The NATIONAL HOR TICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY JANUARY 1953 The American Horticultural Society, Inc.

ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

OFFICERS President, Dr. Freeman Weiss, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, Mel. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary, Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Miss Olive E. Weather ell, Olean, N. Y. Editor, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Miss. Assistant Editor, Mr. James R Harlow, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms expiring 1954 Terms expiring 1953 Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Md. Mr. Arnold Davis, Oeveland, Ohio Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Ml Kisco, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mr. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Md. Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, Md. Dr. David V. Lumsden, Chevy Chase, Md. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs. Edna Korts, Pres., Mrs. Otto Zach, Pres., American Begonia Society, American Primrose Society, 3628 Revere Ave., 1172 S. E. 55th Ave., Los Angeles 39, Calif. Portland 15, Oreg. Mr. Calder W. Seibels, Mr. Harold Epstein, Pres., American Camellia Society, American Rock Garden Society, 800 Sweetbrier Rd., 5 Forest Court, Columbia, S. C. Larchmont, N. Y. Mr. C. E. Little, Pres., American Delphinium Society, Dr. C. Eugene Pfister, Pres., Richmond Hills, American Rose Society, Ontario, Can. Mundelein, Ill. Dr. Frederick L. Fagley, Pres., Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, American Fern Society, Cactus & Succulent Society of Amerl{:a, 287 Fourth Ave., 228 Security Bldg., New York 10, N. Y. Phoenix, Ariz. Mr. Marvin C. Karrels, Pres., Mr. C. R Wolf, Pres., American Peony Society, Holly Society of America, 3272 South 46th St., Lock Box 71, Milwaukee 14, Wise. Millville, N. J. SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1953 American Association of Nurserymen, American Primrose Society, Dr. Richard P. White, Exec. Secy., Mrs. Otto Zach, Pres., 636 Southern Building, 1172 S. E. 55th Ave., Washington 5, D. C. Portland 15, Oreg. American Begonia Society, Mrs. Edna Korts, Pres., American Rose Society, 3628 Revere Ave., Dr. R. C. Allen, Secy., Los Angeles 39, Calif. 1316 Derry St., American Camellia Society, Harrisburg, Pa. Box 2398 University Station, Gainesville, Fla. Bel-Air Garden' Club, Inc., American Fuchsia Society, Mrs. Frank P. Winne, Treas., Mr. Mel Newfield, Pres., 822 Sarbonne Rd., 3809 T St., Bel-Air, Los Angeles 24, Calii Sacramento 17, Calif. American GI?xinia Society, Birmingham Horticultural Society, Mr. ElVin McDonald, Editor, 1 Winthrop Ave., Mt. Brook, Gray, Okla. Birmingham, Ala. American Iris Society, Cactus & Succulent Society of America, Mr. Geddes Douglas, Secy., Mr. Harry Johnson, Jr., Pres., Franklin Road, Box 458, Brentwood, Tenn. Paramount, Calif.

Publlea.tion Office, S2nd and Elm Ave., B altimore, Md. Entered a.s second·class matter January 2'1. 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. The National HorticultLlral Magazine

Volume Thirty,two

Washington, D. C. 1953 Copyright

Thc American Hortic ultural Soc j e l~· . Inc .. • ()53 Robert L. Taylor [See page 37 ) NOJrcissus, Fogg)1 Dew

--+ A ge'l7era,l view of th e te'YTai'N- around Knechtsvla.kte, j'n the Van Rhynsdorp distn'ct w he'l'e "jlO'1.Veril1g stones" abownd. The geMra Argyrode'l'lna a,l1d Co nophytu1n are found on all th e white quartz pa,tches. [1] Flowering Stones IV. H . HODGE

Stones that fl ower ? ~ ot reall y, of all-important water storage. Not all course, yet in many parts of arid South fl owering stones are " 111 esembs," as the Africa grow certain kinds of stemless botanist familiarly call s them ; most succul ent plants in appearance so much are, bu t a few other fa mili es of plants like small stones tha t it is only when -and in particular the spurges (Eu­ they produce thei r colorful pastel fl ow­ PHORBIACEAE), milkweeds (ASCLEPIA­ ers that they momentarily cast off their DACEAE), stonecrops (CRASSULACEAE ) , di sguise to show that they are plants and lilies (LILIACEAE)-have also and not just desert pebbles. managed to produce in S.outh Africa Mo~t " fl owering stones" claim kin­ a fe w vegetable pebbles of their OW I1 , ship with a botal1ical sorority, the Vvhatever their family ties may be, lV1 ese'l1f{, byyanth. e111a ( literally " noon­ all these strange plants share at least day fl owers"), fa med along with the one thing in com 111 0n, they are one aloes a nd euphorbias as one of South hundred per cent South Africans and A frica's noted groups of succulents. As are inhabitants of regions in that COl111- such they are plants that have become try subj ect to prolonged drought. adapted successfully to desert exis­ Their calling cards. when plants are tence by means of fattened body struc­ grown away from home. carry exotic tui'es whid1 serve as reser voirs for geographical names such as Bushman-

A ll ·iUustmtions accompanying this al' t1:cl e were jJ1'ejJa1'e d f1'01% ph otograph s made b'), th e a~ £th or. 2 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE J an. 195:5 land, the Namib, Little Namaqualand, of these gravel patches in Namaqua­ Griqualand Vi est, or the Little or land. As it often happens it may c.on­ Great Karroo. The country that bears sist of white quartz pebbles distributed these names ·encompasses much of the solidly over perhaps an acre or more, rain-starved lands which run through­ though forming thin layers over the out Southwest Africa, south almost to soil of no more than a few inches deep. Capetown and thence easterly into the Yet you would swear that nothing hinterland enclosed by the great curved could grow on such a gravel heap. In escarpment that is South Africa's Dra­ fact nothi ng seems to be here. But kensberg Range. what's this? Someone has dropped 3. A day's travel by car east or north plucked fl ower , a radiantly yellow of Capetown brings one into the lane! daisy it seems. I t is still fresh though of the flow ering stones . Residents of -as a daisy one might add ! You stop our own southwest, were they to travel to look closer; then kneel down to ex­ here, would feel quite at home; for amine the curiosity of a fallen flovver arid di strids, where~er they occur in on a stone pile, still fresh though lying the world, have a certain sameness under a blazing desert sun-only to in thei r aspect, a sameness evoked by find that the fl ower is seemingly at­ the influence of similar environmental tached to a stone. Better said it seems condi tions. As in our southwest there to be growing from a crevice or crack is the same hot sun, the same shimmer­ between two of the milky white pebbles. ing sandy or gravelly wastes on plain At least they look like pebbles. You or hill, the same sparse vegetation. the touch them, then pinch them. Not same dried-up wa t e r co ur s·~ s lin ed with stone-hard, they are turgid succulent low-growing, deep-rooted, fi ash-fiood­ leaves, a single, silvery-colored pair of expectant trees. The spiny trees look them. V,That you have found is a like mesquite (Prosopis) but aren't; "silverskin" (Argyroden7'la ) , one of instead they are usually acacias, so the classic examples of South Africa's typical of the Afri can landscape. Nor fl owering stones. are there cacti or centuryplants to he Silverskins share many Gf the char­ seen spotting the landscape, but taking acteri stics of their sister stone plants their place stand their South African so perhaps it would pay to take a closer equi valents - s u c c uI e n t cactiform look at our 'find. Kneeling down to spurges an d rosetted centuryplant-like better examine the plant it comes to aloes, so similar in fo rm, as a result of yo u suddenl y that there are other similar envi ronments. that the casmd sil verskins about. dozens of them scat­ visitor would hardly note the differ­ tered here and there among the whitish ence between these striking examples pebbles. There may be several 011 each of what biologists call conve rg·ent evo­ square yard. A fevv are in bloom but lution. many lack fl owers. Those without As in most deserts, bare spots, rela­ fl owers are so perfectly camouflaged tively free of any vegetation. are not that you cannot fail to marvel at how uncommon. Sometimes sandy, they are seemingly well-protected they are out more likely to be stony. covered with here in a desert no-man's-l and. For in gravel or boulders. Though seemi ng-Iy such sites succul ent leaves are at a free of vegetation , gravell y patches li ke premium and any wa nd e rin ~ animals these are the most frequented home­ - such as antelope. ostrich, or baboon sites of stone-like plants. Stop at one -would he especially on the lookout Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 3

