances

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In Preparation/Under Review Surace, F. M., Mazza, P. P., Giudici, G., Lerose, A., Gambassi, A., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Lattice gauge theories and string dynamics in Rydberg atom quantum simulators. ArXiv:1902.09551 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Hep-Lat, Physics:Quant-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09551

Magnifico, G., Dalmonte, M., Facchi, P., Pascazio, S., Pepe, F. V., & Ercolessi, E. (2019). Real Time Dynamics and Confinement in the $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$ Schwinger-Weyl lattice model for 1+1 QED. ArXiv:1909.04821 [Cond- Mat, Physics:Hep-Lat, Physics:Hep-Th, Physics:Quant-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.04821

Turkeshi, X., & Dalmonte, M. (2020). Parent Hamiltonian Reconstruction of Jastrow-Gutzwiller Wavefunctions. SciPost Physics, 8(3), 042. https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.8.3.042

Bañuls, M. C., Blatt, R., Catani, J., Celi, A., Cirac, J. I., Dalmonte, M., Fallani, L., Jansen, K., Lewenstein, M., Montangero, S., Muschik, C. A., Reznik, B., Rico, E., Tagliacozzo, L., Van Acoleyen, K., Verstraete, F., Wiese, U.-J., Wingate, M., Zakrzewski, J., & Zoller, P. (2019). Simulating Lattice Gauge Theories within Quantum Technologies. ArXiv:1911.00003 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Hep-Lat, Physics:Hep-Th, Physics:Quant-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.00003

Giudici, G., Surace, F. M., Ebot, J. E., Scardicchio, A., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Breakdown of ergodicity in disordered U(1) lattice gauge theories. ArXiv:1912.09403 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.09403

Russomanno, A., Notarnicola, S., Surace, F. M., Fazio, R., Dalmonte, M., & Heyl, M. (2020). Homogeneous Floquet time crystal protected by gauge invariance. Physical Review Research, 2(1), 012003. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.012003

De Filippis, G., de Candia, A., Cangemi, L. M., Sassetti, M., Fazio, R., & Cataudella, V. (2020). Quantum Phase Transitions in the Spin-Boson model: MonteCarlo Method vs Variational Approach a la Feynman. ArXiv:1912.13448 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13448

Passarelli, G., Cataudella, V., Fazio, R., & Lucignano, P. (2020). Counterdiabatic driving in the quantum annealing of the p -spin model: A variational approach. Physical Review Research, 2(1), 013283. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.013283

Es’haqi-Sani, N., Manzano, G., Zambrini, R., & Fazio, R. (2020). Synchronization along quantum trajectories. ArXiv:1910.03325 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Quant-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03325

Mbeng, G. B., Fazio, R., & Santoro, G. E. (2019). Optimal quantum control with digitized Quantum Annealing. ArXiv:1911.12259 [Quant-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12259

Kumar, N., Seriani, N., & Gebauer, R. (2020). DFT Insights into Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction to Methanol on

α -Fe 2 O 3 (0001) Surfaces. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 10.1039.C9CP06453B. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP06453B

Stephens, A. D., …, Gebauer, R. et al. (2020). Intrinsic fluorescence in non-aromatic peptide structures is induced by collective vibrations, charge reorganisation and short hydrogen bonds, as shown in a new glutamine-related structure [Preprint]. Biophysics. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.22.915306

I. Ahamed, N. Seriani, R. Gebauer, A. Kashyap

Charge re-distribution at the interface in heterostructures of ε-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3

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Taylor, S. R., Schulz, M., Pollmann, F., & Moessner, R. (2019). Experimental probes of Stark many-body localization. ArXiv:1910.01154 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01154

Taylor, S.R.; Hooley C.A. Fidelity plateaux from correlated noise in isolated few-level quantum systems. Phys. Rev. A

Schulz, M., Hooley, C. A., Moessner, R., & Pollmann, F. (2019). Stark Many-Body Localization. Physical Review Letters, 122(4), 040606. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.040606

Fava, M., Fazio, R., & Russomanno, A. (2020). Many-body dynamical localization in the kicked Bose-Hubbard chain. Physical Review B, 101(6), 064302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.064302

Notarnicola, S., Silva, A., Fazio, R., & Russomanno, A. (2020). Slow heating in a quantum coupled kicked rotors system. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2020(2), 024008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab6de4

Russomanno, A., Notarnicola, S., Surace, F. M., Fazio, R., Dalmonte, M., & Heyl, M. (2020). Homogeneous Floquet time crystal protected by gauge invariance. Physical Review Research, 2(1), 012003. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.012003

Arceci, L., Kohn, L., Russomanno, A., & Santoro, G. E. (2020). Dissipation assisted Thouless pumping in the Rice- Mele model. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2020(4), 043101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab7a25 Highlighted Publications Turkeshi, X., Mendes-Santos, T., Giudici, G., & Dalmonte, M. (2019). Entanglement-Guided Search for Parent Hamiltonians. Physical Review Letters, 122(15), 150606. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.150606

Angeli, M., Tosatti, E., & Fabrizio, M. (2019). Valley Jahn-Teller Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. Physical Review X, 9(4), 041010. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041010

Poli, E., Jong, K. H., & Hassanali, A. (2020). Charge Transfer as a Ubiquitous Mechanism in Determining the Negative Charge at Hydrophobic Interfaces. Nature Communications, 11(1), 901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14659-5

Corva, M., Mohamed, F., Tomsic, E., Rinaldi, M., Cepek, C., Seriani, N., Peressi, M., & Vesselli, E. (2019). Learning from Nature: Charge Transfer and Carbon Dioxide Activation at Single, Biomimetic Fe Sites in Tetrapyrroles on Graphene. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(6), 3916–3922. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11871

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Mathematics (MATH) Life at the Mathematics section has become more active than ever in 2019. Postdocs and Associates have been involved in everyday activities such as inviting visitors and planning seminars. The result being, an increase not only in quantity but, more importantly, a renewed focus on our scientists’ research areas.

Our postdoc group, made up of 6 young mathematicians per academic year (4 of which are female), has become key in the scientific planning of our activities. For example, two bi-weekly “working groups”, one on Algebraic Geometry and the other in Kahler Geometry, have been organised by Alejandra Rincon Hidalgo and Zakarias Jon Sjöstrom Dyrefelt, in collaboration with postdocs and PhD students from SISSA and the University of Trieste.

Members of the Mathematics section remain extremely active both in their personal research and in joint projects with mathematicians from developing countries.

While continuing the main research themes, a significant effort has been placed into opening new research themes in collaboration with members of other sections, specifically with High Energy and Cosmology. A few highlights of these efforts are the research schools on “Geometry and Gravity” as well as “Gauge Theories and Differential Invariants”. As well as the long visits of our Distinguished Staff Associate Prof. Don Zagier, and the bearing of Prof. Pavel Putrov, a joint HECAP/MATH faculty member.

We believe the new joint ICTP/SISSA Institute for Geometry and Physics (IGAP) can play a significant role in further developing these hybrid research lines, once the administrative and governing issues are clarified. We hope IGAP can become a strong boost in terms of both activities and fundraising.

In terms of general outreach, we have concentrated our efforts into:

• Viet Nam. Following up on last year’s visit of Prof. Ngo Bau Chau to Trieste, Prof. Claudio Arezzo has visited the Vietnamese Institute for Advanced Studies in Mathematics as well as the newly established Category 2 UNESCO Institute for Mathematics in Hanoi. An MoU between these institutions to tighten collaboration and to partner on various projects has been drafted and will be finalized soon. • China. A similar programme co-funded with a network of Chinese Scientific Institutions, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing University, the Beijing Institute for Research in Mathematics and Hefei's USTC, is undergoing final review. • Rwanda. Significant efforts, in collaboration with Rwandese political and scientific institutions, are being invested to open Mathematics activities at the ICTP Partner Institute in Kigali to join the already established Physics activities. Negotiations seem to be positively oriented. Instrumental for this project is our partnership with EAUMP, which has resulted in the ICTP/EAUMP 2019 “School on Algebraic Topology and its Applications” in Kampala, Uganda. Activities such as this one are coordinated by Prof. Fernando Villegas. • Pakistan. Prof. Stefano Luzzatto has been coordinating a team of international lecturers to teach a half dozen 1-month Master courses at the COMSATS University in Lahore. Local faculty have completely redesigned the local Master Program and an MoU between our two institutions has been signed. Significant financial funding from Pakistan has been granted to support students and faculty in this new-born scheme for 3 years, while the Lahore COMSATS University has been declared an ICTP Affiliated Centre for the duration of this agreement.

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Our outreach efforts are also reflected in our growing numbers (and geographical distribution) of visitors and associates.

Gender balance at the Mathematics section is another key area we are active in. We have co-organised two high quality schools, one with all-women Directors the other all-women Directors & Lecturers. The topics covered were “Algebraic Geometry” and “Deformation Theory”. Prof. Carolina Araujo (IMPA) stayed with us for 3 months during which we hosted the IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics Meeting, discussing future interactions to support women in mathematics in developing countries. The Mathematics section is also searching for a strong female mathematician to be hired.

We have a new edition of the “research in pairs” program with INDAM via the University of Trieste node. This program is inspired by the original program at Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics (MFO) in Germany. A small number of groups or individuals from developing countries are selected to visit an Italian institution to work on a collaborative project. The costs are shared equally by INDAM and ICTP. The applications are typically strong and the budget (both of ICTP and INDAM) has doubled in 2019 allowing deeper interactions between the selected scientists. We feel the program plays an important role not quite covered by existing ICTP programs in Mathematics.

We continue to co-organise the Campionato Matematico del Mediterraneo taking place every summer. This activity is a joint venture of INDAM, MIUR and ICTP and brings to Rome or ICTP teams of two boys and two girls (plus a chaperon) for a Mathematics competition. All 22 countries of the Mediterranean are invited to participate. ICTP helps finance the participation of countries in Africa and the Middle East.

We continue to run the selection and award of the Ramanujan Prize for a mathematician under the age of 45 from a developing country through an agreement with IMU, and DST from India. Great effort has been placed to renew the agreement with our partners to guarantee the Prize for the next 5 years. The 2019 Prize has been awarded to Prof. Hoàng Hiệp Phạm of the Institute of Mathematics, Hanoi, Viet Nam.

A major improvement on the administrative side of our section has been attained with the opening and the selection of the Section Secretary, settling a long-standing problem. Dr. Koutou Mabilo has been selected for the post.

Finally, we wish to point out our great fortune to have wonderful secretaries Koutou Mabilo (full time), Margherita Di Giovannantonio (part time, since August) and Monica Ancuta (part time, up to August) without whom none of the above would have been possible. Staff Professional Staff (6) AREZZO, Claudio (Italy) CARNEIRO, Emanuel (Brazil) GÖTTSCHE, Lothar (Germany) LUZZATTO, Stefano (Italy) PUTROV, Pavel (Russia) RODRIGUEZ VILLEGAS, Fernando (Argentina) Distinguished Staff Associate (1) ZAGIER, Don B. (U.S.A.) Scientific Consultants (4) ARAUJO, Carolina (Brazil)

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BELLETTINI, Giovanni (Italy) PAPPALARDI, Francesco (Italy) SOFER, Adriana (U.S.A.) Postdoctoral Fellows (6) ABDELGADIR, Tarig (Sudan) CANTORAL-FARFÀN, Victoria (Mexico) CORRALES ESCALONA Karen (Chile) RINCÓN HIDALGO, Alejandra (Colombia) SIMONELLI, Lucia Dora (U.S.A.) SJÖSTRÖM DYREFELT, Zakarias Jon (Sweden) ICTP/SISSA Joint PhD Programme (8) AFGANI, Rizal (Indonesia) ELSHORBAGY, Alaa (Egypt) MONTOYA CATANO, William Daniel (Colombia) ARANHA, Dhyan (U.S.A.) BLESSING BISOLA, Oni (Nigeria) JI RI, Song (Korea) SAMREENA, Samreen (Pakistan) WILLIAMS, Runako Abdalla (Bahamas) Math Research Fellows (9) YAZICI, Esen Aksoy (Turkey) GOLMAKANI, Ali (Iran) JUYUMAYA, Jesús Rojas (Chile) KOUDJINAN, Comlan Edmond (Benin) KURUJYIBWAMI, Celestin (Rwanda) MANSOUR, Zeinab Sayed Ibrahim (Egypt) OLIVEIRA, Lucas da Silva (Brazil) PICON, Tiago Henrique (Brazil) NOZAD, Azizeh (Iran) Long-Term Visiting Scientists (3) NGUYEN, Anh Hung (Viet Nam) GONZALEZ RIQUELME, Cristian Andres (Chile) QUESADA HERRERA, Oscar Emilio (Costa Rica) Visitors There was a total of 103 visitors (20 female and 83 male) to the section in 2019 from 38 countries (Argentina, Bahamas, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Gabon, Germany, Honduras, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea (DPRK), Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, U.K., Ukraine, U.S.A., Viet Nam). Activities Course Don B. Zagier: Special Lecture series on “Rogers-Ramanujan identities and the icosahedron” Nov/Dec 2019

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Seminars (over 78) Kahler Meetings (5) Basic Notions Seminars (3) • A survey of volume inequalities, by Jeffrey Vaaler, University of Texas at Austin • Fractal Dimensions in Nature and Mathematics, by Stefano Luzzatto, ICTP • Some classical invariants of links and their higher-dimensional analogues, by Pavel Putrov, ICTP Activities Held at ICTP (5) Trieste Algebraic Geometry Summer School (TAGSS) 2019 Algebraic Geometry towards Applications (SMR 3306) 1 Jul 2019 - 5 Jul 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8695/ Organiser(s): Valentina Beorchia (Università di Trieste), Ada Boralevi (Politecnico di Torino), Barbara Fantechi (SISSA) Local Organiser: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas Cosponsor(s): European Mathematical Society (EMS), International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Politecnico di Torino, Università degli Studi di Trieste - Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Foundation Compositio Mathematica

Geometry, Mathematics, High Energy Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics ICTP School on Geometry and Gravity (SMR 3311) 15 Jul 2019 - 26 Jul 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8700/ Organiser(s): Lorenzo Mazzieri (Università di Trento, Italy), Richard Schoen (University of California Irvine, U.S.A.), Robert Wald (University of Chicago, U.S.A.) Local Organisers: Claudio Arezzo, Paolo Creminelli Cosponsor(s): Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)

School and Workshop on Mixing and Control (SMR 3324) 16 Sep 2019 - 20 Sep 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8720/ Organiser(s): A. Agrachev (SISSA, Trieste), A. Bufetov (Marseille and Steklov Institute), T. Grava (SISSA & Bristol), A. Guionnet (ENS, Lyon), S. Kuksin (Paris & Shandong University), Local Organiser: Stefano Luzzatto Cosponsor(s): SISSA, NSF

School and Workshop on Random Matrix Theory and Point Processes (SMR 3382) 23 Sep 2019 - 27 Sep 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8900/ Organiser(s): A. Agrachev (SISSA, Trieste), A. Bufetov (Marseille and Steklov Institute), T. Grava (SISSA, Trieste), A. Guionnet (ENS, Lyon), S. Kuksin (Paris & Shandong University), Local Organiser: Stefano Luzzatto Cosponsor(s): SISSA, NSF

School and Workshop on Gauge Theories and Differential Invariants (SMR 3326) 30 Sep 2019 - 11 Oct 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8723/

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Organiser(s): Giulio Bonelli (SISSA), Hiraku Nakajima (RIMS Kyoto, University of Tokyo, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), Marcos Marino (University of Geneva), Alessandro Tanzini (SISSA), George Thompson (ICTP) Local Organiser: Lothar Goettsche Cosponsor(s): Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) Activities Held Outside ICTP (4) 1st Latin American School in Applied Mathematics (SMR 3301) 17 Jun 2019 - 28 Jun 2019, Quito - Ecuador http://indico.ictp.it/event/8691/ Organiser(s): Marco Calahorrano (EPN), Matias G. Delgadino (Imperial College), Dennis C. Ramirez (USFQ), Lucia Simonelli (ICTP) ICTP Scientific Contact: Claudio Arezzo Cosponsor(s): Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Universidad San Francisco de Quito Campus Cumbaya

EAUMP - ICTP Summer School on Algebraic Topology and its Applications (SMR 3310) 15 Jul 2019 - 30 Jul 2019, Kampala - Uganda http://indico.ictp.it/event/8699/ Organiser(s): Leif Abrahamson (University of Uppsala, Sweden), Bengt-Ove Turesson (Linkoping University, Sweden), Balazs Szendroi (University of Oxford, U.K.), Fernando Rodriguez Villegas (ICTP, Italy), Patrick Weke (University of Nairobi, Kenya) Cosponsor(s): Upssala University, CIMPA, African Mathematics Millennium Science Initiative, LMS, Foundation Compositio Mathematica, EAUMP, Sweden Sverige, Linköping University, German Academic Exchange Service, Makerere University, Maplesoft

Mediterranean Youth Mathematical Championship (MYMC 2019) 17 July - 20 July 2019, Naples - Italy http://www.mymc.it/2019/mymc-2019.html Organised by: MIUR - Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e della Ricerca, INdAM - Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica, UMI - Unione Matematica Italiana, ICTP - Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, UNINT- Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma, PLS - Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Accademia Pontaniana, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”. Co-sponsors: INdAM, MIUR, UNINT, Unione Matematica Italiana, PLS, Roma Tre, Università Napoli Federico II, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Sapienza, Tor Vergata, Banco di Napoli, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Orientale”, Università degli Studi Parthenope

School on Smooth and Homogeneous Dynamics (SMR 3271) 23 Sep 2019 - 4 Oct 2019, Bangalore - India http://indico.ictp.it/event/8647/ Organiser(s): Marcelo Viana (IMPA), Anish Ghosh (TIFR), Stefano Luzzatto (ICTP) Cosponsor(s): ICTS, IMPA Co-Sponsored Activities African Mathematics Millennium Science Initiative Banco di Napoli CIMPA (Centre International de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées)

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EMS (European Mathematical Society) EAUMP (Eastern Africa Universities Mathematics Programme) Escuela Politécnica Nacional Foundation Compositio Mathematica German Academic Exchange Service ICTS Bangalore (International Centre for Theoretical Sciences) IMPA (Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada) INdAM (Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica “Fabio Severi”) INFN (Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics) Linköping University LMS (London Mathematical Society) Makerere University Maplesoft MIUR (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) NSF (National Science Foundation) PLS (Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche) Politecnico di Torino SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies) Sweden Sverige Universidad San Francisco de Quito Campus Cumbaya Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa Università degli Studi di Napoli “Orientale” Università degli Studi Parthenope UNINT (Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma) Università Napoli Federico II Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Unione Matematica Italiana Università Roma Tre Università La Sapienza (Roma) Università Tor Vergata (Roma) Università di Trieste Uppsala Universitet Publications Published (4) Carneiro, E., Oliveira e Silva, D., & Sousa, M. (2019). Sharp mixed norm spherical restriction. Advances in Mathematics, 341, 583–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2018.10.043

Göttsche, L., & Yuan, Y. (2019). Generating functions for 퐾-theoretic Donaldson invariants and Le Potier’s strange duality. Journal of Algebraic Geometry, 28(1), 43–98. https://doi.org/10.1090/jag/703

Luzzatto, S., Tureli, S., & War, K. (2019). Integrability of continuous bundles, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 2019(752), 229-264. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2016-0049

Radchenko, D., & Villegas, F. R. (2020). Independence Polynomials and Hypergeometric Series. ArXiv:1908.11231 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11231

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In press (2) Arezzo, C., & Della Vedova, A. (2018). Big and nef classes, Futaki Invariant and resolutions of cubic threefolds. ArXiv:1810.08592 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08592. In Chen, J., Lu, P., Lu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (Eds.). (2020). Geometric Analysis: In Honor of Gang Tian’s 60th Birthday. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 030-34953-0

Carneiro, E., Silva, D. O. e, Sousa, M., & Stovall, B. (2018). Extremizers for adjoint Fourier restriction on hyperboloids: The higher dimensional case. ArXiv:1809.05698 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05698 to appear in Indiana University Mathematics Journal. Submitted (4) Arezzo, C., Della Vedova, A., & Mazzieri, L. (2018). K-stability, Futaki invariants and cscK metrics on orbifold resolutions. ArXiv:1808.08420 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.08420

Göttsche, L., & Kool, M. (2020). Virtual refinements of the Vafa-Witten formula. ArXiv:1703.07196 [Hep-Th]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-020-03748-7

Gukov, S., Pei, D., & Putrov, P. (2019). Trialities of minimally supersymmetric 2d gauge theories. ArXiv:1910.13455 [Hep-Th, Physics:Math-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13455

Abdelgadir, T., Mellit, A., & Rodriguez-Villegas, F. (2019). The Tutte polynomial and toric Nakajima quiver varieties. ArXiv:1910.01633 [Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01633

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Earth System Physics (ESP) The ESP section conducts research and organises educational and outreach activities in fluid (atmosphere and ocean) and solid Earth Sciences. The section’s main research lines are: Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC), Natural Climate Variability and Predictability (NCVP), Climate Impacts (CI), Aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AACC), Oceanography (OCE) and Solid Earth Geophysics (SEG). The ESP section currently includes 7 research staff members (F. Giorgi, F. Kucharski, K. Aoudia, A. Tompkins, E. Coppola, R. Farneti, and A. Pozzer), one software engineer (PA, G. Giuliani), one consultant (C. Solidoro from OGS), three staff associates (J. Shukla, I.-S. Kang and F. Molteni) and an additional 25-30 members on term contracts (post-doctoral fellows and long term scientific visitors).

Specifically, Andrea Pozzer started in September 2019 to cover the area of atmospheric chemistry and chemistry-climate interactions. This research line will complement and integrate the climatic studies already present in the group, by investigating the feedback between atmospheric tracers and dynamics. In addition, a special focus is on air pollution and its consequence for human health. The main tools used in this line are numerical atmospheric chemistry models, with particular attention to the regional climate model RegCM. At the time being, the chemistry code in RegCM is under revision and further development is under way for an enhancement in its flexibility and increase in its capabilities. Since Pozzer only started in late 2019, a report on specific activities will be given in 2021.

As in previous years, external funding is an important component of the ESP budget, with grants from ENEL, Allianz, the European Union (EUCP and a Marie Curie fellowship for Susanna Strada), GENERALI and KAU. S. Henningsen provides the administrative support to the section concerning external grants. Research Lines Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) The ACC research line aims at improving the understanding of anthropogenic climate change. The section investigates the global and regional climate response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the effects of land use modifications. These issues are addressed using a range of modeling tools, the central one being the regional climate modeling system RegCM (currently version RegCM4), which has been developed for over a decade and is maintained for community use. The ESP section also coordinates the Regional Climate Research NETwork, or RegCNET, a network of scientists mostly from developing countries involved in regional climate research, which includes more than 800 participants. Natural Climate Variability and Predictability (NCVP) The NCVP research line focuses on natural climate variability and predictability at temporal scales from intra- seasonal/seasonal to multi-year/multi-decadal. Particular attention is devoted to tropical variability phenomena, such as the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the monsoon systems, and how they interact with extratropical variability and flow regimes (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation, or NAO). To study climate variability and predictability, the section utilizes a range of modeling and observational tools and products (e.g. the SPEEDY intermediate complexity global model and ECHAM5 global climate model). Activities in this area also focus on physical process studies, such as for clouds and tropical convection. Climate Impacts (CI) The CI research line investigates the effects of climate variability and anthropogenic climate change on human activities and natural ecosystems. In particular, a focus is on human health, agricultural productivity, water

Research | 63 resources and forest response. The issue of climate impacts is addressed via the use of different impact models: the hydrological model CHYM, the crop model GLAM, the malaria model VECTRI and the forest model FOREST-SAGE. These impact models take as input climate information and can be used for a wide variety of applications and regional settings, from studies of disease outbursts to the investigation of the hydrological effects of long-term climate change. They are also made available for use by the outside scientific community. Aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AACC) The AACC research line investigates the interactions between atmospheric chemistry/aerosols, air quality and climate, including pollutants of both anthropogenic and natural sources. This is accomplished through the development and use of coupled climate/aerosol/chemistry models, with particular emphasis on the regional scale. This research line also aims at a better understanding of the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles and how they are affected by, and influence, global and regional environmental changes. Oceanography (OCE) The OCE research line is devoted to understanding the role played by the ocean in the mechanisms behind natural variability and predictability of the climate system at interannual, decadal and centennial time scales, and how this might change under future climate conditions. To carry out its research, OCE uses theory, a hierarchy of physical ocean models at both global and regional scales, along with their coupling with global and regional atmospheric models. Research interests span a wide range of topics, from the low frequency variability of the global meridional overturning circulation, to the energy transport in the climate system, tropical-extratropical interactions, and regional ocean studies. In collaboration with C. Solidoro of OGS (consultant), this line also carries out research on marine biogeochemistry modelling. Solid Earth Geophysics (SEG) The SEG research line investigates the way earthquake faults develop in time and how the Earth’s interior deforms. It relies on geophysical methods blending space geodesy, seismology, and tectonics, tied through realistic physical numerical modelling using High Performance Computing. This contributes to the physical understanding of the length and time scales of active deformation processes and to a more realistic assessment of earthquake hazards. Specifically, topics addressed in the section include mechanics of earthquakes and faulting; structure and rheology of the lithosphere in active earthquake and volcanic regions; physics of transient deformation; active tectonics and earthquake hazard. Specific Research Activities during 2019 Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC; Giorgi, Coppola, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors) Regional climate modelling (Giorgi, Coppola, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors) During 2019 the development of a full non-hydrostatic version of the ESP regional climate model RegCM4 (or RegCM4-NH) was completed and tested over different domains at convection-permitting resolutions (1-3 km): the Alpine region, southeast and central east Europe, central Africa and areas of the continental U.S. The model appears to function well in these different regional settings, and it is therefore being used within the context of various international projects such as the EU-sponsored EUCP and the international CORDEX pilot study on convection permitting modelling. Further development and testing continued also for the coupled Earth system version of the model, RegCM-ES, which includes atmosphere, ocean, hydrology, and chemistry/aerosol components. In particular, the testing focused on its new coupling with the BFM marine biogeochemistry model (as part of a collaboration with OGS).

The most important model development, however, has been the implementation in the RegCM system of a new dynamical core from the Italian weather prediction model MOLOCH as part of a collaboration with CNR.

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This dynamical core is more efficient and accurate than the one currently used in RegCM4 and will allow the model to be run more extensively in convection-permitting mode, which is the future of regional climate modelling. This model version will constitute the basis for the next generation RegCM model version, RegCM5, which is planned to be released in 2020 or 2021. Applications, including the international CORDEX program (Coppola, Giorgi, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors) Continuing activities of previous years, in 2019 the RegCM system was used within the framework of two major international programs. The first is the CORDEX-CORE initiative, which consists of the production of a set of 21st century climate projections at 25 km resolution over 10 domains covering most land areas of the world under a high end (RCP8.5) and a low end (RCP2.6) greenhouse gas concentration scenario. This major effort is being conducted in collaboration with institutes in the U.S.A., China, India, Africa, South-east Asia, South America, and Central America. During 2019 a major effort was conducted to complete the full set of CORDEX- CORE scenarios, make the data available to users and write the first papers documenting this effort. The production of such dataset is unprecedented within the regional climate modelling research area and will provide an invaluable resource for application to impact, adaptation and vulnerability studies. It is expected that results from these runs will be incorporated in the upcoming IPCC report and will be used by a wide research community, leading to an extensive scientific literature. An example of output from the CORDEX-CORE effort is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Tropical cyclone track density in observations (top panel) and CORDEX-CORE RegCM4 simulation (bottom panel) for the present-day period 1996-2015. Units are the number of tropical cyclone days. (From, Torres Alavez et al., Submitted).

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The second major area of model application is convection permitting modelling. Within this context ESP staff have a leading role in two major international projects, a CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study on high resolution modelling over the greater Alpine region (Coppola) and the EU project EUCP (Giorgi), in which the model is being applied in different regions of Europe as well as the Caribbean region. Experiments are also being conducted over the Lake Victoria region and some areas of the continental North America.

Both the CORDEX-CORE and the convection-permitting simulations require massive computational resources, which are being provided through an agreement with the CINECA supercomputing centre. Another problem posed by these experiments is the production of very large datasets, which have reached the size of two petabytes. This is currently being stored at CINECA, but the storage and management of these large datasets is an issue which needs to be soon addressed. Natural climate variability and predictability (NCVP; Kucharski, Farneti, Tompkins + post-docs and visitors) Interannual to decadal variability of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. (Kucharski, Farneti, Molteni, Kang collaborators) The main research and development activity in 2019 was the investigation of the Atlantic influence on the climate of the Middle East (Ehsan et al., in press). Using observational data as well as simulations with the ICTP General Circulation Model (ICTPGCM) and idealized CMIP6 pacemaker experiments, it has been shown that interannual as well as decadal variations in the Middle East have a strong teleconnection to the Atlantic region. In particular, the Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on summer temperature in the Arabian Peninsula at all time scales. The mechanism is through a wave propagation with a low pressure in the Northern African region and a high pressure over South Asia (Figure 4). This leads to the advection of moist air into the Arabian Peninsula, and consequently, to positive water vapor longwave radiation feedback in the nearly cloud-free areas of the Arabian Peninsula. These results have important implications for temperature extremes predictability in one of the hottest regions in the world.

In another study, the seasonal transition of ENSO response in the Euro-Atlantic region was investigated, finding that in early winter a positive NAO-like response prevails, whereas in late winter a negative NAO-like response becomes dominant. As possible mechanism for this intriguing transition a heating dipole ENSO response in the Indian Ocean was identified. This dipole is strong in early winter and can initiate a wave-train which eventually reaches the North Atlantic region and interferes with the direct ENSO response. On the other hand, in late winter the Indian Ocean heating dipole response to ENSO is weak and not able to trigger a substantial response, and thus the canonical NAO-like direct ENSO response prevails in the Euro-Atlantic region. These observational results were confirmed using the latest ECMWF system, five re-forecasts and idealized ICTPGCM simulations. A follow-up study investigated whether this result identified for the period 1980 to 2015 also holds in the whole 20th century and in CMIP5 simulations.

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Figure 4 a) First EOF of Arabian Peninsula summer surface temperature [K], b) the correlation of the first PC with global SSTs, c) Time series of first PC (red) and an AMO index (blue). (Figure from Ehsan et al., 2020). Clouds and convective processes (Tompkins + collaborators) The very successful 2019 Earth System Physics 2nd annual Summer School on Climate Dynamics focused on the hot topic of convective organization and its potential to alter the assessed strength of climate sensitivity as assessed by global climate models. The event attracted more than 20 of the world’s leading experts on convection to come to ICTP and debate the latest knowledge on this topic, with nearly 80 participants benefiting from the debates and one week of preparatory lectures and hands-on analysis of model output. The group at ICTP has continued this analysis, in various lines of work studying convection organization over interactive oceans in high resolution models, and various observations of rainfall, convection and water vapour in the warm pool region of the Western Pacific to understand if the patterns of sea temperature anomalies are consistent with those expected from an organised state.

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Climate Impacts (CI; Tompkins, Coppola + post-docs and visitors) Climate Impacts on Health (Tompkins + post-docs and visitors) A new project has started in 2019, developing the pilot malaria forecasting system tested in Uganda (Tompkins et al. 2019). The project uses the latest version of VECTRI, with improved surface hydrology derived from Sentinel retrievals, and which now uses a new machine-learning technique for calibration of field survey data for Ethiopia (Tompkins and Thomson, 2018), driven by the latest state-of-the-art season forecasts now available through the Copernicus climate services platform in real time based at project partner ECMWF. The system has been set up at the centre under the ECMWF’s operational software suites. The new seasonal system will be tested in Ethiopia to guide medicine distribution strategy for John Snow Inc in an attempt to reduce stockouts in outbreak situations, while at the same time attempting to minimize losses through over- stocking and subsequent medicine expiration in low transmission situations. Machine learning will also be used to derive optimal strategies given imperfect forecast information. The aim will be to launch the pilot at the ICTP health and climate colloquium that will be run as part of an ICTP workshop at the university of Addis Ababa in November 2020. Climate interactions with hydrology and water resources (Coppola + post-docs and visitors) This activity continued in 2019, partially funded from a project sponsored by the Allianz insurance company, in which the CHYM hydrology model is driven by precipitation data to calculate river discharge, which is in turn fed into the LISFLOOD-ACC hydraulic model to produce flood area maps. The RegCM model driven by the HadGEM GCM was used to produce a 21st century projection over Europe for the RCP 8.5 scenario, and the data were used to drive the hydrological model CHyM for a transient simulation of 130 years (1970-2100) at 1 km resolution over the Italian territory. Projections of river discharge were obtained and, for example, Figure 5 shows the change peak discharge values corresponding to five different returns periods: 2, 10, 20, 50, 100 years. It can be seen that an increase in peak discharge dominates the change signal across the Italian territory, and specifically for all return periods an increase of 50% peak discharge is evident along the Adriatic coasts and the Po basin already by the mid-century, with the changes reaching up to 140% throughout the Italian territory by the end of the century.

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Figure 5 Maximum discharge over the Italian territory for five return periods (top to bottom: 2, 10, 20, 50, 100 years) in the reference period (left column), percentage change for the near future (central column) and the far future (right column). Only the major rivers are shown for each basin.

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Oceanography (Farneti, Solidoro, Reale + associates/visitors) Global Ocean and Coupled Model development (Farneti, Kucharski + associates/visitors) We continued to develop and use an ICTP version of the ocean climate model MOM at two different horizontal resolutions. The coarse resolution version of the model is used in the local ICTP HPC cluster, whereas the fine resolution version runs on the Italian HPC centre CINECA through competitive resource allocations. The global ocean model has been used extensively to explore mechanistic understandings of the ocean climate system, both as part of internationally coordinated activities and as independent research studies often conducted together with students, post-docs and ICTP visiting scientists. Modelling activities have recently focussed on assessing regional and global sea level changes, Atlantic Ocean interannual and decadal variability, mechanisms of Southern Ocean changes and Pacific decadal variability. Interannual to decadal variability (Farneti, Kucharski, + PhD student) OCE has continued to work on several aspects of variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system at interannual, decadal and longer time scales, in collaboration with NCVP activities. As part of a PhD thesis, Graffino et al. (2020) analysed the low-frequency variability of Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs) in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models as well as in reanalysis data sets. CMIP6 models showed little improvement compared to CMIP5 in simulating several key aspects of STC variability. Also, compared to models, ocean reanalyses better reproduce the link between interior mass transport convergence and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. In terms of future projections, Pacific STC are expected to experience opposed hemispheric changes in a warming climate, with the Southern Hemisphere cell strengthening its energy transport. Sea level rise and ocean heat uptake Within the framework of the international project FAFMIP, the group has developed a new framework for studying sea-level and ocean heat uptake in ocean models. The novel technique that separates the heat added, redistributed and the resulting heat uptake within the ocean subject to realistic surface heat and momentum forcing anomalies, has been implemented and is presently being analysed. The experiments will help quantify future sea level rise, patterns of ocean heat uptake and stability of the global ocean circulation. The experiments carried out at ICTP are being reproduced by other modelling groups worldwide. The code development is now part of the open-source MOM repository so that the global ocean modelling community can benefit and further improve the method.

First results, using a multi-model ensemble of ocean models, showed that there is large uncertainty in the future sea level change at regional scales under anthropogenic global warming, and much of the inter-model spread is driven by the response to surface heat flux perturbations, especially in the North Atlantic (Figure 6; Todd et al.,2020, Farneti et al., 2020).

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Figure 6 Change in dynamic sea level. Change in dynamic sea level (m) in the time mean of the last decade of the FAFMIP experiments relative to the control. Note how (c) FAF-ALL and (g) the sum of all single perturbations results in remarkably similar change in dynamic sea level, indicating a linear superposition of anomalies.

Eastern Boundary Upwelling System (EBUS; visitors) Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUSs) are areas of important biological productivity and high fluxes of energy and matter between the atmosphere and ocean. However, their future under intense anthropogenic pressure is uncertain. EBUSs remain poorly represented in climate models (Figure 7), and improved observations and theoretical understanding of the main physical and biogeochemical processes that link planetary and basin scales with regional scales are required in order to model the response and interaction of EBUSs with large-scale forcing.

OCE organised a Summer School on EBUSs in 2019 and is analysing the simulation of EBUSs in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models (Fig. D2, Ssebandeke et al., 2020).

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Figure 7 Multi-year (1985-2004) CMIP6 ensemble mean bias relative to OISST. Black hatches show regions where all models have the same sign of the bias. Every contour is 1k. Note how larger biases tend to be associated with eastern boundary upwelling systems. Marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycles modeling (Solidoro) In 2019 this activity was focused on the impact of climate change in the deep sea and in coastal areas, ecosystem dynamics, and ecosystem capabilities to provide ecosystem services, as well as the analysis of marine pollution (litter and persistent organic pollutant) and the development of new approaches to operational oceanography. In particular, the development of a new bio-optical model, together with the application of new methodologies for data assimilation opened new ways to the use of the recently developed bio-argo sensors for improving both marine biogeochemical models and the understanding of the interplay between relatively short-term vertical processes occurring in the sea versus the relatively long-term horizontal ones. Research was also devoted to the topic of marine plastics, and the assessment of cumulative impact of multiple stressors on marine ecosystems. Solid-Earth Geophysics (SEG; Aoudia + post-docs and visitors) Simultaneous tomography of all periods in surface wave analysis Two-dimensional surface wave travel time tomography is one of the most practical methods to image the lateral variation of phase/group velocity. In practice, local dispersion curves are reconstructed by performing 2- D inversion of travel times for a series of periods separately. Although 2-D inversion is numerically efficient, it does not consider the dependency between periods and thus can lead to a suboptimal phase/group velocity. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose Simultaneous Tomography of all Periods (STP) method. We consider the model parameters as a 3-D volume of dimensions x, y and T, where the first two parameters are related to spatial location of cells and T denotes period. Then a 3-D inversion is performed which inverts all the travel times for the model parameters simultaneously. To render the solution unique and stable we employ the Tikhonov regularization in which a 3-D regularization functional is used to couple the periods together and force smooth behaviour of the parameters in temporal direction as well as spatial direction. Both l2 and l1 norm regularizations are considered. The former is used to generate a flat model by minimizing the squared l2- norm of the model gradient while the latter is used to force the sparsity of the model in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain. The results of numerical experiments using both synthetic and real data show that the proposed STP method using the sparsity regularization performs better than the traditional 2-D tomography method in the sense of retrieving small scale features and also stability against noise.