Top: A yellow-flowered "cone plant," C017ophytU11'L calculus, near Van RhYl7sdO?'p, ftowe1'ing in 111ay. Bottom: Conoph'ytu.7'I'Lcalculus, as it appears 011 its native quartz patch. 4 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI IE Jan. 1953 fo r ~ few extra mouthfuls of juicy leaves, yet that was the original set-up si1verskin salad. among mesel1lbs as is shown by the Uprooted, a plant of Arg'yroder11'la more conservative cousins of stone is an insignificant thing-just a single plants, where the possession of many pair of thick leaves each one more or leaves is the rule. O ne might add that less hemispherical and attached to ~ such rock-ribbed conservatives, exem­ short stubby stem and root system. plifi ed by the types with many leaves, , ,y hen young the leaf-pair stands tight li ve under more normal conditions of together. But at the beginning of the rai nfall. Different though they may be first> winter rains in June (lying below yet the queer-shaped but efficient stor­ the equator-South Africa has a re­ age leaves of stone plants came into versal of our seasons) a tiny pair of existence simply through gradual evo­ ne\v lea ves usually develop between lutionary change: down through the t he: older ones and at their expense, centuries. What causes such striking the old leaves shrivelling up during adaptations to appear remains to be the process. From the same central explained yet from m any types of bo­ slit, buds push out to open in to the tanical evidence it can readily be prov­ showy yellow or magenta blossoms, ed that this evolution actually did take which, for a brief period, serve as place. Moreover a biologist might sug­ beacons to pollinating insects, thus gest too, and plausibly, that the desert breaking down for awhile the artful environment has been an important call11oufiage of stone. Stems are prac­ force in directing which of the many tic~ ll y non-existent-as they should be evolutionary changes that occur would on t.hese plants, which fo r security's best fit the desert mold and thus sake need to hug close to the ground survive. Certainly thin and delicate in the shelter of the pebbles they mimic. leaves would fit no desert mold and Like the swollen stems of cacti the hence would perish. The proof is that obese leaves of si1verskins, with count­ in no desert are thin leaf types ever less extra water-storing cells, form found ; they have been eliminated in efficient reservoirs which enable the the struggle for existence; on the other plants to live through the long periods hand succul ent leaves and desert con­ of drought characteristic of their arid ditions go hand in hand. In short. suc­ homeland. Not only this but the two culent leaves have made the grade leaves together make a near-spheroid when it came to the test of being able form which, from an architectural to survive in the desert. standpoint, has not only the greatest Even more extremely adapted to possible storage capacity within for arid conditions are the paired leaves of water but also possesses a minimum a cousin of the silverskins, the cone of evaporating surface. In the desert plants (Con.ophytu.m) , whose species where conservation of life-giving mois­ often spot the quartz patches with ture is of prime necessity these two features are "musts" if a plant is to sunTive. The plump leaves of silverskins are Top : Pink jiowe1'ed Conoph3,tU11'l. 1'l1i­ nu,tU11'L, a species jor11'l,i1'lg small colo- fa r removed from the thin fiat leaves 1?ies 0/7. the quartz patches in. Na­ of the majority of plants familiar to us. maqu.alamd. Bott01""' : Conophyt~ I' 11l Two leaves represent a tremendous re­ lnin~itu. 11'l. ) as it appea.rs on its native duction frOI11 the state of having many q'ltartz pa,tch . Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 5 6 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953 equal obscurity. Like Siamese twins quartz-covered sites. \Vhat does this the leaf-pai r of a cone plant has become mean? Can plants "choose" where so closely fused together through evo­ they want to grow? Certainly not! lutionary change as to look, when What happens is that seed of these viewed fr 0111 above, like a single in­ stone mimics germinates wherever it signifi-ca nt pale green globe. Instead of falls or is carried. Seedlings germinat­ the silverskin's slit this globe of the ing on darker soil , away from the cone plant has only a tiny central fis­ patches, are conspicuous because of sure to indicate where two leaves were their light color and so are most likely once separate. It is obvious that in to be eaten by animals, but most of this matter of leaf fusion the cone plant those lucky enough to start germina­ is one evolutionary step further ad­ ti on on the quartz usuall y li ve on, rea­ vanced over co usin silverskin, fo r, as sonably well camouflaged, and living a more perfect sphere, it is more effi ­ proof of the general efficacy of their cient as regards water storage and mimicry. Other fadors yet uninvesti­ evaporation. gated may also play an important part Besides serving as efficient reser­ - fo r example dark soi l may absorb voi rs of water, the leaves of silverskin s more heat than white. highly-light-re­ and cone plants-as well as those of fl ecting pebbles ; seedling stone-plants many of their relatives among the may not be abl e to cope with the for­ succul ent "mesembs"-are among the mer condition. leading as well as origi nal examples of At least one stone plant when trans­ "mimicry" in the plant world. For planted out of its native arid environ­ not only are they shaped like stones ment, sheds its disguise and assures a but they also have the very color of fo rm more like that of most normal the stones among which they usually plants. In so doing it is perhaps re­ grow. Mimics such as these are th'e verting to its ancient ancestral form counterparts among plants of the nu­ that it had before South Africa had be­ merous and perhaps more familiar ex­ come so arid. This apparently "mu­ amples that one finds in the animal table" species is not a "mesemb" at all world, especially among insects, where but a curious stonecrop, Crassula col­ are to be found such oddities as bee­ u7nJl.aris. South Africans call the plant, fli es, walking sticks, " dead-leaf" butter­ koesna.atje. Like other stone-like suc­ fli es, and the like. culents this little Crassula inhabits the A strange fad, too, is that the stone­ desert quartz patches but in the Little like plants actually appear to be limited Karroo rather than in N amaqualand in thei r distributiOl1 to the patches ot Of golf-ball size, little koeslWatje is white quartz. A person can wander similar in its spherical shape to other away from the patches onto the darker stone plants. But it has become adapt­ soil and look "until blue in the face" ed not, as in the stone-like mesembs. for an Argyroder1%a or C01wphytu1l'l by losing all but one pai r of swollen but usually without luck. Back on an­ storage leaves, but rather by keeping other quartz patch and they again show all of its leaf-pairs. The latter, imbri­ up. The underlying soils, in which the cated like shingles on a roof, are fitted plants are rooted, are the same whether together so tightly t hat they are hardly . bare or whether covered with a rubble recognizable as leaves " at all. More­ of quartz yet the silverskins and their over they have a yellowish-brown cast confreres seem to "select" only the which tends to match them the more Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 7