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Variations of Seismic Anisotropy from Quasi-Love Observations: Application to the Iranian Plateau We investigate the presence of the quasi-Love wave at 51 seismic stations across the western Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. The quantitative presence of the quasi-Love (qL) observations from the April 12, 2014 Solomon Islands earthquake are compared with the predicted presence of the qL phase from previous SKS splitting results. Polarity, timing and period-dependency of the quasi-Love observations are determined. In the stations of the Zagros and Alborz mountain belts the qL observations exhibit opposite characteristics. In the Zagros stations and in contrast to those of the Alborz, there is relatively negligible dependency of the qL presence on the period, while the receiver-scatterer distances are considerably period-dependent. The anisotropic gradients generating qL waves are approximately located. The results indicate that a shallow and abrupt variation in the belt-parallel trend of fast-axis orientations in the westernmost part of Zagros is expected. The anisotropic gradient can be caused by a lithospheric delamination beneath the Zagros. Presence of the anisotropic gradients positioned in the central Iran micro continent suggests that a non-belt parallel pattern of fast-axis directions to the east of the micro continent exists. Spatial distribution of the scatterers matches the areas with higher strain-rates in the Alborz and Kopet Dagh mountain belts, implying that the lithospheric mantle and crust are coupled. Estimation of Geometrical Spreading, Quality Factor and Kappa in the Zagros Region We have investigated the attenuation characteristics of the S-wave of 129 earthquakes recorded by 180 accelerometers in the Zagros region of Iran. A total of 1641 Fourier amplitude spectra were used for a step by step estimation of the high-frequency attenuation, geometrical spreading parameters and the frequency dependence of S-wave quality factor. Two different criteria for isolating the S-wave window were examined in order to assess the effect of window selection on the estimated parameters. For the horizontal and vertical zero-distance, kappa values of 0.043 and 0.033 were obtained, respectively. The S-wave window selection method does not affect the estimated kappa values. We used Bayesian approach to estimate the tri-linear geometrical spreading parameters. The hinge positions of the tri-linear model (63±5 and 124±18 km) and the geometrical spreading coefficient (-0.8) for distances smaller than 63 km were found to be independent of frequency and window type. Both spreading coefficients for distances beyond the first hinge are highly frequency dependent, while at distances beyond 124 km, the coefficients at all frequencies are sensitive to the window type. The frequency-independent spreading coefficients were estimated by simultaneous inversion of all frequencies, and the absolute value of the coefficients at longer distances were found to be larger for longer S-wave windows. The average of the coefficients over both windows for the second and third hinges are -0.17 and -0.55, respectively. The S-wave quality factor is influenced by window type only at frequencies larger than 5 Hz. The frequency dependence of the quality factor at lower frequencies was determined as 141ƒ 0.84. Ambient Noise Tomography of the South-eastern Alps Seismic ambient noise has been recognized as a well-established tool for resolving the Earth structure through surface tomography. The cross-correlation of ambient noise recorded by two seismic stations can lead to approximation of Green's function of the wave propagating between the station pairs. The reconstructed Green's function represents the seismic response of an impulse produced in one station and recorded by the other one. Therefore, the Green's functions retrieved from different station pairs can resolve the velocity structure through a tomographic formulation. We combined the Green's functions retrieved from ten months of continuous waveform data recorded by 150 stations of SWATH-D temporary network with four years of some Slovenian, Austrian, Croatian, Italian and Alparray backbone stations. We cut the SWATH-D waveforms to 1-hour segments, while the other records are cut to four-hour chunks. We followed the procedure proposed by Bensen et al. (2007) for time domain normalization, spectral whitening, and stacking. Vertical components of

Research | 73 the stacked correlograms are used to pick the phase velocity dispersion curves of the Rayleigh waves using Ekstrom et al. (2009) approach. Our tomographic results at shorter periods are in accord with the surface geology features. The pattern of seismicity in the region is also in accord with the velocity anomalies revealed by our tomography.

Figure 8 A map illustrating the tomographic results of Rayleigh wave phase velocity at 15s. Match filter earthquake detection with implications on earthquake generation processes in the Alps North Eastern part of Italy experienced a number of destructive earthquakes with the last sequence in 1976 North of Udine. In this work we look at spatio-temporal evolution of seismicity from 2012 until the end of 2018 (Figure 8) when the seismic network in the region became dense enough to allow us to detect also very small earthquakes that would otherwise have been missed. We applied a so-called match filter detection algorithm, where we create templates of known earthquakes and use them to detect smaller similar earthquakes in the continuous waveform time series. This allows us to get a better understanding of the physical properties behind the seismicity in the NE Alps and temporal evolution of the system (Figure 9). We observe two areas of constant and dense earthquake activity in the West and in the East of the region, while the central part has lower density of earthquakes both in space and time. We also observe that a third of earthquakes with Magnitude above 3.5 is preceded by foreshock sequences.

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Figure 9 Earthquake activity in the 2012-2019 period of the leading Alpine range in NE Italy from Brescia in the West to border with Slovenia in the East. Red circles represent clusters like swarms a mainshock - aftershock sequences while black represent background activity. Rupture process from the inversion of near-field strong motion and applications to the 12 November 2017 Mw7.3 Sare-Pole-Zahab earthquake and wide distributed seismicity on the West of Iran (Momeni, Aoudia) On the 12th November 2017, an Mw7.3 earthquake struck West Iran near the Sare-Pole-Zahab city. We inverted the near-field strong motion displacements of this event using elliptical approximation method to obtain its rupture process. Our obtained source model shows that the Mw7.3 event nucleated at a depth of 18 km and its rupture evolved mostly toward the south on a 350° striking 16° E dipping plane. For the first 3.5 s, the slip distributed both down-dip and up-dip. Then, it evolved toward up-dip for about 5 s after. The maximum slip of 5.6±0.5 m was obtained at 10 km south of the hypocentre and at the depth of ~16 km. The earthquake had an oblique thrust mechanism with a minor right-lateral strike-slip component (rake 112°). The total rupture happened in 8.3±0.2 seconds with an average speed of 3.43±0.13 km/s (~0.91 Vs), releasing scalar seismic moment of ~1.21 E+20 Nm within depths ranging from 15 km to 20 km. Aftershocks of the first 2 years are widely distributed in the region, mostly at shallow depths down to 20 km. The relocated aftershocks concentrated in four major clusters: one rounded the mainshock slip, and the three others located at 30 km east, 20 km south, and 80 km south of the mainshock. The southern cluster is situated on a segment of the Main Frontal Fault of Zagros which contains a seismic sequence of five M>5 events that occurred about 30 days after the mainshock. The eastern cluster contains the two largest aftershocks that occurred on 22 July 2018 (Mw5.7) and 25 August 2018 (Mw6.0). We inverted the near-field strong motions of these two events for their rupture processes. The obtained source models show that they both occur on WSW-ENE striking steeply northward dip fault planes. The 22 July events nucleated at the depth of ~10 km and its ruptures evolved towards the west-southwest and to up-dip with the left-lateral strike-slip mechanism. The 25 August event nucleated at the depth of ~8 km and is situated ~3 km West-Northwest of the 22 July aftershock. Its rupture also evolved towards the west and to up-dip with the left-lateral strike-slip mechanism. The 25 November 2018 Mw6.3 aftershock nucleated at the depth of ~10 km and is situated ~20km south of the 12 November 2017 mainshock. Its rupture evolved towards the south-southwest and to up-dip with the right-lateral strike-slip mechanism. We computed 3D stress tensor of the source model of the mainshock. The positive coulomb stress

Research | 75 field by the mainshock shows good consistency with the widely distributed aftershock activity on nearby faults in the region, especially on the three clusters of aftershocks. The changes in the height of topographic hills of Zagros from northeast to southwest (toward up-dip) may suggest that the dip of the decollement changes along up-dip and confirms the existence of ramp-flat structure at the near surface that was suggested by previous studies. However, the obtained ~16 degrees dip angle for the mainshock slip keeps the two possibilities that it is either occurred on a ramp of Zagros decollement or on the decollement itself. Training Activities at ICTP Diploma Course in Earth System Physics (R. Farneti, coordinator)

Workshop on Rapid Prototyping of Internet of Things Solutions for Science (SMR 3268) 21 Jan 2019 - 1 Feb 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8641/ Organiser(s): Alessandro Crise (OGS), Francois Foulon (IAEA), Adrian Tompkins (ICTP), ICTP Scientific Contact: Marco Zennaro Cosponsor(s): IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency, ITU - International Telecommunication Union, Open Access Marine Observation Devices, ICTP SciFabLab

Paper-writing Workshop on the Analysis of CORDEX-CORE Climate Projections (SMR 3282) 6 May 2019 - 10 May 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8653/ Organiser(s): Xuejie Gao (IAP, China), Tereza Cavazos (CICESE, Mexico), Erika Coppola (ICTP), Local Organiser: Filippo Giorgi

Fifth Workshop on Water Resources in Developing Countries: Hydroclimate Modelling and Analysis Tools (SMR 3294) 27 May 2019 - 7 Jun 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8685/ Organiser(s): Soroosh Sorooshian (University of California, Irvine, U.S.A.), Marco Verdecchia (University of L’Aquila, Italy), Local Organisers: Erika Coppola, Fabio di Sante Cosponsor(s): The International Hydrological Programme, International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, The Centre of Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing

Joint Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development - OpTIMUS (SMR 3299) 10 Jun 2019 - 28 Jun 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8751/ Organiser(s): Mark Howells (KTH), Local Organiser: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsor(s): A Global Community of Practice, The World Bank Group, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, U.K. Aid Direct, United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

2nd ICTP Summer School on Theory, Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modelling of Climate Dynamics: Convective Organization and Climate Sensitivity (SMR 3304) 1 Jul 2019 - 12 Jul 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8669/

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Organiser(s): Cathy Hohenegger (MPI, Germany), Chris Holloway (Reading University, U.K.), Caroline Muller (LMD, France), Allison Wing (FSU, U.S.A.), Fred Kucharski (ICTP), Riccardo Farneti (ICTP), Local Organiser: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsor(s): WCRP - World Climate Research Programme, World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on Oceanic Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (SMR 3312) 15 Jul 2019 - 19 Jul 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8702/ Organiser(s): Annalisa Bracco (Georgia Institute of Technology), Alban Lazar (University Pierre and Marie Curie), Ryan Rykaczewski (University South Carolina), Thomas Toniazzo (Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen), Local Organiser: Riccardo Farneti Cosponsor(s): CLIVAR, IOC-UNESCO

4th Session of ICTP-CLIVAR Eastern Boundary Upwelling System Research Foci (SMR 3383) 20 Jul 2019 - 21 Jul 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8971/ Organiser(s): Annalisa Bracco (Georgia Institute of Technology), Alban Lazar (University Pierre and Marie Curie), Ryan Rykaczewski (University South Carolina), Thomas Toniazzo (Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen), Local Organiser: Riccardo Farneti Cosponsor(s): CLIVAR, IOC-UNESCO

The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Summer School (SMR 3317) 5 Aug 2019 - 16 Aug 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8706/ Organiser(s): Prof. R Murenzi (TWAS), Prof. Nicola Mulder (University of Cape Town, South Africa), Prof. Teresa K. Attwood (University of Manchester, U.K.), Rob Quick (Indiana University, U.S.A.), Dr. Celia van Gelder (Dutch Institute for Life Sciences (DTL), Netherlands), Dr. Hugh Shanahan (Royal Holloway University, U.K.), Dr. Simon Hodson (CODATA, France), Dr. Andrew Harrison (University of Essex, U.K.), Ivan Girotto (ICTP), Ulrich Singe (ICTP), Marco Zennaro (ICTP), Adrian Tompkins (ICTP), Louise Bezuidenhout (University of Oxford, U.K.), Marcela Alfaro Cordoba (Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica), Raphael Cobe (UNESP, Brazil), Sarah Jones (University of Glasgow, U.K.), Local Organiser: Clement Onime Cosponsor(s): International Council for Science - Committee on Data for Science and Technology, The Research Data Alliance (RDA), The World Academy of Sciences, Springer Nature, The H3ABioNet, International Telecommunication Union (CoE on IoT and Big-Data and Statistics), ELIXIR

The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Advanced Workshops on Bioinformatics, Climate Data Sciences, Extreme Sources of Data, and Internet of Things (IoT)/Big-Data Analytics (SMR 3376) 19 Aug 2019 - 23 Aug 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8847/ Organiser(s): Prof. R Murenzi (TWAS), Prof. Nicola Mulder (University of Cape Town, South Africa), Prof. Teresa K. Attwood (University of Manchester, U.K.), Rob Quick (Indiana University, U.S.A.), Dr. Celia van Gelder (Dutch Institute for Life Sciences (DTL), Netherlands), Dr. Hugh Shanahan (Royal Holloway University, U.K.), Dr. Simon Hodson (CODATA, France), Dr. Andrew Harrison (University of Essex, U.K.), Ivan Girotto (ICTP), Ulrich Singe (ICTP), Marco Zennaro (ICTP), Adrian Tompkins (ICTP), Local Organiser: Clement Onime Cosponsor(s): International Council for Science - Committee on Data for Science and Technology, The Research Data Alliance (RDA), The World Academy of Sciences, Springer Nature, The H3ABioNet, International Telecommunication Union (CoE on IoT and Big-Data and Statistics), ELIXIR

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Advanced Workshop on Earthquake Fault Mechanics: Theory, Simulation and Observations (SMR 3319) 2 Sep 2019 - 14 Sep 2019 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8715/ Organiser(s): Jean Paul Ampuero (Université Côte d’Azur and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology), Local Organiser: Abdelkrim Aoudia Cosponsor(s): International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia Outside Activities School on Climate and Environmental Modelling in the West African Region (SMR 3243) 11 Mar 2019 - 15 Mar 2019 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire http://indico.ictp.it/event/8360/ Organiser(s): Fabien Solmon (ICTP), Abdourahamane Konare (FHB Abidjan University), Catherine Liousse (Laboratoire d’Aérologie/CNRS), Graziano Giuliani (ICTP), ICTP Scientific Contact: Riccardo Farneti Cosponsor(s): Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, The National Center for Scientific Research, Atos.net, Laboratoire d’Aérologie, The French National Research Institute for Development, West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use

ICTP-Rwanda Joint School on Subseasonal to Seasonal Weather and Climate Prediction (SMR 3140) 29 Apr 2019 - 3 May 2019 Kigali, Rwanda http://indico.ictp.it/event/8752/ Organiser(s): Omololu Akin-Ojo (EAIFR), Bonfils Safari (University of Rwanda-East Africa Institute for Fundamental Research), ICTP Organisers: Adrian Tompkins, Fred Kucharski Cosponsor(s): The University of Rwanda, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

International Young Scientists School and Conference on Computational Information Technologies for Environmental Sciences: “CITES-2019” (SMR 3339) 27 May 2019 - 5 Jun 2019 Moscow, Russian Federation http://indico.ictp.it/event/8739/ Organiser(s): Mikhail Tolstykh (Institute of Monitoring of INM RAS & Hydrometcentre of Russia), Evgeni Gordov (Institute of Monitoring of Climatic & Ecological Systems), Valentina Khan (Hydrometcentre of Russia & North Eurasia Climate Centre (NEACC, RCC, WMO)), Bill Merryfield (Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis), Doug Smith (The Met Office, U.K.), ICTP Scientific Contact: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsor(s): World Climate Research Programme, INM RAS

Advanced School on American Monsoons - Progress and Future Plans (SMR 3307) 19 Aug 2019 - 23 Aug 2019 ICTP-SAIFR, São Paulo, Brazil http://indico.ictp.it/event/8713/ Organiser(s): Alice M. Grimm (Federal University of Parana, Brazil), Iracema F.A. Cavalcanti (National Institute for Space Research, Brazil), Manoel Gan (National Institute for Space Research, Brazil), ICTP Scientific Contact: Fred Kucharski

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Cosponsor(s): ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) project, Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) project, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

Workshop on Distilling Climate Information for Sectoral Applications (SMR 3315) 9 Dec 2019 - 14 Dec 2019 Manila, Philippines http://indico.ictp.it/event/8675/ Organiser(s): Charlotte Kendra Gotangco (Ateneo de Manila University), ICTP Scientific Contact: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsor(s): International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

Second H2020 EJD STIMULATE project School on Fundamentals of Data 11-13 February 2019 https://agenda.infn.it/event/17284/ Department of Physics and Earth Sciences - University of Ferrara, Italy Data Storage and Management Ivan Girotto (ICTP) - Graziano Giuliani (ICTP) International Projects and External Funding ICTP - Generali Earthquake Hazard Programme, funded by Generali Group, 2015 – June 2020 (Aoudia)

Sostegno all’Educazione e alla Ricerca nell’ambito della prevenzione del rischio sismico in Iran, Tunisia e Algeria, funded by Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia (2015-2019) (Aoudia)

Climate Change and Resilience, funded by ENEL Italia S.r.l., 2018-2020 (Giorgi)

European Climate Prediction System - EUCP, funded by the EU, 2017-2021 (Giorgi, Coppola)

Unravelling the role of water stress in Mediterranean isoprene emissions to better project future regional climate-air quality interactions - IDIOM2, funded by the EU, 2018-2021 (Strada, Giorgi) Participation in International Programmes Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Coppola)

Mediterranean Experts on Climate and Environmental Change (MedECC) (Giorgi)

Co-chair of International CLIVAR Southern Ocean Regional Panel (Farneti)

International Collaborator of SOCCOM project, Princeton University (Farneti)

CMIP6-endorsed FAFMIP project (Farneti)

Coordinated regional climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) – WCRP (Giorgi, Coppola)

International Union of Geophysics and Geodesy (Aoudia)

Earthquakes Without Frontiers, U.K.’s Natural Environment Research Council and Economic and Social Research Council (Aoudia)

North African Group for Earthquake and Tsunami studies, naget.ictp.it (Aoudia)

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South Asia Earthquake Network, shake.ictp.it (Aoudia)

Member of World Climate Research Programme’s Working group on seasonal to interannual prediction (WGSIP) (Tompkins)

Member of Science Advisory Committee of West African based WASCAL competence centre (Tompkins)

International collaborator of NERC DOCCOP project (2017-2022) (Tompkins)

Member of CLIVAR Research Focus on Tropical Basin Interactions (Kucharski) Staff and Long-Term Visitors (3 months or more) Professional Staff F. Giorgi, Italy, Senior Research Scientist (head) A. Aoudia, Algeria, Research Scientist F. Kucharski, Germany, Research Scientist E. Coppola, Italy, Research Scientist A. Tompkins, U.K., Research Scientist R. Farneti, Italy, Research Scientist A. Pozzer, Germany, Research Scientist G. Giuliani, Italy, Scientific Staff Staff Associates I.S. Kang (Korea) J. Shukla (India/U.S.A.) F. Molteni (Italy) Scientific Consultants A. Pirani, Italy C. Solidoro, Italy A. Vuan, Italy Post-doctoral Fellows S. Abba Omar, South Africa J. Ciarlo, Malta S. Das, India L. Foundotos, France R. Glazer, U.S.A. S. K. Mueller, Germany R. Nogherotto, Italy E. Pichelli, Italy F. Raffaele, Italy M. Reale, Italy T. Sines, U.S.A. S. Strada, Italy A. Torres Alavez, Mexico B. Vičič, Slovenia

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Visiting Scientists M. A. Abid, Pakistan S. A. Angere, Ethiopia M. A. Ehsan, Pakistan F. Di Sante, Italy A. Fantini, Italy G. Graffino, Italy N. Mohammadi, Iran S. Momeni, Iran A. M. Rahman, Bangladesh A. Sadeghi Bagherabadi, Iran W. Shafeeq, Pakistan M. Stefanelli, Italy N. Stefanuto, Italy PhD Students G. Biagioli, Italy D. Bou-Rabee, Kuwait C. Del Gobbo, Italy D. Manu-Marfo, Ghana H.R. Thapa, Nepal R. Navarro Labastida PhD STEP Students S. Alemayehu Angere, Ethiopia A. Corrales Suastegui, Mexico S. Narayanasetti, India A. Ngoc Vu Thi, Viet Nam R. Reis, Brazil D. Truong Thi, Viet Nam Publications Published Agnetta, D., Badalamenti, F., Colloca, F., D’Anna, G., Di Lorenzo, M., Fiorentino, F., Garofalo, G., Gristina, M., Labanchi, L., Patti, B., Pipitone, C., Solidoro, C., & Libralato, S. (2019). Benthic-pelagic coupling mediates interactions in Mediterranean mixed fisheries: An ecosystem modeling approach. PLoS ONE, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210659

Ajay, P., Pathak, B., Solmon, F., Bhuyan, P. K., & Giorgi, F. (2019). Obtaining best parameterization scheme of RegCM 4.4 for aerosols and chemistry simulations over the CORDEX South Asia. Climate Dynamics, 53(1), 329– 352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4587-3

Aslan, Z., Erdemir, G., Feoli, E., Giorgi, F., & Okcu, D. (2019). Effects of Climate Change on Soil Erosion Risk Assessed by Clustering and Artificial Neural Network. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(2), 937–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2010-y

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Cicconi, P., Raffaeli, R., & Borghi, A. (2019). A Design Approach to Support BIM for Existing Structures. In F. Cavas-Martínez, B. Eynard, F. J. Fernández Cañavate, D. G. Fernández-Pacheco, P. Morer, & V. Nigrelli (Eds.), Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing II (pp. 292–300). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12346-8_29

Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders, I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Cardoso, R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere, Q., Giorgi, F., Goergen, K., … Warrach-Sagi, K. (2018). A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean. Climate Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8

Di Biagio, V., Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Lazzari, P., Querin, S., Sannino, G., & Solidoro, C. (2019). Temporal scales of variability in the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem: Insight from a coupled model. Journal of Marine Systems, 197, 103176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.05.002

Di Sante, F., Coppola, E., Farneti, R., & Giorgi, F. (2019). Indian Summer Monsoon as simulated by the regional earth system model RegCM-ES: The role of local air–sea interaction. Climate Dynamics, 53(1–2), 759–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04612-8

Dogar, M. M., Kucharski, F., Sato, T., Mehmood, S., Ali, S., Gong, Z., Das, D., & Arraut, J. (2019). Towards understanding the global and regional climatic impacts of Modoki magnitude. Global and Planetary Change, 172, 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.004

Dujardin, A., Hollender, F., Causse, M., Berge-Thierry, C., Delouis, B., Foundotos, L., Ameri, G., & Shible, H. (2019). Optimization of a Simulation Code Coupling Extended Source (k−2) and Empirical Green’s Functions: Application to the Case of the Middle Durance Fault. Pure and Applied Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02309-x

Ehsan, M. A., Kucharski, F., Almazroui, M., Ismail, M., & Tippett, M. K. (2019). Potential predictability of Arabian peninsula summer surface air temperature in the North American multimodel ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 53(7), 4249–4266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04784-3

Furlan, E., Torresan, S., Critto, A., Lovato, T., Solidoro, C., Lazzari, P., & Marcomini, A. (2019). Cumulative Impact Index for the Adriatic Sea: Accounting for interactions among climate and anthropogenic pressures. Science of The Total Environment, 670, 379–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.021

Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., & Coppola, E. (2019). The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections. Earth System Dynamics, 10(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-73-2019

Giorgi, F. (2019). Thirty Years of Regional Climate Modeling: Where Are We and Where Are We Going next? Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2018JD030094. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030094

Graffino, G., Farneti, R., Kucharski, F., & Molteni, F. (2019). The Effect of Wind Stress Anomalies and Location in Driving Pacific Subtropical Cells and Tropical Climate. Journal of Climate, 32(5), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0071.1

Hamouda, M. E., & Kucharski, F. (2019). Ekman pumping mechanism driving precipitation anomalies in response to equatorial heating. Climate Dynamics, 52(1), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4169-4

Harrison, P. A., Harmáčková, Z. V., Karabulut, A. A., Brotons, L., Cantele, M., Claudet, J., Dunford, R. W., Guisan, A., Holman, I. P., Jacobs, S., Kok, K., Lobanova, A., Morán-Ordóñez, A., Pedde, S., Rixen, C., Santos-Martín, F.,

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Schlaepfer, M. A., Solidoro, C., Sonrel, A., & Hauck, J. (2019). Synthesizing plausible futures for biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe and Central Asia using scenario archetypes. Ecology and Society, 24(2). JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/26796960

Jia, F., Cai, W., Wu, L., Gan, B., Wang, G., Kucharski, F., Chang, P., & Keenlyside, N. (2019). Weakening Atlantic Niño–Pacific connection under greenhouse warming. Science Advances, 5(8), eaax4111. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax4111

Justino, F., Kucharski, F., Lindemann, D., Wilson, A., & Stordal, F. (2019). A modified seasonal cycle during MIS31 super-interglacial favors stronger interannual ENSO and monsoon variability. Climate of the Past, 15(2), 735–749. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-735-2019

Kamil, S., Almazroui, M., Kang, I.-S., Hanif, M., Kucharski, F., Abid, M. A., & Saeed, F. (2019). Long-term ENSO relationship to precipitation and storm frequency over western Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindukush region during the winter season. Climate Dynamics, 53(9), 5265–5278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04859-1

Kosovelj, K., Kucharski, F., Molteni, F., & Žagar, N. (2019). Modal Decomposition of the Global Response to Tropical Heating Perturbations Resembling MJO. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(5), 1457–1469. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0203.1

Kumar, N., Aoudia, A., Guidarelli, M., Babu, V. G., Hazarika, D., & Yadav, D. K. (2019). Delineation of lithosphere structure and characterization of the Moho geometry under the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet collision zone using surface-wave tomography. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 481(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP481-2017-172

Manu-Marfo, D., Aoudia, A., Pachhai, S., & Kherchouche, R. (2019). 3D shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Tyrrhenian basin and margins. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40510-z

Mbouna, A. D., Tompkins, A. M., Lenouo, A., Asare, E. O., Yamba, E. I., & Tchawoua, C. (2019). Modelled and observed mean and seasonal relationships between climate, population density and malaria indicators in Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 359. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2991-8

McGlynn, G., Lejju, J., Dalton, C., Mooney, S. D., Rose, N. L., Tompkins, A. M., Bannister, W., Tan, Z. D., Zheng, X., Rühland, K. M., & Taylor, D. (2019). Aquatic ecosystem changes in a global biodiversity hotspot: Evidence from the Albertine Rift, central Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 46(9), 2098–2114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13643

Mohammadi, N., Gholami, A., Rahimi, H., & Aoudia, A. (2020). Simultaneous tomography of all periods in surface wave analysis. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 298, 106338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106338

Molteni, F., & Kucharski, F. (2019). A heuristic dynamical model of the North Atlantic Oscillation with a Lorenz- type chaotic attractor. Climate Dynamics, 52(9–10), 6173–6193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4509-4

Momeni, S. M., Aoudia, A., Tatar, M., Twardzik, C., & Madariaga, R. (2019). Kinematics of the 2012 Ahar– Varzaghan complex earthquake doublet (Mw6.5 and Mw6.3). Geophysical Journal International, 217(3), 2097– 2124. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz100

Newman, L., Heil, P., Trebilco, R., Katsumata, K., Constable, A., van Wijk, E., Assmann, K., Beja, J., Bricher, P., Coleman, R., Costa, D., Diggs, S., Farneti, R., Fawcett, S., Gille, S. T., Hendry, K. R., Henley, S., Hofmann, E.,

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Maksym, T., … Spreen, G. (2019). Delivering Sustained, Coordinated, and Integrated Observations of the Southern Ocean for Global Impact. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00433

Rahaman, H., Srinivasu, U., Panickal, S., Durgadoo, J. V., Griffies, S. M., Ravichandran, M., Bozec, A., Cherchi, A., Voldoire, A., Sidorenko, D. ., Chassignet, E. P., Danabasoglu, G., Tsujino, H., Getzlaff, K., Ilicak, M., Bentsen, M., Long, M. C., Fogli, P. G., Farneti, R., … Wang, Q. (2020). An assessment of the Indian Ocean mean state and seasonal cycle in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Ocean Modelling, 145, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101503

Ricci, P., Libralato, S., Capezzuto, F., D’Onghia, G., Maiorano, P., Sion, L., Tursi, A., Solidoro, C., & Carlucci, R. (2019). Ecosystem functioning of two marine food webs in the North‐Western Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea). Ecology and Evolution, 9(18), 10198–10212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5527

Rossi, S., Isla, E., Bosch-Belmar, M., Galli, G., Gori, A., Gristina, M., Ingrosso, G., Milisenda, G., Piraino, S., Rizzo, L., Schubert, N., Soares, M., Solidoro, C., Thurstan, R. H., Viladrich, N., Willis, T. J., & Ziveri, P. (2019). Changes of energy fluxes in marine animal forests of the Anthropocene: Factors shaping the future seascape. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76(7), 2008–2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz147

Ruggieri, P., Kucharski, F., & Novak, L. (2019). The Response of the Midlatitude Jet to Regional Polar Heating in a Simple Storm-Track Model. Journal of Climate, 32(10), 2869–2885. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0257.1

Salon, S., Cossarini, G., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Lazzari, P., Teruzzi, A., Solidoro, C., & Crise, A. (2019). Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019

Saurral, R. I., Kucharski, F., & Raggio, G. A. (2019). Variations in ozone and greenhouse gases as drivers of Southern Hemisphere climate in a medium-complexity global climate model. Climate Dynamics, 53(11), 6645– 6663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04950-7

Stammer, D., Bracco, A., AchutaRao, K., Beal, L., Bindoff, N. L., Braconnot, P., Cai, W., Chen, D., Collins, M., Danabasoglu, G., Dewitte, B., Farneti, R., Fox-Kemper, B., Fyfe, J., Griffies, S. M., Jayne, S. R., Lazar, A., Lengaigne, M., Lin, X., … Vialard, J. (2019). Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00444

Sugan, M., Vuan, A., Kato, A., Massa, M., & Amati, G. (2019). Seismic Evidence of an Early Afterslip During the 2012 Sequence in Emilia (Italy). Geophysical Research Letters, 46(2), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079617

Sun, C., Li, J., Kucharski, F., Kang, I., Jin, F., Wang, K., Wang, C., Ding, R., & Xie, F. (2019). Recent Acceleration of Arabian Sea Warming Induced by the Atlantic‐Western Pacific Trans‐basin Multidecadal Variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(3), 1662–1671. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081175

Sun, C., Li, J., Kucharski, F., Xue, J., & Li, X. (2019). Contrasting spatial structures of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation between observations and slab ocean model simulations. Climate Dynamics, 52(3–4), 1395–1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4201-8

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Terzić, E., Lazzari, P., Organelli, E., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., D’Ortenzio, F., & Conan, P. (2019). Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences, 16(12), 2527– 2542. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019

Tiller, R., Arenas, F., Galdies, C., Leitão, F., Malej, A., Romera, B. M., Solidoro, C., Stojanov, R., Turk, V., & Guerra, R. (2019). Who cares about ocean acidification in the Plasticene? Ocean & Coastal Management, 174, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.020

Tompkins, A. M., Lowe, R., Nissan, H., Martiny, N., Roucou, P., Thomson, M. C., & Nakazawa, T. (2019). Predicting Climate Impacts on Health at Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Timescales. In Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction (pp. 455–477). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811714-9.00022-X

Tompkins, A. M., Colón‐González, F. J., Di Giuseppe, F., & Namanya, D. B. (2019). Dynamical Malaria Forecasts Are Skillful at Regional and Local Scales in Uganda up to 4 Months Ahead. GeoHealth, 3(3), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GH000157

Tondi, R., Vuan, A., Borghi, A., & Argnani, A. (2019). Integrated crustal model beneath the Po Plain (Northern Italy) from surface wave tomography and Bouguer gravity data. Tectonophysics, 750, 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.10.018

Tuan, T. T., Vinh, P. C., Aoudia, A., Dung, T. T. T., & Manu-Marfo, D. (2019). Approximate Analytical Expressions of the Fundamental Peak Frequency and the Amplification Factor of S-wave Transfer Function in a Viscoelastic Layered Model. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(4), 1433–1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024- 018-2064-x

Vičič, B., Aoudia, A., Javed, F., Foroutan, M., & Costa, G. (2019). Geometry and mechanics of the active fault system in western Slovenia. Geophysical Journal International, 217(3), 1755–1766. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz118

Zunino, S., Canu, D. M., Zupo, V., & Solidoro, C. (2019). Direct and indirect impacts of marine acidification on the ecosystem services provided by coralligenous reefs and seagrass systems. Global Ecology and Conservation, 18, e00625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00625 In Print Das, S., Giorgi, F., Giuliani, G., Dey, S., & Coppola, E. (2020). Near‐Future Anthropogenic Aerosol Emission Scenarios and Their Direct Radiative Effects on the Present‐Day Characteristics of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031414

Ehsan, M. A., Kucharski, F., & Almazroui, M. (2020). Potential predictability of boreal winter precipitation over central-southwest Asia in the North American multi-model ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 54(1–2), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05009-3

Giorgi F. Dynamical downscaling. To appear in The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science.

Gore, M., Abiodun, B. J., & Kucharski, F. (2020). Understanding the influence of ENSO patterns on drought over southern Africa using SPEEDY. Climate Dynamics, 54(1–2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019- 05002-w

Gutowski, W. J., & Giorgi, F. (2020). Coordination of Regional Downscaling. In von Storch, H. (Ed.) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.658

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Jacob, D., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S., Katragkou, E., Anders, I., Belda, M., Benestad, R., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Cardoso, R. M., Casanueva, A., Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., Coppola, E., De Cruz, L., Davin, E. L., Dobler, A., Domínguez, M., Fealy, R., Fernandez, J., Gaertner, M. A., García-Díez, M., Giorgi, F.,… Wulfmeyer, V. (2020). Regional climate downscaling over Europe: Perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community. Regional Environmental Change, 20(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9

Mezzina, B., García-Serrano, J., Bladé, I., & Kucharski, F. (2020). Dynamics of the ENSO Teleconnection and NAO Variability in the North Atlantic–European Late Winter. Journal of Climate, 33(3), 907–923. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0192.1

Sandeep, N., Swapna, P., Krishnan, R., Farneti, R., Prajeesh, A. G., Ayantika, D. C., & Manmeet, S. (2020). South Asian monsoon response to weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a warming climate. Climate Dynamics, 54(7–8), 3507–3524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05180-y

Rouchiche R, Ouyed M, Aoudia A, Mellouk B, Saadi A. (2019). Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Sicily channel from Ambient Noise and Earthquake Tomography, Annals of Geophysics

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi, A., Sobouti, F., Pachhai, S., & Aoudia, A. (2020). Estimation of geometrical spreading, quality factor and kappa in the Zagros region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 133, 106110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106110

Spinoni, J., Barbosa, P., Bucchignani, E., Cassano, J., Cavazos, T., Christensen, J. H., Christensen, O. B., Coppola, E., Evans, J., Geyer, B., Giorgi, F., Hadjinicolaou, P., Jacob, D., Katzfey, J., Koenigk, T., Laprise, R., Lennard, C. J., Kurnaz, M. L., Li, D., … Dosio, A. (2020). Future Global Meteorological Drought Hot Spots: A Study Based on CORDEX Data. Journal of Climate, 33(9), 3635–3661. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1

Sun, C., Kucharski, F., Li, J., Wang, K., Kang, I., Lian, T., Liu, T., Ding, R., & Xie, F. (2019). Spring Aleutian Low Weakening and Surface Cooling Trend in Northwest North America During Recent Decades. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(22), 12078–12092. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031405 Under Consideration Ashfaq, M., Cavazos, T., Reboita, M. S., ..., Giorgi, F. Robust late 21st century shift in the regional monsoons in RegCM CORDEX simulations. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Bony, S., Semie, A., Kramer, R., Soden, B., Tompkins, A. M., Emanuel, K. A. Observed modulation of the tropical radiation budget by deep convective organization and lower tropospheric stability. submitted to AGU Advances.

Ciarlo, J. M., Coppola, E., Fantini, A., Giorgi, F., ..., Jacob, D. A new spatially distributed Added Value index for regional climate models: the EURO-CORDEX and CORDEX-CORE highest resolution ensembles. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Coppola, E., Raffaele, F., Giorgi, F., ..., Rechid, D. Climate hazard indices projections based on CORDEX-CORE, CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensembles. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Coppola, E., Nogherotto, R., Ciarlo, J., Giorgi, F., ..., Teichmann, C. T. Assessment of the European climate projections as simulated by the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

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Ehsan, M. A., Nicolì, D., Kucharski, F., Almazroui, M., Tippett, M. K., Bellucci, A., Ruggieri, P., & Kang, I.-S. (2020). Atlantic Ocean influence on Middle East summer surface air temperature. Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0109-1

Evans, J. P., Di Virgilio, G., Hirsch, A. L., Hoffmann, P., Reca Remedio, A., Fei, J., Rockel, B., Coppola, E. The CORDEX-Australasia ensemble: evaluation and future projection. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Farneti, R., Griffies, S.M., Navarro-Labastida, R., 2020. FAFMIP simulations with forced ocean-sea ice models. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

Farneti, R., 2020. The Southern Ocean response to momentum and buoyancy forcing anomalies. Journal of Physical Oceanography.

Glazer, R., Torres Alavez, J. A., Coppola, E., Giorgi, F., Das, S., Ashfaq M, Sines, T. Projected changes to severe thunderstorm environments as a result of 21st century warming from RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Graffino, G., Farneti, R., Kucharski, F., 2020. Low-frequency variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cells as reproduced by coupled models and ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans.

Im, E.-S., Thanh, N.-X., Qiu, L., ..., Giorgi, F. Emergence of robust anthropogenic warming projected from CORDEX-CORE climate simulations. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Pichelli, E., Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Ban, N., Giorgi, F., ..., Mishra, A. N. The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer scale resolution. Part 2: Future precipitation projections. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Reale, M., Giorgi, F., Solidoro, C., Di Biagio, V., Di Sante, F., Mariotti, L., Farneti, R., Sannino, G. (2020). The Regional Earth System Model RegCM-ES: Evaluation of the Mediterranean climate and biogeochemistry. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

Reboita, M.S., Reale, M., da Rocha, R. P., Giorgi, F., Giuliani, G., Coppola, E., Luna Nino, R. B., Llopat, M., Torres Alavez, J. A., Cavazos, T. Future changes in wintertime cyclonic activity over the CORDEX-CORE southern hemisphere domains in a multi-model approach. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi, A., Margheriti, L., Aoudia, A., Baccheschi, P., Lucente, F. P., Sobouti, F. (2019). Variation of Seismic anisotropy across the Western Arabia-Eurasia Collision Zone as Seen by Quasi-Love Observations. Scientific Reports

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi, A., Vuan, A., Aoudia, A., Parolai, S. and the AlpArray Group. (2019). Ambient noise tomography of the southeastern Alps. Geophysical Journal International

Sawadogo, W., Reboita, M. S., Faye, A., ..., Giorgi, F. Current and future potential of solar and wind energy over Africa. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Ssebandeke, J. B., Farneti, R., Kucharski, F. (2020). The Angola-Benguela upwelling system in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. Climate Dynamics.