Top: Litho ps ohvacea, on.e of th e clnssical " flowering sto'l1 es." Bottom: A sin·gte. plant sec t'ioned longitud'inally to show transpa:re'llt central rore of ((w indow tissue," w hich is also 'IIt1;lized fo'r 'luater storage. 8 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULT U RAL MAGAZI NE Jan. 1953 with ·t he rust streaks of the quartz soil. Species of this genus are not pebbles between which the plants are limited to white quartz patches but accustomed to grow. -grow in a variety of desert soils, which A distinguished South African bot- may vary a good deal in color. T he ani st had, at one time at his home in strange thing is that whatever the soil Capetown, a dozen /wes1w,o,tjes growing color-whether yell owi sh sand, gray­ in a small box in some of their original ish shale, or fe rrugin ous earth or soi l. Visitors were invited to count the stones-the wrinkled and fl attened tops number of plants in the box but so well .of the leaves of the several species of were they camouflaged that not one Lithops leaves always seem to match. ever guessed the correct num ber at the Down through the years it would ap­ fi rst attempt ! Even when in fl ower vear that the environment has been the plants blend with their surround- selecting only those variations which ings, fo r the multitude of tiny fl owers showed the best camouflage. are white like the pebbles. But all this Stone mimicry was fi rst noted in fine mi micry is lost when a plant of this genus some 130 years ago when Crassu.la CO l%11~1W.1'is is moved out of Vvilliam Burchell, well-known explor­ its natural envi ronment. Under ab- er-naturali st of his day, while journey­ normal humid co nditions the typical ing across the Karroo near the town of ball fo rm is modifi ed through the elon- P ri eska, noted a curiously shaped peb­ gation of the stem into a small but ble on the desert and stopped to pick erect green column on which the leaves it up. To his surprise it proved to be are no longer imbricated but rather as he later wrote :-"A plant-in col­ loosely arranged. It was apparently a our and appearance ( bearing) the clos­ plant of this type, grown perhaps under est resemblance to the stones between humid greenhouse conditions away which it was growing-by ( its) fo rm from its native arid K arroo, which and colour- this little M ese11'l,brya11 the­ caused botanists to give it the m islead- mum may generally escape the notice ing name, co lU11'1,na1'is. of cattle and wild animals." Lithops A ll the stone plants described thus turbinifo1'11'l,is ("top-shaped stone ap­ far would be wonder enough, but there f:earance") is the name now given to are related genera which are even more the plant Burchell ha d discovered. An­ amazing. F or although silverskin s, other travell er to the Karroo was ac­ cone plants, and koes11aatjes mimic to customed to make periodic trips across a remarkable degree the color and the same stretch of desert gravel only shape of the quartz pebbles, some of to find during the course of one of their close cousin s accomplish not only these jaunts that, in credibly, hundreds thi s but add t he abili ty to mimic stone of what he had believed to be pebbles texture as well. W itness the genus had suddenly burst into blossom and Lith.ops, whose very name means were supporting colorful yell ow fl ow­ "stone-li ke"; or the spotted st Qne" ers. Of course his "pebbles" were ac­ plants of the genus Pleiospilos, wKose ?i tually stone plants (L1:t1WPS Leshei) , leaves look like angular fragments of ". Species of Lith ops as well as koes­ grani te. T he paired leaves of Lithops • naatjes tend to be buried in the soil, are fl attened on the top, and, to better with the result that only the flat tops match the surroundings, they are ir- of their leaves show from above. Of regularl y wrinkled resembling the very course stone plants cannot dig actively texture of the surroun ding rocks or and so bury themselves. Seedlings ger- Close-up of some silvers!?ills, A rg:rodenna aff. brev-itlfblfln, Il eal' Va.1I RhYlIs­ d01'P. The yell ow flml'ers op ell ill midafterlloOIl ill MWJI.

[9]

F cl/. estrar£a rho palo ph}1lla , sho,tx'illg th e Ir 'iallgula r C('nl rat "'windows." 10 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953 minate on the surface of the ground has not been as diffic ul t as it sounds but during the period of growth to ma­ for the leaves . of most succulent plants turity they undergo regular and severe are made up of a thick core of trans­ droughts during which their slowly parent water-storage cells, completely fattening leaves shrink somewhat in covered by a thin, more or less opaque size through desiccation. At the same layer of the green photosynthetic tissue time the growth of the stem upwards, -the food manufacturing cells. All particularly at the time when the new that had to be done was to eliminate leaves appear, is prevented by active the green layer from the fl at tops of contraction and shortening of the root. the lea,;es and the result would be a In this way the plants actually are sort of built-in skylight to admit light. drawn deeper into the surrounding T his js just what evolution has accom­ soil until, after a period of years, only pli shed in most species of Lithops. the top surfaces of the fl at leaves are Acting exactly like the windows of a to be seen. T his method of growth is house, through which passes daylight not limited to mesembs like Lithops to diffuse into and lighten all co rners but is shared by other South African of a room, so these unbeli evable tiny succul ent groups, fo r example the lili­ windows, composed of thousands of aceous plant H a.wortl1.7:a tr'/;£11cata and transparent living cells, transmit life­ certain dwarf spurges such as Eu,phor­ giving solar energy down into the in­ bia Susanq~ae of the Karroo. terior of the stone plant's fl eshy leaves. T his subterranean hal;it does not There it is refl ected not upon the outer merely help to keep the plant better but rather the inn er surface of the hidden from the eyes of predators but green mantle of chlorophyll. A novel it is also helpful in another way. By and yet highly efficient way to counter­ being buried the total evaporation sur­ act what otherwise might have been a face of the leaves is reduced; and disastrous consequence of the subter .. water, that might otherwise be lost if ranean habit. the leaves were entirely above ground, Skylight windows are not limited to is thereby conserved. U nfortunately the genus Lithops but are shared by this adaptation has also a bad feature, about a half dozen genera among the fo r the leaves of plants-and including NI esembryanthe11'l,a. F enestraria., of the of course even the strange looking sandy wastes of the Namib of South­ leaves of stone plants- are primarily west Africa, takes its name from its li\ling factories fo r synthesizing the fe nestrated leaves, with their clear tri­ food materials needed for growth, angular "panes," making this one of flowering, and the production of seed. the most fa med of the so-called "win­ All leaves must have sunlight. A par­ dowed-plants. " tially buried leaf loses some of its pho­ For all their artifice and mimicry, tosynthetic surface even though such stone plants, surprisingly enough, still reduction of surface serves the purpose fall prey to sharp-eyed (and probably of conserving moisture. Strange as it even more important, keen-nosed) des­ may seem some stone plants have been ert marauders. T heir tasty succulence able to get around the horns of this makes them eagerly sought out, often vegetable dilemma by an unusual im­ at night, by all sorts of animals pre­ provisation. Evolutionary adaptation fe rring a ve%,etable diet. T 1- 00ps of bab­ has resulted in the construction of a oons have been seen stalking over the sort of "skylight" ill their leaves. This quartz patches inhabited hy certain of Jail. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 11 these plants. Ant e l op e s, tortoises, nent protection against all enemIes. hares, and especially 0 triches-to say The bizarre forms of these plants plus nothing of man's domesticated stock­ the beauty of thei r radiant flowers are all proven enemies of South Afri­ coupled with thei r petty space require­ ca's flowering stones. Man, too, must ments-some of the species even thrive be counted an enemy. In the past Hot­ in the sunny rainl·ess desert supplied tentots were known to reli sh the fresh­ by a three-i nch fl owerpot placed upon plucked plants. and even today the children of the Boers of the Karroo an ordinary south-facing windowsill­ are not beyond nibbling on these li ttle have made them the pecial pets of the toes "toontjes"-as they call them­ connoisseur of uccul ents. It may be of the desert gravels. a far cry from N amaqualand or the But to man's credit i the fact that South African Karroo to America but many flowering stone, in their posi­ perhaps it wi ll be on your own window­ tion of cultivated ornamental plants. sill where yo u wi ll first glimpse a have been assured by him of perma- "stone" in fl ower !

A large quartz patch Ileal' Lel'lloenshoell -in th e Little /(arroo . Note how the "Ostrich Toes," GibbaeU'11'l pubescel7s, is Iim1'ted to th e patch. A lso abundant on this patch, thMfgh invisible to most e'yes, a-re Crassula COhf7111W7'is and Eupho'rbia susannae. Top: C?-asst~la colwmnm-is, sterile plants as th e')l cvppear g'J'owing 0/'1 a quartz patch neroI' L em.oenshoelz in the L ittle /(a,r1'oo. B ott0111,: CTassu,la colu?nnan's, in flo weT, neG?' Lemoe'nshoe/? in the Little /(a?TOO. [12) Top: J;uphorbia susannae, showing the rosettes fonned by the branched tips. N ea,1' Lemoenshoek i11, the Little K01'roo. Botton~: Plants of C1'assula colum­ naris and Eu,ph01'bia susa'l1nae dug up to show prop01,tion of subterranean parts. Little Ka1Too. [13] 14 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL 'YrAGAZINE Jan. 1953

Top: Pialrant/tus aff. m en.nellii, a desert asclepiad w ith tubenula.te lea'ves 11'Ii1'nic/?'illg pebbles. Bottom: Pleiospilos bolusii, 'l lith leaves that r esemble angular gra.nitic sto11 es. Luxuriant Desert Exhibitions LESTER ROWNTREE

Thanks to winter rain s, last prin g's standing for its continued show of \\·i ld fl ower display on the deserts of color harmoni es yield ed me a solid the southwest was as spectacul ar as any sheet of wee desert plants, some so during the past thirty year '. It was, as smothered in bloom as to give the idea it always is, spotty, for d·esert rain s are of enti re fo li age ab ence. Among the11l likely to be local. Between com para­ were Cilia, pan"j1aC' , in blue and in ti\'ely barren areas miles upon miles white; Eriop/i ),zilllli wallac ei, yellow of soli d co lors overlaid the gli sten in g and \'iolet colored; and the bristl,.' sand-and-grave l fl oor entlC1l1 g me desert Cili a, Cilia sctosissillllJ. The along one narrow. dusty, but complete­ poppy fl owers capped erect seven-inch ly rewarding, side roa d after another stems which rose from neat basal clus­ to draw off onto fl ower-strewn open­ ters of finely cut gray-blu e leaves and ing and to wander through places of over this glittering assemblage fl oated mysteri ous emptiness and heer beauty. a lilac phlox-like canopy of tall Cilia Scents add enormously to desert davyi. joys. In 110 other fl ower field is the F ree of seed bags and collecting air so -filled with aromas of fo li age and paraphernalia. I concentrated last bloss0111 . The first drops of sudden spring and summer on plant communi­ rai n release the in vigorating odor from ties and on the March and April des­ creosote, La.n'ea tTidcntata var. g{lIlill­ erts, took abundant notes 011 plant osa . in the afternoon the white. green­ groups sharing the same rocky gulch flu shed trumpets of Desert lily. H cs­ or pieces of mesa, dry wash or moun­ pC'rocalhs undu.lata, di scharge their tain slope. To really knO\v such a heady fragrance, a little later those group it is necessary to li ve with it secti ons where large-flowered white night and day. to watch the effect of desert evening primrose. OCllothera dying and returning light on plant col­ dC'{toides, congregates with desert ver­ ors. to notice the movements of fl owers benas, Abronias, are fl ooded with pe r­ and leaves, and the shifting moods that fume. One sundown my nose led me to come to growing plants. It is necessary an alluvial fan glowing with soft to obser\'e the animals that visit the mauve of thistle sage, Salvia carduacea. plants, note what hU1l1ming birds and T he plants were over two f.eet tall and in sects come to pollinate them by day the ground between them was surfaced and what moths hover over the blooms with equall y redolent L1.{,pinbls odorata, and suck thei r nectar at night. N 0 - lower growing. erect, deep rich purple where does the play of light signify and one of the desert's most endearing more than it does on the desert. In a lupines. A nother evening was spent few moments light movement can make in the sweet company of evening prim­ di stant mountains seem close or far , roses and desert v e r b e n a s which black or white. blue or pink or pur­ packed the sand betwe·en feathery cre­ ple. and li ght can suddenly, or slowly, osotes. The Abronias were pink A. change the appearance of one's inti­ 7.,ilfosa and the 111u·ch paler, A. pogon­ mate plant companions. al/th a. A March desert community I re­ One early 1110rning whi ch was out- turned to again and again was a nar- [ 15] 16 THE ::\TATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

row draw between two mountains of the side leaned large, glistening, yel­ rock. These small mountains were low-centered heads of white tidy tips, painted to the top with violet, yellow·· Layia plat,)lglossa, with white rays. centered flowers of Plwcelia, fre7l'lo J7tia handsomely notched. Snuggling be­ and the large pure blue bells of Pha· tween two rocks below these grew a celia ca-11~pa ·J1,ular·ia, . Towering above fourth daise, P erit'),ze e11101'yi, its small these gay annuals were thorny, almost yellow-eyed blossoms almost hiding leafless, canes of ocotilla, Fouq.llerw the vivid green leaves. Breaking in on splendens. Each cane ended in a red this clique of composites were the tongue of waxy bloom though few of flashing flow er stems of desert paint­ the tongues were yet fully in flower. brush, Castilleja al1gustifolia., and with The water which, d uri n g winter t hem they brought the bold yellow of storms, had streamed down the flo or Coreopsis bigelovl:i. The whole com­ of this draw, in some places only one munity was shot through with the sky foot across at the base, had long since blue spires of Delphiniu1'I'1. PaJ'ishii, a disappeared. At its mouth, where the desert flow·e r which last spring was un­ sides drew away and increased breadth usually plentiful. \ iV hen minted to­ let in the full blast of eastern SUll , I gether with the intense blue of annual counted twenty species of native plants. chia, Salvia cohl7l'lbm'ia e, and the large The tallest of these was two foot flowers of desert aster, Aster abGitus, apricot mallow, Sphaeralcea a111bigua , in pale blue-mauve. lilac-mauve or which has a wide range of color forms dark bright purple-blue, this larkspur running from white through pale yel­ is a striking thing. All the pebbly spots low, and redder shades to the usual not peopled -by taller folk s were filled brilliant scarlet. B·elow the mallow with small fry. Among these an imp­ , blossomed a nine inch plant of ground­ ish annual monkey-flower, M'i11'Lulus cherry in that rich but pale and soft bigelovii, was the most pushing and. tone of yellow so useful as a peace­ myriads of its flat solferino purple maker among vivid colors and so faces grinned up at me as I moved thankful1y greeted by the field worker about trying to do the impossible­ a little bored by a preponderance of step without treading on blossoms. strong hard yellows. The color of this After a preview of this glowing colo­ Physalis crasslJoha is a delightful co rn ny it became apparent that the real yellow lying between what the second beauty of the gathering was the sand volume of the Royal Horticultural Col­ blazing star, lVI el1 tzelia 1'l1volbl.cmta. our Chart cal1s chrome and nasturtium Last spring 1110St plants of this blazing orange. A beaver-tail cactus, 0 pit nf'ia star were two feet across and eighteen basila1'is, sprawled in front of a rock inches tall. Their beauty was bewilder- on the bottom of this infant canon and the brilliant cerise of its large fl owers dominated its immediate neighborhood. Above this rock the long slender All i ll~(.strat1·ons acc01'/1Pa/'lying this arti­ stems of California chicory had worked cle were prepared f1'01'/'I. photographs its way up through the silvery mound made b')l th e a,utho1'. of an incienso, Encelia fa,1'inosa, bush and their beautiful pointed buds and Top: Jt!Johavea confertiflora., Ghost­ white dandelion-like bloom had joined flo wer. Bottom: M e1'btzehe involuc1'a,ta,. Encelia's si ngle yellow daisies. From sa11d blazing sta.r.