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Teichmann, C., Jacob, D., Reca Remedio, A., ..., Giorgi, F., ..., Im, E.-S. Assessing mean climate change signals in the global CORDEX-CORE ensemble. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Todd, A., Zanna, L., Couldrey, M., Gregory, J. M., Wu, Q., Church, J. A., Farneti, R., Navarro-Labastida, R., Lyu, K., Saenko, O. A., Yang, D., & Zhang, X. (2020). Ocean-only FAFMIP: Understanding Regional Patterns of Ocean Heat Content and Dynamic Sea Level Change. [Preprint]. Climatology (Global Change). https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501557.1 submitted to Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

Torma, C., & Giorgi, F. (2020). On the evidence of orographical modulation of regional fine scale precipitation change signals: The Carpathians. Atmospheric Science Letters, e967. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.967

Torres Alavez, J. A., Glazer, R., Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Gao, X. J., Hodges, K., Das, S., Ashfaq, M., Sines, T. Future projections in tropical cyclone activity over multiple CORDEX domains from RegCM4 CORDEX-CORE simulations. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Torres Alavez, J. A., Das, S., Corrales Suastegui, A., Coppola, E., Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., Bukovsky, M., Ashfaq, M., Sines, T. Future projections in the climatology of global low level jets. submitted to Climate Dynamics.

Vautard, R., Kadygov, N., Carley, I., ... Giorgi, F., ..., Wulfmeyer, V. Evaluation of the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research.

Vičič, B., Aoudia, A., Vuan, A., Borghi, A., Momeni, S. (2019). Creeping at mid-crustal depths and its enrolment in large shallow earthquakes in the Central Apennines. Geophysical Research Letters Four Highlighted Papers Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders, I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Cardoso, R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere, Q., Giorgi, F., Goergen, K., … Warrach-Sagi, K. (2018). A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean. Climate Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8

This paper presents the first results from a large CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study, resulting in an unprecedented ensemble of regional climate model simulations at convection-permitting resolutions (1-3 km) over the greater Alpine region. The intercomparison aims at identifying model strengths and limitations, along with the added value of using convection permitting models compared to lower resolution ones. Different simulation configurations are also assessed and intercompared, such as running the models in weather prediction mode (short initialized runs) or in climate prediction mode (long, uninitialized runs).

Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., & Coppola, E. (2019). The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections. Earth System Dynamics, 10(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-73-2019

This paper provides a thorough discussion of the response of the hydrologic cycle to global warming, with focus on precipitation characteristics. It analyses a range of global and regional climate projections, showing how global warming induces a regime shift towards more intense, less frequent, less widespread and more temporally concentrated precipitation events. This result is found to be robust across different ensembles of

Research | 88 model projections. The physical processes behind this response are also discussed along with the possible implications for risks associated with the increase in wet and dry extremes.

Jia, F., Cai, W., Wu, L., Gan, B., Wang, G., Kucharski, F., Chang, P., & Keenlyside, N. (2019). Weakening Atlantic Niño–Pacific connection under greenhouse warming. Science Advances, 5(8), eaax4111. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax4111

The Atlantic Niño has been identified recently as a powerful predictor for Pacific ENSO events. The Atlantic Niño peaks in boreal summer, whereas the Pacific in autumn, giving the tropical Atlantic variability the chance to influence the Pacific. The predictability arises because of an atmospheric teleconnection to the equatorial Pacific region that involves a modification of the Walker Circulation, followed by ocean adjustment processes. In this study it is shown that the Atlantic Niño-Pacific ENSO teleconnection is drastically weakening under greenhouse gas warming scenarios. The reason is a stabilization of the atmosphere in a warming world, which in the tropical Atlantic dominates over the effect of more moisture availability. Therefore the heating resulting from a Atlantic Niño event is reduced, and consequently also Walker circulation adjustment processes that initiate a Pacific ENSO event. This weakening teleconnection may have negative consequences for ENSO predictability.

Manu-Marfo, D., Aoudia, A., Pachhai, S., & Kherchouche, R. (2019). 3D shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Tyrrhenian basin and margins. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40510-z

The Tyrrhenian basin serves as a natural laboratory for back-arc basin studies in the Mediterranean region. Yet, little is known about the crust-uppermost mantle structure beneath the basin and its margins. Here, we present a new 3D shear-wave velocity model and Moho topography map for the Tyrrhenian basin and its margins using ambient noise cross-correlations. We apply a self-parameterized Bayesian inversion of Rayleigh group and phase velocity dispersions to estimate the lateral variation of shear velocity and its uncertainty as a function of depth (down to 100 km). Results reveal the presence of a broad low velocity zone between 40 and 80 km depth affecting much of the Tyrrhenian basin’s uppermost mantle structure and its extension mimics the paleogeographic reconstruction of the Calabrian arc in time. We interpret the low-velocity structure as the possible source of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts- and Ocean Island Basalts-type magmatic rocks found in the southern Tyrrhenian basin. At crustal depths, our results support an exhumed mantle basement rather than an oceanic basement below the Vavilov basin. The 3D crust-uppermost mantle structure supports a present-day geodynamics with a predominant Africa-Eurasia convergence.

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Applied Physics (AP) Multidisciplinary Laboratory (MLAB) The MLAB was created in 1985 as a joint venture between ICTP and INFN, represented by Professors Abdus Salam and Nicola Cabibbo respectively, with the aim of having at ICTP a laboratory for training, research, and development and open to scientists from developing countries.

Since its creation, the MLAB has been involved in research and training activities related to instrumental aspects of frontier particle physics experiments in collaboration with important research institutions such as CERN, INFN and IAEA. Most of these experiments are characterised by an increasingly huge number of channels operating at high working frequencies. Thus, it has been natural for the MLAB to master cutting edge technologies in order to efficiently deal with the corresponding extreme data rate production. These data usually need to be acquired, processed online, and transmitted at high speeds, and for these activities it is essential to efficiently exploit the latest and most powerful electronic technologies. Following this trend, the MLAB started working on microprocessors, and since then it has progressively continued with digital signal processors, real time systems, mixed signal integrated circuits design, and programmable logic devices such as FPGA. The MLAB is presently working with the recently available hybrid devices for fully programmable systems on chip (SoC) based on FPGA fabrics tightly interconnected with multicore embedded processors.

During the last years, the traditional activities have been expanded to include multidisciplinary projects such as development of X-ray non-destructive analytical instrumentation and techniques for cultural heritage and material science in collaboration with several universities, museums, and research centres. By working on advanced projects, the MLAB gains precious experience and knowledge that can later be transferred to larger communities of researchers, engineers, and teachers from developing countries who can apply the acquired knowledge in a vast variety of fields.

An important role of the MLAB is the organization of training activities for research and development of advanced scientific instrumentation. The training subjects are selected by considering not only their scientific relevance but also their potential socioeconomic impact for most developing countries. Hands-on activities are the rule at the MLAB. The knowledge obtained through experimental training strengthens the ability of scientists from developing countries to propose and autonomously conduct research under the prevailing conditions in their home countries. Research Activities The questions scientists can answer are sometimes limited by the tools available, making the development of new scientific instruments the key to expanding knowledge. MLAB is a multidisciplinary laboratory for research, training, and development of advanced scientific instrumentation, for the frontiers of experimental particle physics and beyond. MLAB works with many international research institutions, including CERN, IAEA, INFN, and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, and regularly hosts visiting scientists, postdoctoral fellows, PhD students, and other collaborators. Advanced Scientific Instrumentation and Methods for Particle Detectors and Multidisciplinary Experimental Research COMPASS Experiment at CERN MLAB continues its participation in the COMPASS experiment at CERN. The scientific program of the experiment provides a wide spectrum of physics results related to hadronic structure.

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MLAB in collaboration with INFN Trieste and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) is currently working in upgrading the data acquisition and processing system of the COMPASS spectrometer at CERN. In particular, the collaboration focuses on the development of a new generation of trigger-less data acquisition and real-time feature extraction architecture based on FPGA for the particle detectors of the “COMPASS Beyond 2020” experiment. The project counts on the active involvement of the Ph.D. student Bruno Valinoti (Argentina) and the TRIL fellow Werner Florian Samayoa (Guatemala).

In 2019, the group has also taken part in the COMPASS DAQ Meeting held in Munich, Germany, from 11 to 13 February; and in the COMPASS DAQ Test held at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, from 2 to 6 December. Distributed network of HVPS with System-on-Chip control for Multi-Pattern Gaseous Detectors MLAB is involved in a research and development project on large area photon detection, using multi pattern gaseous photomultipliers (MPGD). In collaboration with INFN Trieste, this project aims at developing a distributed network of HV systems for Thick-GEM gaseous detectors of single UV photons. These systems, based on programmable SoC and fast analog to digital conversion, implement features such as automatic local control, dynamic adaptation, remote access and high performance data acquisition capabilities for monitoring picoampere currents at high voltage, and high time-resolution to study electrical discharges in real time.

The project foresees a network of ten computational units connected through a time division multiplexed (TDM) communication protocol with master-slave modality. The master will be connected to a control computer with a graphical user interface for remote Ethernet access to the experimental area where the detectors are deployed. Each computational unit employs a high-voltage low-noise DC/DC converter and is coupled to a custom high-resolution ammeter connected to a custom data acquisition card with 8-bit data resolution at 500 MHz sampling rate. Local intelligence, flexibility and high-speed inter-connectivity are provided by a System-on-Chip computer board. A custom interposer card provides high voltage decoupling for TDM network. The custom hardware boards of the system have been designed by MLAB and INFN Trieste.

In 2019, a computational unit prototype (shown in fig. 1) has been partially tested at CERN. The system has been able to measure currents of about 10 picoamperes as well as detecting and time stamping electrical discharges with a resolution of 2 nanoseconds. The project counts on the active involvement of the Ph.D. student Luis Guillermo García Ordoñez (Guatemala).

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Figure 10 Intelligent HVPS system prototype for multi-pattern gaseous particle detectors A replica of the system prototype has been given on loan to the University of San Carlos, Guatemala, where it is being used as a data acquisition platform for high resolution time stamping in cosmic ray detection for the Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) project. High performance X-Ray spectroscopy based on Silicon Drift Detectors MLAB has collaborated with INFN Trieste and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, on a project focusing on the development of novel solid-state detectors, based on silicon drift chamber technology for high-resolution spectroscopy of low-energy X-ray photons. This kind of silicon drift detector (SDD) provides spatial, timing, and spectroscopic information for applications in various fields such as soft X-ray astrophysics, environment monitoring, and advanced light sources (e.g. synchrotrons and free electron lasers). In particular, the MLAB group has developed digital pulse processing methods based on FPGA for on-line single X-ray photon detection and energy measurement at high flux rates.

The group, with the active involvement of the STEP PhD student Kasun Sameera Mannatunga (Sri Lanka), has also contributed to the characterization and testing of the XAFS Fluorescence Detector System based on 64 SDDs for the SESAME Synchrotron Light Source (Amman, Jordan) that has been delivered to SESAME in 2019.

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HiCCE: 128-channel Acquisition and Processing System for Electrophysiology MLAB continues its research and development activity for an advanced multichannel system for electrophysiological signals. This system is based on a modular architecture which exploits modern programmable systems-on-chip for high performance and low latency data processing.

The main hardware components are a custom mezzanine data acquisition board (HiCCE-128) connected to a commercial FMC Standard Carrier based on a SoC-FPGA, and a normal PC for remote operation and data storage (schematic view of the system in fig. 2). The first hardware prototype versions of the HiCCE-128 board was designed and produced in collaboration with Prof. M. Magnasco (Rockefeller University, NY, U.S.A.) and S. Abeytunge (Memorial Sloan Kettering Center for Cancer research, NY, U.S.A.).

Important progresses have been achieved during 2019 regarding concrete applications and further architectural development. The second version of the HiCCE-128 FMC board (shown in fig. 3) has been tested and characterized. Extensive electrical measurements have shown optimal performance in terms of speed, power consumption, and input referred noise; confirming its suitability for high quality massive electrophysiological measurements and scientific experimental research. The systems have been used to acquire different electrophysiological signals such as EEG alpha waves, EoG eye blinking, ECG and EMG, showing great potential for advanced instrumentation. The 2019 activities have been mainly carried in collaboration with STEP Ph.D. students Kasun Sameera Mannatunga (Sri Lanka) and Charn Loong NG (Malaysia); and Profs. Sawal Hamid MD Ali and Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz from University of Kebangsaan, Malaysia.

Figure 11 General schematic of the HiCCE architecture.

Figure 12 HiCCE-128 FMC board

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Other research activities with short-term visitors Other activities carried out in 2019 include collaboration with short-term visitors and associates, such as:

• José Lipovetzky (Junior Associate) and Martin Perez (Guest Scientist) from Balseiro Institute, Argentina, May-June 2019. Research collaboration on X-ray spectroscopy using low cost CMOS Image Sensors and Medipix detectors applied to radiation measurement and particle identification. • Cristian Sisterna (University of San Juan, Argentina), November-December 2019. Research collaboration on High Channel Count Electrophysiology (HiCCE). • Rodrigo Melo (INTI, Argentina), May 2019. Research collaboration project on open hardware/software architecture based on SoC-FPGA for reconfigurable virtual instrumentation X-Ray Imaging and Applied Science for Palaeontology, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage This project works on developing X-ray analytical instruments for the non-invasive characterization of cultural heritage materials and paleontological objects. This project is in collaboration with Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, and the Centro Fermi in Rome. These techniques have also been adapted for the study of ancient landscapes through geophysical and remote sensing techniques, in collaboration with the University of Trieste and the Soprintendenza Archeologica del FVG.

The origin of the group is related to the EXACT (Elemental X-ray Analysis and Computed Tomography) project, funded by the Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) during 2010-2014. The aim of the project, a collaborative effort with Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, was to build and operate a set of advanced X-ray analytical instruments for the non-invasive characterization of cultural heritage materials. The research activity on the application of advanced physical methods in the study of archaeological, paleontological, and artistic materials has continued with the financial support of the Centro Fermi (Rome) in the framework of a project entitled “Microtomography for Archaeology and Paleoanthropology” (2014-2016). The project is mainly based on the EXACT instruments, but also on other facilities that provide complementary capabilities to characterize microstructure, composition and age of the materials of interest. The project has been extended (2016-2019) with the name S.A.P.I.E.N.S (Scienze per l’Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia: Interpretare la Nostra Storia).

In addition, a research programme for the study of ancient landscapes through geophysical and remote sensing techniques has been developed in collaboration with the University of Trieste and the Soprintendenza Archeologica del FVG. In particular, the ICTP group has recently coordinated a triennial collaborative agreement involving the above mentioned institutions to develop advanced scientific technologies for the study, protection and enhancement of the archaeological heritage and ancient landscape of the FVG region. This also include fieldwork campaigns in Italy and abroad consisting of archaeological and geophysical surveys.

During 2019 the group has been included in the Advanced Technology Lab for Cultural Heritage (ATLACH), a consortium including also the Universities of Udine and Trieste and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste and other institutions of FVG region.

The group, which has become a centre of excellence for the application of applied science in cultural heritage, is involved in a large number of scientific collaborations and provides and facilitates the training of ICTP associates, scientists and students. Scientific collaborations • Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy): Joint research activity related to the application of microCT and other techniques to the study of archaeological, paleoanthropological and paleontological samples (since 2009).

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• Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia (Italy): Zooarchaeological applications of X-ray microCT such as study of dog domestication (since 2014). • University of California, Irvine (U.S.A.): Paleo-neurological studies, combining morphological analysis of microCT-derived virtual brains and ancient DNA sequencing (since 2014). • Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (Spain): Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Spanish hominoids from the Middle and Upper Miocene through the analysis of the structural properties of dentognathic remains; structural characterization of fossils of different periods (since 2014). • Soprintendenza Archeologia del FVG, Protezione Civile of FVG (Italy) and Department of Mathematics and Geosciences of Trieste University (Italy): Study of the archaeological landscape of FVG by means of LiDAR and other remote sensing techniques (since 2013). • Nuclear Analysis and Radiography Department, MTA Centre for Energy Research (Budapest, Hungary) in the frame of CHARISMA project (Cultural Heritage Advanced Research Infrastructures: Synergy for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Conservation/Restoration): Study of prehistoric stone artefacts and pottery by non-destructive Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) (since 2012). • Exploration Geophysics Group of Trieste University (Italy): Geophysical investigation of archaeological sites of Trieste Province (since 2013). • Department of Mathematics and Geosciences of Trieste University (Italy) and Institute of Archaeology of the Slovenian Academy of Science (Slovenia): Study of lithic Neolithic and Copper Age stone artifacts (since 2009). • University of Rome “La Sapienza” and Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio (Italy), Centre for Archaeological Science of the University of Wollongong (Australia) and GeoScience Southern Cross University, Australia: Study of the Ceprano (H. heidelbergensis) skull by X-ray microCT, OSL and U-Th dating (since 2011). • Natural History Museum of Trieste and MUSE, Science Museum of Trento, Italy: MicroCT study of archaeological, paleoanthropological and paleontological remains (since 2010). • Institute for Anthropological Research (Croatia): MicroCT scanning and analyses of the human skeletal/dental remains for the purposes of the research project Reconstructing prehistoric (Neolithic to Bronze Age) lifestyles on the territory of Croatia – a multidisciplinary approach (since 2017). • University of Bologna, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage (Italy): MicroCT study of paleoanthropological samples (since 2017). Training Activities The MLAB promotes training for research through research and hands-on activities. Advanced experimental setups based on novel particle detectors, modern electronics devices, and development boards; and X-ray equipment and instruments are available at MLAB for training and research. MLAB also hosts and organises regular training activities, aimed at reaching larger communities of researchers, engineers, and students, particularly those from developing countries.

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Figure 13 Ph.D. students working at MLAB Ph.D. students and TRIL fellows supervised by MLAB personnel in 2019 • Ph.D. Students under STEP programme: o Kasun Sameera Mannatunga (University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka), Ph.D. thesis: “Real Time Reconfigurable System-on-Chip (SoC) Architecture for Massive Multichannel Data Processing”. o Jerome Folla Kamdem (University of Yaounde, Cameroon), Ph.D. thesis: “Microelectronics for the Readout of Particle Detectors”. o Charn Loong NG (University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia), Ph.D. thesis: “A Reconfigurable Adaptive Digital Filter for a Capacitive Electromyography Sensor”. • PhD Students in collaboration with University of Trieste: o Luis Guillermo García Ordoñez (Guatemala), Ph.D. thesis: “High performance data acquisition and processing based on programmable SoC for multichannel particle detectors”. o Bruno Valinoti (Argentina), Ph.D. thesis: “FPGA-based trigger-less data acquisition and real- time feature extraction for particle detectors”. o Romina Molina (Argentina), Ph.D. thesis: “Image Processing and HPC based on SoC-FPGA devices” (part-time at MLAB) • TRIL fellows: o Werner Florian Samayoa (Guatemala), Research Topic: “SoC-FPGA cluster architecture for supercomputing and scientific applications”. Training activities and conferences organised by the MLAB group in 2019 • Advanced Workshop on Modern FPGA Based Technology for Scientific Computing held at ICTP from 13 to 24 May 2019. Organisers: Andres Cicuttin (ICTP), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP) • Hands-on Research in Complex Systems School held at ICTP from 22 July to 2 August 2019. Organisers: Pietro Cicuta (University of Cambridge), Eric J. Kostelich (Arizona State University), Michael F. Schatz (Georgia Institute of Technology), Mark D. Shattuck (The City College of New York), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP). The school provided interactive experiences with hands-on research involving several table-top experiments carried out at MLAB. • Second International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering (ICAEESE 2019) and Regional School on Fully Programmable Systems-On-Chip for Scientific Instrumentation held in Guwahati, India from 2 to 9 November 2019. Organisers: Andres Cicuttin (ICTP), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP), Mamun Bin Reaz (University of Kebangsaan Malaysia), Banty Tiru (Gauhati University, India). • Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced Workshop on Portable X-Ray Spectrometry Techniques for Characterization of Valuable Archaeological/Art Objects held at ICTP from 3 to 14 June 2019. Organisers: Roman Padilla Alvarez (IAEA), Marco Zennaro (ICTP), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP). Experimental activities and demonstration of use of transportable instruments for inspection of ceramic, metal and painting objects were carried at MLAB.

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• Joint ICTP-IAEA 2019 International School on Nuclear Security held at ICTP from 25 March to 5 April 2019. Organisers: Dmitriy Nikonov (IAEA), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP). Practical exercises designed to protect against threats to nuclear security were carried out at MLAB. • 15th Joint ICTP-IAEA Nuclear Knowledge Management School, held at ICTP from 5 to 9 August 2019. Organisers: Mikhail Chudakov (IAEA), Maria Elena Urso (IAEA), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP) • Joint ICTP-IAEA Nuclear Energy Management School held at ICTP from 7 to 18 October 2019. Organisers: Mikhail Chudakov (IAEA), Michaela Ovanes (IAEA), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP) • Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Electrostatic Accelerator Technologies, Basic Instruments and Analytical Techniques, held at ICTP from 21 to 29 October 2019. Organisers: Mikhail Chudakov (IAEA), Michaela Ovanes (IAEA), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP) Participation in International Programmes • M.L. Crespo has participated as Program Co-Chair of the IEEE X Southern Programmable Logic Conference (SPL 2019) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 10 to 12 April 2019. • M.L. Crespo has participated as Chair in the area of Digital Signal Processing of the IEEE Argentine Symposium and Conference on Embedded Systems (SASE/CASE 2019) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 17 to 19 July 2019. • M.L. Crespo is a Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal Electronics, a peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science of electronics and its applications. Since September 2019. • M.L. Crespo has participated as IAEA Consultant to the meeting on Aspects of Nuclear Instrumentation: Hybrid Logic Devices, 18-21 March 2019, at the IAEA’s Headquarters in Vienna Austria. • M.L. Crespo has participated as Invited Speaker at the Second International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering (ICAEESE 2019) held in India from 2 to 3 November 2019. Talk titled: “Research on Scientific Instrumentation based on System-on-Chip at the ICTP Multidisciplinary Laboratory”. • A. Cicuttin has participated as Keynote Speaker at the IEEE SPL 2019 Conference, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 10 to12 April 2019. Talk titled: “FPGA Prospective, From Advanced Instrumentation towards Supercomputing”. • F. Bernardini, as member of the GeoArchaeology workgroup of the Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), Sweden, has contributed to organise the Workshop - Geology, Archaeology and Culture Heritage studies in a new light (Lund, Sweden, 15-17 January 2019). Services • Hardware Loan Programme: ICTP-MLAB hardware platforms based on FPGA are given on loan to external collaborators through a simple written agreement for research and education purposes. Among the beneficiaries of this program there are teachers, researchers and students from Argentina, Bangladesh, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka and Ukraine. • MLab personnel and Ph.D. students participated in Trieste Next 2019 with demonstrative experimental setups and interactive activities. Staff and Long-Term Visitors Professional Staff Maria Liz Crespo, Argentina/Italy

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Technical Staff Andres Cicuttin, Italy Scientific Consultants Claudio Tuniz, Italy Visiting Scientists Federico Bernardini, Italy Werner Florian Samayoa (TRIL fellowship), Guatemala Kasun Sameera Mannatunga, Sri Lanka Giacomo Vinci, Italy Ph.D. students (with University of Trieste) Luis Guillermo García Ordoñez, Guatemala Romina Molina, Argentina (part-time) Bruno Valinoti, Argentina STEP Ph.D. students Jerome Folla Kamdem, Cameroon Charn Loong NG, Malaysia Administrative Staff Federica Delconte, Italy Funding • The Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi” (Rome) supports the X-ray research activities and in particular the salary of Dr. Federico Bernardini from 2017, within the framework of the project S.A.P.I.E.N.S devoted to the study of human past. • The project “Aquileia Virtual Archeological Tour in Ancient Rome – Aquileia, la via verso est”, submitted to Regione FVG by Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS) in collaboration with ICTP and Società Alpina delle Giulie, has been funded with about 30 000 €. The project supports the salary of Dr. Giacomo Vinci. • In 2019 the X-ray group was included in the Advanced Technology Lab for Cultural Heritage (ATLACH), a consortium including also the Universities of Udine and Trieste, Elettra and other institutions of the FVG region. The consortium has funded the acquisition of a new X-ray tube and a computer for the MLAB microCT system (about 40 000 €). • The Monton MMS Company has supported the archaeological excavations carried out by the X-ray group in the Trieste Roman military fortifications (6 000 €). • University of Trieste, Department of Engineering: o One Ph.D. fellowship for the period 2018-2021 (Luis García Ordoñez, Guatemala) o 50% Ph.D. fellowship for the period 2019-2022 (Bruno Valinoti, Argentina) Publications Book chapters Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., & Zanini, F. (2019). X-Ray Computed Microtomography for Paleoanthropology, Archaeology, and Cultural Heritage. In Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (pp. 25–45). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813910-3.00002-1

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Bernardini, F. (2019). Fortificazioni militari repubblicane nell'area di Trieste (Italia nord-orientale): materiali archeologici da Grociana piccola e San Rocco rinvenuti nel corso della prima campagna di ricognizioni. In Vallori Márquez, B., Rueda Galán, C., & Bellón Ruiz, J. P. (Eds.). Accampamenti, guarnigioni e assedi durante la Seconda Guerra Punica e la conquista romana (secoli III-I a.C.): Prospettive archeologiche. Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon srl. ISBN: 978-88-7140-957-3 Journals Abba, S., Namkusong, J. W., Lee, J., & Crespo, M. L. (2019). Design and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Autonomous Sensor Interface for a Smart IoT-Based Irrigation Monitoring and Control System. Sensors, 19(17), 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173643

Agarwala, J., Bari, M., Bradamante, F., Bressan, A., Chatterjee, C., Cicuttin, A., Ciliberti, P., Crespo, M. L., Torre, S. D., Dasgupta, S., Gobbo, B., Gregori, M., Hamar, G., Levorato, S., Martin, A., Menon, G., Rizzuto, L. B., Triloki, Tessarotto, F., & Zhao, Y. X. (2019). The high voltage system with pressure and temperature corrections for the novel MPGD-based photon detectors of COMPASS RICH-1. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 942, 162378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162378

Agarwala, J., Alexeev, M., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bradamante, F., Bressan, A., Büchele, M., Chatterjee, C., Chiosso, M., Cicuttin, A., Ciliberti, P., Crespo, M. L., Dalla Torre, S., Dasgupta, S., Denisov, O., Finger, M., Finger Jr., M., Fischer, H., Gregori, M., Hamar, G., … Zhao, Y. (2020). The hybrid MPGD-based photon detectors of COMPASS RICH-1. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 952, 161832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.01.058

Agarwala, J., Chatterjee, C., Cicala, G., Cicuttin, A., Ciliberti, P., Crespo, M. L., Dalla Torre, S., Dasgupta, S., Gregori, M., Levorato, S., Menon, G., Tessarotto, F., Valentini, A., Velardi, L., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Study of MicroPattern Gaseous detectors with novel nanodiamond based photocathodes for single photon detection in EIC RICH. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 952, 161967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.03.022

Alexeev, M. G. et al. including Cicuttin, A. and Crespo M. L. [COMPASS Collaboration]. (2019). Measurement of P-weighted Sivers asymmetries in leptoproduction of hadrons. Nuclear Physics B, 940, 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2018.12.024

Akhunzyanov, R., et al. including Cicuttin, A. and Crespo, M. L. (2019). Transverse extension of partons in the proton probed in the sea-quark range by measuring the DVCS cross section. Physics Letters B, 793, 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.04.038

Baucon, A., Bednarz, M., Dufour, S., Felletti, F., Malgesini, G., Neto de Carvalho, C., Niklas, K. J., Wehrmann, A., Batstone, R., Bernardini, F., Briguglio, A., Cabella, R., Cavalazzi, B., Ferretti, A., Zanzerl, H., & McIlroy, D. (2020). Ethology of the trace fossil Chondrites: Form, function and environment. Earth-Science Reviews, 202, 102989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102989

Bernardini, F., Leghissa, E., Prokop, D., Velušček, A., De Min, A., Dreossi, D., Donato, S., Tuniz, C., Princivalle, F., & Montagnari Kokelj, M. (2019). X-ray computed microtomography of Late Copper Age decorated bowls with cross-shaped foots from central Slovenia and the Trieste Karst (North-Eastern Italy): Technology and paste characterisation. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(9), 4711–4728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00811-w

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Bernardini, F., De Min, A., Lenaz, D., Kasztovszky, Zs., Lughi, V., Modesti, V., Tuniz, C., & Tecchiati, U. (2019). Polished stone axes from Varna/Nössingbühel and Castelrotto/Grondlboden, South Tyrol (Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(4), 1519–1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0612-z

Bhuiyan, M. A. S., Badal, M. T. I., Reaz, M. B. I., Crespo, M. L., & Cicuttin, A. (2019). Design Architectures of the CMOS Power Amplifier for 2.4 GHz ISM Band Applications: An Overview. Electronics, 8(5), 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050477

Cruzado-Caballero, P., Castillo Ruiz, C., Bolet, A., Colmenero, J. R., De la Nuez, J., Casillas, R., Llacer, S., Bernardini, F., & Fortuny, J. (2019). First nearly complete skull of Gallotia auaritae (lower-middle Pleistocene, Squamata, Gallotiinae) and a morphological phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gallotia. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 16629. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52244-z

Duches, R., Nannini, N., Fontana, A., Boschin, F., Crezzini, J., Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., & Dalmeri, G. (2019). Archeological bone injuries by lithic backed projectiles: New evidence on bear hunting from the Late Epigravettian site of Cornafessa rock shelter (Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(5), 2249– 2270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0674-y

Fernández-Coll, M., Arbez, T., Bernardini, F., & Fortuny, J. (2019). Cranial anatomy of the Early Triassic trematosaurine Angusaurus (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli): 3D endocranial insights and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Iberian Geology, 45(2), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-0064-4

Lipovetzky, J., Cicuttin, A., Crespo, M. L., Sofo Haro, M., Alcalde Bessia, F., Pérez, M., & Gómez Berisso, M. (2020). Multi-spectral X-ray transmission imaging using a BSI CMOS Image Sensor. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 167, 108244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.048

Molaro, P., Romano, F. P., & Tuniz, C. (2018). Macro X-ray fluorescence imaging spectroscopy of the suggested Santi di Tito’s portrait of Galileo Galilei. Astronomische Nachrichten, 339(9–10), 718–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201813519

Villa, A., Kirchner, M., Alba, D. M., Bernardini, F., Bolet, A., Luján, À. H., Fortuny, J., Hipsley, C. A., Müller, J., Sindaco, R., Tuniz, C., & Delfino, M. (2019). Comparative cranial osteology of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 185(3), 693–716. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly082

Vinci, G., Bernardini, F., & Furlani, S. (2019). Geo-archaeology of the Grozzana area (N–E Italy). Journal of Maps, 15(2), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1659866 Conference Proceedings Bufon, J., Altissimo, M., Aquilanti, G., Bellutti, P., Bertuccio, G., Billè, F., Borghes, R., Borghi, G., Cautero, G., Ciano, S., Cicuttin, A., Cirrincione, D., Crespo, M. L., Fabiani, S., Ficorella, F., Gandola, M., Gianoncelli, A., Giuressi, D., Grisonich, R., … Vacchi, A. (2019). Large solid angle and high detection efficiency multi-element silicon drift detectors (SDD) for synchrotron based x-ray spectroscopy. 060061. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5084692

Cocca, E., Vinci, G., Cattani, M., Armigliato, A., Di Michele, A., Bianchi, M., Gennuso, I. (2019). Al-Khutm Project 2017/2018: a Bronze Age monumental tower (Bat, Oman). In Seminar for Arabian Studies, Eddisford, D., & British Museum (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. Volume 49, 2019. Papers from the fifty- second meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the British Museum, London, 3 to 5 August 2018. Printed ISBN 9781789692303. eISBN 9781789692310.

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Mannatunga, K. S., García Ordóñez, L. G., Amador, M. B., Crespo, M. L., Cicuttin, A., Levorato, S., Melo, R., & Valinoti, B. (2019). Design for Portability of Reconfigurable Virtual Instrumentation. 2019 X Southern Conference on Programmable Logic (SPL), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPL.2019.8714446

Melo, R. A., Valinoti, B., Amador, M. B., García Ordóñez, L. G., Cicuttin, A., & Crespo, M. L. (2019). Study of the Data Exchange Between Programmable Logic and Processor System of Zynq-7000 Devices. 2019 X Southern Conference on Programmable Logic (SPL), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPL.2019.8714328

L.G. García Ordóñez, I.R. Morales Argueta, M.L. Crespo, S. Carrato, A. Cicuttin, H.D.L.T. Perez, D. Barrientos, S. Levorato, B. Valinoti, W. Florian, K. Mannatunga, M. Ballina, M. Cruz. 2019. DAQ platform based on SoC-FPGA for high resolution time stamping in cosmic ray detection. 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2019), Madison Wisconsin, United States, 24 July - 1 August, 2019. Proceedings of Science, PoS (ICRC2019) 266, Volume 358, https://pos.sissa.it/358/266/pdf In press Folla, J. K., Wembe Tafo E., Essimbi Zobo B., Crespo, M. L., Cicuttin, A. Mamun Bin Ibne R., Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan M., Enamul Hoque Chowdhury, M. (2020). A 0.35μm Low-Noise Stable Charge Sensitive Amplifier for Silicon Detectors Applications. (2020). Informacije MIDEM - Journal of Microelectronics, Electronic Components and Materials, 50(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.33180/InfMIDEM2020.101

Kasun S. Mannatunga, Andres Cicuttin, Maria Liz Crespo, Bruno Valinoti, Werner Florian, Luis Garcia, Rodrigo A. Melo, Marcos Cervetto, Edgardo Marchi, Miguel Risco Castillo. 2019. A Hardware/Software Architecture for Remote Control of SoC-FPGA Based Reconfigurable Virtual Instrumentation. Second International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering (ICAEESE 2019), Guwahati, India, 2-3 November 2019. To be published in IEEE Xplore.

Perez, M., Haro, M. S., Blostein, J. J., Cicutin, A., Crespo, M. L., Bessia, F. A., Sidelnik, I., Berisso, M. G., & Lipovetzky, J. (2020). X-ray spectroscopy up to 17.6 keV using a Commercial Off The Shelf CMOS Image Sensor. 2020 Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAE48787.2020.9046365 Submitted Carrato, S., Chatterjee, C., Cicuttin, A., Ciliberti, P., Crespo, M. L., Dalla Torre, S., Dasgupta, S., Florian, W., García Ordóñez, L. G., Gobbo, B., Gregori, M., Kosoveu, A., Levorato, S., Mannatunga, K., Menon, G., Hashemi, S. M., Tessarotto, F., Triloki, Valinoti, B., & Zhao, Y. X. (2020). A scalable High Voltage Power Supply System with system on chip control for Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 963, 163763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163763

Kasun Sameera Mannatunga, Sawal Hamid MD Ali, Maria Liz Crespo, Andres Cicuttin, Jayathu Samarawikrama. High Performance Multi-Channel Acquisition System for Electrophysiology. Submitted to The Multidisciplinary Open Access Journal (IEEE Access).

Martín Pérez, Miguel Sofo Haro, José Lipovetzky, Andres Cicuttin, Maria Liz Crespo, Fabricio Alcalde Bessia, Mariano Gómez Berisso, Juan Jerónimo Blostein. Evaluation of a Commercial Off The Shelf CMOS Image Sensor for X-ray Spectroscopy up to 24.9 keV. Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIM-A).

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Melo R. A. et al. including Valinoti B., Crespo M.L., Cicuttin A., García Ordóñez, L. G., Florian Samayoa W., Mannatunga K. ComBlock: a simple core for FPGA-processors communication. Submitted to the 2020 Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe (DATE 2020), 9-13 March 2020, Grenoble, France. Telecommunications/ICT for Development Laboratory (T/ICT4D) Former Aeronomy and Radiopropagation Laboratory (ARPL) Ionospheric Radiopropagation Section Ionospheric Radiopropagation-related research activities of the laboratory cover ionospheric modelling studies and 3D and time specification of the electron density in the ionosphere using ground and space experimental data ingestion in ionospheric models, such as the NeQuick that has been developed by the Laboratory. These efforts are particularly oriented to assess ionospheric effects in satellite navigation and positioning. The research activities also extend to space weather effects on the ionosphere by means of data analysis and interpretation.

The ICTP partnership through T/ICT4D with the Institute of Scientific Research of Boston College of the United States of America to promote training activities related to the ionosphere and its effects on satellite navigation in Africa extends now to developing countries in general. It has to be noted that these efforts, together with the financial support of the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and other institutions, have produced an important increase of publications in the field of ionospheric research by African scientists working in Africa. In addition, the partnership with Boston College has originated a series of collaborations with research groups in African universities and research centres towards the implementation of joint research activities in this field. It has to be noted that all the publications of the laboratory done during 2019, as well as in previous years, have been produced in collaboration with researchers from other countries, and mostly from the developing world.

The collaboration with the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) continues and the Head of the T/ICT4D has been awarded for the seventh consecutive year as Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Physical Sciences of that University.

2019 has seen a growing interest within the international scientific community in the use of the NeQuick ionospheric model developed at the T/ICT4D.

With the financial support of the ICTP Office of External Activities, the “Workshop on Space Weather and Upper Atmosphere Physics” (WSWUAP) has been organised jointly with the Department of Physics, Amrit Campus, in Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 23 to 27 September 2019. It has to be noted that the main lectures of the workshop were delivered by three women scientists of the section: Christine Amory- Mazaudier, Yenca Migoya-Orué and Katy Alazo-Cuartas.

In collaboration with Clement Onime of the ICTP ICT section, a beta version of the web site of the new Calibrated TEC (Ionospheric Total Electron Content) Service of the T/ICT4D has been circulated among several research groups of developing countries for testing. The service will make global single station calibrated TEC from RINEX files - downloaded from the International GNSS Service and other networks - available to scientific users around the world on a continuous basis. The calibration uses an advanced version of the Ciraolo et al. (2007) technique (Ciraolo, L., Azpilicueta, F., Brunini, C., Meza, A., Radicella, S.M., 2007. Calibration errors on experimental slant total electron content (TEC) determined with GPS. J. Geod.81, 111–120).

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Research Activities The attention of this section during 2019 has been focused on aspects related to low latitudes ionosphere and space weather, a topic of increasing interest at international level.

During 2018 the Ionospheric Radiopropagation section of the T/ICT4D has participated in the project “Atmosfiller: Completing the Atmospheric Sounding System with GNSS and Platform Integrated Sensors”, under a European Space Agency contract. PI for ICTP in this project has been B. Nava, the section’s coordinator.

In 2019 the number of research papers about the use of the NeQuick ionospheric model has increased again. The Figure below shows the evolution of the number of papers on NeQuick from 2002 to 2019. It shows the growing interest in the use and applications of the model in all of its versions by the scientific and engineering community. This interest has also been manifested by the establishment of an International Working Group on NeQuick during the “Workshop on NeQuick Ionospheric Electron Density Model: Latest Developments and New Implementations” (SMR 3328), that took place at ICTP, from 8 to 11 October 2019.

Evolution of the Number of Papers on NeQuick 2002-2019 (from Web of Science core collection) Total number: 217 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

The section has been selected by the European Space Agency to carry out the project “Mutual Occultation Experiment between the Trace Gas Orbiter and Mars Express”. PI of the project is B. Nava.

S. M. Radicella participates in the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) International Working Team on the topic “Why Ionospheric Dynamics and Structure Behave Differently in the African Sector?”, (1st Meeting, from 4 to 8 November 2019 in Bern). Training activities • In collaboration with the International Space Weather Initiative, the Boston College Institute of Scientific Research and the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (UNOOSA), the International Space Weather Initiative Workshop (SMR 3292) was organised and carried out at ICTP on 20-24 May. 59 participants from 23 countries attended the workshop.

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• In collaboration with the Boston College Institute of Scientific Research and the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (UNOOSA) the Workshop on Ionospheric Forecasting for GNSS Operations in Developing Countries: Findings and Challenges (SMR 3296) was organised and carried out at ICTP on 27-31 May 2019. 40 participants from 19 countries attended the workshop. • In collaboration with the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (UNOOSA) the Workshop on NeQuick Ionospheric Electron Density Model: Latest Developments and New Implementations (SMR 3328) was organised and carried out at ICTP. 36 participants from 16 countries attended the workshop. • With the financial support of the ICTP Office of External Activities a Workshop on Space Weather and Upper Atmosphere Physics (WSWUAP) has been jointly organised with the Department of Physics, Amrit Campus, in Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 23 to 27 September 2019. 43 faculty members and students from Nepalese universities attended the workshop.

Awards • S. M. Radicella, during a ceremony in the hall of the Honorable Superior Council of the National University of Tucumán, Argentina, received on 9 April 2019 the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa, awarded to him in December 2018. • S. M. Radicella received the “Spirit of Salam” award of ICTP in 2019 together with Prof. Jacob Palis and ICTP’s “Marie Curie” Library. Wireless Communications Section The main interest of the section is in ICT for development. Both research and training activities have been focused on how to use ICT to help the development of academic networks. In particular, work has been done on Long Distance Wireless Links, Wireless Sensor Networks for Development and Low-cost Solutions for Wireless Links Setup. More recently special attention has been devoted to the Internet of Things (IoT) for development, taking into account its potential in all sectors of society from health to industry. The section’s researchers have been active in organizing and participating in training activities in the field, as it can be seen in the chapter on training below.

Most of the activities of the section are organised in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Development Bureau (ITU-BDT). The ITU-BDT was established to help spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies as a means of stimulating broader social and economic development. The section has been collaborating with EsLaRed (Fundación Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes) organizing training activities in Latin America since 1992. Other collaboration agreements with organizations in Europe, Asia and South America have also been established.

ICTP through this section of the T/ICT4D has been selected as “ITU Center of Excellence in IoT, Big Data and Statistics” and M. Zennaro, Section’s Coordinator, has been designated as Focal Point.

The section won the first prize at the RIPE Network Coordination Center on IoT Hackathon in Rotterdam, October 12-13. Research and Direct Assistance Activities Research activities of the section include:

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1) Development of a low power and low cost communications platform for marine environmental data from a floating boa, in collaboration with the Italian institute OGS. The prototype has been tested inland and in the Gulf of Trieste with satisfying results.

2) Research on long range LoRa communications. Selecting appropriate test sites in northern Italy, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility of spanning an unprecedented distance of 316 kilometers with only 100 mW of power. (See publication by Jovalekic et al. 2017)

3) Research in affordable solutions for wireless Internet access. The publication by Saldana et al. (2017) gives the results drawing from many installations in which the section have participated.

4) Development of low-cost weather stations with long-range wireless data transmission. Prototypes installed in the Philippines, work in progress with other technologies to be tested in other locations. Training and teaching activities During 2019, the section participated or organised several training activities and seminars in other countries and in Trieste:

• Workshop: WALC 2019, November 11-15, Guatemala City, Guatemala, M. Zennaro and E. Pietrosemoli • Training: Internet of Things (IoT) Entrepreneurship, November 6-8, Trieste, Italy, M. Zennaro and E. Pietrosemoli • Workshop: Balseiro School 2019, October 21-25, Bariloche, Argentina, M. Zennaro and E. Pietrosemoli • ITU Training: Technical Aspects of Wireless Solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT), September 2-4, Trieste, Italy, M. Zennaro and E. Pietrosemoli • Workshop: IoT at the Indian Statistical Institute, July 22-25, Kolkata, India, M. Zennaro • Workshop: IoT at MIT-World Peace University, July, 15-19, Pune, India, M. Zennaro • Workshop: East African on the Internet of Things, (SMR 3279), June 24-28, Kigali, Rwanda, M. Zennaro • Course: Masters program in Internet of Things at University of Rwanda, March 31 - April 4, Kigali, Rwanda, M. Zennaro • Workshop and Direct Engineering Assistance: IoT deployment in Mozambique, March 4-15, Maputo, Mozambique, E. Pietrosemoli and M. Zennaro • Workshop: Rapid Prototyping of Internet of Things Solutions for Science, January 21 - February 1, Trieste, Italy, M. Zennaro and E. Pietrosemoli Staff and Long-Term Visitors Professional Staff Nava, Bruno, Italy (Coordinator, Ionospheric Radiopropagation Section) Zennaro, Marco, Italy (Coordinator, Wireless Communications Section) Migoya-Orué, Yenca, Argentina Consultants Amory Mazaudier, Christine, France Ciraolo, Luigi, Italy Pietrosemoli, Ermanno, Italy-Venezuela Radicella, Sandro M., Italy-Argentina (Head of T/ICT4D) Rainone, Marco, Italy

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Visiting Scientists Alazo Cuartas, Katy, Cuba Liu, Yang, China Salahadin, Seid, Ethiopia Alhag, Moez Altayeb, Sudan Publications Highlighted Publications Kashcheyev, A., & Nava, B. (2019). Validation of NeQuick 2 Model Topside Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Electron Content Using COSMIC POD TEC. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(11), 9525–9536. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026971

Tebabal, A., Radicella, S. M., Damtie, B., Migoya-Orué, Y., Nigussie, M., & Nava, B. (2019). Feed forward neural network based ionospheric model for the East African region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 191, 105052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.05.016

Barro, P., Zennaro, M., Degila, J., & Pietrosemoli, E. (2019). A Smart Cities LoRaWAN Network Based on Autonomous Base Stations (BS) for Some Countries with Limited Internet Access. Future Internet, 11(4), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11040093

Ghorpade, S. N., Zennaro, M., & Chaudhari, B. S. (2019). Binary grey wolf optimisation-based topology control for WSNs. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, 9(6), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-wss.2018.5169 Book Chapter Radicella, S. M. and Nava, B. (2019). Empirical Ionospheric Models. In Materassi, M., Forte, B., Coster, A. J., & Skone, S. (Eds.). The Dynamical Ionosphere: A systems approach to ionospheric irregularity (1st ed.). Elsevier. Paperback ISBN: 9780128147825. eBook ISBN: 9780128147832. Journal Articles Tebabal, A., Radicella, S. M., Damtie, B., Migoya-Orué, Y., Nigussie, M., & Nava, B. (2019). Feed forward neural network based ionospheric model for the East African region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 191, 105052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.05.016

Mungufeni, P., Migoya-Orué, Y., Habarulema, J. B., & Radicella, S. M. (2019). Estimation of equivalent ground- based total electron content using CHAMP-based GPS observations. Advances in Space Research, 64(1), 199– 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.03.039

Liu, Y., Li, Z., Fu, L., Wang, J., Radicella, S. M., & Zhang, C. (2019). Analyzing Ionosphere TEC and ROTI Responses on 2010 August High Speed Solar Winds. IEEE Access, 7, 29788–29804. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2897793

Oladipo, O. A., Adeniyi, J. O., Adimula, I. A., Olawepo, A. O., Olowookere, A., Salifu, F. U., Radicella, S. M., & Reinisch, B. W. (2019). The role of the F-region vertical drift on the onset time of the equatorial spread F over Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Earth System Science, 128(5), 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1160-3

Abe, O. E., Paparini, C., Ngaya, R. H., Radicella, S. M., Nava, B., & Kashcheyev, A. (2019). Assessment study of ionosphere correction model using single- and multi-shell algorithms approach over sub-Saharan African region. Advances in Space Research, 63(10), 3177–3188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.01.044

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Kashcheyev, A., & Nava, B. (2019). Validation of NeQuick 2 Model Topside Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Electron Content Using COSMIC POD TEC. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(11), 9525–9536. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026971

Ghorpade, S. N., Zennaro, M., & Chaudhari, B. S. (2019). Binary grey wolf optimisation-based topology control for WSNs. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, 9(6), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-wss.2018.5169

Cardenas, A. M., Nakamura Pinto, M. K., Pietrosemoli, E., Zennaro, M., Rainone, M., & Manzoni, P. (2019). A Low-Cost and Low-Power Messaging System Based on the LoRa Wireless Technology. Mobile Networks and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-019-01235-5

Barro, P., Zennaro, M., Degila, J., & Pietrosemoli, E. (2019). A Smart Cities LoRaWAN Network Based on Autonomous Base Stations (BS) for Some Countries with Limited Internet Access. Future Internet, 11(4), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11040093 Conference Proceedings Alazo-Cuartas, K., Migoya-Orué, Y., Radicella, S., Nava, B., & Amory-Mazaudier, C. (2019). Performance of the new formulation of the bottomside B2 parameter in NeQuick model under disturbed geomagnetic conditions. 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.23919/URSIAP- RASC.2019.8738454

Migoya-Orué, Y., Alazo-Cuartas, K., Radicella, S., Nava, B., Kashcheyev, A., Amory-Mazaudier, C., & Ezquer, R. G. (2019, August). B2 thickness parameter response to Equinoctial geomagnetic storms. presented at Beacon Satellite Symposium 2019, 19 – 23 August, Olsztyn, Poland. http://bss2019.uwm.edu.pl/sites/default/files/uploads/bss19abstractictp.pdf

Pietrosemoli, E., Rainone, M., & Zennaro, M. (2019). On Extending the Wireless Communications Range of Weather Stations using LoRaWAN. Proceedings of the 5th EAI International Conference on Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good, 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1145/3342428.3342660

Chaudhari B. and Zennaro, M. (2020). LoRa Transmission over Rayleigh Fading Channels in Presence of Interference. In Saini, H. S., Singh, R. K., Tariq Beg, M., & Sahambi, J. S. (Eds). Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering Proceedings of the 8th ICIECE 2019. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited. http://public.eblib.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=6181492

Barro, P. A., Zennaro, M., & Pietrosemoli, E. (2019). TLTN – The local things network: On the design of a LoRaWAN gateway with autonomous servers for disconnected communities. 2019 Wireless Days (WD), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/WD.2019.8734239

David, S., Pietrosimoli, E., & Zennaro, M. (2019). Evaluation of IoT gateways for developing communities: Smart Maputo. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development - ICTDX ’19, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287142

Serafino, G., Derin, D., Babich, F., Pietrosemoli, E., & Goiak, M. (2019). Link performance evaluation procedure for the introduction of unmanned air vehicles in civil airspace. 2019 IEEE 5th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroAeroSpace.2019.8869627

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Papers Under Consideration Melessew Nigussie, Mark B. Moldwin, Sandro Radicella, Endawoke Yizengaw, Shasha Zou, Bruno Nava, “The effect of F-layer zonal neutral wind on the monthly and longitudinal variability of equatorial ionosphere irregularity and drift velocity”; submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics.

Mungufeni, P., Stolle, C., Samireddipalle, S., Migoya-Orué, Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2019). Modeling Total Electron Content derived from radio occultation measurements by COSMIC satellites over the African Region [Preprint]. Earth’s ionosphere & aeronomy/Modelling and forecasting. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2019-160 Medical Physics The activities at ICTP in the area of Medical Physics for the year 2019 can be divided into three chapters:

• Training Activities • Visits of the Associate Members, Simons Associates, and Step Students • The Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics, in cooperation with the University of Trieste (see Joint ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics (MMP) in the Training and Education Programmes chapter) Training Activities During the year 2019 the following medical physics activities have taken place:

School of Medical Physics for Radiation Therapy: Dosimetry and Treatment Planning for Basic and Advanced Applications (25 March – 5 April 2019) SMR 3278 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8651/

This fourth edition of the School has seen the contribution 20 teachers providing lectures and/or conduction practical exercises in the infolab and in the Trieste university hospital in the medical physics department. It had 45 participants (including the 12 Masters of Medical Physics students). The School had the sponsorship of the IOMP, EFOMP, AAPM, and AIFM.

The objective of the School is to contribute to the understanding of Physics applied to Radiation Therapy and the development of competent medical physicists who can make a direct contribution to the improvement of health care in their countries through better radiation therapy. The two-week School was devoted to the physics applied to radiation therapy with the aim to introduce to conventional and advanced therapy principle, methods and technology: disseminating information about issues on radiotherapy physics and defining innovations that could improve the quality of radiotherapy services; outlining a systematic approach to the assessment of the appropriateness of conventional and advanced radiotherapy techniques; and facilitating the creation of a network for the exchange of information on radiotherapy physics among scientists in developing and developed Member States.

The programme and most of the lecture notes can be found at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8651/.

IAEA-ICTP Advanced School on Quality Assurance Requirements in the Digital Era of Diagnostic Radiology (11-15 November 2019) SMR 3334 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8730/

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The digital image revolution in medical diagnostic imaging began as early as the 1970s with the invention of the computed tomography (CT) scanner. This was followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the 1980s and digital X ray acquisition systems (such as computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DX)) in the 1990s. Since then, the momentum of digital medical imaging has grown to the extent that digital image management is currently the preferred method for medical imaging. The reasons for this include the efficiencies inherent in digital capture, storage, and display and the competitive cost structures of such systems when compared to alternatives involving film. Quality assurance and quality control activities are of paramount importance in this digital era to ensure that the equipment installed is safe and efficient. This is especially true for the components of the imaging chain that were not present in the traditional screen film technologies, such as the digital acquisition systems (either CR or DR) and the display systems.

Topics covered at the activity included: the physics of digital imaging, quantitative image analysis, adapting QC protocols for digital imaging modalities, structured DICOM images and their use, images printing and display, image processing and analysis tools. The School has had 8 lecturers and 37 participants (including 12 Master’s students and 2 ICTP Associates). The programme comprises theoretical and hand-on activities developed at the computer lab and at the Trieste hospital in collaboration with the medical physics department. The programme web page contains most of the lecture notes.

Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Establishment and Utilization of Diagnostic Reference Levels in Medical Imaging (18-22 November 2019) SMR 3333 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8729/

The objective of the workshop is to contribute to the knowledge improvement on the concept of DRLs, in line with the requirement of the International Basic Safety Standards and the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Participants learned about international experience and performed practical exercises on steps in establishing DRLs and using them as an ongoing part of optimization of patient radiation protection. Proper patient dosimetry and use of automatic dose management systems were also discussed. Participants were medical physicists or other clinical scientists who are involved in patient dose measurements and patient radiation protection in diagnostic imaging. They must be able to facilitate, motivate and cooperate with other persons in their own facility and in other facilities in their country, to carry out the necessary steps, after the workshop, to bring about the implementation of DRLs in their country. Topics included: DRL concept and nomenclature, methodology of establishing DRLs, examples from different medical imaging modalities, application of DRLs in clinical practice, advanced concepts and applications, practical exercises with participants data. The School has had 11 lecturers and 55 participants (including 12 Master’s students and 2 ICTP Associates). The programme comprises theoretical and hand-on activities developed at the computer lab. The programme web page contains most of the lecture notes.

Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Uncertainty Estimations for Radiation Measurements in SSDLs and Hospitals (2 - 6 December 2019) SMR 3337 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8732/

Uncertainty estimations and international traceability are required for radiation dose measurements. The uncertainty is an important part of scientific expression of measurement result. The importance of accurate dosimetry is recognized particularly when patient dose in medical exposure is measured. In this workshop the participants will be provided with an understanding of the methods used for the assessment of various uncertainty components and given guidance on how to report measurement uncertainties related to their

Research | 109 calibration services and clinical dosimetry measurements in a way that is consistent with the International Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The whole chain of dosimetry from the primary standards dosimetry laboratory to the hospital will be covered. Using tutorials adapted to practical situations, the candidates will learn how to prepare an uncertainty budget. Topics included:

• International guidelines for uncertainty estimation o Principles of uncertainty determination (Concepts, Uncertainty components, Combined and expanded uncertainty o Uncertainty components related to (Quantity, Equipment, Conditions, Operation) o Practical examples and exercises for uncertainty estimations in radiation therapy, diagnostic radiology, contamination and radiation safety survey, nuclear medicine).

The workshop had 5 lecturers and 80 participants (including 12 Master’s students and 1 ICTP Associates). The programme comprises theoretical and hand-on activities developed at the computer lab. The lectures have been video recorded to produce an educational material by the IAEA. Associate Members, Simons Associates, and Step Students In the year 2019 a total of 7 Associate Members visited ICTP, taking the opportunity to use the library facilities, developing their research, discussing their research and their needs, but also following mainly medical physics activities in the period, visiting Universities (Trieste in particular), Elettra Sincrotrone, some Medical physics departments (Trieste and Udine in particular). The individual reports are detailing the specific activities developed in the visiting period.

Their period at ICTP are here reported:

• ASSAOUI Fatna (Morocco) from 1 Jul to 9 Sep 2019 • AZANGWE Godfrey (Zimbabwe) from 26 Aug to 28 Sep 2019 • DELLIE Seife Teferi (Ethiopia) from 15 Sep to 29 Sep and from 10 Nov to 24 Nov 2019 • HERRASSI Mohamed Yassine (Morocco) from 12 Jul to 21 Jul 2019 • JEYASUGITHTHAN Jeyasingam (Sri Lanka) from 24 Mar to 26 Apr 2019 • RAMOS Machado Dayana (Cuba) from 20 Oct to 18 Nov 2019 • USIKALU Mojisola (Nigeria) from 29 Jun to 9 Aug 2019 Fluid Dynamics The ICTP Fluid Dynamics Laboratory is a world-class research facility whose activities range from quantum to classical fluid flows and whose centrepiece is an apparatus utilizing helium gas near absolute zero. This apparatus can produce extreme values of the control parameters characterizing controlled buoyancy-driven turbulence. Operating near the critical point of helium, it provides high-resolution data for fundamental studies of turbulent fluid dynamics. Research Activities From its position atop a rotating platform, ICTP’s turbulent convection experiment provides data applicable to large-scale natural phenomena like atmospheric and solar convection in a range of control parameters not possible elsewhere. Recent experiments have taken advantage of the possibility to apply more realistic boundary conditions, particularly the more two- dimensional aspect ratios characteristic of natural extended systems. Taking rotating convection to the limits has shown that the enhancement of convection with rotation at moderately high Rayleigh numbers obtained with conventional apparatus essentially vanishes at higher Ra

Research | 110 and even changes sign. Since the range of parameters is not available to fully resolved numerical simulations, the experiment provides important input for guiding thinking about common turbulent flows in nature. Anchor Optics Research (AOR) The programme is a collaboration between the international Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), ICTP and INFN.

The research activities are presently centred in collaborating laboratories in the INFN and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste. The purpose of the research, which is co-funded by the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE) is to use high power, narrow line-width mid-IR laser light for both spectroscopy and for accurate measurements of the proton charge radius, based on resolving hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen. The two methods being investigated are the use of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) which is tuneable in the mid-it range, and difference frequency generation (DFG), taking advantage of improvements in nonlinear crystals.

The laboratory activities have involved researchers from Italy (ICTP, INFN, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A.), Bulgaria, Togo, Ghana, and India. Researchers from developing countries were supported through STEP (sandwich training) programme, the TRIL (Training and Research in Italian Laboratories) programme, and ICTP’s Associates programme.

Elettra joined as a partner to the Quantum Cascade Laser project in 2012, making available resource and personnel from the laser laboratory.

In addition, an activity in Applications of Optical Tweezers was added in October 2012 under the umbrella of the AOR program. This brings a new partner—IOM-CNR—to the AOR.

Finally, with cooperation from IVIC in Venezuela and with an ICTP Associate from there, we added a third component on the ICTP campus, namely a training and research facility dedicated to microscopy and light- matter interaction.

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Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) The Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) Section was created in 2014, for ICTP to respond to recent changes in the scientific landscape.

The progressive integration of a wide range of different disciplines — including physics, statistics, information theory, biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, population genetics and game theory — and the increased availability of quantitative data on the most diverse domains of life sciences — from the cell and the brain, to terrestrial and oceanic ecology, economics and quantitative finance — have led to the consolidation of a new research domain, which we describe as “Quantitative Life Sciences” to provide a sense of its breadth.

In this scenario, new challenges are emerging for physicists at all scales of organization of life, from signalling cascades and the regulation of gene expression or metabolism in a cell, to the large-scale structure of multi- cellular organisms, the brain, or ecosystems. The early focus of physicists on the fundamental units of life (DNA, proteins and their interactions, neurons) has gradually expanded to include whole cells and tissues, as well as organs (e.g. the brain) and organisms, and even entire ecosystems. A detailed understanding of complex biological processes in terms of their constituent components and motifs, requires a proper grasp of fundamental concepts and tools in the theory of stochastic processes, statistical and non-linear physics.

2019 was an important year for the QLS Section. With the arrival of two new staff members, Jacopo Grilli and Jean Barbier, it reached the critical mass to achieve the objective of opening the QLS Diploma programme, coordinated by Antonio Celani. The first batch of six students started their courses in September 2019. The span of activities carried out in the section has expanded accordingly.

Notwithstanding the breadth of its scientific interests, the section maintains a strong identity rooted in a common language, based on quantitative methods of theoretical physics, as well as a shared focus on conceptual issues. Indeed, at all scales of life we see emergent collective behaviours: identifying universal signatures that can shed light on their origin, or on life’s organizing principles, is a major goal of current front- line research. The emergence of universal principles is particularly evident for traits under strong evolutionary pressure, where biological behaviour is expected to satisfy optimization principles. Understanding behaviour in these cases calls for the integration of methods from Artificial Intelligence (e.g. Reinforcement Learning) and game theory, jointly with the physical description of a system that is needed to describe embodied intelligence. Besides evolution, living systems stand out from physical systems because of their information processing abilities. From this viewpoint, understanding the roots of the success of machine learning (and its limitations), does not only shed light on machine learning but it also provides insight on the principles that organise living systems. That is also why Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have become one of the key subjects in our section, cutting across the research of all the QLS members. Not surprisingly, the field of computational neuroscience, which is the one that traditionally deals with information processing in living systems (namely, the brain) and which had already been identified as central in the 2014-2019 strategic plan for the development of the QLS Section, still remains of great importance for its consolidation.

The QLS Section aims at promoting scientific excellence in this highly dynamic scientific landscape. It is currently composed of five staff members, three postdoc fellows, 4 PhD and 6 graduate students (see detailed list below).

The Section collaborates with a group of Staff Associates in order to enhance its outreach and visibility in the international community. The support of this “external faculty” is particularly important to maintain a high scientific level, given the disciplinary range and diversity of the activity that the Section aims to carry out. The QLS Section has also established research and training collaborations both with Trieste-based institutions

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(ICGEB, University of Trieste and SISSA), and with institutions outside the region (Politecnico Torino, Univ. Paris Sud).

A core activity of the QLS Section is the Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems. This is a 4-week-long school aimed at second-year master’s students and early PhD students, with five courses ranging from traditional statistical physics to all aspects of Quantitative Life Sciences.

Another core activity of the QLS Section is the Winter School on Quantitative Systems Biology, in collaboration with ICTS-TIFR Bangalore. This activity aims at bringing young researchers in contact with the forefront subjects of research in different areas of Quantitative Biology. The eighth edition, held at ICTS, Bangalore focused on morphogenesis.

Since their first editions, both the Winter School and the Spring College have witnessed an increase in quantity and quality of applicants, showing that there is a growing interest in these initiatives. Research Activities In 2019 the QLS Section has been active in six main research directions:

• Physics of behaviour and sensing; • Emergent collective behaviour in interacting systems; • Quantitative ecology of large communities; • Stochastic thermodynamics in living systems; • Rigorous aspects of high-dimensional inference and learning; • Featureless statistical inference; Physics of behaviour and sensing (Andrea Mazzolini, Mihir Durve, Claudio Leone, Nicole Orzan, Alfredo Reyes Gonzalez, Jacopo Talamini)

Individuals must make effective decisions to increase the amount of reward they can get from the environment. Choosing how and when to move is one specific behaviour that is often central to survival and proliferation of cells and organisms. This decision is often guided by chemical and mechanical cues. Antonio Celani, Matteo Adorisio, Alberto Pezzotta and Mihir Durve are addressing this issue in several model systems, ranging from chemotaxis in bacteria and cancer cells, to olfactory search in insects and soaring in birds. Combining ideas from statistical physics, information theory, computer science and biology, they aim at an algorithmic understanding of animal search behaviour and decision-making guided by sensorial information. The research touches also on fundamental conceptual issues of algorithms for learning and stochastic thermodynamics. Emergent collective behaviour in interacting systems (M. Marsili, A. Roy)

One of the most intriguing biological problems is how a collective behaviour emerges from the interaction of simple units. A. Roy and M. Marsili have investigated how simple models of interacting spiking neurons can make sense of the complex phenomenology of neural activity, observed by the group of V. Torre (SISSA), in the cortex and in hippocampus. At a quite different scale, Matteo Marsili and co-workers addressed collective behaviour of whole economies. This research shows how statistical mechanics can shed light on several phenomena, ranging from the loss of transparency in financial transformations (e.g. securitization), to the relation between inequality and growth.

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Quantitative ecology of large communities (J. Grilli)

Many species coexist in the same communities. How the coexistence of many species is maintained is a fundamental and unanswered question in ecology. Coexistence is a puzzle because we lack a quantitative link between mechanisms and variation of species presence and abundance. Jacopo Grilli aims at understanding the fundamental mechanisms determining the dynamics and composition of ecological communities. He combines tools and ideas from statistical physics, data science, biology, and ecology. The research ranges from the study of theoretical models with many interacting species to the formulation of novel, theory-driven, ways to analyse data. Trying to bridge the gap between theory and biological data, most of the recent focus has been devoted to study quantitative laws characterizing the taxonomic and functional composition of microbial communities at multiple scales, from genes to species. Stochastic thermodynamics in living systems (É. Roldán, R. Belousov)

An important challenge of nowadays science is to develop a quantitative understanding of the fluctuating nature of energy conversion at mesoscopic scales. Only very recently, universal features of non-equilibrium small systems have been discovered in the framework of stochastic thermodynamics. These universal relations have shed light on fluctuation phenomena that have been experimentally validated in biological systems (molecular motors, active gels, mechanosensory cells), colloidal systems, nanoelectronic devices, among others.

Using methods from martingale theory — a mathematical framework widely used in finance — Édgar Roldán is investigating new universal fluctuations of the energetics and entropy production of small nonequilibrium systems. Pioneering the so-called “martingale theory for thermodynamics”, he and his collaborators are investigating, with theory and experiments, the so-called “extreme second law violations” corresponding to events of extreme transient entropy reductions. Currently, the theory is being extended to quantum systems and active matter, with application to spontaneous oscillations in the ear of the bullfrog and extreme excursions for molecular (collaboration with University of Bordeaux and Max Planck Institute).

Universal signatures of stochastic fluctuations also manifest in the dynamics of water near biological interfaces, which is of key relevance in the exchanges of matter and chemical interactions that are essential for life. For example, the dynamics of water near glutamine surfaces serves as an important model system for studying neurodegenerative diseases. First passage time statistics obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, offers the possibility for extracting space-dependent diffusion coefficient in complex, in-homogeneous environments that are commonplace in living matter. This collaboration, led by É. Roldán and A. Hassanali (CSMP section), is expanded, to include young researchers from Pakistan, Iran, Ghana, Congo, Russia, Argentina, Serbia, and Cuba. Rigorous aspects of high-dimensional inference and learning (J. Barbier)

This decade is witnessing a burst of mathematical studies related to high-dimensional inference and learning. Theoretical physics approaches provide deep insights into the organization of the free energy landscape underlying these problems. Yet rigorous results have been restricted to very specific models. Theorems are of crucial importance in this young interdisciplinary field at the intersection of physics, data science, information theory and applied mathematics, as, despite the tremendous advances in applications, a theoretical

Research | 114 understanding of the success (and limitations) of machine learning is still lacking. Jean Barbier is actively participating in the development of new techniques to provide rigorous mathematical basis to the statistical physics predictions in the context of high-dimensional Bayesian inference and learning. Examples of problems where the physics approaches are now rigorously settled thanks to these new tools include low-rank matrix and tensor factorization, generalized linear estimation, models of neural networks, or sparse graphical models such as error-correcting codes and block models for community detection. Featureless statistical inference (M. Marsili, R. Cubero, O Duranthon)

For systems such as the brain, cells or an economy, the lack of knowledge on the system’s “laws of motion” and the high dimensionality of the data, call for a statistical approach that makes no a priori assumptions on the generative model. Within this setting of featureless inference, Ryan Cubero and Matteo Marsili have derived quantitative measures for identifying relevant variables (e.g. neurons responsible for spatial cognition). These results stem from a characterization of relevance in finite samples, as a measure of the information content that the sample contains on the generative model. Within this approach, critical fluctuations in samples arise as signatures of efficient representations. This theory also predicts how learning machines should morph their energy landscapes in order to learn structured datasets and how the thermodynamics of trained machines differs from that of physical systems.

A further line of research deals with extracting simple models from high dimensional datasets. As G. Box once wrote, “All models are wrong, but some are useful”. Useful models are those that provide easily falsifiable predictions on symmetries and invariances. It turns out that these are also simple, in the information theoretic sense. In spite of the fact that the number of possible simple models grows very fast with dimensionality, finding the best ones among them is computationally easy. Training Activities The Quantitative Life Sciences Section contributed to the ICTP 2019 Scientific Programme with 6 activities. QLS members acted as local organisers and/or directors.

Joint ICTP-SAIFR/ICTP-Trieste School on Mathematical Models of Evolution (SMR 3265) 21 - 26 January 2019, Sao Paulo - Brazil Organisers: Paulo Inácio Prado (USP Brazil), Luca Peliti (SMIR-Italy), Roberto Kraenkel (IFT-Physics, Brazil), Marcus Aguiar (Unicamp-Physics, Brazil), ICTP Scientific Contact: Matteo Marsili

Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems (SMR 3274) 25 February - 22 March 2019 Organisers: Alfredo Braunstein (Politecnico Torino), Silvio Franz (LPTMS Paris), Andrea Gambassi (SISSA), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili

Workshop on Martingales in Finance and Physics 24 May 2019 Organisers: Édgar Roldán and Matteo Marsili (ICTP)

Workshop on Locomotion and Navigation from Flies to Robots (SMR 3309) 10 - 12 July 2019 Organisers: Massimo Vergassola (UCSD), Local Organiser: Antonio Celani

ECRO 2019 Conference of the European Chemoreception Research Organization (SMR 3321)

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11 - 14 September 2019 Organisers: Paolo Gasparini (U. Trieste & IRCSS Burlo Garofolo Trieste), Anna Menini (SISSA), Local Organiser: Antonio Celani

ICTP-ICTS Winter School on Quantitative Systems Biology 2019 (SMR 3338) 9 - 20 December, Bengaluru, India Organisers: Stefano Di Talia (Duke U.), Vijaykumar Krishnamurthy (ICTS), Guillaume Salbreux (Francis Crick Inst.), Buzz Baum (UCL), ICTP Scientific Contact: Antonio Celani

J. Barbier provided an introductory training to statistical mechanics and python programming for the ICTP Diploma programme in quantitative life sciences. He lectured on Mean field theory of high-dimensional Bayesian inference at the School on mathematical and computational aspects of machine learning at Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, and gave a tutorial on statistical physics, phase-transition analysis, and message- passing algorithms: powerful tools for high-dimensional inference at the 2019 IEEE international symposium on information theory (ISIT). Member of the panel of reviewers for IEEE, ICML and NeurIPS.

A. Celani taught a course on Reinforcement Learning at the Master programme in Data Science and Scientific Computing, U. Trieste‐SISSA‐ICTP, as well as at the Master programme in High Performance Computing, SISSA‐ ICTP.

M. Marsili taught Probability and information theory for the QLS Diploma Programme, the Master programme in Physics of Complex Systems, and the Data Science and Scientific Computing Master programme of U. of Trieste.

J. Grilli lectured on Ecology and Evolution at the QLS Postgraduate Diploma programme and at the Master programme in Physics of Complex Systems.

É. Roldán taught Biophysics at the ICTP QLS Diploma Programme. Participation in International Programmes International Master Programme in Physics of Complex Systems ICTP cooperates with SISSA Trieste, Politecnico di Torino and a consortium involving Universities Pierre & Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Paris-Sud (Paris 11) and the École Normale Supérieure at Cachan in providing education to graduate students from developing countries on the Physics of Complex Systems, leading to a Laurea Magistralis degree.

The aim of the International Master Course in Physics of Complex Systems is to shape professionals and/or potential researchers to be able to jointly apply knowledge and methodologies from modern physics, applied mathematics, information engineering and computational biology to the analysis, modelling and simulation of complex systems. Matteo Marsili is the ICTP contact for the Master Course.

Within this program, ICTP organises in collaboration with the partner institutions, the annual Spring College in the Physics of Complex Systems, a month-long intensive training activity. Services Antonio Celani Coordinator of the Postgraduate Diploma programme in Quantitative Life Sciences; Adjunct Faculty at SISSA and University of Trieste; Member of the Editorial Board of Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group); Member of the evaluation panel of HFSP; Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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Jacopo Grilli Editor for Plos Computational Biology (Associate Editor), Oikos (Associate Editor), Complexity (Guest Editor); Reviewer for Physical Review X, Nature Ecology & Evolution, Plos One, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. Matteo Marsili Coordinator of the activities in the QLS Section; Coordinator of the International Master in Physics of Complex Systems; Member of the ICTP Prize committee; Chairman for the selection of two PA-P2 positions in the QLS group; Scientific Director of Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and experiment; Panel member of PhD defence committees at U. La Sapienza, Rome, École Polytechnique, Paris and ENS, Paris; Board member of the Division of Physics in Life Sciences of the European Physical Society. Édgar Roldán Participated actively in the nomination of Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University Educational and Research Institute (Kolkata, India) as ICTP Affiliated Centre; CNRS Chercheur Invite Federation Doeblin, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice; CNRS Chair Joliot ESPCI, Paris. Staff and Long-Term Visitors In 2019, the permanent staff of the Quantitative Life Sciences Section consisted of five staff members and three post-doctoral fellows.

There were 4 PhD and 6 Master’s students supervised by QLS staff members.

The total number of short- and long-term visiting scientist to the QLS Section in 2019 was 61 from 22 countries. Of them, 30 were nationals of developing countries, and 31 were nationals of developed countries.

This includes five Staff Associates, who contributed to the research activities of the Section. Professional Staff MARSILI Matteo, Italy - Senior Research Scientist and Section Head CELANI Antonio, Italy - Research Scientist BARBIER Jean, France - Associate Research Officer GRILLI Jacopo, Italy - Associate Research Officer ROLDÁN ESTEBANEZ Édgar, Spain - Associate Research Officer Consultants MATHYS Chris, Switzerland Staff Associates BANDI Mahesh, India GHANBARNEJAD Fakteh, Iran PUGATCH Rami, Israel VERGASSOLA Massimo, Italy ROUDI RASHTABADI Yasser, Iran Visiting Scientists Adorisio Matteo, Italy Alberici Diego, Italy Battauz Anna, Italy

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Bianconi Ginestra, Italy Callegaro Giorgia, Italy Caravelli Francesco, Italy Dalla Zuanna Gianpiero, Italy De Mulatier Clelia, France Dell’Osa Antonio Hector, Argentina Di Terlizzi Ivan, Italy Fabbricatore Riccardo, Italy Fodor Etienne, France Guillet Alexandre, France Gupta Shamik, India Harris Rosemary, United Kingdom Hughes Edward, United Kingdom Ilic Velimir, Serbia Leonel Edson Denis, Brazil Loos Sarah Germany Mukhopadhyay Debangana, India Neri Izaak, Belgium Ortu Fulvio, Italy Oyero Johnson, Nigeria Pezzotta Alberto, Italy Piro Lorenzo, Italy Prelogovic Marcel, Croatia Proesmans Karel, Belgium Rosay Sophie, France Rouhani Shahin, Iran Saenz Manuel, Argentina Sanchez Taltavul Daniel, Spain Sbuelz Alessandro, Italy Severino Federico, Italy Sharpee Tatyana, United States Shats Michael, Australia Talamini Jacopo, Italy Vu Giang Thi, Viet Nam Xia Hua, Australia Post-doctoral Fellows BELOUSOV Roman, Russia MAZZOLINI Andrea, Italy ROY Anjan, India Associates Rajabpour Ali, Iran Elfiky Abdo Abdo Abdellah, Egypt Nkoua Ngavouka Maryse Dadina, Congo Rabajante Jomar Fajardo, Philippines Zarei Mina, Iran

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Vainstein Mendeli Henning, Brazil Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra, India Ejtehadi Mohammad Reza, Iran Ponce Dawson Silvina Martha, Argentina Mukherjee Animesh, India Samal Areejit, India Santillan Moises, Mexico Abramson Guillermo, Argentina Babalola Jonathan Oyebamiji, Nigeria Hazra Rima, India Kumar Sanjay, India Megnassan Eligene Edjem Etchri Jean, Togo Pantano Sergio Fabian, Argentina PhD Students Leone Claudio, Italy Durve Mihir, India Reyes Gonzalez Alfredo, Cuba Majumdar Rita, India Master's students Orzan, Nicole, Italy Duranthon Odilon, France Machado Perez Daniel, Cuba Vrizzi Stefano, Italy Mantovani Rocco, Italy Gopal Ashwin, India Funding Antonio Celani: 15,000 USD from ICAM for the organization of the workshop “Locomotion and Navigation from Flies to Robots” 10‐12 July 2019, ICTP Publications Published Allesina, S. & Grilli, J. (2020). Models for large ecological communities - a random matrix approach. In McCann, K. S., & Gellner, G. (Eds.). Theoretical ecology: Concepts and applications. Oxford University Press.