i8 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

ing fo r they possess an ethereal quali­ the M ell tzelia, I might as well go 1. ty few other fl owers have, though the little further afield, to the hot shaley desert, oft en considered harsh and slopes and the intriguing banks of graceless, is strong on refi nements of mountain rivers, and include the im­ a very delicate nature. T he ghost fl ow­ posing giant of the genus. If you want er, M ohavea confertifio1'a, an annual, to find this bonanza at its best roam has something of sand blazing star's these spicy places at dawn or early in unique and silky charm but it can not the eveni ng, or, better still, in the match thi s 1],f entzelia for exq ui s i t~ bri ght light of a full moon. fo r the fl ow­ polish. T here is a pinkish tinge in the ers are half closed during the day. smooth silver stem of 1],f. i1Wolu,c1'ata, T hey ren1ind nle of single water lilies and thi s glossy sheltn is repeated even with pointed petals in soft lemon yel­ more perfectl y in the peerless flower low. T hey are fill ed with long silky which is a large cup neither white, nor stamens of yellow and are carried aloft cream, nor pink, but suggested all of frosty fo ur-foot stems. Last summer these colors. F in ely penciled li nes of I measured one bush of this, the only vermilion run up from the center of the bi en nial of California's dozen of spe­ blossom and the base of the deep cup cies, and it was five feet tall and seven is fi lled with creamy fi laments holding feet across. F ully spread, most of the pink anthers. blossoms were seven inches wide. Like the yellow fl owers of M ell tzelia W hen picked and kept in water, the lindleyi of hot foothill slopes, an an­ buds on /11 en-tzclia stalks keep coming nual sometimes going by the name or out and as cut fl owers they have an Bartonia, and a common ingredient in unusual appeal. popular mixtures of Califo rnia wild It is autumn now and I am going fl owers, those of ],II. i1wolucmta stay back to the desert. All that I shall fin d open fo r most of the day and partly left of 111 entzelia, larkspur, diminutive close toward night. T he two blazing jewels and all the annual and herbace­ stars of eastern states are Li.a.f1'1·s scari­ ous plant life belonging to that dazzling osa, a plant of dry roadsides and fi elds. galaxy will be dried stalks in shades of producing tall wands of magenta-lilac corn and tan. In my baby canon thE' or violet fl owers, and Chamoeli1'iu11'~ mall ow stems will look drab indeed luteu,11I/" of swampy grounds. This one and only the blue-gray plates of OP~tn· has stems crowded with small whitp. t'ia will be intact; they will have taken fragrant fl owers and yellow stamens. on a still bluer tone. The brave fell ow­ T hese two plants are quite unrelated ship shed its seed months ago but early to M entzelia of the west, all of which next year, rains wi ll coax the seedlings belong to the Loasa Family. Do not out of the gravel and liberate aromatic be misled by confusion arising from scents from the waving branches of common names. Last spring broughc creosote. all M entzelia spp. in the west out in full force. Some of the lovely smaller­ flowered species swept along mi les of sandy washes and enchanting Venus blazing star, M . 1'Iite11s, dyed acre upon acre of desert foothills with tangerine Top : Cilia setos'bssi1Jlla, the bristl,)1 fl owers atop gleaming white stems. gilia. Botto11'/,: Aster abatus, desert N ow that I seem to be commi tted tel asteT.

The Confusing Chorisia Trees

EDWIN A. MENNINGER

From Florida to Texas to California There are a very few ChoriS'ia trees in and e I sew her e in warm regions the United States that have yellow throughout the world is ' cultivated a fl owers and are not beautiful. They Brazilian ornamental flowering tree are an Argentine immigrant named C. that blooms usually from October to insignis and are described near the end December. Despite its spectacular of this article. beauty it is comparatively rare be­ Florida parks and gardens boast a -cause it is much too large for most good many Chorisia trees, but the larg­ yards. In this country it rarely sets est of them all, aL1CI one of the most seed, and it does not propagate readily beautiful, is on the Coachman place by other means. But the amaZl11g near Clearwater. It is probably 50 thing, which upsets all the textbook years 'Old, stands more than 50 feet foundations, is that no two of these high and is as much across the crown. trees are exactly alike. Here indeed is a bouquet for a giant. Scientifically the tree is known as But the flowers of this tree are so dif­ Chorisw speciosa St. Hi!., but that is ferent, not only in color, but in shape, just a name. Every owner of a Chor'isia siz·e, formation and general appearance, tree is sure that his is the real ({ specio­ from the flowers of other Chorisia sa," and the entirely different tree in the trees, that the author undertook to de­ neighbor's parkway must be something termine which was which. Consulting else. But until some taxonomist sits reference books only increased the con­ down and starts all over again on this fusion ; not enough authors had ever genus at the beginning, both these trees seen more than one C h.oris'ia tree. The and many others equally dissimilar are first definite progress was made when going to be ('speciosa" which, fittingly, photographs of three quite different means beautiful. All Chorisia trees de­ Chorisia blossoms were submitted to ~c ribe d in this article belong to the the N ew York Botanical Garden for "sp eciosa/' group with this exception: helpful comment. These photographs

Top: Sho'wy Chorisia, Chorisl:a speciosa, Type 1(0.). Cen-te1' of flowe'r white with yellow 111.a1'kings. Petals streaked with 1'ed and pink. Qu.tward tips of pe·tctls b-right, gloThin.g pink. Stam,inal col'u11£1'b white, with. top C1'own da,rk Ql/1.d droop­ ing. This tip conesponds to SCh'b£111.a1711., b'b£t the petal shape, flare a11.d arrange­ ment do not. This photoq1'aph is of Mrs. H. L. Byers' f·ree, St. Pete'rsburg, Florida, seedlin.g f1'01% tl'be Coaclw'bGn tree 11ea1' Clearwate'r, FlO1"ida, the old B)l1'd McM·ullen place. Pasco Robe'!'ts Photo. Bottom: liVhite Lily Ch01'isia, Chorisia speciosa, Type II. The jlowe1's much 1'ese11'Lble ct lily, as they an pu,re white with dQ/rk pink streab toward the cen,tel'. The petals (we sh01'ter than 1'n Type J, a,nd they tip forwa,rd 'ra,the'!' than .:riQ/re ba,ckwards as 1>1'/< the other. Th.e sta1'I'linaZ cohl11'bn is b1'oken at the head, but is solid fo'r 11'/,ost of its lenClth. This photograph ,is of a tree i11. the Clvristiam Science ch$£1'chYa.1'd at Stuarrt, Flo'l"ida. The jlowe1's a.Te ident'bcal with those of vel"},! larqe trees 'i1~ the court hm(se 'lIard at Fort M'IIe-J'S, Flo'rida, of'l£:hich this is a scion. Th e petals il1 this photog1'a.jJh 1'esemble those in, Schw/'I'/Q'l1n's drawing. Coutant Photo. [211 22 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL IvIAGAZI NE Jan. 1953 are reproduced in connection with this is very close to C. sp eciosa and may article. Mr. J oseph V. Monachino of possibly be a case of mutation. the Garden staff offered these observa­ "The group must be carefully stud­ tions: ied or revised to permit any conclu­ "The three photographs look like sion, in my opinio11 . This would neces­ those of three structurall y different sitate better herbarium material than flow ers, the Swinglehurst tre·e and the what we now have. Not in a position Christian Science Church tree of a to borrow specimens from other her­ similar type, although not identical, baria and do special study in Chorisia and the Montgomery estate tree of :it l11yseif, I scouted around to see wheth­ much different kind. er any one ~ e l se would care to work "The fl owers of the specimens filed wi th the genus. N ei ther 111 y colleagues. in our herbarium under C. speciosa, nor the visiting botanists I have spoken also display marked divergencies. Your to, care fo r the job at the present time. specimens could be placed here if the "You have previously sent individu .. variation is accepted to be of a single al fl owers, and now the three photos. species. However, the identity of some If you wi ll coll ect for us, good herbari­ of our material is questioned. and the um material of the three trees, that is, group appears to be in confusion. The complete specimens, attached fl owers deeply split filament tube of the pink­ and leafy branchlets ample enough to purple fl ower (Swinglehurst tree) sug­ fairly cover a 15.5 by 11.5 inch sheet. gests C eiba rather than C h01'is1:a, but this material could be depbsited in our the filament t ube of the pink fl ower herbarium. It wi ll constitute a penl1a­ (Christian Science Church tree) is al­ nent record of the problem we have en ­ so partly split. The size, shape and countered. and may help suggest to color of the petals also seem to vary. some botani st revisionary studies with "The photograph of the Swingle­ the genus. Then, there will be some hurst tree you sent resembles the pho­ return, at least for the time and effort tograph of C hon:s1:a, pubiflom appear­ I and others who have attempted to ing on P late 1 0f Dawson's article (G. aid us, have devoted to the subject." Dawson: 'Las especies del genero Cho­ Growing out of this correspondence. ri sia cultivaclas para adorno en la re­ the author has spent two years collect­ publica Argentina. ' Revista Argentina ing info rmation and photographs of de AgrO'lW1'I1ia 2 :1-10. 1944), but the C ho-risia, trees in various parts of the petals look narrower, their margins are world, and these are here presented as more wavy and the stamens are more the basis of a better general under­ erect. The united staminal tube shown standing of the genus. and a more de­ in your photo of the Montgomery es­ tailed study of its peculiarities in the tate tree is as it should be in C. spe- future. 6osa, acc.ording to description. The The author has arbitrarily separated fl ower of the Chri stian Science Church Chon'sia, trees by the fl owers into tree is not in complete agreement with "showy, white lily, and pink lily" types either of the other two but is closer to which correspond to the Montgomery. the Swinglehurst tree. This diver­ -Christian Science Church and Swingle­ gence does not, however, necessatily hurst trees di scussed by Mr. Mona­ prove specific differences. W hat it chino, in that order. Also presented is does in dicate, I do not know. the "purple Chon:sia." Because none "Dawson suggests that C. pubiflO1'a of these four co rresponds with any c1e- Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI E 23