Aubin, B., Maillard, A., Barbier, J., Krzakala, F., Macris, N., & Zdeborová, L. (2019). The committee machine: Computational to statistical gaps in learning a two-layers neural network. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(12), 124023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab43d2

Barbier, J., Chan, C. L., & Macris, N. (2019). Concentration of Multi-overlaps for Random Dilute Ferromagnetic Spin Models. Journal of Statistical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-019-02470-6

Barbier, J., & Macris, N. (2019). The adaptive interpolation method for proving replica formulas. Applications to the Curie–Weiss and Wigner spike models. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 52(29), 294002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab2735

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Barbier, J. (2020). Overlap matrix concentration in optimal Bayesian inference. ArXiv:1904.02808 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.02808

Barbier, J., Krzakala, F., Macris, N., Miolane, L., & Zdeborová, L. (2019). Optimal errors and phase transitions in high-dimensional generalized linear models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(12), 5451– 5460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802705116

Bardoscia, M., d’Arienzo, D., Marsili, M., & Volpati, V. (2019). Lost in diversification. Comptes Rendus Physique, 20(4), 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2019.05.015

Bulso, N., Marsili, M., & Roudi, Y. (2019). On the Complexity of Logistic Regression Models. Neural Computation, 31(8), 1592–1623. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01207

Mazzolini, A., & Celani, A. (2020). Generosity, selfishness and exploitation as optimal greedy strategies for resource sharing. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 485, 110041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110041

Cubero, R. J., Jo, J., Marsili, M., Roudi, Y., & Song, J. (2019). Statistical criticality arises in most informative representations. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(6), 063402. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab16c8

Gabrié, M., Manoel, A., Luneau, C., Barbier, J., Macris, N., Krzakala, F., & Zdeborová, L. (2019). Entropy and mutual information in models of deep neural networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(12), 124014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab3430

Jovic, K., Grilli, J., Sterken, M. G., Snoek, B. L., Riksen, J. A. G., Allesina, S., & Kammenga, J. E. (2019). Transcriptome dynamics predict thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans [Preprint]. Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1101/661652

Manzano, G., Fazio, R., & Roldán, É. (2019). Quantum Martingale Theory and Entropy Production. Physical Review Letters, 122(22), 220602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.220602

Marsili, M. (2019). The peculiar statistical mechanics of optimal learning machines. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(10), 103401. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab3aed

Neri, I., Roldán, É., Pigolotti, S., & Jülicher, F. (2019). Integral fluctuation relations for entropy production at stopping times. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2019(10), 104006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab40a0

Roldán, É., & Vivo, P. (2019). Exact distributions of currents and frenesy for Markov bridges. Physical Review E, 100(4), 042108. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.042108

Singh, S., Menczel, P., Golubev, D. S., Khaymovich, I. M., Peltonen, J. T., Flindt, C., Saito, K., Roldán, É., & Pekola, J. P. (2019). Universal First-Passage-Time Distribution of Non-Gaussian Currents. Physical Review Letters, 122(23), 230602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.230602

Singh, S., Roldán, É., Neri, I., Khaymovich, I. M., Golubev, D. S., Maisi, V. F., Peltonen, J. T., Jülicher, F., & Pekola, J. P. (2019). Extreme reductions of entropy in an electronic double dot. Physical Review B, 99(11), 115422. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.115422

Torrini, C., Cubero, R. J., Dirkx, E., Braga, L., Ali, H., Prosdocimo, G., Gutierrez, M. I., Collesi, C., Licastro, D., Zentilin, L., Mano, M., Zacchigna, S., Vendruscolo, M., Marsili, M., Samal, A., & Giacca, M. (2019). Common

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Regulatory Pathways Mediate Activity of MicroRNAs Inducing Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. Cell Reports, 27(9), 2759-2771.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.005

Tu, C., Suweis, S., Grilli, J., Formentin, M., & Maritan, A. (2019). Reconciling cooperation, biodiversity and stability in complex ecological communities. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 5580. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019- 41614-2 In Press Barbier, J. (2019). Concentration of the matrix-valued minimum mean-square error in optimal Bayesian inference. ArXiv:1907.07103 [Cs, Eess, Math]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07103

Barbier, J., Chan, C. L., & Macris, N. (2019). Mutual Information for the Stochastic Block Model by the Adaptive Interpolation Method. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 405–409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.2019.8849642

Cubero, R. J., Marsili, M., & Roudi, Y. (2019). Multiscale relevance and informative encoding in neuronal spike trains. ArXiv:1802.10354 [q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10354

Gabrié, M., Barbier, J., Krzakala, F., & Zdeborova, L. (2020). Blind calibration for compressed sensing: State evolution and an online algorithm. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab8416

Pozzi, D., Meneghetti, N., Roy, A., Pastore, B., Mazzoni, A., Marsili, M., & Torre, V. (2020). The role of network architecture in the onset of spontaneous activity. STEMedicine, 1(1), e1. https://doi.org/10.37175/stemedicine.v1i1.1 Submitted Barbier, J., Luneau, C., & Macris, N. (2019). Mutual Information for Low-Rank Even-Order Symmetric Tensor Factorization. ArXiv:1904.04565 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Math-Ph]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04565 submitted to Information and Inference

Barbier, J., Chan, C. L., & Macris, N. (2019). Mutual Information for the Stochastic Block Model by the Adaptive Interpolation Method. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 405–409. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.2019.8849642 submitted to Information and Inference

Barbier, J., Chan, C. L., & Macris, N. (2018). Adaptive Path Interpolation for Sparse Systems: Application to a Simple Censored Block Model. 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), 1879–1883. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.2018.8437628 submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Barbier, J., & Macris, N. (2019). 0-1 phase transitions in sparse spiked matrix estimation. ArXiv:1911.05030 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05030 submitted to Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC 2020)

Duranthon, O., & Marsili, M. (2019). The $J_{i,j}=\pm J$ Ising learning machine. ArXiv:1909.12792 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12792

Durve, M., Peruani, F., & Celani, A. (2019). Learning to flock through reinforcement. ArXiv:1911.01697 [Cond- Mat, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01697 under review for Physical Review Letters

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Durve, M., Piro, L., Cencini, M., Biferale, L., & Celani, A. (2019). Collective olfactory search in a turbulent environment. ArXiv:1911.09499 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09499 under review for Physical Review Letters

Grilli, J. (2019). Laws of diversity and variation in microbial communities [Preprint]. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1101/680454

Guillet, A., Roldán, É., & Jülicher, F. (2019). Extreme-Value Statistics of Molecular Motors. ArXiv:1908.03499 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03499

Roldán, É., Barral, J., Martin, P., Parrondo, J. M. R., & Jülicher, F. (2018). Arrow of Time in Active Fluctuations. ArXiv:1803.04743 [Cond-Mat, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04743

Song, J., Still, S., Rojas, R. D. H., Castillo, I. P., & Marsili, M. (2019). Optimal work extraction and mutual information in a generalized Szil\’{a}rd engine. ArXiv:1910.04191 [Cond-Mat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04191 submitted to Physical Review E

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Training and Education Programmes

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Postgraduate Diploma Programme Talented young science students in developing countries are sometimes limited in achieving their full potential by the absence of advanced postgraduate-level training that is up to international standards. It was in 1991 that Prof. Abdus Salam instituted an intense 12-month Diploma Programme in the (then) main research fields of ICTP, namely Condensed Matter Physics, High Energy Physics, and Mathematics. Starting from September 2006, the Diploma Programme also includes the branch of Earth System Physics, and as of September 2019, Quantitative Life Sciences as well.

The ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme is a gateway for young people who might otherwise never have had a chance to reach international-level standards in physics and mathematics and to more fully realize their intellectual potential. Former students from the very earliest classes who have returned home (having completed the usual academic training of a PhD and a couple of postdocs), are now applying for ICTP Junior Associateships and for participation in ICTP Activities. They are training students of their own, some of whom may apply to the ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme, thus closing Salam's intended circle.

This programme differs from other ICTP training and research activities such as Schools or Colleges: the time period is longer with the Diploma programme lasting one year; the level is pre-PhD; the participants are younger; and the number is small. From about 150 applicants to each of the four regular Diploma programmes, only 10 students are admitted in each. All 40 are given full support, covering airfare, and living costs. The focus is especially on those developing countries for which high-quality advanced scientific training is less accessible. In the 2018-19 batch, the 36 students who joined came from 24 countries: Cameroon, Colombia, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Indonesia, Iran, Moldavia, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam.

The one-year academic programme itself is quite intense, and consists of three terms covering basic courses, advanced topics, and dissertation research under a supervisor. During the first and second terms, covering 9 months of the Postgraduate Diploma Programme, students attend around 10 hours a week of lectures, with problem sets and final exams in each of the 8-10 courses. (See Table on next pages for 2018-19 courses). Standards are maintained: students are asked to leave if they fail in two or more courses; or if their final average grade is below a C; or if their dissertation is unsatisfactory. The vast majority, 91% of the 930 students over the past twenty-eight years, have successfully surmounted these hurdles, whatever their initial background.

After obtaining the ICTP Diploma, most students go on to do a PhD in Europe or North America, return to jobs as college teachers, or register for PhD studies in their home countries. In the 2018-19 class of 33 total students that received their Postgraduate Diplomas, the MSc/PhD placements include:

• North-eastern University Boston, University of Nebraska Lincoln, University of Houston Texas, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Japan, University of the Basque Country and SISSA for CMP Diploma; • University of Strasbourg, Bonn University, and SISSA for HECAP Diploma; • University of Hamburg, Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg, Trieste University, Padova University for ESP Diploma; • University of Paris Diderot, University of Geneva, Higher School of Economics Moscow, Sorbonne University Paris, Berlin Mathematical School, University of Utah, Auburn University and SISSA for MTH diploma.

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The others took up PhD registrations or teaching positions in their home countries. The 2018-2019 ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Brief 1 September 2018 through 31 August 2019

First term: September-December 2018 Second term: January-May 2019

Course of Study: Condensed Matter Physics Coordinator: M. Kiselev (ICTP)

First term: • Mathematical Methods (15 hrs) M. Sellitto (ICTP) • Advanced Quantum Mechanics (45 hrs) G. Santoro (SISSA) & R. Fazio (ICTP) • Numerical Methods (42 hrs) E. Coppola, F. Di Sante, A. Rodriguez, T. Mendes, M. Dalmonte, A. Hassanali (ICTP) • Statistical Mechanics (36 hrs) A. Silva (ICTP) • Electrons and Phonons in Solids (36 hrs) N. Binggeli, N. Stojic (ICTP) • Selected Topics in CMP (15 hrs) N. Ansari, N. Seriani (ICTP) • Linux Basics (7.5 hrs) D. Grellscheid (ICTP)

Second term:

• Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena (18 hrs) A. Nersesyan (ICTP) • Advanced Statistical Mechanics (18 hrs) A. Scardicchio (ICTP) • Many Body Theory (24 hrs) M. Kiselev (ICTP) • Biological Physics (18 hrs) A. Hassanali (ICTP) • Electronic Structure (18 hrs) R. Gebauer (ICTP) • Selected Topics in CMP II (24 hrs) N. Ansari, N. Seriani (ICTP) • Scientific Python (15 hrs) D. Grellscheid (ICTP)

Course of Study: High Energy Physics Coordinator: P. Creminelli (ICTP)

First term: • Fundamentals (22.5 hrs) S. Randjbar-Daemi, A. Dabholkar (ICTP) • Introduction to Particle Physics (34.5 hrs) A. Smirnov (ICTP) • Lie Groups & Lie Algebras (42 hrs) K. S. Narain (ICTP) • Quantum Electrodynamics: Introduction to Quantum Field Theory (33 hrs) G. Villadoro (ICTP) • Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (24 hrs) E. Gava (ICTP)

Second term: • General Relativity (40.5 hrs) M. Mirbabaiy, P. Creminelli (ICTP) • Quantum Field Theory (42 hrs) S. Randjbar-Daemi (ICTP) • The Standard Model (36 hrs) G. Senjanovic (ICTP) • Black Holes and Quantum Gravity (18 hrs) K. Papadodimas (ICTP) • Beyond the Standard Model (18 hrs) G. Senjanovic (ICTP)

Course of Study: Earth System Physics

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Coordinator: R. Farneti (ICTP)

First term: • Fluid Mechanics (27 hrs) R. Farneti (ICTP), S. Salon (O.G.S. Trieste) • Wave Physics (18 hrs) F. Romanelli (Trieste University) • Earth System Thermodynamics (18 hrs) F. Kucharski (ICTP), C. Solidoro (O.G.S.) • Physics of the Earth for Geohazards (18 hrs) A. Aoudia (ICTP) • Physics of the Atmosphere (18 hrs) A. Tompkins, (ICTP) • Numerical Methods I (42 hrs) E. Coppola, F. Di Sante, A. Rodriguez, T. Mendes, G. Giuliani, G. Tumolo (ICTP) • Linux Basics (7.5 hrs) D. Grellscheid (ICTP)

Second term:

Solid Earth

• Mechanics of Earthquakes and Tectonophysics (18 hrs) A. Aoudia (ICTP) • Theoretical Seismology (18 hrs) F. Romanelli (Trieste University) • Space Geodesy andInSAR (18 hrs) A. Borghi (INGV Bologna) • Applied Seismology (18 hrs) S. Parolai (O.G.S.) • Physics of Volcanoes (18 hrs) E. Rivalta (GFZ Berlin) • Scientific Python (15 hrs) D. Grellscheid (ICTP)

Climate

• Physics of the Ocean (18 hrs) M. Gacic (O.G.S.) • Atmospheric Dynamics (22.5 hrs) F. Kucharski (ICTP) • Ocean Dynamics (22.5 hrs) R. Farneti (ICTP), A. Crise (O.G.S.) • Climate Modelling and Change (28.5 hrs) A. Tompkins (ICTP) • Biogeochemical Cycles (18 hrs) C. Solidoro • Scientific Python (15 hrs) D. Grellscheid (ICTP)

Course of Study: Mathematics Coordinator: L. Göttsche (ICTP)

First term: • Point-set Topology (15 hrs) B. Zimmermann (Trieste University) • Algebra (30 hrs) L. Göttsche (ICTP) • Real Analysis (22.5 hrs) S. Bianchini (SISSA) • Complex Analysis (22.5 hrs) F. Villegas (ICTP) • Number Theory Seminar (22.5 hrs) A. Sofer (ICTP)

Second term: • Differential Geometry (30 hrs) C. Arezzo (ICTP) • Algebraic Topology (15 hrs) P. Putrov (ICTP) • ODE and Dynamical Systems (30 hrs) S. Luzzatto (ICTP) • Functional Analysis (30 hrs) E. Carneiro (ICTP) • Algebraic Geometry (30 hrs) L. Göttsche (ICTP)

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• Partial Differential Equations (15 hrs) G. Bellettini (University of Siena) • Representation Theory (15 hrs) F. Villegas (ICTP)

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ICTP/IAEA Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) The ICTP-IAEA Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) aims at offering fellowship opportunities to Ph.D. candidates from developing countries. The scientific fields covered by the programme are those falling in the scientific and technical competence of the ICTP and its collaborating institutions. In 2019 the programme was funded by ICTP and the IAEA Department of Technical Cooperation.

The programme is addressed to Ph.D. students in developing countries who are offered fellowships of 3-6 month stay each year, for 3 successive years, at ICTP or at collaborating Institutions (Synchrotron Light Laboratory Elettra, Laser Laboratory, SISSA, Universities of Trieste, Udine, Bologna, Padua, Pisa, Venice, ARPA, OGS, IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf and Monaco, Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School in Ljubljana, Hospitals of Udine, Trieste and Vicenza, INFN, CNR-IOM TASC and others). Fellows can thus work on their Ph.D. thesis on a sandwich basis with their supervisor at their home Institute and a co-supervisor at the hosting Institute. Their Ph.D. is awarded at the home Institute. 2019 Fellows Financially Supported by IAEA Eyakifama HAZOU (M), Togo Period of visit: 8 July - 5 October 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of the Radiological Impact of the Phosphate Exploitation of the Locality of Kpeme (Togo) on the Public by Gamma Spectrometry

Serhii KUPRIIANCHUK (M), Ukraine Period of visit: 16 February - 16 May 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Increasing the Level of Environmental Safety of the ‘Shelter’ by Retrieving and Containerizing of Nuclear Materials 2019 Fellows Financially Supported by ICTP Sisay Alemayehu ANGERE (M), Ethiopia Period of visit: 22 October 2018 – 19 April 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Seismotectonics of the Ethiopian rift and Adjacent Plateau Inferred from New Data Acquired by a Broad Band Seismic Network

Nair Sophia AUCAR BOIDI (F), Argentina Period of visit: 15 September – 13 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Electronic Structure Calculations of Highly Correlated Materials using Advanced Numerical Techniques

Hazem Youssef Mohamed BADRELDIN (M), Egypt Period of visit: 11 August – 15 November 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Multi-approaches Seismic Hazard Analyses in Egypt

Arturo CORRALES SUASTEGUI (M), Mexico Period of visit: 22 April – 20 July 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Intraseasonal Variability of Summer Precipitation in Mexico and Central America

Hassnae EL JARRARI (F), Morocco Period of visit: 20 October – 20 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Search for Massless Dark Photons in Resonant Monophoton Signatures from Higgs Boson Decays with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

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Jerome FOLLA KAMDEM (M), Cameroon Period of visit: 7 June – 3 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study and Simulation of a Model of Current Reference using CMOS Technology, Subthreshold Region

Cristian Andres GONZALEZ RIQUELME (M), Brazil Period of visit: 23 September – 17 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: On the Regularity of Maximal Operator of Convolution Type for Higher Dimensions

Kenza HAMMAM (F), Morocco Period of visit: 1 May – 27 October 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Dynamics of Quantum Correlations using Coherent States in Common and Independent Environments

Reyhaneh KHASSEH (F), Iran Period of visit: 8 September 2019 – 30 May 2020 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Non-equilibrium Dynamics of Many-Body Systems: from Synchronization to Dynamical Phase Transition

Alvina Kusumadewi KUNCORO (F), Indonesia Period of visit: 1 April – 28 June 2019 & 1 September – 29 November 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Geometry vs Tsunamigenesis in Mentawai (Indonesia) using High Performance Computing

Rita MAJUMDAR (F), India Period of visit: 23 September – 14 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Stochastic Thermodynamics of Active Colloidal Heat Engine

Salahadin Seid MUSA (M), Ethiopia Period of visit: 18 September 2018 – 15 January 2019 & 6 September – 25 December 2020 Topic or title of PhD thesis: A Scalable and Interoperable Semantic Aware IoT Architecture Towards Future Services

Sandeep NARAYANASETTI (M), India Period of visit: 1 September – 29 November 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Role of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on Indian Summer Monsoon Variability in a Warming Climate

Zainab NAZARI (F), Afghanistan Period of visit: 15 August 2018 – 30 June 2020 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Inflation, Local Scale Symmetry and Supergravity

Charn Loong NG (M), Malaysia Period of visit: 26 September – 23 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: A Wireless Capacitive Electromyography Measurement System with Reconfigurable Adaptive Digital Filter for Extramural Monitoring of Muscle Activity

Roshmitha PANDA (F), India Period of visit: 20 March – 17 June 2019

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Topic or title of PhD thesis: Numerical Simulation of the Indian Monsoon Environment using Coupled General Circulation Model (GCMs)

Oscar Emilio QUESADA HERRERA (M), Brazil Period of visit: 23 September – 17 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Problems in Number Theory and Harmonic Analysis

Rafael Afonso do Nascimento REIS (M), Brazil Period of visit: 22 September – 19 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Relationship Between the Atmosphere and the Process of Water Mass Formation in Southern Ocean

Alfredo REYES GONZALEZ (M), Cuba Period of visit: 1 April – 29 June 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Quantifying Exploration in Motile Living Matter: from Insects to Bacteria

Anam TARIQ (F), Pakistan Period of visit: 15 October 2018 – 12 January 2019 & 1 October – 29 December 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Disruption of STY4874 MDR Pump Gene in Salmonella Typhi

Lodvert TCHIBOTA-POATY (M), Congo Periods of visit: 10 September 2018 – 8 March 2019

Topic or title of PhD thesis: Photo-Oxidation of Water in h-BN/ Fe2O3(0001) Nanocomposites

N’gbesso Josée YAO (F), Côte d’Ivoire Period of visit: 16 October 2018 – 12 January 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of the TEC with GPS Network in Côte d’Ivoire and the NeQuick Model

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ICTP/UniTS Joint Master in Physics Programme (Laurea Magistralis in Physics) The course is covered in two academic years and is administered by the ICTP Office of External Activities.

The Italian Laurea Magistralis degree corresponds to an advanced master’s degree. Anyone having the equivalent of a bachelor’s degree in physics can apply. Upon successful completion of the entire study plan, students are awarded an MSc degree from the University of Trieste.

One student from Palestine was supported by the programme in 2019. This student graduated in the extraordinary session in March 2019.

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Master in the Physics of Complex Systems ICTP cooperates with SISSA Trieste, Politecnico di Torino University, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris Diderot, and Paris-Sud/Paris Saclay in providing education to graduate students on the Physics of Complex Systems leading to a Laurea Magistralis degree.

The aim of the International Master in the Physics of Complex Systems is to shape professionals and/or potential researchers to be able to jointly apply knowledge and methodologies from modern physics, applied mathematics, information engineering, and computational biology to the analysis, modelling, and simulation of complex systems.

Within this program, ICTP organises, in collaboration with partner institutions, the annual Spring College in the Physics of Complex Systems, a month-long intensive training program. This program is growing in visibility and reputation. ICTP contributes with funds which are used to invite around 40 students from developing countries. The school is integrated with the QLS Diploma programme.

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Joint ICTP/SISSA Master in High Performance Computing (MHPC) The Master in High Performance Computing (MHPC) is an innovative degree program that prepares students for exciting careers in the fast-growing field of HPC. Set in the stimulating research environment of its co- organiser institutions, SISSA and ICTP, the program combines lectures with hands-on and applied projects to prepare future HPC specialists for academia and industry.

MHPC coursework is driven by challenging scientific and technical problems that require an HPC approach. Lectures are provided by SISSA and ICTP staff and highly recognized international experts. Both institutes have long histories and experience in developing and applying scientific and research computation models.

Students who successfully complete the program will be able to address problems requiring advanced computational techniques in multiple domains and communicate HPC technological issues in all scientific and industrial environments.

Details are available at https://www.mhpc.it/.

The MHPC programme began in September 2014 and it is now in its sixth edition (2019/2020). ICTP scientists have been providing several courses and ICTP provides fellowships to three or four students in each edition. The ICTP students Federico Barone (Argentina), Herbert Nguruwe (Zimbabwe), Florentino Silva (Brazil), and Jesús Espinoza Valverde (Costa Rica) graduated in December 2019.

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Joint ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics (MMP) The ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics (MMP) is coordinated by a Director (Professor Renata Longo, UniTS) and a ICTP Coordinator (Dr. Renato Padovani, ICTP) and supported by the MMP Council (Professors Edoardo Milotti, UniTS, Luigi Rigon, UniTS, Mario de Denaro (Trieste University Hospital, Luciano Bertocchi, ICTP).

The two-year programme comprises a year of academic courses and practical exercises at ICTP, Trieste University Hospital and a second year of full-time clinical training in a Medical Physics Department of the network of hospitals for clinical training.

In 2019 we had:

• The 19 students of the 5th cycle (2017-2019) attended the full-time year of supervised clinical training in one of the 21 hospitals of network of Italian and Croatian hospitals for the clinical training. The 9th and 10th of December 2019 they each submitted and defended a thesis work and the 11th they got the Degree during a formal ceremony with the participation of the Trieste University Head of the Physics Dpt., the ICTP Director and the representatives of IAEA, IOMP, EFOMP and AIFM. The ceremony has seen the participation of most of the teachers and medical physicist supervisors from the hospitals providing clinical training and the 3 external scientific advisors D. van der Merwe, A. Meghzifene and S. Tabakov. • The 12 students of the 6th cycle (2019-2020) attended the first year of academic course and exercises at the ICTP and Trieste hospital. The activity began the 10th of January and ended the 20 of December. 11 students completed the academic programme and exams and began their second year of supervised clinical training in January 2019. A student, that had joined the programme in April 2019, will begin the training in April 2020.

The academic courses were divided in 3 periods: January–Easter, Easter – Summer, September- December. 29 lecturers from ICTP, Trieste and Bologna Universities, Elettra, various hospital in Italy, and one from IAEA delivered a total of 60 CFU (credits). The subjects of the theoretical and practical course covered general medical physics topics, namely physics of radiation, physics of imaging, dosimetry of radiation, anatomy and physiology, statistic and informatics tools, and main professional topics, diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy and radiation protection. More details can be found on the MMP’s ICTP webpage.

• 7th cycle (2020-21). Following a call, a total of 259 applications have been received. From a short list of about 70 eligible candidates, a total of 25 students have been enrolled from 23 countries, 21 with a IAEA fellowship. • The 10th of December In 2019: a meetings with representatives of the IAEA (Dr. Deborah van der Merwe, Human Health Division), External advisors (Ahmed Meghzifene, former head of the medical physics section of IAEA, and Slavik Tabakov, King’s College, London) and head and clinical supervisors from the Medical Physics Dpt. of the network of hospitals has been organised. The agenda included: (i) the discussion on the experience of the clinical training, the delivery of the Portfolio for the clinical training for the year 2020, (ii) the clinical training assessment methodology, (iii) the agreement on the distribution of the students among the hospitals for the year 2020 of full time clinical training. • The workshop on advanced techniques of brachytherapy devoted to students of the 2nd year. A 4-day session has been delivered to 10 students in the Trento and in the Ferrara hospitals in the week 4-8

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November. Directors of the workshops were the MMP teacher Dr. F. Ziglio and Dr. A. Turra, respectively. The workshop provided advanced training in brachytherapy allowing the participant to become familiar with techniques adopted in brachytherapy including quality assurance and safety programme and QC protocols.

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PhD Programme in Earth Science, Fluid Dynamics, and Mathematics. Interactions & Methods joint programmes in higher education with the University of Trieste Scientific Objectives This PhD program aims at the interdisciplinary training of students in the field of the Earth system science (ERC panel PE10), with special attention to the interactions between earth science, fluid dynamics and applied mathematics, as well as to the interplay of methodological aspects, modelling and applications.

This course promotes the preparation of students through the investigation of the scientific themes developed by the research groups belonging to the departments and the research institutions directly involved in the program, as well as through international collaborations with qualified foreign structures that provide students with the opportunity to attend training programs abroad.

In the field of earth sciences, the main objective is the transfer of knowledge on advanced methods of investigation with applications to the study of composition, structure, stratigraphy and evolution of our planet, from the close surface up to the deep structures and the characteristics at a global scale.

In the context of fluid mechanics, the study of motion of the fluids is mainly addressed with reference to their transport properties, dispersion and mixing in environmental or industrial processes, as well as to their interaction with the solid elements. Fluid mechanics studies the properties and the behaviour of fluids, that is, liquids, gases, plasmas, and more generally of substances whose molecules have no fixed positions in space but can move relative to each other with different relative speeds. It involves physical phenomena of relevant complexity and has a broad range of applications. Most environmental systems involve the dynamics of liquids and gases that is described in terms of fluid dynamics, such as, e.g., oceanic, atmospheric and climate dynamics, physics of earthquakes and volcanoes, estuaries, and lake hydrodynamics. Similarly, biological systems are regulated by transport and dispersion of elements or species in water, air, and blood.

The fundamental laws, which these disciplines are based upon, are generally expressed through highly complex mathematical models. The qualitative and quantitative study of such models requires the development and the application of sophisticated mathematical tools, and it represents a relevant and topical research field even from the mathematical point of view. Mathematics therefore pervades the entire program, playing a central and unifying role.

In 2017 this program has been evaluated as an innovative, interdisciplinary, and international PhD course by ANVUR, the Italian Agency for the Research Evaluation. Educational Objectives The Doctoral School in Earth Science, Fluid Dynamics and Mathematics is aimed at the advanced training of students in the field of fluid dynamics, applied mathematics and earth sciences, with particular reference to the topics described above. It promotes the theoretical and applicative formation of students, through the investigation of scientific themes developed in the research groups belonging to the departments involved in the programme and through international collaborations that provide the possibility to attend some training projects at qualified research level abroad.

The program aims to prepare students to pursue different careers in research, teaching and in the industrial use of high technologies in the above-mentioned areas. The final dissertation must be original, it must represent the state of the art in the chosen field and should contain material for the publication of scientific

Training and Education Programmes | 136 papers in international journals of the field included in the ISI or SCOPUS catalogues. The students will be in contact with several local and international environments and gain a considerable experience in both theoretical and applied problems of earth sciences and fluid dynamics. In addition, the students will develop familiarity and competence in the use of more advanced tools (both modelling and experimental) for the analysis of complex physical systems, which will be of great use for future activities in public or private research centres or for any work in companies with high technological content. Statistics To date there are 99 students who have either completed or are working towards their PhD. Of these, 6 have graduated within 2019. In terms of gender, approximately 50% of the total number of students are female, and about a third come from developing countries.

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Joint International ICTP/SISSA PhD (JIISP) Programme in Physics and Mathematics Five students were admitted to the JIISP, starting Autumn 2019:

Astroparticle Physics Kevin Frankly Samuel PARDEDE (Indonesia)

Theoretical Particle Physics Eyoab Dejene BAHIRU (Ethiopia)

Statistical Physics Rajat Kumar PANDA (India)

Theory and Numerical Simulations of the Condensed Matter Nishan RANABHAT (Nepal) Ali KHOSRAVI (Iran)

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Career Support

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Associates Programme The Associates programme and the Federated Institutes programme represent two main channels through which the mission of ICTP, to promote and support the development of scientific knowledge in developing countries, has been turned into a reality. The Associates Programme enables individual scientists to maintain long-term formal contacts with the stimulating and active scientific environment of the Centre.

Since 2013 another category of Associates, the ICTP Simons Associates, has been funded by the Simons Foundation of U.S.A. The first round of funding came to an end in December 2019. However, the Simons Foundation kindly awarded the ICTP a new grant. With the new award a new class of Simons Associates has been formed (2020-2025). Framework Junior and Regular Associates work with a local individual scientific coordinator and Senior Associates have a scientific coordinator as point of reference. Coordinators are the scientific focal point for associates’ visits to ICTP. This has led to an ever-growing number of scientific collaborations and strong connections between the ICTP scientific staff and the associates. This also leads to the organization of ICTP and other scientific activities in the associates’ home country.

Associateships allow scientists to visit ICTP for 180 days, with a maximum continuous stay of 60 days and the minimum requirement for travel allocation being 30 days.

Per diems given are 40 Euro for Junior Associates, 45 Euros for Regular Associates and 50 Euros for Senior and Simons Associates. All associates who opt to stay on campus receive single accommodation in the Galileo Guest House, at a special rate of 15 Euro a night.

Special emphasis has been placed on the publications produced by our Associates since the start of their award. We are able to give a snapshot of the current information we have at hand, as follows: 319 Associates produced 3,071 publications since the start of their award, resulting in an average of 9.6 publications for each Associate member.

Efforts to increase the participation of women scientists in the Associates Programme has also been successful. In fact, from 2013 when the total of female associates was 17%, it has reached 22% in 2019. Selection of Candidates Applicants interested in an ICTP Associateship apply through ICTP’s online system Sigma. Applications are usually, but not exclusively, submitted by scientists who have had some previous interaction with ICTP, typically participants in Courses and Workshops. The applications are divided by category (Junior, Regular or Senior) according to the age at the time of nomination. The committees make the selection from priority to final candidates directly on Sigma.

Once the deadline has passed, the Office identifies the number of Associate awards expiring, and takes this as well as the budget allocated for the Programme into account, to define the approximate number of new awards for the subsequent year, so that the committees have a clear indication of how many new appointments would be issued in their field. The committees are also informed of how many current associates are in their field and which country they are from, as well as their gender, to ensure a correct geographical and gender distribution. We also require the Committees to give priority to young active scientists and to women. When the head of the programme approves the final selection, the letter of award together with the relevant

Career Support | 140 annexes are generated directly and can be retrieved by the newly appointed associate automatically on their Sigma profile.

50

45

40

35

30

25 49 45 20 40 37 15 26 10 16 16 16 5 9 9 8 6 6 5 3 5 3 3 4 3 5 4 0 1

Figure 14 Distribution of Associates by Field of Research

51% 38% 22% 23% 13% 26% 27%

Africa Asia Latin America Junior Regular Senior Simons

Figure 15 Associate Members by Geographical Area Figure 16 Associate Members by Category

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Visits and Costs In 2019, 172 Associateship visits were paid to the Abdus Salam ICTP by 163 scientists, plus 16 Simons students, as follows:

Total Average Cost Average Cost Average Cost Category Visits Total Days Expenditure per Visit Per Diem Travel

Junior 43 1656 97,567 2,269 1,596 672

Regular 57 2318 148,193 2,631 2,600 770

Senior 40 996 77,180 1,929 1,245 684

Simons 32 762 61,997 1,937 1,190 746

Simons 16 450 26,400 1,650 900 842 Students

Table 1 Associates’ Visits and Costs (in Euro’s) Average with respect to a hypothetical full utilization of these groups in 2019:

Category In Terms of Days In Terms of Travel In Terms of Funds Junior 91% 153% Regular 89% 142% Senior 43% Simons (incl. Students) 80%

Category Number Category Number Junior 85 Junior 54 Regular 122 Regular 96 Senior 69 Senior 56 Simons 43 Simons 32 Total 319 Total 229

Table 2 Number of Associates 2019 Table 3 Expected Associates Visits 2020 (as of 23/1/2020) The above figures show that 81% of the total number of Associates have requested a visit in 2020.

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Federated Institutes Programme The main difference between the Associates and the Federated Institutes Programme derives from the fact that while the former is addressed to an individual scientist, the latter involves an institution.

The Federated Institutes represent an interesting complementary programme to that of the Associates:

• More scientists can be exposed to the scientifically stimulating atmosphere of ICTP because it is not addressed to an individual but to an institute. • It represents the basis of a long-term and fruitful cooperation between an institute and ICTP. • It should stimulate the institute to invest energy and resources to keep the important link with ICTP alive. Policy There are two contract types: one granting a travel contribution of €1,500, for institutes situated in Europe, Northern Africa, and Middle East and €3,000 for institutes in South & Central America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Far East, for the duration of the agreement. The total number days for visits foreseen for each type of contract is 90.

However, the Federated Institutes Programme is now being reorganised.

For this reason, no calls for applications have been opened in the past two years and the programme will not be advertised until the new policy is implemented. The aim is to improve the offer regarding travel contribution by providing a prepaid ticket instead of partial travel reimbursement, as the office understood that the current arrangements place too high a financial burden on young scientists. Criteria for the Selection of the Institutes • Only institutions of an appropriately high scientific level and in which there is a rather consistent scientific population are considered. • Specific attention is payed to institutes in which there are brilliant young scientifically active people. • We try to establish agreements with institutes with which we already have significant collaborations, such as those in which there are (and/or were) prominent Associates or those which are included in other ICTP programmes, or institutes that have an ongoing collaboration with ICTP research scientists or groups.

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0

Figure 17 The chart shows the number of Federated Institutes that have been established throughout the last 15 years.

Federated Institutes In 2019 the ICTP had a total of 32 Federated Institutes, from 15 member states. The total number of visits under the programme was 44.

The total number of days available for the three-year programme is 2,880 (i.e. an average total utilization per year of 960 days). In 2019, 505 days were utilized. Accordingly, in terms of days, the total utilization was 53%.

The total expenditure (daily living allowance and travel contribution when applicable) for 2019 was € 27,355. A full utilization of one third of the total available would have implied an expenditure of €69,000. Accordingly, in terms of funds, the total utilization was 39%. However, the total funds available to Federated Institutes per annum is of the order of €88,000 so that from this point of view about 31% of the funding was utilized.

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Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) The Programme for Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) offers scientists from developing countries an advanced experimental counterpart to ICTP’s theoretical research and lecture-based training programmes. The aim of the programme is to promote collaborations between the Italian scientific community and individuals, groups, and institutions in developing countries, working side by side in frontier-level research. The programme addresses important aspects of the mission of ICTP, namely:

• to help with human capital development in the scientific sector within developing countries by making it possible for early career scientists, already cognisant of local needs and resources, to work at the frontiers of science and technology; • to generally provide support towards sustainable capacity in basic and applied research that can help their nations’ progress.

The fields covered by TRIL reflect the lines of interest to the Centre: applied physics, high energy physics, condensed matter physics, energy, environmental science, physics of the living state, and a few miscellaneous interdisciplinary subjects.

The TRIL fellows are matched to laboratories that best meet their needs and where there is a mutual benefit. The latter is very important, as it is the basis for a lasting collaboration, which contributes significantly to the success of the TRIL programme and to the mission of the ICTP. Fellows are hosted in Universities and/or in national laboratories or laboratories of national interest, such as CNR (Italian National Research Council), Elettra (Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste), ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment), INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), OGS (National Institute for Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics) and others.