N ixoll Smile'y Photo Showy Chorisia, Chor1'sia speciosa., T 'ype I (b). Like Type 1(0) except disc at base of sta11'l!inal coiu1'lm is 1'l'Iottled and i11.conspicu,ous instead of bold and pure white; sta.111-inal COlU11111 is co lored but crOwn. is pure w hite, flared and not drooping. This pictu1'e was tal?e ll 0 11 the Robert H . M ontgolNe1'Y place at Coconut Grove, Florida. gree of accuracy with K. Schumann's the differences encountered, because it illustration of C. speciosa in the origi­ is these which are the cause of the ex­ nal study of the species, that artist's isting widespread confusion. conception is also reproduced. Cho'risia speciosa St. Hi!., sometimes In the descriptive matter which fol­ called the FLOSS-S ILK TREE, is lows. emphasis is placed primarily 011 indigenous to Brazil and the Misiones 24 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

C. E . NIall! Showy Chor-isia , Chorisia speciosa, Tvpc I(c) . L-il?c both 1(0) and l(b) e.nept base of stamina'/ column -is heavily colO1'ed alld petals do 1"Iot overlap.

Top: Pink Lil')l Chorisia, Ch01'isia speciosa, Type III. Like T')IP e II except tha.t the stamq,inal colu11'lm is b,'oken half its length , the petals 'narrower, 1nore 'pointed, less un.dula.te, a.nd the Q1,(tside half of the peta.l is bright P'il1 I? The streaks a1'e red or d(]lrk pink Th'is flower is fr011? the H. B. S'Wil'liglehurst tree a,t St~£a'rt ) Fl01'ida. C O'bitant Photo. (R'btle'r should denote top of -illustmtion, Ed.)

Bottom: Pu.rple Chorisia) Chorisia speciosa) Type IV. Like the prec eding e;\:'­ cept the jila1ne'l'Its a,?'e cOl11..pletely f,'ee) and the petals are bright pil7kish-p~wple) fadin.g to Z'ight pink and 'w hite oil? the cente'r. This picture ,is of flourers on a tree at the l11cCutch eo ll nurse?')!, at the Goosepolld, St, Petersburg) Florida , Pasco Roberts Photo.

26 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL lvIAGAZINE Jan. 1953

region in A rgentina, and is widely cul­ base." ti vated in both countries. Its spectacu­ Observer in Texas: "Dark rose pink lar crimson or pink or white five-pet­ turning to white at the base. ." aled fl owers are bigger, the palmate Observer in Cali fornia: "Flowers leaves are larger, and the trunk is fat­ are pink, brown and yell ow." ter than in other species of Chor-isia. The fl owers were described by Karl Most trunks are heavily studded with Schumann, in lYla.1'tius. Fl. Ems. 123 : stout, sharp thorns as the accompany­ 206-207. 1886, as follows: ing illustration indicates; these may CALYX campanulate, 1.5-2 cm. disappear with age, Hoehne says, in long, glabrous outside, 3-5 lobes. some trees; in others they are entirely PETALS 4 or S times as long as absent from the start. A mong the hun­ calyx, 7-9 x 2.2-3 C111. , obovate-spatu­ dred or more C h o,rq'sia trees the author late, undulate in lower part, white'-to­ has seen the only completely thornless mentose outside, violet or red inside, specimen is in the Good win Memorial and near bas·e punctate and striped with Park at Fort P ierce, F lorida. It was black. emarginate. severely damaged in the August 1949 STAMEN TUBE almost equalling hurricane but is recovering. petals, 7-8.5 cm. long, yellow; stami­ There is a wide vari ation in the col­ nodia 5-7 mm. long. or, size, shape and arrangement of the One specimen in the herbarium of fl owers. Note the 'confusion of color the New York Botanical Garden is among these authorities : marked: "Deep rose pink, basal part Engler & Prantl: "Flowers are red white, blotched with narrow oblong violet, on yell ow background with dark purple spots." streaks." In an effort to separate these con­ Britton: P uerto R ico: " Flowers vio­ fused descriptions into general types, let red." the author suggests this preliminary Bailey's HO'I,tus Secrmd: "Flowers outline: yellowish. striped with brown at base." J ose Augustin Maldonado, University SHO\i\1Y CHORISIA: TYPE I-All of Tucuman, Argentina. "The fl owers those with backward flaring. bright are crimson. but there are wide varia­ pink petals. tions in the rosy color of the petals. and (a) staminal column white; crown in the flutiugs at the base of the flow- dark, drooping, solid. er." (b) staminal column colored. crown Dr. Teodoro Meyer, University of white, split, fl ared, not drooping. Tucuman: "Rosy fl.owers." (c) staminal column colored. petals Michael Grabham in " Flowers Seen not overlapping. in M a,deira," p. 51: " Petals oblong, all WHITE LILY 'CHORISIA: TYPE shades of purple, brown spotted at the base." II-Petals tipped forward, white or G. E . Maul, Museu M unicipal do shell pink w ith pink or recl mark­ Funchal, Madeira: " Colors vary from ings ; filaments partly split. very pale mauve. alm ost creamy-white. PIN K L ILY CHORI SIA: TYPE to fai rly dark purpli.sh-red with yellow­ III-Like Type II except fi laments ish inner hal ves. " split half-way down, petals narrower Observer in India: "Deep pink with and more poin ted, bright pink Ol~ yellowish and brown stripes at the outer half. Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 27

Lmnm Photo The Samohu Chorisia, Chirosia insignis H .B.K. This flowering branch was taken fro111, a thirty foot sp1'ea,di1'bg tree at the Boynton Landscape C 0111,pa17Y' s mwsery at Bo'ynton Bea.ch, Fl01'ida, in the s~tm 'mer of 1951. It is believed to have been planted abo"'~t 25 yean ago by Alfred Kay of Pal'JIn Beach. The petals when fresh G1'e cleQ/r butte1' yellow. The branch bark, like the tr'um/?, is dark gree1t. The flowers with petals extel1,ded are abo"'tt five inches aC1'OSS. There ,is anot/utl' specimen of this species at the old btl h0111,estead in Ddra'y Beach, Florida, with similar flowe1's except style is exserted only one-half inch instead of two inches as i'n this illustration. Neither of these trees has ever set seed. 28 T H E NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Jan. 1953