While a limited number of fellowships are fully funded by the TRIL Programme, the expectation is that the host laboratory jointly funds a fellowship. Some fellowships are totally supported by the host laboratory.

Fellowships range in length from a few months to one year, depending on the host laboratory, the research/training activity and the funds available. Fellowships may be extended for an additional period, usually for not more than 12 months at a time. The maximum duration of a fellowship is 24 months, referring primarily to those Fellows receiving the major part of their contribution from the host laboratory. This includes the original fellowship period and extensions.

Fellows receive a monthly allowance to cover their living costs, such as lodging, meals, local travel, and incidentals while on the fellowship. Other allowances and contributions are granted according to the length of the fellowship for attending scientific conferences or for visiting other laboratories. Requests are examined on a case-by-case basis. The host institution provides the fellow with laboratory space and other facilities necessary for the project. Host laboratories outside Trieste generally help the fellows to find accommodation.

Since 2013, the TRIL Programme is administrated and run by the Office of External Activities. Activities in 2019 There is an ever-increasing interest from existing and potential host laboratories to participate in the TRIL Programme. Their high-level scientific foundation and financial support provide an integral part of the programme. In 2019, new agreements have been signed and existing ones strengthened and the financial contribution from external sources exceeded that of ICTP. The available funds were used for both new

Career Support | 145 fellowships and extensions of existing grants enabling certain fellows to continue their research activities in Italy where there was a mutual advantage to do so.

In 2019, fifty-seven fellows from twenty-one countries – Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Iran, Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Palestine, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe, received support to carry out their research or training in Italy for a total of fifty-seven visits. Of these Fellowships, thirty-five were new grants awarded in 2019 and twenty-two were previously awarded grants, representing a total of 262.57 person-months. 42%, or twenty-four fellowships in total, were awarded to women.

Training and research were carried out in the following areas:

• Applied Physics 14 • High Energy Physics 2 • Miscellaneous 4 • Physics of Condensed Matter 23 • Physics and Energy 2 • Physics and Environment 7 • Physics of the Living State 5

The visits were carried at the following laboratories:

• Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste: 11 • Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento: 1 • Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste: 9 • International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste: 1 • Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA): 5 o 5 in Casaccia • Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN): 3 o 1 in Milan o 1 in Perugia o 1 in Trieste • Italian National Research Council (CNR): 14 o 7 Institute of Materials (IOM), Trieste o 1 Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), Catania o 4 Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Bologna o 1 Institute of Optics (INO), Florence o 1 Institute of Superconducting, Innovative Materials and Devices (SPIN), Chieti • National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Pisa: 1 • National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), Trieste: 9 • National Institute of Meteorological Research (INRIM), Torino: 1 • University of Genoa: 1 • University of Trieste: 1

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Success Story Dr. Jose Juan Suarez-Vargas from Venezuela was awarded a TRIL fellowship from November 2018 to May 2019, to carry out his training program in the Optics Laboratory at the ICTP campus.

In May 2019 he moved to the Laser Laboratory at the Elettra Sincrotrone Facility to continue his research activity through the ICTP-SPIE Anchor Research Program.

His work throughout this whole period has been focused in two directions: thermal lens spectroscopy and self- mixing sensing with applications in material science as well as environmental research, and development of advanced pulsed laser technologies for spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen atoms.

His training and work are a good example of the TRIL mission: targeting scientists from developing countries for advanced training, leading to the establishment of a high-level scientist able to give an important contribution in science development.

The research carried out at the ICTP Optics Laboratory, under the guidance of Dr. Humberto Cabrera Morales and Prof. Joseph Niemela, demonstrated the new capabilities of the thermal lens setup at ICTP as a highly sensitive technique for environmental research, giving thus two publications and a patent submitted to the European Patent Office:

Cabrera, H., Ramirez-Miquet, E. E., Suarez-Vargas, J. J., Barrera Ramirez, J. F., Korte, D., & Niemela, J. J. (2019). Pump-Probe Photothermal Self-Mixing System for Highly Sensitive Trace Detection. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(7), 2547–2552. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2889600

Cabrera, H., Ashraf, I., Matroodi, F., Ramírez-Miquet, E. E., Akbar, J., Suárez-Vargas, J. J., Barrera Ramírez, J. F., Korte, D., Budasheva, H., & Niemela, J. (2019). Photothermal lens technique: A comparison between conventional and self-mixing schemes. Laser Physics, 29(5), 055703. https://doi.org/10.1088/1555- 6611/ab0a66

European Patent Office Application No. 18020661.7, December 2018.

Dr. Suarez-Vargas is also now participating in a collaboration with the FAMU project at INFN-Elettra, Trieste. His research is focused on the characterization of newly developed pulsed lasers for spectroscopy of muons. As a result of this training and research activity, two important publications have been achieved:

Stoychev, L. I., Cabrera, H., Gadedjisso-Tossou, K. S., Nikolov, I. P., Sigalotti, P., Demidovich, A. A., Suárez- Vargas, J. J., Mocchiutti, E., Niemela, J., Baruzzo, M., Vasiliev, N., Zaporozhchenko, Y., Danailov, M. B., & Vacchi, A. (2019). Pulse amplification in a Cr 4+ :forsterite single longitudinal mode (SLM) multi-pass amplifier. Laser Physics, 29(6), 065801. https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ab17cf

Stoychev, L. I., Cabrera, H., Gadedjisso-Tossou, K. S., Vasiliev, N., Zaporozhchenko, Y., Nikolov, I. P., Sigalotti, P., Demidovich, A. A., Suárez-Vargas, J. J., Mocchiutti, E., Pizzolotto, C., Niemela, J., Baruzzo, M., Danailov, M. B., & Vacchi, A. (2019). 24 mJ Cr +4 :forsterite four-stage master-oscillator power-amplifier laser system for high resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments, 90(9), 093002. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115105

A new technique based on difference frequency generation is also in progress and the results have been already submitted to a journal.

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The ICTP Optics Laboratory has been receiving support from ICTP through the Research Associateship and TRIL Programme as well as through the ICTP-SPIE Anchor Research Program funded generously by the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE).

In this regard, after the first year, we can already see important contributions in training activities and there have been outstanding results published in high impact journals:

Cabrera, H., Goljat, L., Korte, D., Marín, E., & Franko, M. (2020). A multi-thermal-lens approach to evaluation of multi-pass probe beam configuration in thermal lens spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1100, 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.009

Cabrera, H., Akbar, J., Korte, D., Ramírez-Miquet, E. E., Marín, E., Niemela, J., Ebrahimpour, Z., Mannatunga, K., & Franko, M. (2018). Trace detection and photothermal spectral characterization by a tuneable thermal lens spectrometer with white-light excitation. Talanta, 183, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.073

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ICTP-Elettra Users Programme The programme offers access to the synchrotron radiation facility Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste in between 2012- 2021 to scientists from developing countries that also work in those countries. The programme offers a limited number of grants to cover travel and living expenses of individuals and small groups who participate in the beamtime at Elettra. The number of scientists who can receive support depends on the number of allocated shifts and available funds.

A minimum annual total of 1,500 hours is available within this programme for beamtime applications at any of the existing Elettra beamlines.

The proposed experiments are selected for beamtime assignment based on their scientific merit.

A total of 2,256 hours of beamtime were allocated in 2019.

Measurements were run on the following beamlines:

Beamline for Advanced DiCHroism (BACH): performs light polarisation dependent experiments in the 35-1600 eV photon energy range.

Materials Characterisation by X-ray diffraction (MCX): allows performing a wide range of non-single crystal diffraction experiments.

Source for Imaging and Spectroscopic Studies in the Infrared (SISSI): the beamline extracts the IR and visible components of synchrotron emission for applications of spectroscopy, micro spectroscopy, and imaging.

Twin Microscope (TWINMIC): the X-ray spectro microscope TWINMIC integrates the advantages of complementary scanning and full-field imaging modes in a single instrument.

VUV Photoemission: designed primarily for surface and solid-state experiments by high resolution photoemission.

X-Ray Diffraction 1 (XRD1): designed primarily for macromolecular crystallography.

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): a highly versatile beamline that is designed to present beam parameters needed for high level measurements in spectroscopy as well as in microscopy.

X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS): EXAFS spectroscopy provides microscopic structural information of a sample through the analysis of its X-ray absorption spectrum.

In 2019, ICTP supported 45 visits of participants to ELETTRA coming from:

• Argentina 7 • Brazil 8 • Egypt 4 • India 7 • Iran 6 • Jordan 5 • Mexico 5 • Turkey 3

Total expenditure: Euro 62,021.63.

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Sesame Cooperation Programme SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) is a cooperative venture by scientists and governments of the region set up on the model of CERN. It is being developed under the auspices of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) following the formal approval given for this by the Organization’s Executive Board (164th session, May 2002).

It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization at the service of its Members which have full control over its development, exploitation, and financial matters. The SESAME Centre, which is located at Allan (Jordan), has been officially opened on 16 May 2017. The synchrotron light source in Allan has presently two beamlines accepting users: the x-ray absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy beamline and the infrared spectro microscopy beamline. A third beamline is being installed for Materials Science and components for a fourth beamline for Macromolecular Crystallography are being procured.

The motivation for SESAME is that it will foster scientific and technological excellence in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (and prevent or reverse the brain drain) by enabling world-class scientific research in subjects ranging from biology, archaeology and medical sciences through basic properties of materials science, physics, chemistry, and life sciences. In the process, it will build scientific and cultural bridges between diverse societies and contribute to a culture of peace through international cooperation in science.

ICTP has been involved with SESAME from its inception, mainly in providing training opportunities to a core of potential synchrotron users from the SESAME members using existing programmes of the Centre. An ICTP representative automatically sits on the Training Advisory Committee (TrAC). Below we review the various programmes used to support SESAME in 2019.

ICTP-Elettra Users Programme - the programme brought 18 participants (8 women) from SESAME members to Elettra Synchrotron Facility in 2019. These participants came from the following SESAME members:

• Egypt: 4 participants (2 women) • Iran: 6 participants (5 women) • Jordan: 5 participants (1 woman) • Turkey: 3 participants (no women)

STEP Programme - for the year 2019, 1 STEP student from SESAME members carried out her research/training at Elettra:

• Pakistan: 1 participant (1 woman)

TRIL - in 2019, 6 TRIL fellows (3 women) from SESAME members carried out their research/training at Elettra:

• Egypt: 2 participants (1 woman) • Iran: 1 participant (no woman) • Jordan: 1 participant (1 woman) • Pakistan: 2 participants (1 women)

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Activities in Developing Countries

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Office of External Activities One of the ways ICTP is actively involved in building scientific capacity in the developing world is through its Office of External Activities (OEA).

The purpose of the OEA is to promote scientific cooperation through its support of Affiliated Centres, Networks, Visiting Scholars/Consultants and Scientific Meetings organised in developing countries. OEA activities are initiated by regional scientists and carried out at external sites within the same region.

Changes to the programmes implemented in 2017 and 2018 continued to be applied in 2019. Furthermore, in order to streamline and further simplify some of the programmes, it was decided to award grants within the Networks and Visiting Scholars Programmes. In the case of the Networks Programme, this meant that the coordinator of the network distributed the grants to the Network members, after receiving from the OEA the maximum grant amount for each visit.

Throughout the last year, strong input and involvement was sought from ICTP scientists, in order to further improve the programmes, and especially to identify potential Affiliated Centres, Networks, and Visiting Scholars. As a consequence, there were a number of new assignments for all these programmes. One example is the first Network in the field of Climate Science, another is a new Affiliated Centre in Mathematics in Lahore (see below for details).

Overall, the implemented changes have been proven very successful, as demonstrated by the number of new assignments, students and their success (see below).

The OEA activities are mainly funded through the ICTP regular budget. The Office also benefited from a financial contribution from SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, for funding the ALOP activities.

€ 140,000

€ 120,000

€ 100,000

€ 80,000

€ 60,000

€ 40,000

€ 20,000

€ 0 Africa Asia Europe Latin America Other

Figure 18 Breakdown of 2019 funds by region

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Affiliated Centres An Affiliated Centre is an Institute or University Department of Physics or Mathematics, in a developing country, that has either an active postgraduate course that leads to a Masters or PhD, or which has an active exchange programme that enables students to undertake research or training in order to benefit their Masters or PhD studies.

Affiliated Centres have a regional character and must be strongly supported by the local authorities and the hosting institute to ensure continuity.

The purpose of the programme is to award grants to master’s and PhD students from neighbouring countries of the Affiliated Centre, but not from the country of the Institute or University Department itself. The Affiliated Centres propose candidates to the ICTP to receive a grant. All documentation is evaluated, and a limited number of grants are granted to each Affiliated Centre.

The number of students approved each year for funding is determined by the availability of funds for the programme. Support is provided to cover the students’ travel and living expenses as well as tuition fees. The full amount is disbursed directly to the student. No funds are provided to the Institute or University Department.

Grants are initially approved only for the year being requested and may be renewed for up to a maximum of four years, depending on the duration of the course. An ICTP scientist is also assigned to each student as tutor, in order to follow the performance of the student during their studies/research.

Students that are beneficiaries of the grants are required to submit reports throughout the year to document their progress. The performance of the student is evaluated at the end of each academic year, upon receiving a report. Continuation of the financial contribution of ICTP for the following year depends on the positive evaluation of this report and the availability of funds.

The Affiliated Centre must also submit a detailed scientific report, outlining the research activity being undertaken. The request for funding for the following year should be submitted by the Affiliated Centre co- ordinator before 31 October. This allows the relevant Committee to consider funding for the following year.

Upon completion of the studies, the students are expected to submit a final report, which should include a copy of the thesis, transcripts, and diploma. This report should be signed by the student and the ICTP tutor.

In 2019, we had 9 active Affiliated Centres (3 in Africa, 3 in Asia, 1 in Europe and 2 in Latin America), in which we directly supported 24 postgraduate students:

• The Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Douala, Cameroon, (two PhD students from Central African Republic and two PhD students from Chad) • The Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Rabat, Morocco, (one Master student from Comoros) • The East African Institute for Fundamental Research (EAIFR), Kigali, Rwanda, (one Master student from Ethiopia, one Master student from Nigeria, three Master students from Sudan, one Master student from Togo and two Master students from Uganda) • The Joint Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Yerevan, Armenia, (two PhD students from Iran) • The Asia Pacific Centre for Theoretical Physics (APCTP), Pohang, South Korea, (one PhD student from Iran and one PhD student from Viet Nam)

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• The Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, Pakistan, (one Master student from Nigeria) • The Laboratory for Physical Studies at the Gomel State Technical University, Gomel, Belarus, (one Master student from Ukraine and two PhD students from Ukraine) • The Instituto Balseiro, Centro Atomico Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina, (one Master student from Guatemala) • The Latin American Center for Physics (CLAF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (two PhD students from Cuba) Networks A Network is a system of research groups in an entire region, or among different regions that pursues a common scientific project over an extended period. The OEA supports networks because they are an efficient approach to overcoming the problem of isolation and counteracting the brain drain. ICTP emphases South- South collaboration, as well as the sharing of expertise and facilities, through supported exchanges of scientific visits within the Network.

Funding for a network is approved on a yearly basis and for up to a maximum period of three years, subject to the positive evaluation of progress and annual reports. The number of Networks approved each year for funding is determined by the availability of funds for the programme. The funds cover the travel and lodging expenses of scientists who belong to the Network to visit other member Institutes. The member Institutes are expected to contribute to the local expenses relevant to the stays of the visiting scientists belonging to the Network. Hence, the Network should be strongly supported by the local authorities and the member Institutions. Awarded grants are transferred by ICTP to the Institute of the Network Coordinator, who is responsible for distributing the funds to the to the member of the network traveling, after receiving approval and the maximum grant amount from the OEA. Grants can be offered to young scientists to work for extended periods at institutes that are part of the network.

Requests for funding for the future years should be submitted every year. At the end of every year, an online report of the past year activities should be presented by the Network Coordinator. Continuation of financial support from ICTP for the following year(s) depends on the positive assessment of the previous report, detailed programme and financial plan for the following year, and availability of funds. This allows the Committee to consider funding for the following year, up to a maximum of 3 years.

Before the end of the three years, a meeting should be organised with all the members of the network. The purpose of the meeting is to assess the results of the programme and the impact the exchange visits has had on the educational and research programme of the visitors and/or host institutions. The outcome of the meeting is very important to enable ICTP to evaluate the accomplishment of goals and consider new applications for funding. Automatic extensions are not envisaged.

In 2019, 14 Networks were supported: 4 in Africa, 4 in Asia, 2 in Europe and 4 in Latin America and the Caribbean.

• The Network on Lasers and Atomic Physics - countries involved: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Senegal, Sudan, Tunisia • The African Network for Advanced Two-Dimensional Materials - countries involved: Algeria, Cameroon, Congo, Iran, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia • The North African Group for Earthquakes and Tsunami Studies (NAGET) - countries involved: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia

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• The Atomistic Simulations, Electronic Structure, Computational Materials Sciences and Applications: the African Network (ASESMANET) - countries involved: Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Tanzania • The Network on Black holes, Supergravity, Strings and Integrable Systems - countries involved: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine • The Network on Theoretical Astrophysics, Gravitation and Cosmology (IKTUN) - countries involved: India, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Uzbekistan • The Network on Electronic, Magnetic and Superconducting properties of noval 2D heterostructure materials including graphene/MoS2 - countries involved: India, Nepal • The Asian Network on Condensed Matter and Complex Systems - countries involved: Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Viet Nam • The Colombian Network on High Energy Physics - countries involved: Colombia, Brazil, U.K. • The Latin-American Network of Ferroelectric Materials - countries involved: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Panama • The Latin American and Caribbean Network on Quantum Mechanics, Particles and Fields - countries involved: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela • The Network in Geometry and Mathematical Physics - countries involved: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru • The South-eastern European Network in Mathematical and Theoretical Physics - countries involved: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Moldova, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine • The South Eastern European Climate Network, - countries involved: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia

Additionally, with the aim of expanding beyond South-South collaboration, the ASESMANET Network has spread its collaboration also into a South-North collaboration. As such, the ASESMANET-EU Network has been created, which enables scientists from the South to travel to the North to meet and collaborate with European Institutes, thereby further supporting the problems of isolation. Visiting Scholars/Consultants This programme promotes collaboration between scientists working in institutions in the developing countries and leading scientists throughout the world. The visiting scientist is required to make two research visits over two years, each lasting three or four weeks. Longer stays are encouraged. The Visiting Scholar/Consultant carries out joint research with their counterpart and lectures students in their field of expertise, thus also enhancing the teaching faculty and the interaction with young researchers and students.

The programme offers an effective method to counteract the isolation of scientists, allowing them to maintain contacts and collaboration with leading experts from other countries.

There were 19 active Visiting Scholars distributed as follows: 5 in Africa - Benin (2), Madagascar, Morocco and South Africa; 5 in Asia - India (3), Nepal and South Korea; 9 in Latin America and the Caribbean - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba (5) and Peru.

ICTP support is provided primarily to cover the travel costs of the visiting scientists for travel to and from the host institution. The host institution is expected to cover all local expenses and make the necessary arrangements for the stay of the visiting scientist. Only in special cases, and concerning only least developed countries, may support be provided to cover subsistence costs of scientists.

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After each visit, the Visiting Scholar should submit a report to the ICTP including the following items: a description of the work carried out, a description of the main results obtained, the perceived benefit to the host institution and any other comments. The host institution should also submit a report of the Visiting Scientist's visit, summarising the activities performed and the benefits to his or her department. Failure to submit the reports in due time delays reimbursements, processing of funding for the next visit or suspension of project. Scientific Meetings The OEA encourages the organization of international and regional scientific meetings in developing countries by offering financial assistance to the organisers of conferences, workshops, and schools. Applications are reviewed by experts in the appropriate area both for scientific merit and relevance to the region.

ICTP funds are intended to cover the travel expenses of foreign participants and/or speakers from OEA supported countries in the region where the activity is taking place.

After the activity, organisers must submit a final report, including a financial report; signed receipts for individual grants, together with copies of airline tickets and hotel receipts; a summary of the outcome of the activity; the final list of participants; the scientific programme.

In 2019, a total of 75 scientific meetings received support, distributed as follows:

• 13 in Africa: Algeria (1), Cameroon (2), Egypt (1), Morocco (2), Nigeria (1), Rwanda (1), Senegal (1), South Africa (1), Tanzania (1), Tunisia (2) • 31 in Asia: Armenia (3), Bangladesh (2), China (1), India (4), Indonesia (2), Iran (2), Nepal (2), Pakistan (9), Palestine (1), Philippines (1), South Korea (2), Uzbekistan (1), Viet Nam (1) • 2 in Europe: Bulgaria (1), Ukraine (1) • 26 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Argentina (11), Bolivia (2), Brazil (1), Chile (1), Colombia (1), Cuba (3), Ecuador (1), Mexico (3), Peru (2), Uruguay (1) • 3 in Other: Belgium (1), France (1), Greece (1)

2019 funds were used to support the travel and accommodation costs of more than 500 participants attending the above activities.

The OEA supported three Active Learning in Optics and Photonics (ALOP) events in 2019 which provide hands- on training in optics and photonics to teachers in the developing world. These events were held in India, Indonesia and Peru, and all the expenses were covered by the SPIE contribution. Collaborations between OEA Programmes and ICTP Scientists The OEA strongly encourages its Affiliated Centres and Networks to collaborate with ICTP scientists in order to intensify their scientific efforts and build more effective partnerships by taking advantage of ICTP programmes and expertise. This is sometimes the case where PhD students can be shared in a type of “sandwich” programme with ICTP faculty having the opportunity to help in the selection. In this case, while the bulk of the training is done regionally, the students gain an association with an ICTP scientist, and the possibility to be selected for a relevant activity at ICTP to further increase the connection. Finally, through jointly selected students the partnership becomes a real collaboration, strengthening ICTP’s ties to regional centres of excellence.

This is the case for the ICTP Partner Institute EAIFR in Rwanda, where the OEA supports, though its Affiliated Centre programme, Masters students who have been selected by commissions involving ICTP scientists, who

Activities in Developing Countries | 156 also act as co-supervisors of the students. The research at EAIFR is currently in Condensed Matter, Geophysics and Particle Physics and Cosmology. EAIFR is also supported by OEA through its Network programme, with strong involvement of scientists from the ICTP Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) Section. Apart from an intra-Africa Network, this also comprises an Africa-Europe Network, which is funded by European Institutions. Collaborations between OEA and Other ICTP Research Groups In 2019, the OEA collaborated with other ICTP Research Groups, by providing administrative assistance to the Physics Without Frontiers Programme, Lightsources for Africa, the Americas, Asia and Middle East Project (LAAAMP) and the INdAM Research in Pairs Project.

The OEA provided support to the Physics without Frontiers Programme for the first eight months of the year, in which it assisted with the organization of schools in Nigeria, Palestine and Afghanistan and a roadshow in Latin America.

It also provided administrative assistance to the LAAAMP Project, and in particular to the 12 teams of the LAAAMP Project, coming from Asia (3), Africa (5) and Latin America (4).

Lastly, through the INdAM Research in Pairs Project, we provided assistance to the 12 teams coming from Asia (6), Africa (2) and Latin America (4). Glossary ALOP - Active Learning in Optics and Photonics Programme APCTP - Asia Pacific Centre for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, South Korea ASESMANET - Atomistic Simulations, Electronic Structure, Computational Materials Sciences and Applications: the African Network ASESMANET-EU - Atomistic Simulations, Electronic Structure, Computational Materials Sciences and Applications: the African/European Union Network CEPAMOQ - The Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics CLAF - The Latin American Center for Physics CMSP - Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics COMSATS - The Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South CUI - COMSATS University Islamabad EAIFR - East African Institute for Fundamental Research IKTUN - India, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Uzbekistan Network INdAM - Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica LAAAMP - Lightsources for Africa, the Americas, Asia and Middle East Project NAGET - North African Group for Earthquakes and Tsunami OEA - Office of External Activities SPIE - International Society for Optics and Photonics

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Partner Institutes ICTP-South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) The ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) [https://www.ictp-saifr.org/] has now completed its eighth year of theoretical physics activities in Sao Paulo as a collaboration between the São Paulo Research Funding Agency (FAPESP), the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) - a category 1 institute of UNESCO, the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), and the Instituto de Fisica Teorica (IFT-UNESP) in whose building it is located. Research at ICTP-SAIFR includes diverse areas of theoretical physics including string theory, field theory, condensed matter, particle physics, cosmology, general relativity, astrophysics, complex systems, and mathematical biology. Researchers are also members of important international collaborations such as the CMS detector at the LHC, the LIGO and the Dark Energy Survey collaborations.

In 2019, there were both high points and low points for ICTP-SAIFR faculty. In July, ICTP-SAIFR vice-director Rogério Rosenfeld was elected president of the Brazilian Physical Society. And in November, joint ICTP- SAIFR/Perimeter Institute professor Pedro Vieira was awarded the prestigious 2020 New Horizons in Physics Prize by the Breakthrough Prize Committee “for profound contributions to the understanding of quantum field theory.” However, on June 13, ICTP-SAIFR professor Eduardo Ponton passed away after a courageous 2-year battle with an anti-immunological disease. His important research and teaching contributions in theoretical particle physics will be greatly missed.

In September, the Spanish researcher Ricardo Martinez-Garcia joined ICTP-SAIFR as the newest Simons-FAPESP Young Investigator fellow. Ricardo performs research in the area of complex systems applied to biodiversity and will coordinate ICTP-SAIFR partnerships with the Princeton/CUNY Center for the Physics of Biological Function, the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems in Spain, and the ICTP Quantitative Life Sciences group.

In 2019, ICTP-SAIFR had over 1200 visitors and organised 9 international schools on the topics of data science, mathematical biology, physics applied to biology, theoretical physics, statistical physics, observational cosmology, high energy astrophysics, parallel programming and cold atoms, and 9 workshops on the subjects of QCD, nonlinear dynamics, American monsoons, S-matrix bootstrap, diversity, quantum symmetries, dark universe, relativity and particle physics.

In addition to these research activities, ICTP-SAIFR considerably expanded its outreach activities in 2019 with the help of a generous donation from the private Serrapilheira Institute to hire two outreach coordinators. The main outreach activity involves a partnership with the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada and is aimed at high-school physics teachers and students. In 2019, ICTP-SAIFR translated into Portuguese over half of the pedagogical material prepared by the Perimeter Institute for high-school teachers and organised nine 2- day workshops on this material in different cities of Brazil.

ICTP-SAIFR also organised minicourses on modern physics topics for high-school students from greater São Paulo on 34 Saturdays in 2019. Topics of the minicourses included electromagnetism, relativity, quantum mechanics, particle physics, sound and light waves, cosmology, big data, mathematical physics and applications to biology.

For the general public, ICTP-SAIFR continued its outreach activities which include monthly informal discussions in a bar called “Papos de Física”, distinguished public lectures by internationally recognized physicists such as Juan Maldacena and Curtis Callan, and a collaboration with the Instituto Moreira Salles museum in downtown

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São Paulo involving monthly discussions between a physicist and an artist in the museum on a topic of common interest called “Ciência em Diálogo”. Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics (MCTP) The Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics (MCTP) [http://www.mctp.mx/] was created in collaboration between the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) and the Autonomous University of Chiapas (UNACH) in order to establish a regional headquarters of the ICTP in Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. MCTP activities range across the various countries of the region. These countries share a common language, some of the greatest biodiversity on the planet and common problems, so scientific and technological research need to be integrated into a regional and international scheme based on cooperation and expanding opportunities.

In response to these needs, the Federal Government of Mexico, the Government of the State of Chiapas, UNACH and ICTP have joined forces to provide opportunities for sustainable development and significant impact on the competitiveness in the region. The main objective of the MCTP is to develop teaching, research and extension of knowledge of basic and applied sciences in Physics, Mathematics, Energy and Environment, through professional and advanced teaching, scientific, technological and innovation research, and the union of this knowledge and services to society.

The MCTP organises international conferences, workshops, seminars, and colloquia. Every year the financial support is available for participants who attend and are interested. The calendar is published and modified on an annual basis. The events during 2019 were:

• Holography in anti-de Sitter gravity • Black holes in the water tap • Big Science en México: El Caso de Marte • Escuela en Matemáticas Aplicadas 2019: Ecuaciones Diferenciales Parciales • Estrellas Wolf-Rayet en la galaxia M81: Nuevos descubrimientos y análisis • Segunda Olimpiada Mesoamericana de Física • Materia Oscura y Curvas de Rotación de Galaxias • Configuraciones de Campo Escalar Vistas como Sistemas de Materia Condensada • La interacción de contacto y algunas aplicaciones para QCD • Fermionic Dark Matter and Neutrino Mass Mechanisms • Métodos Perturbativos Modernos en la Teoría Cuántica de Campos y Gravedad • Probing the Higgs-Yukawa couplings and its implications • Regreso a Orión • Quinta Escuela de Física Fundamental Centroamericana • Polymer Quantization of Bogoliubov Spaces • Emergence of hadrons from quarks and gluons • Nobel de Física 2019 • III Mesoamerican Workshop on Cosmology and Gravity • Diálogos en el cielo entre Bertrand Rusell y George Cantor • Cuarto Ciclo de Talleres de Ciencia y Tecnología 2019 • Workshop on Earth observation for Disaster Risk Reduction: Droughts - Floods • Noche de las Estrellas 2019 • IV Encuentro de Modelado Matemático en Física y Geometría

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• Primer Taller de Astronomía Multimensajero

Attendance statistics of the events in 2019:

Country Number of Participants Cuba 1 Mexico 1,572 United Kingdom 1 Argentina 1 Costa Rica 16 Brazil 1 Peru 11 Guatemala 13 Ethiopia 1 Italy 1 Honduras 20 Pakistan 1 El Salvador 13 Dominican Republic 2 Total 1,654

ICTP-East African Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-EAIFR) In 2019, EAIFR [https://eaifr.org/] had nine short courses/workshops and ten seminars. A new set of ten MSc students were admitted, making a total of 20 students altogether in the MSc programs. We also admitted our first set of six PhD students. We published six papers in international peer-reviewed journals, hosted 12 international visiting academics and received a donation of 20 books from ICTP Trieste. Scholarship funds ($38k) from OWSD (for two female students) were received for two years (Nov 2018 – Oct. 2020). We secured $32k for research from TWAS, 24k euros for a scientific network and are participating in a $148k funded project with the American Physical Society (APS) and Columbia University, U.S.A. New staff members joined EAIFR: we now have four resident faculty members in all (including the Director) and an administrative assistant who came on board in October 2019. Academics Dr. Steve NDENGUE and Dr. Shoaib MUNIR joined the EAIFR faculty on April 1 and May 1, 2019, respectively.

Ten new MSc students joined the program for the 2019/2020 year. They were chosen from a pool of 105 applicants from which we finally selected16 following an academics-based shortlisting and technical oral interview. Of the sixteen, only ten resumed of which one is a woman. Three of the students are Rwandans and the remaining seven are non-Rwandans. Four of them (foreign students) have full scholarships from ICTP Trieste and we seek scholarships for six of them.

Our first intake of MSc students moved on to their second year. We now have four of them in Condensed Matter Physics, five in High Energy Physics and one in Geophysics who has gone to ICTP Trieste to do his second year of studies. All Rwandan students are now fully funded (tuition and living allowance). Four are funded by an HEC loan, thanks to the intervention of the SC. One is funded through the Organization for Women in Science in Developing Countries (OWSD).

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We admitted six PhD students, following a call in which 37 Candidates applied. Of the six, two are Rwandans. The foreign students have some (partial) funding support (from ICTP, Trieste); we seek funding for all the students. Workshops and Short Courses Short course on Machine Learning 25-29 March 2019, a training on Machine Learning was held. It was organised by one of our resident scientists (Dr. Marcello Musso) and taught by Dr. Alberto Romagnoni from Ecole Normale Superieure in France. There were about 35 active participants on average.

Lecture series on Black Holes (see https://eaifr.org/) 19 and 21 February 2019. We had about 15 participants each day. The lecture was given by an invited guest: Dr. Massimo Pietroni from INFN Padova and Parma University, Italy.

Cosmology Workshop (see https://eaifr.org/) 1-5 April 2019. The lectures were given by an invited guest: Dr. Marko Simonovic from CERN Switzerland. There were 30 active participants on average with three from Kenya and two from Uganda. The others were from Rwanda.

Climate Modeling Workshop (see https://eaifr.org/) 29 April to 3 May 2019 in collaboration with ICTP Trieste Italy (see http://indico.ictp.it/event/8752/). The lectures and hands-on computational training were given by Drs. Adrian Tompkins and Fred Kucharski from ICTP Trieste, Italy. There were about 36 active participants each day. Ten participants were from outside Rwanda: Ghana, Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon.

Short course on neural networks in Climate modeling 6-10 May 2019 in collaboration with the Atmospheric and Climate Sciences MSc Program of the University of Rwanda. Dr. Okoh from Abuja, Nigeria was invited based on the recommendation of the Coordinator of that Msc programme.

Seminar series (2-4 seminars) on Gravitational Waves (between 24-29 June) by Prof. Paolo Creminelli (from ICTP Trieste Italy).

Workshop training: Introduction to LoRa (Long-Range wireless) Technologies 24-28 June 2019 in collaboration with University of Rwanda’s African Center of Excellence for Internet of Things (ACEIoT), ICTP, Carnegie Mellon University Africa (CMU-A). We had about 33 trainees with 18 from outside Rwanda.

Mini-African School of Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (MASESMA) 11-15 November 2019, was taught by Prof. Ralph Gebauer (ICTP Trieste, Italy) and Dr. O. Akin-Ojo (EAIFR). We had a total of 30 participants of which 20 were non-Rwandans.

Short course on “Defects in solids” given by Prof. Mike Finnis and Dr. Tom Mellan, both from Imperial College. The workshop was held from 18 to 24 November 2019. We had a total of 22 participants of which 11 were non- Rwandans. Seminars Prof. Rosario Fazio (20 February 2019) Time Crystals

Dr. Massimo Pietroni, Public Lecture (20 February 2019) Looking for Dark Matter

Prof. Jean-Pierre Gazeau (20 March 2019) Orientations in the Plane as Quantum States

Dr. Shoaib Munir (17 April 2019) Extended Higgs Sectors at the Large Hadron Collider

Dr. Hans Hilgenkamp, University of Twente (29 May 2019) Nanotechnology: Introduction and Prospects

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Dr. Paulo Creminelli and Dr. Marco ZENNARO (27 June 2019) Capacity Building Opportunities at ICTP Trieste

Dr. Natasa Stojić (1 August 2019) Women In Science at ICTP Trieste

Prof. Romain Murenzi, (7 August 2019) Advancing Science in the Global South: The Role of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)

Dr. Tarig Abdelgadir (26 November 2019) Beauty in Symmetry and the McKay Correspondence

Following the seminar was a movie night in which we showed a documentary movie on Prof. Abdus Salam, the founder of ICTP: “Abdus Salam: The Dream of Symmetry”

Dr. Laure Gouba (28 November 2019) Perspectives on Dynamical Noncommutative Space-time Infrastructure CCTV installed; ICTP and UR-CST personnel helped to connect them.

5 Mbps backup internet installed. ICTP personnel (Dr. Clement Onime) helped to connect it to wireless routers.

EAIFR procured more tables, chairs, and blackboards. Special Outreach EAIFR collaborated with UR-Mathematics, UR-Sweden program and AIMS to hold the second Pi-day in Rwanda (March 14). EAIFR was mainly responsible for the Mathematics Exhibition demonstrated outside the Akagera tents and donated a prize ($500).

EAIFR organised a small symposium on 06 August 2019. The goal was to bring together physicists in the community with the few physicists visiting for the EAIFR Scientific Council meeting. We had a total of 11 talks.

EAIFR organised a “Movie Night” on 28/November/2019 in which we showed a documentary movie on Prof. Abdus Salam, the founder of ICTP: “Abdus Salam: The Dream of Symmetry”. Collaborations We have collaborations at different levels with different organizations/groups. Items on which we have collaborated include the following:

• Donation of 20 books received from ICTP Trieste for the MSc Physics program (15 for Geophysics books as recommended by HEC and 5 for Statistical Physics). • Donation of two (2) scholarships by the Organization for Women In Science in Developing Countries (OWSD) to female students worth EUR 38,000 over two years in the new MSc Physics program. • Co-organization of PI-Day (3.14 = 14th/March) in collaboration with the Mathematics Department of the University of Rwanda (UR), the UR-Sweden Program and AIMS Rwanda. • The use of EAIFR facilities by UR (lecture rooms, furniture, projectors). Talks by EAIFR Faculty/Scientists Dr. O. Akin-Ojo: Contributed talk on “Modeling Excitation Energies of Quantum Dots Based on First Principles Data” at the 2019 March Meeting of the American Physical Society (4-8 March 2019).

Dr. M. Musso, May 7, 2019 University of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain) “Beyond spherical collapse: realistic analytical models for Dark Matter Halos”

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Dr. M. Musso, May 29, 2019 Donostia International Physics Center (San Sebastian, Spain) “Excursion sets, peaks and other creatures: analytical models of Large-Scale Structure”

Dr. M. Musso, July 24, 2019 Munich Institute for Astro- and Particle Physics (Munich, Germany), Workshop Dynamics of Large-Scale Structure Formation. “Excursion set peaks in energy as a model for haloes”

Dr. S. Munir, July 29-31, 2019, “Prospects of multi-Higgs production at the LHC in the 2HDM” – talk at the Higgs Hunting 2019 Conference in Orsay and Paris, France.

Dr. S. Ndengue, November 2019, “Time Independent and Time Dependent Ideas and Comparisons in Spectroscopy and Dynamics” talk at Dynamics of Cold Molecular Collisions (DYMCOM), Orsay, France.

Dr. S. Ndengue, November 2019, “Benchmark Calculations of atom+triatom and diatom+triatom rigid rotor inelastic scattering with MCTDH” at the GDR THEMS Meeting, Orsay, France.

Talks by Interim Director to promote EAIFR and EAIFR activities:

• January 2019: At “Total Energy and Force Workshop” at Trieste Italy • March 2019: At Egerton University • June 2019: At ICTP Trieste Scientific Council • July 2019: At UNESCO'S training of trainers for science teachers on gender-responsive quality STEM Education for Anglophone African countries in Kigali Rwanda • September 2019: At Arusha, Tanzania – An ICTP School on Biophysical Approaches to Macromolecules and Cells: Integrated Tools for Life Sciences and Medicine • October 2019: At meeting with non-PhD holders of UR-CST School of Science Publications by EAIFR Faculty/Scientists Oyeniyi, E., & Akin-Ojo, O. (2019). Efficient determination of excitation energies and absorption spectra for quantum dots and large systems from ab initio data. Chemical Physics Letters, 721, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.02.014

Akin-Ojo, O., & Szalewicz, K. (2019). Does a pair of methane molecules aggregate in water? The Journal of Chemical Physics, 150(8), 084501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083826

Kraljic, K., Pichon, C., Dubois, Y., Codis, S., Cadiou, C., Devriendt, J., Musso, M., Welker, C., Arnouts, S., Hwang, H. S., Laigle, C., Peirani, S., Slyz, A., Treyer, M., & Vibert, D. (2019). Galaxies flowing in the oriented saddle frame of the cosmic web. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 483(3), 3227–3254. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3216

Enberg, R., Klemm, W., Moretti, S., & Munir, S. (2019). Electroweak production of multiple (pseudo)scalars in the 2HDM. The European Physical Journal C, 79(6), 512. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7025-8

Ndengué, S., Scribano, Y., Gatti, F., & Dawes, R. (2019). State-to-state inelastic rotational cross sections in five- atom systems with the multiconfiguration time dependent Hartree method. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 151(13), 134301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5119381

Kraljic, K., Pichon, C., Codis, S., Laigle, C., Davé, R., Dubois, Y., Hwang, H. S., Pogosyan, D., Arnouts, S., Devriendt, J., Musso, M., Peirani, S., Slyz, A., & Treyer, M. (2020). The impact of the connectivity of the cosmic web on the physical properties of galaxies at its nodes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 491(3), 4294–4309. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3319

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Submitted Proposals by EAIFR Faculty/Scientists EAIFR contributed to a pre-proposal (application) together with Prof. Renata Wentzcovitch (Columbia University, NY, U.S.A.), Prof. Richard Martin (U.S.A.). It has been approved (05/August/2019) for funding by the Innovation Funds (IF) section of the American Physical Society (APS). It was approved up to $148k.

EAIFR sent in a proposal to The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) in April 2019 for funds for a condensed matter physics project. It was approved up to $32k.

EAIFR contributed to a joint proposal for InterAfrican Mobility Call from the European Union. (Not sure if the lead authors made the deadline for proposal submission). It was not approved (we think it was not properly submitted).

EAIFR submitted a good proposal to the Simons Foundation on bridging the North-South scientific divide. It was not approved. No reason was given.

Scientists at EAIFR and ICTP created a joint network for African researchers in the area of Electronic Structure and Simulations. It is called ASESMANET: African School of Electronic Structure Methods and Applications Network. The Network sent in a proposal to ICTP'S Office of External Activities (OEA) and was awarded 12k EUR to be used for intra-African mobility by scientists in Africa. In addition, this fund was matched by a consortium of three groups in Europe (MARVEL, Psi-k and CECAM) who gave 12k EUR for mobility between Europe and Africa. An open call was made, and six researchers were awarded grants for the intra-African mobility and four (4) for the Europe-African one. Partnerships/Agreements with EAIFR In March 2019, the Interim Director visited Egerton University in Kenya. The Physics Department of Egerton would like to have an MoU with UR/ICTP-EAIFR for double PhD degrees. No formal MoU has been drafted or signed. Dr. Akin-Ojo is informally co-supervising a student at Egerton.

In August 2019, in collaboration with the ICTP Trieste, the Interim Director visited government officials in Ethiopia to advance collaboration of the Ethiopian Government with ICTP and with EAIFR. No definite MoU has been drafted or signed

There is a proposal for co-supervision of a student at Orleans, France, by a staff at UR'S Department of Physics. However, there must be an MoU between the University at Orleans and UR. The UR staff is suggesting a facilitation of the MoU by/through EAIFR Visitors to EAIFR Apart from the visitors who came for the short courses/workshops, we had 12 academic visits as follows:

Prof. Jean-Pierre Gazeau from France visited for 19 days in March 2019. He was here to co-teach the Advanced Electromagnetism course. He also gave a seminar during his visit.

Prof. George Thompson from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in February. He was here to co-teach the Advanced Quantum Mechanics I course to our first year 2018/2019 students. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Prof. Fazio from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in February 2019. He was here to co-teach the Advanced Quantum Mechanics I course to our first year 2018/2019 students. He gave a seminar during his visit. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

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Prof. Sandro Scandolo from ICTP Trieste visited for one week in July 2019. He was here to co-teach the Solid State Physics course to our first year 2018/2019 students. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Dr. Natasa Stojić from ICTP Trieste visited for one week in July 2019. She was here to co-teach the Solid State Physics course to our first year 2018/2019 students. She gave a seminar during her visit. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Prof. Fazio from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in February 2019. He was here to co-teach the Advanced Quantum Mechanics I course to our first year 2018/2019 students. He gave a seminar during his visit. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Prof. Joan Elias Miro from ICTP Trieste visited for three weeks in October 2019. He was here to teach the Quantum Electrodynamics course to our second year 2019/2020 students. He gave a seminar during his visit. The visit was funded partly by EAIFR (flight reimbursement) and by ICTP Trieste (accommodation and meals).

Prof. George Thompson from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in November 2019. He was here to co-teach two courses: The Advanced Quantum Mechanics I course to our first year 2019/2020 students and Lie Groups and Algebra to our second year 2019/2020 students. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Dr. Tarig Abdelgadir from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in November 2019. He was here to co-teach the Lie Groups and Algebra to our second year 2019/2020 students. He gave a seminar during his visit. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Dr. Laure Gouba from ICTP Trieste visited for two weeks in November 2019. She was here to co-teach the Mathematical Methods of Physics course to our first year 2019/2020 students. She gave a seminar during her visit. The visit was fully funded by ICTP Trieste.

Dr. Bruno Dandogbessi from IMSP Benin is visiting for two months from December 2019. He is here for collaborative research with Dr. Akin-Ojo. The visit is funded through an ASESMANET network grant.

Mr. Shiferaw Gadisa Kuma from Ethiopia visited for two months from November 2019. He is here for collaborative research with Dr. Akin-Ojo. The visit is funded through an ASESMANET network grant. Administrative Issues We made progress in the hiring of a new faculty member in Geophysics. The Chair of the SC submitted a request to the UR VC for employment of the preferred candidate.

An IT person needs to be hired.

EAIFR needs to have two more scientists. There should be two in each area (CMP, HE, GP), independent of the Director, making a total of seven (7) resident faculties in all if we include the Director.

Accommodation of visiting scientists needs to be improved (current location is too distant from Institute) ICTP-Asia Pacific (ICTP-AP) The International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific (ICTP-AP) [https://ictp-ap.org/] is China’s first category 2 centre in the area of basic science. ICTP-AP is under the auspices of UNESCO in cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the National Science Foundation China (NSFC) and the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP, Trieste).

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ICTP-AP is affiliated to the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS). It is a non-profit organization that carries out high-level scientific research, education, and training in basic science such as frontiers of theoretical physics and the relevant interdisciplinary areas. 2019 Activities Xiangshan Science Conference In April 2019, ICTP-AP organised the 649th session of Xiangshan Science Conference on Chinese Space Gravitational Wave Detection Mission and International Alliance for Collaboration in Beijing, China. Scientists from ‘Lisa’ programme of European Space Agency (ESA) and ‘Taiji’ programme communicated the development and latest research of space gravitational wave detection. ISC & IGB Meeting On 12 May, the 1st Session of the International Science Council (ISC) and the 2nd Session of the International Governing Board (IGB) of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific (ICTP-AP) was successfully held in Beijing, China.

The round table meeting was held as one of the ICTP-AP Kick-off activities on May 12. Leaders of well-known national and international scientific research institutions attended this meeting. They suggested to build long- term mechanisms and strengthen diversified cooperation in the future. Additionally, institutions should provide excellent learning and research environments, more academic exchange activities for young talents, and encourage scientific research as a choice of more teenagers. Frontiers of Fundamental Physics Conference On May 13, 2019, ICTP-AP officially announced its launch. In the following two days, the Frontiers of Fundamental Physics Conference successfully took place in Beijing, China. More than 130 experts and students from 9 countries participated in the two-day Conference, and 27 excellent academic reports were organised. Gravitational Wave Summer School From July 8-12, 2019, the first UCAS gravitational wave summer school was held successfully at Yanqihu Campus, in Beijing, China. ICTP-AP and the Consortium of Gravitational Wave Detection Taiji Program in Space jointly sponsored this summer school.

A series of lectures on gravitational wave-related studies were given in the next five days. Outstanding students from 14 universities and research institutes in China participated in this short-term training. Topics of the lectures were mainly focused on gravitational wave detection technology, gravitational wave source and data analysis and processing. Visit to ICTP Representatives from ICTP-AP visited ICTP in Italy in September 2019. As a new institute, this visit made us have a deeper understanding of the operation of the UNESCO institute. Moreover, this visit improved the cooperation and communication between ICTP-AP and ICTP. Taiji Consortium 2019 Annual Meeting On November 24, the space gravitational wave detection Taiji consortium 2019 annual meeting was held successfully at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS). ICTP-AP and the Taiji consortium jointly sponsored this meeting. The conference focused on the research of gravitational wave physics and the detection technology. It has attracted the active participation of more than 160 experts and scholars from 36 institutions to discuss the latest scientific results and future development of gravitational wave detection.

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Conference on the Development of School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences From 28-29 December 2019, the conference on the development of the School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences was held in Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, China. Some 72 experts from 35 research institutions participated in this conference.

The School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences is mainly developed by ICTP-AP and the Institute of Theoretical Physics, CAS. Professor Yue-Liang Wu, the director of ICTP-AP, is the chair of the school. The school will become an international first-class scientific research centre and talent training base.

In the early stage of the development of the school, major research will focus on three key directions: quantum cosmic physics, space propulsion and drag free technologies, and key technologies of laser interferometric ranging systems. Scientific Summary Taiji-01 successfully launched and completed in-orbit experiment On August 31st, 2019, a satellite for experiments under microgravity launched successfully from Jiuquan Satellite Launching Center in northwestern China. Later named “Taiji-01”, this satellite marks the first under the Phase-II of the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science (SPPSS-II) sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The director of ICTP-AP, prof. Yue-Liang Wu, is the chief scientist of the ‘Taiji Programme’. ICTP- AP was responsible for the overall planning and coordination of the Taiji-01 project. Moreover, ICTP-AP undertook the construction and development of the scientific operation system which was one of the six systems of the Taiji-01 project. By the end of 2019, the in-orbit tests were successfully completed, the functions and performance indexes of the satellite met the general requirements, and the results exceeded expectations.

The in-orbit tests showed that the accuracy of displacement measurement of the laser interferometer on Taiji- 01 could reach a 100-picometer order of magnitude. The accuracy of the gravitational reference sensor on the satellite reached ten billionths of the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational acceleration. The thrust resolution of the micro-thruster on the satellite reached submicron-Newton scale.Taiji-01 achieved China’s highest accuracy of spatial laser interferometry; successfully conducted China’s first on-orbit drag free control technology test; firstly and internationally on-orbit verification of micro-newton level radio frequency ion propulsion technology and dual mode hall-effect micro thruster technology.

The experimental results of Taiji-01 verified the correctness and feasibility of the technical route and scheme of ‘Taiji Programme’. It took the first step and laid a solid foundation for the first breakthrough in space gravitational wave detection in China.

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Physics Without Frontiers (PWF) The Physics Without Frontiers programme continued to grow in 2019. Thanks to a dedicated budget line, 15 activities (two more with respect to 2018) were organised in 17 different countries, involving thousands of participants from all corners of the world (see table below for further details). Moreover, a mentoring activity was carried out via internet, offering support to many young students through webinars and one-to-one virtual meetings.

This was made possible thanks to the broader and broader network of PWF volunteers wishing to contribute to the programme’s mission: inspiring, training, and motivating physics and mathematics university students in developing countries to help build the next generation of scientists.

All the activities carried out throughout the year were beneficial to participants, and some even lead to the realization of additional projects: the course organised at University of Colombo, Sri Lanka will be offered in 2020 too and thanks to the school in Kabul University 5 students were selected to receive a grant to study at IASBS, Iran. These are just a few examples of the concrete impact of the PWF programme: in 2019 some of the participants to our previous projects enrolled to the ICTP Diploma course (Amar Thakuri from Nepal, Nour Messlamni from Lebanon, and Osama Khlaif form Palestinia), while Mahmoud Alawashra (Palestine) graduated in 2019.

In addition to the above-mentioned fellowship for the Afghani students, 2 other Afghani master students were assigned a grant to visit ICTP in 2020 to write their thesis in collaboration with Dr. Shaw, co-coordinator of the PWF programme, acting as their tutor.

In the framework of the Brain gain initiative in Venezuela, 4 Venezuelan professors were granted a fellowship to teach courses in their own university and in similar institutes in neighboring countries.

This adds to our ongoing efforts in South America, were a complex roadshow was organised in 2019 in Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The project, lasting from September 2019 to January 2020, involves 15 Universities, various associations and a high school located in 12 different cities. It is estimated that nearly 3,000 people will attend the activities of this ‘Programa Latinoamericano’, which will hopefully strengthen scientific networks and collaboration in Latin America.

Many projects are leading to new steps towards building research in the regions, the impact of which will be seen in later years.

Countries: Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Palestine, Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Tunisia, Nepal, Iraq, Senegal, Guatemala.

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Prizes and Awards

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Dirac Medal and Prize ICTP awarded its 2019 Dirac Medal and Prize to three physicists whose research has made a profound impact on modern cosmology. Viatcheslav Mukhanov (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich), Alexei Starobinsky (Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics) and Rashid Sunyaev (Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics) share the prize for “their outstanding contributions to the physics of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with experimentally tested implications that have helped to transform cosmology into a precision scientific discipline by combining microscopic physics with the large scale structure of the Universe.” All three winners have made important contributions to the understanding of the early Universe in the context of inflationary cosmology.

The CMB is weak cosmic background radiation that fills all space. In the Big Bang model of the Universe, the CMB is residual electromagnetic radiation from an early stage of the Universe, that can be detected with a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope. Discovered accidentally in 1964 by two radio astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, it is a key proof of the Big Bang origin of the Universe.

According to the inflationary theory of physical cosmology, the Universe went through an exponential expansion of space in an extremely short period of time. The so-called inflationary epoch may have lasted from 10-36 seconds to about 10-33 seconds after the Big Bang singularity, and was followed by a further, but much slower, expansion of the Universe that still continues.

Alexei Starobinsky was one of the first developers of the cosmic inflation theory in the late 1970s. The theory was then further developed, with great contributions from the studies that Viatcheslav Mukhanov and others carried out in the 1980s. Rashid Sunyaev had predicted the acoustic peaks of the CMB in the 1970s and then largely contributed to the experiments that tested these models. The theory of inflation is now considered one of the most relevant developments in fundamental physics and cosmology, since it explains many properties of the Universe as we know it, such as its uniformity and its flatness. It also provides a theory for primordial fluctuations that no other model has yet explained. In the framework of general relativity and quantum field theory, the inflationary theory describes these fluctuations as coming from quantum effects at a microscopic scale, that have macroscopic effects on a cosmic scale, manifest in the formation of the large-scale structure of the Universe.

The theoretical predictions derived from this model have been confirmed by several experiments and have contributed greatly to modern cosmology.

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ICTP Prize Two theoretical physicists from India shared the 2019 ICTP Prize for their work in high energy physics: Basudeb Dasgupta, of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, and Suvrat Raju, of the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru.

Dasgupta was recognised for his innovative theoretical contributions to neutrino and dark-matter physics, especially to the understanding of collective neutrino oscillations. Dasgupta pioneered the field of collective neutrino flavour evolution in extreme astrophysical environments, such as those in supernovae, which helped the understanding of these spectacular and phenomenologically rich events. His works on dark matter, the dominant but yet unidentified component of matter in the Universe, produced crucial input for the interpretation of ongoing direct search experiments. His new ideas on the subject improved our understanding of the possible nature and properties of this obscure form of matter.

Raju was cited for his new insights into the holographic description of black-hole interiors, for clarifying the nature of subtle non-local effects in quantum gravity, and for contributions to the study of the AdS/CFT correspondence. His works on black holes provided a deeper and more detailed description of how the intrinsic non-locality of gravity could preserve unitarity during the black-hole evaporation process, shedding new light on the long-standing black-hole information paradox. He also helped to develop a new set of tools and concepts that extend to conformal field theories, holographic correspondence, quantum error corrections, and algebraic quantum field theory.

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Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries ICTP awarded the 2019 Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries to Hoàng Hiệp Phạm of the Institute of Mathematics-Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology in Hanoi. The prize is in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of complex analysis, and in particular to pluripotential theory, where he obtained an important result on the singularities of plurisubharmonic functions; complex Monge-Ampère equations and log canonical thresholds, which have important applications in algebraic and complex Kähler geometry. The prize is also in recognition of Dr. Pham's important organizational role in the advancement of mathematics in his home country, Viet Nam. ICTP administers the Ramanujan Prize jointly with the Department of Science and Technology (DST, Government of India), and the International Mathematical Union (IMU).

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ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award ICTP and the International Commission for Optics (ICO) awarded their 2019 ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award to two researchers: Muhammad Faryad of Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) in Pakistan, and Christian Tomas Schmiegelow of the Universidad de Buenos Aires in Argentina. The award for Faryad cites “his contributions to the understanding of light interaction with nanostructured materials, and applications in the area of optical surface waves, solar cells, optical metamaterials and the modelling of wave propagation in the nanostructured mediums.” Faryad is an assistant professor in LUMS' Department of Physics. Schmiegelow received the ICO/ICTP Prize for “his contributions to the field of quantum optics and light-matter interaction, and in particular the demonstration of transfer of optical orbital momentum to bound electrons and studies on interaction of twisted light with trapped ions.” He has joint appointments as a researcher at CONICET (Argentina’s National Research Council) and as a professor in the Department of Physics at the Universidad de Buenos Aires.

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Scientific Support Services

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Marie Curie Library The Marie Curie Library, part of the ICTP Research Division, ensures information services and essential scientific support through its bibliographic resources in all formats to ICTP researchers, course participants, visitors, as well as users accredited to The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), to the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), to Trieste University's Department of Physics, to the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), and to the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS). Upon request, access for consultation might be extended to other researchers and students of the wider Trieste System scientific network.

Based on its large collection of specialized scientific literature, the Library provides borrowing, reference services, document delivery services and user training. Furthermore the Library preserves documentation regarding the institutional history, curates the Abdus Salam memorial website and is home to the archive of papers and correspondence of Abdus Salam (about 10,000 items dated between 1939 and 2000), and a collection of 1.400 books originating from Salam's private library.

It also facilitates distribution of scientific literature in least developed countries through the eJDS eJournals Delivery Service (for individual scientists) and the ICTP Book Donation Programme (for libraries).

The online public access catalogue of about 90.000 items can be easily searched via the Library website (https://library.ictp.it/); results show the location of physical copies and their availability status. Access to licensed e-resources is possible from the ICTP intranet only.

The Marie Curie Library participates in:

• UN-LINKS (UN Library and Information Network for Knowledge Sharing) • INLN (International Nuclear Library Network) • SCOAP3 (Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics) • arXiv (repository of e-prints) • ACNP (Italian National Union Archive of Periodicals) • NILDE (Network Inter-Library Document Exchange) • AIB (Associazione Italiana Bibliotecari)

Is associated with:

• The American Meteorological Society • The American Institute of Physics • The American Mathematical Society • Società Italiana di Fisica • Société Mathématique de France

Has agreements for eJDS with 10 major publishers:

• American Mathematical Society (AMS) • American Institute of Physics (AIP) • American Physical Society (APS) • Elsevier • European Mathematical Society Publishing House • IOP Publishing

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• OSA - The Optical Society • SPIE - The International Society for Optics and Photonics • Springer Nature • World Scientific Publishing Highlights The year saw two encouraging results for the Library: the positive and supportive response received to a survey circulated to more than 8,000 users within the ICTP community, with a 12% response rate, and the award of the Spirit of Salam 2019 Award to the Library “For its important role in supporting ICTP's mission of building sustainable science by providing the services and space conducive to the acquisition of knowledge,” and in recognition to the service provided since ICTP was founded.

As inferred by the survey's responses, in general, the library services enjoyed of a steady positive assessment.

Library marketing activities were strengthened, promoting collections and services. Leaflets showcasing new entries in the collections have been circulated monthly in print and via email. News items focussed on recent developments of scholarly communication, new bibliographic tools, free information sources, and new acquisitions have been consistently posted on the Library website.

Orientation tours targeted to the students of the ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme and ICTP degree programmes have been scheduled at the beginning of the academic year, focussed on training students to the use of library e-resources and print collections.

The Library offered guided tours to groups on the SciencePicNic event in May 2019 and throughout the year to schools, in coordination with the Public Information Office, and to special guests upon request of the Director's Office.

In the effort to raise interest on issues related to the fast-changing scientific information landscape, a couple of lectures were co-organised by the Library, with the CMSP Section:

An editor's guide to Nature - speaker Gaia Donati (16 Sep 2019)

Beyond Open Access: SciPost - speaker Jean-Sébastien Caux (22 Oct 2019)

For the second year a presentation on Open Science was organised for a group of OWSD early career women scientists from less developed countries, complemented by a presentation on the Data Sharing Initiative at ICTP given by Lina Sitz.

A talk from a special guest, Rwanda’s vision 2050 - speaker Amb. Dr. Charles Murigande (24 Sep 2019) was held in the Library premises.

Pending the recruitment of a new Head, Library Services, recommended by the Steering Committee in its June 2019 meeting, Nicoletta Zar had renewed the ad interim assignment as Head. With the aim to strengthen collaboration with UN Libraries, she participated to the UN Library and Information Network for Knowledge Sharing (UN-LINKS) annual meeting. The Marie Curie Library as being part of UNESCO was finally recognized to be included in the UNSEIAC, the UN System Electronic Information Acquisitions Consortium, negotiating with publishers at the UN level.

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In Numbers Print Collections • Books: 72,497 • Additions in 2019: 638 • Journals, current subscriptions: 90 • Journal print titles: 1,156 • Abdus Salam Book Collection: 1,398 Electronic and Multimedia Resources • Current e-journal titles: 1,916 • Electronic books: 1,767 • Photo archive: 3,283 • Audio/Visual materials: 1,045 • Press cuttings/magazine articles: 1,356 • ICTP preprints archive (1964-2010): 10,099 Usage Statistics • Registered users (72% male | 28% female): 1,074 • Gate counter: 73,409 • Print items checked out: 3,855 • eJournals downloads (licenced eResources): >34,000

Document Delivery and Inter-Library Loans • Patrons requests fulfilled: 57 • Items supplied to partner libraries: 136 eJournals Delivery Service • Participating publishers: 10 • Journal titles: 1,040 • Countries eligible: 119 • Registered users: 6,365 • New registrations in 2019: 112 • Articles delivered: 1,530 Book Donations • Recipient countries: 14 • Recipient institutions/libraries: 27 • Donated items: 328

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Information and Communication Technology Section (ICTS) ICTP’s Information and Communication Technology Section (ICTS) maintains the Centre’s advanced computing facilities. It also plays a key role in all ICTP activities related to technology for high-performance computing, parallel programming and scientific software development, including ICTP’s Master in High-Performance Computing (MHPC), a joint degree program run with the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA). The programme is centred around the two institutes’ high-performance computing centre. Launched in 2014, the facility expands opportunities not only for MHPC students, but also for staff researchers and the thousands of scientists from developing countries doing collaborative research with the Centre. From simulating molecular interactions to calculating climate forecasts, supercomputers are becoming an increasingly important tool for scientists seeking to solve complex scientific computational problems. The results of these supercomputing exercises are being used in important, practical ways, from the development of improved solar energy cells to input into international agreements such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate assessment reports.

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The African Review of Physics Managing Editor: K. Tahir Shah ISSN 2223-6589

Founded and published by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics since 2007, The African Review of Physics (www.aphysrev.org) is the official journal of the African Physical Society. It is a free, open access, online, peer reviewed, and international journal that publishes high quality reviews, research articles, and brief communications in all branches of experimental and theoretical physics

In 2019, scientists from African and many other developing nations remained highly active in various sectors of pure and applied physics. There was a notable increase in research output from scientists in Ethiopia, Algeria, Nepal, Iran, and Iraq. Nigerian scientists remained committed to applied physics areas that are useful to the industrial and economic growth of their respective regions. This year’s statistics again confirm an increase in research activity in pure and applied physical sciences in developing nations.

In 2019, the top ten ranking of countries by number of research papers submitted are: India securing the first position, followed by Nigeria, Iran, Ethiopia, Iraq, U.S.A., Algeria, Turkey, Egypt, and Nepal. The African contribution to the top 10 was 35.2%, a decrease with respect to 2018. However, there was an increase in the number of submissions from Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, and Nepal. Members of the top 10 ranking listed above represent 85% of all submissions from the 19 countries. There was no significant change in research themes in 2019 and cosmological models of dark energy and dark matter remained the major focus of researchers, along with atomic physics, fluid dynamics, condensed matter, plasma physics, medical physics, Earth systems, and mathematical physics.

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Science Dissemination Unit Activities 2019 The Science Dissemination Unit (SDU) was created in 2004 with the broad aim of disseminating educational, scientific, and technological contents to more scientists than are able to visit ICTP, and to the public in general throughout the world, using modern digital media. Website: sdu.ictp.it

In 2014 the SDU opened the first Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab) –a workshop space encouraging scholars to bring their creative ideas to life and share them openly for the benefit of all. Website: http://scifablab.ictp.it/ Educational and Research Activities The SDU is a concrete example of helping to bridge the knowledge divide, focusing on inclusion and applying cost-effective open-source digital technologies for the dissemination, support, and internationalization of science. The SDU addresses the following main issues of great concern in the scientific community:

• The dissemination of scientific data, educational STEM material, and scientific information. • The development, implementation, and management of open source applications, especially in support of science and education. • The integration of new rich-media and state-of-the-art applications to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and exchange of ideas. • The creation and support of Scientific Fabrication Laboratories (SciFabLabs) around the world. These FabLabs offer workspace and equipment to encourage scientists and makers – people who like to design and build technological devices– to bring their creative ideas to life. Use of such SciFabLabs is subject to the acceptance of a project proposal. Priority is given to science and STEM education for sustainable development, including thesis projects; robotics, electronics, micro-controllers and computer-based science projects; 3D printing for education; green technologies and alternative energy technologies.

The SDU also provides support to many scientific and outreach ICTP activities and organises many open, hands- on training workshops and events to raise awareness of and help disseminate science and technology knowledge. ICTP Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab) The SDU opened its Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab) in the summer of 2014, a workshop space hosting scientists and makers in a space of more than 300 square meters on the ICTP campus. Today this open space accepts project proposals from scholars and makers both within and outside the ICTP community.

The SciFabLab was the first FabLab inaugurated in the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region and it is part of a large worldwide community of FabLabs. It offers modern and versatile computer-controlled rapid prototyping tools, such as 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser engraving, cutting, and multi-axes CNC machines, embedded systems, micro-controllers, and others. It aims to open new dimensions in science and education and inspire curiosity.

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Figure 19 Seminars and hands-on activites at ICTP organised by SciFabLab The use of the SciFabLab is free and subject to the acceptance of a project proposal. Training and Activities Training on open-source applications and tools for science dissemination are available throughout the year to ICTP visitors and members of the SciFabLab. Technologies available in Scientific FabLabs for rapid digital prototyping in science, education and sustainable development are one of the main focuses of these trainings, as well as talks, seminars, and activities. All activities combine a balanced mix of technical details, general overviews, and sense of the possible.

Figure 20 Details of SDU's SciFabLab Projects can be found in the open book at: http://scifablab.ictp.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SciFabLab_2014-2020_low-res.pdf Hosted Activities The SciFabLab also hosts hands-on, training activities organised by other sections and groups of the ICTP.

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Work carried out at SciFabLab in 2019 Thanks to the yearly grant offered by the Municipality of Trieste, the SciFabLab is open to the community of local makers, inventors, creators, visitors, students, ICTP visitors and others throughout the year (including many holidays), for more than18 hours a week with the following schedule: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday from 3:00 pm to 9:00 pm, with more than 800 opening hours annually. During these opening hours, two technical assistants were always available to welcome guests and provide them with assistance and technical training on the use of the equipment available (3D printers and scanners, plotter for laser cutting and engraving, CNC machines, prototyping electronics with Arduino micro-controllers, welding stations, electronics circuits, mechanical workshop, etc.). An average of 8 to 10 daily presences were recorded during the opening hours to the public, with peaks of over 40 people during some group visits, for a total of over 1200 visitors and guests over the course of the year. This number does not include the thousands of people who visited the SciFabLab during the 6th Trieste Mini Maker Faire and the second Science Picnic, events held in June.

There were many other visitors to the SciFabLab in 2019, including ICTP visiting scientists, their families, policy makers, ministers, scientists, politicians, teachers, journalists, and others. Many school classes visited the FabLab, from Italy and other countries, as well as local schools in the region.

Figure 21 Many open activities are organised by SDU throughout the year Numerous other events and activities took place at the SciFabLab this year, many that were open to the public, including the SciFabLab Birthday Party. The SciFabLab also participated in other public events in the Friuli- Venezia Giulia region and Europe, including the events “Fiera dell’Elettronica e Radioamatore” (with an exhibition stand), “TriesteNext” (with the pavilion of the “Trieste Science Picnic”), “Ljubljana Mini Maker Faire” and Croatian Science Picnic and Maker Faire (with one exhibition stand), “Udine 3D Forum” (with public conference on the 3D printing technologies for education), and “Maker Faire Rome - The European Edition” (an event of international relevance to which SciFabLab has been present with an exhibition stand). Some Projects and Outreach Activities in 2019 A Decade of Science on the Internet: Education and Dissemination - www.ictp.tv The popular www.ictp.tv server was kept up and running with more than 15,000 hours of recordings available online. These have received more than one million unique visitors since its first availability. More than fifty percent of these visitors were viewing the lecture recordings from developing countries. openDante: High School Physics and Math Lectures On-line The project openDante, carried out in collaboration with Prof A. Pisani from Liceo Classico Dante Alighieri in Gorizia, Italy, provides a new way for students to review and learn new concepts. Students like the fact that

Scientific Support Services | 182 with openEyA recordings, they can re-listen to classroom lectures at home, and it helps increase their level of understanding. SDU continues to support this unique initiative to foster future generations of scientists: www.openDante.com. Sixth Trieste Mini Maker Faire a public, open and free event showcasing on ICTP Miramare Campus in Spring 2019 – SMR 3293.

The Trieste Mini Maker Faire showcased and encouraged invention, creativity, and resourcefulness for the sixth time in May of 2019, bringing together makers, inventors, scientists, crafters, artists and all other passionate creative enthusiasts from the Triveneto region of Italy as well as Slovenia, Croatia, and beyond. While showing their projects, participants shared their passion for making, and inspired visitors to make things themselves. Special attention has been always given to ideas and projects of educational interest and aimed at helping developing countries.

This international event was co-organised by ICTP, the Municipality of Trieste, and Maker Media Inc., with the support of the Autonomous Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, the Province of Trieste, TriesteTrasporti, and Trenitalia SpA, with the collaboration of many other partners and sponsors.

The event saw the participation of an estimated 15,000 visitors on ICTP Miramare Campus. It was largely publicized through the local press, radio and television, with giant posters displayed in the main cities of the Trieste region and also in Slovenia. In addition to the various social communication channels (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc.) a dedicated website was created and provided information at this address: http://trieste.makerfaire.com/.

Figure 22 Snapshots of the 6th Trieste Mini Maker Faire (May 2019) Science Picnic Activity for Schools: “A Day with Leonardo” The “A Day with Leonardo” Science Picnic was a public event that aimed to promote the teaching of science through demonstrations and outdoor activities. The goal was to bring young people closer to the creative side of science and to inspire them towards a possible professional future in this field. The event included interactive experiments, shows, and meetings with scientists on different topics as well as educational and creative workshops. The initiative, free to all visitors, was aimed mainly at students and teachers of schools of all levels, reaching more than 2,400 students. The title of the event reflected the fact that 2019 marked 500 years since the death of Leonardo da Vinci. The official website is: http://sciencepicnic.it/.

The event enjoyed the collaboration of the ProESOF “Towards Trieste 2020 Euroscience Open Forum.”

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Staff • Enrique Canessa, Ph.D in Physics, SDU Coordinator • Carlo Fonda, Professional Technician, SDU Staff Collaborators • SciFabLab Assistants 2019: Marco Baruzzo, Sara Sossi and Gaia Fior • Livio Tenze, Ph.D in Electrical Engineering Publications by SDU Staff E. Canessa, C. Fonda, “6th Trieste Mini Maker Faire: A Gathering of Makers” (November 2019), eBook: ISBN 978-92-95003-63-7

E. Canessa, C. Fonda, “ICTP SciFabLab –Highlights of Projects & Activities: 2014 – 2020” (revised December 2019).

E. Canessa, L. Tenze, “Morphing a Stereogram into Hologram”, ArXiv: 1905.01727, In Press (2020).

E. Canessa, L. Tenze, “MORPHOLO C++ Library for glasses-free multi-view stereo vision and streaming of live 3D video”, ArXiv: 1912.02202 Funding ICTP (main contributor). Comune di Trieste (Grant to support SciFabLab’s evenings and weekends opening). Fruili Venezia-Giulia Regione (Grant to support the 6th Trieste Mini Maker Faire and the 2nd Science Picnic).

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Statistics

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Introduction to the Statistics The ICTP strives to be as accurate as possible with its data collection, however the data is to be considered indicative.

Please note that “Visitors” is a headcount, while “Visits” is the number of times a “Visitor” has attended a scientific activity (SMR). We therefore speak of “Visitors” from a given region/country, while we refer to “Visits” when referring to scientific activities. As “Visitors” usually attend more than one scientific activity, the number of “Visits” is higher than the number of “Visitors”.

The grand totals of both “Visits” and “Visitors” includes 626 participants of regional training courses, organized by ICTP and held in other countries.

The statistics are divided into four chapters, each containing a short introduction and table of contents.

• Summary of Visitors and Person-months by Country Summary of the “Visitors and Person-months by Country” chapter.

• Visitors and Person-months by Country Visitors headcount by region and country, indicates the total time spent at ICTP in terms of months.

• Summary of Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity A summary of the “Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity” chapter.

• Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity This table shows the number of Visits and Person-months for Degree Programmes, Programmes, Research and Training activities by scientific field.

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Summary of Visitors and Person-months by Country This table summarizes the following chapters’ data.

Terminology relevant to the Visitors/Person-months data:

• “Visitors” includes all user categories: Affiliates, Associates, Course Participants, Diploma Students, Elettra Students, Faculty, Master students, Post-doctoral Fellows, STEP Fellows, TRIL Fellows, Visiting Scientists both short and long-term. • “Person-months” is the calculation of how long a “Visitor” spent, in months at the ICTP.