PURPLE CH ORISIA: TYPE IV­ bloom. It was frozen to the ground in L ike II and III except fil aments are that storm, but has made good recov­ completely free; ends of petals bright ery and in September 1952 it was pin kish-purple, streaked. Petals agai n 15 to 18 feet high. It appears to overlap left-handed instead of right. sustain no lasting damage. It has never set seed. The fl owers come in Novem­ P robably all the older fl owering spec- ber-December. The fl owers are a dark imens of Chorisia in the United States rose pink turning to white at the base, were in troduced by the U ni ted States and resemble a single whi te hibiscus in Department of Agricutlure through the many respects. I beli eve ·there is little P lant Introduction Garden at Coconut or no _fragrance." Grove, F lorida; the P lant Introduction N umbers are 88221. 104108, 118374 SHOWY CHORI SIA I N MADEI­ and 139276. RA. G. E. Maul , Museu Municipal do Funchal, Madeira, writes as fo l­ SHOWY CHORISIA I N I NDIA. lows : At the Forest Research Institute, Botany Department, New For est "Regardi ng C horis·ia, this tree is (Dehra Dun), U. P., India, the officer very common here in parks, avenues in charge, Mr. M. B. Raihade, makes and private gardens, and the predomi­ these observations of Chorisia specios(J; nant colour of the fl owers is a bright Type I in cultivation there: pink with a creamy-white inner half Flowers deep pink with yell owish and of the petals which is mottled with brown stripes at the base. brown. The enclosed photograph is of Petals long, strap-shaped, narrowed at a representative of the most common the base, pubescent on the back. type. On the other hand, colors vary Petals stand out more or less straight. from very pale mauve, almost creamy­ E dge of petal may be termed crepy. whi te, to fa irly dark purplish-red with Stami nal t ube united its full length. yellowish inner halves. I have never Collar at the end of stami nal tube seen a yellow fl ower. The seeds of one white, darkening later ; solid. and the same tree may produce any Style extends beyond the collar about of these aforementioned shades of col­ :X ". ours. Base of trunk thorny, thorns not shed; " The petals generally stand at a right branches thorny. angle to the pedicel of the fl ower, but sometimes t hey refl ex and fall back SHOWY CHORISIA IN TEXAS. slightly . . At the Baker-Potts N ursery, H ar­ "The t ree trunks are generally quite Imgen, Texas, Mrs. Marie P. K ornegay straight, only some showing a slight reports on her Cl'L01'isia speciosa Type tendency towards a bottle shape dur­ I, as fo ll ows: ing thei r younger stages. T he colour "We obtained our tree from the of the trunk is dark brown only in very U.S.D.A. (origin ating in Sao Paulo old and large specimens, otherwise it Brazil ), and it has done very well. I ~ is bright green. They are always very reached 20-25' high and 12-1 8" diam­ thorny and sometimes, in large speci­ eter when a very severe cold spell in mens, the main roots become visible 1948 cut it half way back. It again above the ground, but I have never r each~d 25' and was hi t pretty hard by seen any forming buttresses, as in cold 111 December 195 0, when in full B011J>~ba%." Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 29

Chorisia speciosa St. Hil. A-Flowering branch. B-Sta111,inal tube. C-Baue of sam,e, cut lengthwise. D-Apex of same, cut lengthwise. E-End of tube. F-Ovule. G-Seed. From Engler (J)'Ybd Pmntl, Die Natiirlichel'l Pjlanze1'/,- familien, after K. Schum,ann, B011'bbaceen der Fl. Bras. 30 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

SAMOHU CHORISIA. Chorisia in­ open creamy-white flowers." sign1.s H.B.K. Genevieve Dawson (Revista Argen­ Simplest separation is accomplished tina. de Agro1w1%1:a, II ( 1); 1-10. by calling these the yellow-flowered 1944) separates C. i1'bsignis H.B.K. ,chorisia trees. Native of Peru and from the other species cultivated in northeastern Argentina, this species Argentina by its white flowers. Thf! has three recognized forms, differing author notes concerning it "esta espe­ as the result of ecological conditions cie, es bien conocida por sus flores under which they grew. Dr. Teodoro blancas 0 marfilinas." In Bull. ] ard. Meyer of the Miguel Lillo Institute, in Bot. f2uit. 3 (6): 201 (1924), ins1:g­ his book, "The Indigenous Trees Cul­ c. tivated In The City Of TucujlJ/uin" n1's is also separated from the other spe­ (1947) says that the cultivated speci­ cies by its white flowers, "petala alba mens of C. insignis in the city of Tucu­ vel ochroleuca." m;3.n, Argentina, are of two distinct In the face of these divergent rec­ forms, one with flowers whose yellow ords of the flower color, be it recorded petals have chestnut-colored blotches that the tree at Boynton Beach, Flor­ on them, and the other whose whitish­ ida, which is pictured with this article, yellow petals are without spots. An has flowers from July to November entirely different form is found in the that are a beautiful golden yellow, with­ driest parts of Argentina where the out spots, streaks or marginal improve­ tree's appearance is grotesque because ments. This fades to whitish-yellow, the trunk swells enormously in the streaked, when the blossoms become middle to give a pronounced bottle quite unattractive; they hang on, and shape. This missmapen enormity has give the tree an untidy appearance. perhaps given rise to the native name The tree at Delray Beach, Florida, is " Drunken stalk." (Palo borracho). very similar; the flowers are the same This Chorisia regardless of the type, bright yellow. The only readily dis­ would scarcely be classed as an orna­ cernible distinction is that the style mental flowering tree. Its over-fat on the Boynton Beach blossom extends trunk, sometimes to 6 feet in diameter, two inches or more beyond the stami­ with the smooth green bark covered nal tube (see illustration) ; the Delray with stout spines or cones, seems too Beach tree has flowers with the style big for the tree. even though it occa­ extended only one half inch. Herbari­ sionally rises to 50 feet, for the crown um material from both of these trees is open and rather sprawling. Some­ was examined at the New York Botan­ times the spines disappear as the tree ical Garden and was reported "in size ages. of flower and shape of petals" to match The color of the .flowers depends on material filed under C. insignis in the '- which type is being described. Kunth herbarium there. In view of the fact was not describing the same tree as that: on the Florida trees the color of Meyer when he recorded the color of the petals quickly fades in the sun from the petals as "pale pink margin, center clear butter yellow to a streaked yel­ yellowish." Bailey calls the petals "yel­ lowish-white, is it not understandable lowish striped with brown, about the that examination of herbarium mate­ size of those of flowering do~wood ." rial would adduce the conclusion that Sturrock describes the tree at the Har­ the flowers were white before they vard garden in Cuba as having "large, were dried? Neither of these Florida Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTIC\JhTUR<\L MAGAZI IE 31

";" "<#' ...

Pasco Robe':ts Photo .j' ; .

Spines aN i11Ch or 11W're lOJ/g, sharp and fat , cove1' the tr ~tn /?s on most Chor·isia speciosa trees. They a1'e 11lOSt persistent when the t'ree is young. Someti1'1l;es they are e'l1tirely absent. This photog1'aph was 111.ade in the Slf ll ke.n COI'd ells, St. Pete1'sbU1'g , Florida. 32 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 19S3 trees has ever set any seed pods and ent trees, whereas actually they prob­ efforts to propagate vegetatively have ably were observing varying types of been unsuccessful. the same tree. For example, contrast Botanists' descriptions of Chorisia Kunth in H .B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: insignis are so widely different as to 231. 1821 , with Karl Schumann 111 suggest they were talking about differ- Martius, FL Bras. 123 : 206. 1886.

K1mth Mal'ti1tS Shape of leaflet obovate-oblong oblong or obovate-ob long Apex of leafl et acuminate cuspidate Base of leafl et cun eate round or acute Margin of leafl et faintly undulate-crenate towards apex revolute, apex serrulate P etals spatulate, obtuse, emarginate, ob long, ob tuse, not undulate. 5-6x1.7 silky-tomentose outside, pu­ cm. Outside whitish tomentose, bescent inside insid e tomentulose.