Grand Total • Visitors 5942 o Female Visitors 1670 o Male Visitors 4272 • Person-months 5652.22 • Countries 146

Regions Visitors from Person-months Total Developing Developed Developing Developed Person- LDCs Regions Regions LDCs Regions Regions Visitors months Africa 244 504 — 437.58 442.80 — 748 880.38

Asia 60 1294 88 116.87 1144.90 40.67 1442 1302.44

Europe — — 2618 — — 2569.80 2618 2569.80 Latin America and the — 670 — — 663.84 — 670 663.84 Caribbean North America — — 425 — — 197.89 425 197.89

Oceania — 2 37 — 11.87 26.00 39 37.87 Total 304 2470 3168 554.45 2263.41 2834.36 5942 5652.22 % vs. Total 5% 42% 53% 10% 40% 50% Visitors

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Visitors and Person-months by Country

Contents: • Least Developed Countries (25 countries) o Totals o Africa (20 countries) o Asia (5 countries) • Developing Regions (77 countries) o Totals o Africa (17 countries) o Asia (34 countries) o Latin America and the Caribbean (24 countries) ▪ Totals ▪ Caribbean (15 countries) ▪ Latin America (9 countries) o Oceania (2 countries) • Developed Regions (44 countries) o Totals o Asia (2 countries) o Europe (38 countries) o North America (2 countries) o Oceania (2 countries)

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Least Developed Countries (25 countries) Totals • Visitors 304 o Female Visitors 75 o Male Visitors 229 • Person-Months 554.44

Africa (20 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Benin 3 3 6 10.59 Burkina Faso 3 6 9 21.96 Burundi 1 2 3 7.20 Chad 0 1 1 0.26 D.R. of the Congo 0 3 3 4.90 Ethiopia 5 47 52 165.24 Madagascar 1 1 2 0.72 Malawi 1 0 1 0.46 Mali 1 4 5 27.22 Mauritania 0 1 1 0.23 Mozambique 2 0 2 0.99 Niger 0 3 3 1.87 Rwanda 9 41 50 19.50 Senegal 4 20 24 32.18 Sierra Leone 0 3 3 1.28 Sudan 12 6 18 45.83 Togo 0 4 4 5.78 Uganda 7 15 22 50.07 United Republic of Tanzania 12 19 31 28.60 Zambia 2 2 4 12.69 Total African LDCs 63 181 244 437.58 % vs. total LDCs 84% 79% 80% 79%

Asia (5 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Afghanistan 0 6 6 12.10 Bangladesh 5 23 28 25.93 Cambodia 0 1 1 0.46 Myanmar 1 0 1 0.46 Nepal 6 18 24 77.91 Total Asian LDCs 12 48 60 116.87 % vs. total LDCs 16% 21% 20% 21%

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Developing Regions (77 countries)

Totals • Visitors 2470 o Female Visitors 831 o Male Visitors 1639 • Person-Months 2263.42

Africa (17 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Algeria 12 26 38 33.99 Botswana 4 8 12 5.16 Cameroon 13 22 35 44.29 Congo 3 5 8 6.70 Côte d’Ivoire 6 12 18 9.40 Egypt 25 41 66 68.81 Gabon 0 1 1 1.71 Ghana 16 34 50 70.95 Kenya 8 12 20 20.81 Morocco 39 33 72 45.11 Namibia 0 1 1 0.26 Nigeria 25 59 84 49.35 Reunion 0 1 1 4.01 South Africa 25 36 61 46.78 Swaziland 0 4 4 1.68 Tunisia 18 10 28 32.45 Zimbabwe 3 2 5 1.35 Total Africa 197 307 504 442.80 % vs. total Developing Regions 24% 19% 20% 20%

Asia (34 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Armenia 3 4 7 2.46 Azerbaijan 3 3 6 2.37 Bahrain 0 1 1 1.18 China1 32 126 158 91.92 D.P.R. of Korea 2 2 4 12.53 Georgia 2 6 8 23.18 Hong Kong SAR of China 1 2 3 0.99

1 Data includes 7 visitors and 2.04 person-months from Taiwan, Province of China.

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India 122 274 396 371.94 Indonesia 24 15 39 37.61 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 125 151 276 226.88 Iraq 1 3 4 1.61 Jordan 4 11 15 17.30 Kazakhstan 5 4 9 2.96 Kuwait 1 1 2 12.13 Kyrgyzstan 1 1 2 0.89 Lebanon 6 7 13 13.48 Malaysia 8 21 29 20.71 Mongolia 5 1 6 3.03 Oman 2 0 2 11.93 Pakistan 26 39 65 69.43 Palestine 5 7 12 36.23 Philippines 19 27 46 32.75 Qatar 0 1 1 0.23 Republic of Korea 5 32 37 18.64 Saudi Arabia 0 16 16 31.89 Singapore 2 2 4 0.79 Sri Lanka 1 15 16 9.07 Syrian Arab Republic 0 3 3 1.97 Tajikistan 0 3 3 1.01 Thailand 10 10 20 7.17 Turkey 23 25 48 34.32 United Arab Emirates 2 3 5 7.49 Uzbekistan 3 27 30 26.27 Viet Nam 4 4 8 12.56 Total Asia 447 847 1294 1144.90 % vs. total Developing Regions 54% 52% 52% 51%

Latin America and the Caribbean (24 countries)

Totals • Visitors 670 o Female Visitors 187 o Male Visitors 483 • Person-Months 663.84

Caribbean (15 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Bahamas 0 1 1 2.99 Barbados 0 1 1 0.49

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Costa Rica 4 10 14 4.34 Cuba 10 21 31 61.97 Dominican Republic 1 2 3 1.11 El Salvador 1 1 2 0.99 French Antilles 0 1 1 0.46 Guatemala 5 14 19 82.98 Honduras 2 6 8 7.13 Jamaica 0 3 3 12.13 Mexico 21 45 66 45.27 Nicaragua 2 1 3 12.43 Panama 0 1 1 0.46 Puerto Rico 1 0 1 0.20 Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 1 0.23 Total Caribbean 48 107 155 233.17 % vs. Total Latin America and 26% 22% 23% 35% the Caribbean

Latin America (9 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Argentina 43 93 136 103.43 Bolivia 0 3 3 0.75 Brazil 40 119 159 119.90 Chile 10 32 42 20.64 Colombia 22 58 80 84.66 Ecuador 14 44 58 41.98 Peru 5 14 19 7.23 Uruguay 1 6 7 4.64 Venezuela 4 7 11 47.44 Total Latin America 139 376 515 430.67 % vs. Total Latin America and 74% 78% 77% 65% the Caribbean

Oceania (2 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months French Polynesia 0 1 1 0.43 Papua New Guinea 0 1 1 11.44 Total Oceania 0 2 2 11.87 % vs. total Developing Regions 0% 0% 0% 1%

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Developed Regions (44 countries)

Totals • Visitors 3168 o Female Visitors 764 o Male Visitors 2404 • Person-Months 2834.36

Asia (2 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Israel 4 33 37 19.73 Japan 3 48 51 20.94 Total Asia 7 81 88 40.67 % vs. Developed Regions 1% 3% 3% 1%

Europe (38 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Visitors Person-Months Albania 2 0 2 0.69 Austria 20 64 84 28.44 Belarus 1 5 6 2.40 Belgium 6 31 37 13.54 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 0 2 0.92 Bulgaria 4 2 6 10.85 Croatia 14 20 34 10.36 Czech Republic 3 12 15 4.90 Denmark 4 14 18 4.89 Estonia 0 3 3 0.99 Finland 3 12 15 3.85 France 67 152 219 134.39 Germany 58 206 264 108.79 Greece 6 15 21 7.70 Hungary 6 12 18 8.45 Iceland 0 1 1 0.20 Ireland 5 15 20 6.55 Italy 226 735 961 1842.03 Latvia 3 1 4 12.20 Luxembourg 0 4 4 1.02 Malta 0 2 2 12.46 Montenegro 1 0 1 0.23 Netherlands 12 43 55 14.34 North Macedonia 3 0 3 0.85

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Norway 4 8 12 21.96 Poland 8 27 35 10.32 Portugal 8 13 21 11.01 Republic of Moldova 1 1 2 0.66 Romania 12 9 21 7.34 Russian Federation 43 77 120 53.49 Serbia 8 14 22 5.76 Slovakia 0 3 3 1.22 Slovenia 7 37 44 4.87 Spain 25 87 112 38.90 Sweden 9 30 39 22.29 Switzerland 19 80 99 33.83 Ukraine 23 40 63 35.28 United Kingdom 51 179 230 91.85 Total Europe 664 1954 2618 2569.80 % vs. Developed Regions 87% 81% 83% 91%

North America (2 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Total Visitors Person-Months Canada 8 34 42 26.24 United States of America 74 309 383 171.65 Total North America 82 343 425 197.89 % vs. Developed Regions 11% 14% 13% 7%

Oceania (2 countries) Country Female Visitors Male Visitors Total Visitors Person-Months Australia 7 20 27 23.18 New Zealand 4 6 10 2.83 Total Oceania 11 26 37 26.00 % vs. Developed Regions 1.44% 1.08% 1.17% 0.92%

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Summary of Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity The tables found in this chapter summarize the following chapters’ data.

Terminology relevant to the Visits/Person-months data:

• “Faculty” includes: Course Directors, Course Organisers, Course Lecturers, Course Speakers, Course Tutors, Invited Speakers, Researchers. (In other words, everyone who is not a Participant or Secretary on a given activity.) • “Participants” are Course Participants. • “Visits” is the sum of “Participants” and “Faculty”. • “Person-months” is the calculation of how long a “Visitor” spent per “Visit” at the ICTP in months. • “Applications” is relative only to “Participants”, not “Faculty”, while “Person-month” refers to “Visits”

Grand Total • Visits 10848 • Person-months 5671.31 • Faculty 1317 • Applications 13453

Degree Programmes Visits Person-months High Performance Computing 17 56.52 Developed 11 18.02 Developing 6 38.50 Medical Physics 91 551.57 Developed 66 290.07 Developing 12 116.74 Least Developed 13 144.76 Physics of Complex Systems 46 114.38 Developed 46 114.38 Physics (Joint ICTP/UniTS) 1 2.96 Developing 1 2.96 Degree Programmes Total 155 725.43

Programmes

Total • Visits 209 • Person-Months 751.92

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Laboratory Opportunities Programmes Visits Person-months Developed 2 3.22 Developing 80 159.67 Least DC 3 19.40 Lab Opportunities Total 85 182.29

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programmes Visits Person-months CMSP 18 102.56 Developed 1 3.02 Developing 12 67.74 Least DC 5 31.89 ESP 27 118.77 Developed 8 3.25 Developing 12 67.69 Least DC 8 47.80 HECAP 23 116.15 Developed 4 8.55 Developing 17 95.64 Least DC 2 11.96 MATH 25 127.97 Developed 4 11.41 Developing 18 99.66 Least DC 3 15.39 QLS 6 23.86 Developing 5 19.89 Least DC 1 3.97 Pre-PhD Postgraduate Total 99 489.31

Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) Visits Person-months Developed 2 5.52 Developing 19 64.40 Least DC 4 11.31 STEP Total 25 81.23

Statistics | 196

Visits and Person-months by Research Section Visits Person-months AP 37 80.70 Developed 10 26.66 Developing 27 54.04 CMSP 264 526.42 Developed 146 330.21 Developing 113 179.21 Least DC 5 17.00 ESP 113 356.28 Developed 62 221.45 Developing 45 109.78 Least DC 6 25.05 HECAP 225 656.03 Developed 104 516.52 Developing 116 130.07 Least DC 5 9.44 MATH 144 159.31 Developed 72 68.44 Developing 65 80.88 Least DC 7 9.99 Miscellaneous 315 390.69 Developed 145 108.73 Developing 138 141.74 Least DC 32 140.22 QLS 82 111.62 Developed 50 85.48 Developing 32 26.14 Research Sections Total 1180 2281.05

Statistics | 197

Visits and Person-months by Training Activities The “Visits” column includes faculty (1327). In 2019 we have had 12663 applications for training activities.

Visits Person-months AP 1379 314.04 Developed 566 104.11 Developing 703 184.58 Least DC 110 25.35 CMSP 1403 300.87 Developed 847 158.20 Developing 519 130.98 Least DC 37 11.69 ESP 583 180.07 Developed 305 94.30 Developing 211 66.79 Least DC 67 18.98 HECAP 603 156.56 Developed 395 93.01 Developing 201 61.70 Least DC 7 1.85 HPC 204 62.93 Developed 70 21.64 Developing 120 37.28 Least DC 14 4.01 MATH 510 143.55 Developed 270 72.78 Developing 235 68.67 Least DC 5 2.10 Physics and Development 432 38.57 Developed 284 21.04 Developing 125 14.42 Least DC 23 3.11 QLS 164 67.67 Developed 96 34.63 Developing 62 29.30 Least DC 6 3.74 Miscellaneous 4026 648.65 Developed 2023 347.73 Developing 1774 277.44 Least DC 229 23.48 Training Activities Total 9304 1912.91

Statistics | 198

Visits and Person-months by Scientific Activity

Contents: • Degree Programmes o High Performance Computing o Medical Physics o Physics in Complex Systems o ICTP/UniTS Joint Master in Physics Programme (Laurea Magistralis in Physics) • Programmes o Total o Laboratory Opportunities Programmes o Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (CMSP) o Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (ESP) o Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (HECAP) o Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (MATH) o Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (QLS) o Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) • Research Activities o Total o Applied Physics (AP) o Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) o Earth System Physics (ESP) o High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) o Mathematics (MATH) o Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) o Miscellaneous Research • Training Activities o Total o Applied Physics (AP) o Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) o Earth System Physics (ESP) o High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) o High Performance Computing (HPC) o Mathematics (MATH) o Physics and Development (PD) o Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) o Training Miscellaneous

Statistics | 199

Degree Programmes

High Performance Computing Total

• Visits 17 • Person-Months 56.52

[SMR 2956] Joint SISSA/ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme 2017-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 1 2.96 Developing 1 2.96 Total 2 5.92

[SMR 2987] Joint SISSA/ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme 2018-2020 Visits Person-months Developed 8 14.76 Developing 2 24.00 Total 10 38.76

[SMR 3381] Joint SISSA/ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme 2019-2021 Visits Person-months Developed 2 0.30 Developing 3 11.54 Total 5 11.84

Medical Physics Total

• Visits 91 • Person-Months 551.57

[SMR 2955] ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 10 106.81 Developing 8 91.82 Least DC 9 103.30 Total 27 301.93

Statistics | 200

[SMR 2984] ICTP/UniTS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developed 56 183.26 Developing 4 24.92 Least DC 4 41.46 Total 64 249.64

Physics in Complex Systems Total

• Visits 46 • Person-Months 114.38

[SMR 2993] International Master, Physics of Complex Systems (ICTP/SISSA/POLITO) 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 22 42.67

[SMR 3495] International Master, Physics of Complex Systems (ICTP/SISSA/POLITO) 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developed 24 71.71

ICTP/UniTS Joint Master in Physics Programme (Laurea Magistralis in Physics)

[SMR 3357] ICTP/UniTS Joint Master in Physics Programme (Laurea Magistralis in Physics) 2019 Visits Person-months Developing 1 2.96

Statistics | 201

Programmes

Total • Visits 209 • Person-Months 751.92

Laboratory Opportunities Programmes Total

• Visits 85 • Person-Months 182.29

[SMR 3356] Programme for Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 2 3.22 Developing 34 140.04 Least DC 3 19.40 Total 39 162.66

[SMR 3366] ICTP Elettra Users Programme 2019 Visits Person-months Developing 46 19.63

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (CMSP) Total

• Visits 18 • Person-Months 102.65

[SMR 3260] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Condensed Matter Physics 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 1 3.02 Developing 5 39.90 Least DC 3 23.94 Total 9 66.86

[SMR 3374] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Condensed Matter Physics 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developing 7 27.84 Least DC 2 7.95 Total 9 35.79

Statistics | 202

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (ESP) Total

• Visits 28 • Person-Months 118.77

[SMR 3261] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Earth System Physics 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 8 3.25 Developing 5 39.90 Least DC 4 31.92 Total 17 75.07

[SMR 3374] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Earth System Physics 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developing 7 27.79 Least DC 4 15.88 Total 11 43.67

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (HECAP) Total

• Visits 23 • Person-Months 116.15

[SMR 3258] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in High Energy Physics 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 4 8.55 Developing 7 55.86 Least DC 1 7.99 Total 12 72.40

[SMR 3374] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in High Energy Physics 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developing 10 39.78 Least DC 1 3.97 Total 11 43.75

Statistics | 203

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (MATH) Total

• Visits 25 • Person-Months 126.97

[SMR 3259] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Mathematics 2018-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 4 11.41 Developing 11 71.82 Least DC 1 7.98 Total 16 91.18

[SMR 3374] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Mathematics 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developing 7 27.84 Least DC 2 7.95 Total 9 35.79

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (QLS)

[SMR 3374] Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Quantitative Life Sciences 2019-2020 Visits Person-months Developing 5 19.89 Least DC 1 3.97 Total 6 23.86

Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP)

[SMR 2992] Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 2 5.52 Developing 19 64.40 Least DC 4 11.31 Total 25 81.23

Statistics | 204

Research Activities Total • Visits 1180 • Person-Months 2281.05 Applied Physics (AP) Total

• Visits 37 • Person-Months 80.70

[SMR 2997] Multidisciplinary Laboratory (MLAB) 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 4 13.87 Developing 11 27.33 Total 15 41.20

[SMR 3353 & SMR 3363] Applied Physics 2019 Visits Person-months Developing 8 10.16

[SMR 3367] Telecommunications/ICT For Development Laboratory (T/ICT4D) 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 6 12.79 Developing 8 16.55 Total 14 29.34

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) Total

• Visits 264 • Person-months 526.42

[SMR 2985] Condensed Matter Research 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 145 318.21 Developing 111 166.22 Least DC 5 17.00 Total 261 501.43

Statistics | 205

[SMR 3369] Synchrotron Radiation Related Theory Group 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 1 12.00 Developing 2 12.99 Total 3 24.99

Earth System Physics (ESP)

[SMR 3359] Earth System Physics Research 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 62 221.45 Developing 45 109.78 Least DC 6 25.05 Total 113 356.28

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP)

[SMR 3344] High Energy Research 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 104 516.52 Developing 116 130.07 Least DC 5 9.44 Total 225 656.03

Mathematics (MATH)

[SMR 3355] Mathematics Research 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 72 68.44 Developing 65 80.88 Least DC 7 9.99 Total 144 159.31

Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS)

[SMR 3358] Quantitative Life Sciences 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 50 85.48 Developing 32 26.14 Total 82 111.62

Statistics | 206

Miscellaneous Research

[SMR 3360] Miscellaneous Research 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 145 108.73 Developing 138 141.74 Least DC 32 140.22 Total 315 390.69

Statistics | 207

Training Activities Total • Visits 9304 • Person-months 1912.91 • Faculty 1327 • Applications 12663 Applied Physics (AP) Total

• Visits 1379 • Person-months 314.04 • Faculty 368 • Applications 4520

[SMR 3268] Workshop on Rapid Prototyping of Internet of Things Solutions for Science 21-Jan-2019 / 01-Feb-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 4/10 26 30 6.58 Developing 19/178 3 22 8.08 Least DC 7/141 0 7 2.76 Total 30/329 29 59 17.42

[SMR 3270] Preparatory School on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 04-Feb-2019 / 08-Feb-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 2/8 6 8 1.21 Developing 23/123 1 24 3.94 Least DC 2/9 0 2 0.33 Total 27/140 7 34 5.48

[SMR 3272] Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science 11-Feb-2019 / 22-Feb-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 17/26 12 29 8.87 Developing 36/168 5 41 15.62 Least DC 2/15 1 3 1.18 Total 55/209 18 73 25.67

Statistics | 208

[SMR 3275] Joint ICTP/IAEA School on Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy in Plasmas 06-May-2019 / 10-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 25/34 9 34 5.46 Developing 17/119 0 17 2.79 Least DC 1/7 0 1 0.16 Total 43/160 9 52 8.41

[SMR 3277] Joint ICTP-IAEA 2019 International School on Nuclear Security 25-Mar-2019 / 05-Apr-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 10/24 15 25 5.62 Developing 34/149 1 35 13.51 Least DC 8/52 0 8 3.09 Total 52/225 16 68 22.22

[SMR 3278] School of Medical Physics for Radiation Therapy: Dosimetry and Treatment Planning and Delivery for Basic and Advanced Applications 25-Mar-2019 / 05-Apr-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 14/34 26 40 9.33 Developing 20/343 0 20 7.89 Least DC 7/53 0 7 2.76 Total 41/430 26 67 19.98

[SMR 3279] 2nd East-African Workshop on the Internet of Things, Kigali, Rwanda 24-Jun-2019 / 28-Jun-2019 Participants/Applications Visits Person-months Developing 13/96 13 2.14 Least DC 12/60 12 1.97 Total 25/156 25 4.11

[SMR 3281] Joint ICTP/IAEA Workshop on Physics and Technology of Innovative High Temperature Nuclear Energy Systems 14-Oct-2019 / 18-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 5/11 7 12 1.74 Developing 16/50 0 16 2.63 Least DC 4/14 0 4 0.66 Total 25/75 7 32 5.03

Statistics | 209

[SMR 3289] Advanced Workshop on Modern FPGA Based Technology for Scientific Computing 13-May-2019 / 24-May-2019 Participations/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 2/7 14 16 3.15 Developing 42/161 7 49 19.66 Least DC 1/22 0 1 0.39 Total 45/190 21 66 23.20

[SMR 3290] School on Design, Fabrication and Application of Devices for Energy Production 13-May-2019 / 16-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 17/26 18 35 3.98 Developing 7/149 1 8 1.05 Total 24/175 19 43 5.03

[SMR 3291] Joint ICTP/IAEA Advanced Workshop on Enhancing Accelerator-Based Analytical Techniques for Forensic Science 20-May-2019 / 24-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 10/20 10 20 2.86 Developing 9/35 1 10 1.64 Total 19/55 11 30 4.50

[SMR 3292] International Space Weather Initiative Workshop 20-May-2019 / 24-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 31/68 19 50 7.85 Developing 46/245 6 52 8.55 Least DC 11/54 0 11 1.81 Total 88/367 25 113 18.21

[SMR 3296] Workshop on Ionospheric Forecasting for GNSS Operations in Developing Countries: Findings and Challenges 27-May-2019 / 31-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 5/21 14 19 2.76 Developing 28/167 4 32 5.26 Least DC 9/36 0 9 1.48 Total 42/224 18 60 9.50

Statistics | 210

[SMR 3298] Joint ICTP/IAEA Advanced Workshop on Portable X-Ray Spectrometry Techniques for Characterization of Valuable Archaeological/Art Objects 03-Jun-2019 / 14-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 3/5 14 17 4.33 Developing 19/43 1 20 7.70 Total 22/48 15 37 12.03

[SMR 3303] Joint ICTP/IAEA 2nd Course on Scientific Novelties in the Phenomenology of Severe Accidents in Water Cooled Reactors 24-Jun-2019 / 28-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 9/15 7 16 2.30 Developing 12/36 0 12 1.97 Least DC 1/3 0 1 0.16 Total 22/54 7 29 4.43

[SMR 3314] Hands-On Research in Complex Systems School 22-Jul-2019 / 02-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 6/14 17 23 8.65 Developing 50/234 1 51 20.12 Total 56/248 18 74 28.77

[SMR 3322] 15th Joint ICTP-IAEA Nuclear Knowledge Management School 05-Aug-2019 / 09-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 11/17 15 26 3.98 Developing 30/131 0 30 4.93 Least DC 3/15 0 3 0.49 Total 44/163 15 59 9.40

[SMR 3325] Joint ICTP/IAEA International School on Nuclear Waste Vitrification 23-Sep-2019 / 27-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 14/16 18 32 4.86 Developing 4/22 3 7 1.15 Total 18/38 21 39 6.01

Statistics | 211

[SMR 3327] Joint ICTP-IAEA Nuclear Energy Management School 07-Oct-2019 / 18-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 4/26 24 28 5.42 Developing 26/233 0 26 10.22 Least DC 1/42 0 1 0.39 Total 31/301 24 55 16.03

[SMR 3328] Workshop on NeQuick Ionospheric Electron Density Model: Latest Developments and New Implementations 08-Oct-2019 / 11-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 4/4 7 11 1.44 Developing 20/37 0 20 2.56 Least DC 2/9 0 2 0.26 Total 26/50 7 33 4.26

[SMR 3331] Joint ICTP/IAEA Workshop on Electrostatic Accelerator Technologies, Basic Instruments and Analytical Techniques 21-Oct-2019 / 29-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 2/12 7 9 1.61 Developing 12/95 1 13 3.85 Least DC 2/8 0 2 0.59 Total 16/115 8 24 6.05

[SMR 3332] School and Conference on Fully Programmable Systems-On-Chip for Scientific Instrumentation, Guwahati, India 02-Nov-2019 / 09-Nov-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 0/0 4 4 1.05 Developing 72/92 20 92 24.20 Least DC 11/21 0 11 2.90 Total 83/113 24 107 28.15

Statistics | 212

[SMR 3333] Joint ICTP/IAEA Workshop on Establishment and Utilization of Diagnostic Reference Levels in Medical Imaging 18-Nov-2019 / 22-Nov-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 18/21 9 27 4.04 Developing 36/221 0 36 5.91 Least DC 8/31 0 8 1.31 Total 62/273 9 71 11.26

[SMR 3334] IAEA/ICTP Advanced School on Quality Assurance Requirements in the Digital Era of Diagnostic Radiology 11-Nov-2019 / 15-Nov-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 11/13 6 17 2.66 Developing 27/116 0 27 4.44 Least DC 7/19 0 7 1.15 Total 45/148 6 51 8.25

[SMR 3337] Joint ICTP/IAEA Workshop on Uncertainty Estimations for Radiation Measurements in SSDLs and Hospitals 02-Dec-2019 / 06-Dec-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 16/23 8 24 3.90 Developing 29/181 0 29 4.74 Least DC 9/30 0 9 1.48 Total 54/234 8 62 10.12

[SMR 3377] Trieste System, Optical Sciences and Applications (TSOSA) Meeting 19-Feb-2019 / 19-Feb-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 14 0.46 Developing 1 0.03 Least DC 1 0.03 Total 16 0.52

Statistics | 213

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) Total

• Visits 1403 • Person-Months 300.87 • Faculty 427 • Applications 2320

[SMR 3266] 19th International Workshop on Computational Physics and Material Science: Total Energy and Force Methods 09-Jan-2019 / 11-Jan-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 124/147 34 158 15.52 Developing 33/217 7 40 3.88 Least DC 3/34 1 4 0.40 Total 160/398 42 202 19.80

[SMR 3267] Workshop on Crystal Structure Prediction: Exploring the Mendeleev Table as a Palette to Design New Materials 14-Jan-2019 / 18-Jan-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 28/36 24 52 7.53 Developing 25/98 1 26 4.27 Least DC 1/12 0 1 0.16 Total 54/146 25 79 11.96

[SMR 3269] Conference on Modern Concepts and New Materials for Thermoelectricity 11-Mar-2019 / 15-Mar-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 7/9 28 35 5.06 Developing 12/56 2 14 2.30 Least DC 2/7 0 2 0.32 Total 21/72 30 51 7.68

Statistics | 214

[SMR 3273] Advanced School on Ubiquitous Quantum Physics: The New Quantum Revolution 18-Feb-2019 / 22-Feb-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 34/44 14 48 7.69 Developing 52/156 3 55 9.00 Least DC 1/7 0 1 0.16 Total 87/207 17 104 16.85

[SMR 3285] Conference on Quantum Measurement: Fundamentals, Twists, and Applications 29-Apr-2019 / 04-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 38/55 36 74 13.15 Developing 12/52 2 14 2.76 Least DC 1/1 0 1 0.20 Total 51/107 38 89 16.11

[SMR 3286] School and Workshop on Patterns of Synchrony: Chimera States and Beyond 06-May-2019 / 17-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 39/66 34 73 22.72 Developing 17/84 7 24 8.88 Total 56/150 41 97 31.60

[SMR 3287] School on Advances in Condensed Matter Physics: New trends and Materials in Quantum Technologies, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 07-May-2019 / 15-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 38/53 16 54 15.98 Developing 44/184 1 45 13.32 Total 82/237 17 99 29.30

[SMR 3295] School and Conference on Complex Quantum Systems out of Equilibrium in Many-Body Physics and Beyond, Yerevan, Armenia 27-May-2019 / 07-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 5/36 21 26 10.09 Developing 23/115 3 26 10.25 Least DC 1/5 0 1 0.39 Total 29/156 24 53 20.73

Statistics | 215

[SMR 3297] ICTP Caribbean School on Materials for Clean Energy, Cartagena, Colombia 30-May-2019 / 05-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 3/3 9 12 2.76 Developing 46/46 7 53 12.20 Total 49/49 16 65 14.96

[SMR 3302] Conference on Nanophononics, Bridging Statistical Physics, Molecular Modeling and Experiments 24-Jun-2019 / 28-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 13/27 22 35 5.42 Developing 20/82 5 25 4.10 Total 33/109 27 60 9.52

[SMR 3308] StatPhys27, Buenos Aires, Argentina 08-Jul-2019 / 12-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 2/2 2 4 0.66 Developing 20/20 2 22 3.62 Total 22/22 4 26 4.28

[SMR 3309] Workshop on Locomotion and Navigation from Flies to Robots 10-Jul-2019 / 12-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 19/21 16 35 3.45 Developing 6/23 0 6 0.59 Total 25/44 16 41 4.04

[SMR 3316] Conference on Taming Non-Equilibrium Systems: from Quantum Fluctuation to Decoherence 29-Jul-2019 / 01-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 31/38 19 50 6.12 Developing 18/76 0 18 2.37 Total 49/114 19 68 8.49

Statistics | 216

[SMR 3318] College on Energy Transport and Energy Conversion in the Quantum Regime 12-Aug-2019 / 30-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 26/39 30 56 20.81 Developing 57/153 3 60 35.30 Total 83/192 33 116 56.11

[SMR 3323] School on Biophysical Approaches to Macromolecules and Cells: Integrated Tools for Life Sciences and Medicine, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania 09-Sep-2019 / 20-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 0/0 11 11 3.02 Developing 17/17 0 17 6.05 Least DC 27/27 0 27 10.06 Total 44/44 11 55 19.13

[SMR 3330] Conference on Signatures of Topology in Condensed Matter 21-Oct-2019 / 25-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 34/65 19 53 8.10 Developing 19/128 4 23 3.78 Total 53/193 23 76 11.88

[SMR 3371] Workshop on Ubiquitous Quantum Physics: The New Quantum Revolution 25-Feb-2019 / 01-Mar-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 31/41 40 71 10.12 Developing 47/154 4 51 8.31 Total 78/195 44 122 18.43

Statistics | 217

Earth System Physics (ESP) Total

• Visits 583 • Person-Months 180.07 • Faculty 138 • Applications 1269

[SMR 3140] ICTP-Rwanda Joint School on Subseasonal to Seasonal Weather and Climate Prediction, Kigali, Rwanda 29-Apr-2019 / 03-May-2019 Visits Person-months Developing 6 0.99 Least DC 34 5.59 Total 40 6.58

[SMR 3243] School on Climate and Environmental Modelling in the West African Region, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 11-Mar-2019 / 15-Mar-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 1/4 2 3 0.49 Developing 18/155 2 20 3.29 Least DC 5/41 1 6 0.98 Total 24/200 5 29 4.76

[SMR 3282] Paper-writing Workshop on the Analysis of CORDEX-CORE Climate Projections 06-May-2019 / 10-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 4/7 20 24 3.81 Developing 17/65 7 24 3.94 Least DC 2/9 0 2 0.32 Total 23/81 27 50 8.07

[SMR 3294] 5th Workshop on Water Resources in Developing Countries: Hydroclimate Modeling and Analysis Tools 27-May-2019 / 07-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 1/1 16 17 5.86 Developing 27/142 0 27 10.49 Least DC 4/21 0 4 1.58 Total 32/163 16 48 17.93

Statistics | 218

[SMR 3299] Joint Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development – OpTIMUS 10-Jun-2019 / 28-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 24/28 15 39 16.30 Developing 18/21 2 20 12.02 Least DC 16/28 0 16 8.61 Total 58/77 17 75 36.93

[SMR 3304] 2nd ICTP Summer School on Theory, Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modelling of Climate Dynamics: Convective Organization and Climate Sensitivity 01-Jul-2019 / 12-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 56/94 30 86 30.74 Developing 27/202 0 27 10.65 Total 83/296 30 113 41.39

[SMR 3312] ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on Oceanic Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems 15-Jul-2019 / 19-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 23/49 11 34 5.59 Developing 13/150 2 15 2.46 Total 36/199 13 49 8.05

[SMR 3315] Workshop on Distilling Climate Information for Sectoral Applications, Manila, Philippines 09-Dec-2019 / 14-Dec-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 0/0 2 2 0.39 Developing 21/21 5 26 5.06 Least DC 1/1 0 1 0.20 Total 22/22 7 29 5.65

[SMR 3319] Advanced Workshop on Earthquake Fault Mechanics: Theory, Simulation and Observations 02-Sep-2019 / 14-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 29/42 10 39 14.32 Developing 34/200 0 34 14.50 Least DC 4/11 0 4 1.70 Total 67/253 10 77 30.52

Statistics | 219

[SMR 3339] International Young Scientists School and Conference on Computational Information Technologies for Environmental Sciences: “CITES-2019”, Moscow, Russia 27-May-2019 / 05-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 38/38 11 49 16.11 Developing 8/8 2 10 3.29 Total 46/46 13 59 19.40

[SMR 3383] 4th Session of ICTP-CLIVAR Eastern Boundary Upwelling System Research Foci 20-Jul-2019 / 21-Jul-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 12 0.69 Developing 2 0.10 Total 14 0.79

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) Total

• Visits 603 • Person-Months 156.56 • Faculty 144 • Applications 1162

[SMR 3228] Turning every stone: interpreting the LHC Run-2 data 27-May-2019 / 31-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 17/23 30 47 6.78 Developing 14/52 4 18 2.89 Least DC 1/5 1 2 0.32 Total 32/80 35 67 9.99

[SMR 3276] Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics 28-Mar-2019 / 05-Apr-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 86/89 10 96 26.76 Developing 55/139 0 55 16.28 Least DC 2/3 0 2 0.59 Total 143/231 10 153 43.63

Statistics | 220

[SMR 3280] Advanced Workshop on Accelerating the Search for Dark Matter with Machine Learning 08-Apr-2019 / 12-Apr-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 35/51 31 66 10.19 Developing 11/31 1 12 1.97 Least DC 1/6 0 1 0.16 Total 47/88 32 79 12.32

[SMR 3300] Summer School on Particle Physics 10-Jun-2019 / 21-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 81/120 9 90 34.09 Developing 66/406 0 66 25.77 Least DC 2/31 0 2 0.78 Total 149/557 9 158 60.64

[SMR 3320] Non-Perturbative Methods in Quantum Field Theory 03-Sep-2019 / 06-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 13/19 19 32 4.08 Developing 11/75 1 12 1.57 Total 24/94 20 44 5.65

[SMR 3340] New Pathways in Explorations of Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Gravity Beyond Supersymmetry 24-Jun-2019 / 05-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 5/9 20 25 7.14 Developing 30/50 3 33 12.23 Total 35/59 23 58 19.37

[SMR 3493] Challenges and Opportunities of High Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection 14-Oct-2019 / 16-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 24/34 14 38 3.71 Developing 1/19 1 2 0.20 Total 25/53 15 40 3.91

Statistics | 221

[SMR 3494] 10th Crete Regional Meeting in String Theory, Kolymbari, Greece 15-Sep-2019 / 22-Sep-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 1 0.26 Developing 3 0.79 Total 4 1.05

High Performance Computing (HPC) Total

• Visits 204 • Person-Months 62.93 • Faculty 65 • Applications 934

[SMR 3284] 7th Workshop on Collaborative Scientific Software Development 29-Apr-2019 / 10-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 7/12 8 15 5.66 Developing 27/139 2 29 11.34 Least DC 2/25 0 2 0.79 Total 36/176 10 46 17.79

[SMR 3317] The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Summer School 05-Aug-2019 / 16-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 11/39 20 31 9.34 Developing 26/327 7 33 12.69 Least DC 1/95 2 3 1.08 Total 38/461 29 67 23.11

[SMR 3376] The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Advanced Workshops on Bioinformatics, Climate Data Sciences, Extreme Sources of Data and Internet of Things (IoT)/Big-Data Analytics 19-Aug-2019 / 23-Aug-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 7/17 11 18 4.86 Developing 30/190 6 36 7.17 Least DC 2/46 2 4 0.66 Total 39/253 19 58 12.69

Statistics | 222

[SMR 3380] Hands-on Workshop on Design, Installation and Management of HPC Data Centres for Academic Institutions 08-Apr-2019 / 16-Apr-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 0 6 6 1.78 Developing 21/37 1 22 6.08 Least DC 5/7 0 5 1.48 Total 26/44 7 33 9.34

Mathematics (MATH) Total

• Visits 510 • Person-Months 143.55 • Faculty 102 • Applications 1121

[SMR 3271] Workshop on Smooth and Homogeneous Dynamics, Bangalore, India 23-Sep-2019 / 04-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 1/1 4 5 1.48 Developing 1/1 0 1 0.39 Least DC 2/2 0 2 0.79 Total 4/4 4 8 2.66

[SMR 3301] 1st Latin American School in Applied Mathematics, Quito, Ecuador 17-Jun-2019 / 28-Jun-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 1/65 5 6 1.78 Developing 52/65 5 57 22.03 Total 53/130 10 63 23.81

[SMR 3306] Trieste Algebraic Geometry Summer School (TAGSS) 2019 - Algebraic Geometry towards Applications 01-Jul-2019 / 05-Jul-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 33/40 5 38 6.21 Developing 10/52 1 11 1.80 Total 43/92 6 49 8.01

Statistics | 223

[SMR 3310] EAUMP - ICTP Summer School on Algebraic Topology and its Applications, Kampala, Uganda 15-Jul-2019 / 30-Jul-2019 Visits Person-months Developing 6 3.16 Least DC 1 0.53 Total 7 3.69

[SMR 3311] ICTP School on Geometry and Gravity 15-Jul-2019 / 26-Jul-2019 Participations/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 92/214 11 103 38.39 Developing 63/457 0 63 24.28 Least DC 1/15 0 1 0.39 Total 156/686 11 167 63.06

[SMR 3313] Mediterranean Youth Mathematical Championship 2019 17-Jul-2019 / 20-Jul-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 1 0.13 Developing 35 4.60 Total 36 4.73

[SMR 3324] School and Workshop on Mixing and Control 16-Sep-2019 / 20-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 13/22 16 29 4.34 Developing 22/43 1 23 3.74 Total 35/65 17 52 8.08

[SMR 3326] School and Workshop on Gauge Theories and Differential Invariants 30-Sep-2019 / 11-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 18/31 29 47 14.17 Developing 10/43 2 12 4.30 Least DC 1/6 0 1 0.39 Total 29/80 31 60 18.86

Statistics | 224

[SMR 3382] School and Workshop on Random Matrix Theory and Point Processes 23-Sep-2019 / 27-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 22/29 19 41 6.28 Developing 23/39 4 27 4.37 Total 45/68 23 68 10.65

Physics and Development (PD) Total

• Visits 432 • Person-Months 38.57 • Faculty 50 • Applications 862

[SMR 3293] Maker Faire Trieste 25-May-2019 / 26-May-2019 Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 3 124 8.09 Developing 0 4 0.26 Total 3 128 8.35

[SMR 3335] Conference on Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? 04-Nov-2019 / 08-Nov-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 28/49 26 54 7.96 Developing 37/232 3 40 6.34 Least DC 10/72 2 12 1.96 Total 75/353 31 106 16.26

[SMR 3336] Career Development Workshop for Women in Physics 28-Oct-2019 / 01-Nov-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 7/23 8 15 2.32 Developing 35/313 3 38 6.24 Least DC 6/30 0 6 0.98 Total 48/366 11 59 9.54

Statistics | 225

[SMR 3375] UNESCO International Day of Light: Illuminating Education 16-May-2019 / 16-May-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 82/82 4 86 2.37 Developing 37/51 1 38 1.25 Least DC 5/10 0 5 0.17 Total 124/143 5 129 3.79

[SMR 3497] Meeting of IMU’s Committee for Women in Mathematics 09-Nov-2019 / 10-Nov-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 5 0.30 Developing 5 0.33 Total 10 0.63

Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) Total

• Visits 164 • Person-Months 67.67 • Faculty 33 • Applications 475

[SMR 3265] Joint ICTP-SAIFR/ICTP-Trieste School on Mathematical Models of Evolution, São Paulo, Brazil 21-Jan-2019 / 26-Jan-2019 Visits Person-months Developed 4 0.79

[SMR 3274] Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems 25-Feb-2019 / 22-Mar-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 27/34 4 31 24.58 Developing 28/143 3 31 24.46 Least DC 4/11 0 4 3.42 Total 59/188 7 66 52.46

Statistics | 226

[SMR 3283] Workshop on Science of Data Science 30-Sep-2019 / 04-Oct-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developed 38/49 23 61 9.26 Developing 22/207 3 25 4.05 Least DC 2/25 0 2 0.32 Total 62/281 26 88 13.63

[SMR 3321] ECRO 2019 Conference of the European Chemoreception Research Organization 11-Sep-2019 / 14-Sep-2019 Participants/

Applications Faculty Visits Person-months Developing 6/6 0 6 0.79

Training Miscellaneous [SMR MISC] Other Activities 2019 Visits Person-months Developed 2023 347.73 Developing 1774 277.44 Least DC 229 23.48 Total 4026 648.65