Thtre have been several introduc­ dex Kewensis, probably should be C ei­ tions of Chorisia insignis into the Unit­ ba rosea Seem. K. Sch. O ne of the ed States, notably p.r. 4229.2 and P.I. collections in the herbarium of the New 82220 by the US.D.A., and the author York Botanical Garden is titled MO · has distributed trees he raised from RONG 1075. This originally was seed received from Argentina in 1946 named Ch01'is1:a. speciosa and cited as Other than the trees at Boynton Beach such in Mor. & Britton's Em£111. Pl. and Delray Beach, he has no record Paraguay, but it was re-named C eiba of fl owering specimens in the U nited p~£biflora K. Schum., by Britton & Ba­ States. ker in the Journal of Botany 35 :176 ( 1896). Hassler, in B. H. Boise 2 OTHER SPECIES OF CHORISIA. (7) : 176 ( 1907) cites the same num­ In the Index Kewensis, only two ber as C eiba Glaziovi'/: K. Schum. G. other species of Chorisia are recog­ Dawson ci tes it as Chorisia, pubiflora nized. One of these is C. c1"ispiflora (St. Hil) Dawson. H .B.K. (Syn. C. vent1'icosa) , a tree to 75 feet in the coastal area of BraziL Until some scholar makes a syste­ Losing its leaves in February-March, matic study of the genus C horisia, there the flowering season, "its large pink will continue to be a wide difference fl owers make it a very showy tree." of opinion on which species is which. Petals are 8-9 cm. long, 11-14 mm. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS wide. Common names for it in Brazil are "Barriguda" and "Paineira." This Grateful acknowledgm.ent for assis­ species is also reported as introduced tance in obtaining data for this articl~ to Kenya Colony, Afri ca, " with large is given not only to those individuals pinkish-red fl owers; does well up to mentioned in it, but to Miss Mary F . 6500 feet." This t ree is not in cultiva­ Barrett of Bloomfield, New Jersey, tion in the United States. Morgan Evans and Dr. Samuel Ayres The other recognized species is Cho- J r. of Los Angeles, Pasco Roberts of 1'isia soluta from Guatemala, which is St. Petersburg, Florida, and Dr. Jose unknown here. And now the confu­ Augustin Maldonado and Dr. T eodoro sion is resumed. C. 1'osea, li sted in In- Meyer of Tucuman, Argentina. CHORISIA INSIGNIS KUNTH

STYLE & STAMEN TUBE

LEAF

PETAL CALYX

Drawing f1'01ll H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Spec. 5:t.485.1815 . • [33] Concerning Episcias

PEGGIE SCHULZ

Due to the rise in popularity of the colored. Brilliant chartreuse vems cut Sai1'llpaulia other members of the Ges­ through the leaves and mark them in neria family are becoming increasingly a most interesting manner. This plant popular. GESNERIACEAE is a large and sends out many stolons and usually varied family consisting of about 1,100 b180ms in March or April and con­ species. Many of these are herbs, a tinues to flower at intervals during the few ar·e shrubs, and growth habits summer months .. range from herbaceous c1i1:nbers to a The flowers are bright red, covered number of trailing or sto10niferolls with hairs, tubular, and the petal edges plants: among the latter we find the are sharply serrated. A halo of silvery ge nl1~ Episcia. dew-like substance clings to the center This genus is comprised of about of the petals. If the air is moist and thirty species. Before the last decade the room reasonably cool these flowers these plants were seldom , if ever, wi ll last about a week. Toward the end found in any but the most extensive of the week the pistil emerges from the private collections or as material in blossom and it is ready for fertilizing. botanical gardens. They have slowly E . coccinea has leaves of dark me­ infiltrated window gardens and now tallic green three to four inches long there are at least eleven different varie­ and often three inches wide. This ties that may be purchased from a few plant is sometimes sold under the name special dealers. Proof of the increasing of E. metallica or even E . f~dgida. . popularity of these intriguing plants E. cupreata has hairy leaves of

E. chontalensis has the smallest leaves of any of the Episcias in my collection. It does not grow from one husky main stalk; the whole plant is made up of cascading stolons. The slender pointed leaves are green shad­ ing into a faint brown at the margins. Although I have never had this plant flower for me the bloss0111s are report­ ed to be light blue and fringed. E. lilaci-na is new in my collection and has not had sufficient time to get well esta hlished. However, it looks just as promising as the other mem­ bers of the genus. The leaves are some­ what thinner than some of the other varieties, lightly haired, slightly peb­ bled, red bronze in color. Flowers on this variety are rather large for an Episcia and are blue. E. splendens is another smooth leaved variety. The leaves are pale green with markings of silver. Mass. Hort. Soc. E pis cia splendens Species Number One is an unnamed variety featuring large, glossy, silvery All Episcias can be propagated by green leaves with a wide band of co<:oa­ leaf cuttings, plant divisions, stolons, brown around the edges. The leaves or seeds. If any of the vegetative are so shiny they appear to have beer; methods of propagation are used it is sprayed with oil. best to employ the aid of a close con­ Species Number Two has hairy tainer for rooting. They appreciate leaves with a L1ear rose colored midrib. warmth and humidity at all times and. Species Nova is similar to E. fulgida especially so when these severed por­ in coloring but the leaves are much tions are expected to produce new smaller and it is a bushier plant. progeny. A covered fishbowl makes N au tilo calyx tesseUata, more com­ an ideal incubator. monly known and usually referred to When the leaves or stolons are well as E. tessellata, is listed here because rooted they should be planted in loose of this practice and its allied generic fibrous soil. Here is a mixture I have relationship. It does not grow in a used successfully: equal parts of rich rippling cascading fashion as do the loam, sand, peat moss, and rotted lea.f­ real Episcias; instead, it grows up­ mold. The addition of small pieces of right. The leaves are long, very wrin­ charcoal will help aerate and condition kled, heavy olive-green shaded into the mixture. When potting allow plen­ bronze on the upper side and flushed ty of drainage in the pot. with wine Oi1 the underside. The flow­ 1£ Episcias are being grown in a ers are pale yellow and borne from the home where the temperature is con­ axils. stantly kept at seventy five degrees or 36 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953 over they will most certainly have to be during this winter sleep. supplied with extra amounts of hu­ Since Mother Nature has seen fit to midity in order to thrive. They do equip these plants with such a wonder­ well when grown pot-·in-pot method. ful vegetative reproduction system The larger or outer pot should be they do not set seed as readily as do lined with sphagnum moss and the many other house plants. I have never smaller pot containing the plant should found their seed offered in any list be placed into it. If the moss is always sent me from anywhere in the world. kept well moistened it will help keep Occasionally we do hear of someone the edges of the leaves from drying and who maintains they have found the shrivelling. plants rather easy to fertilize. If you Although a north window helps are the adventuresome sort and want Episcias produce leaves of excellent to try your hand at it the procedure color and substance there is seldom is simple. F ertilization is accomplished enough light in this spot to bring by transferring pollen from one flower about any amount of flowering. Epis­ to the stigma of another. The seed cias need the east sun or rays from ripens in about six weeks, and is as fluorescent lights to push them into fine as dust. It has to be treated like bloom. seeds of African Violets or Gloxinias. Episcias lapse into a semi-dormant and is sown in a covered dish on period in the winter. As fall nears the chopped sphagnum. vermiculite, sterile older leaves begin to curl and die back sand or any other medium that has and there are no new ones to take proven satisfactory fo r other fine seeds their place for at least three months. Germination usually -t akes plaoe with­ A dvanced growers usually keep a sup­ in two weeks and the plants are ready ply of rooted stolons on hand to be fo r transplanting into "community potted when the old plants want to go pots" or pans when they have tw ..J -into hibernation. As the leaves start good leaves. T hey are ready for indi­ falling the mature plants can be cut vidual pots after a sixth leaf has back to an inch from the soil line and grown. It is difficult to set a time limit new plants propagated from all the on this as individual growing condi­ material that has been removed. If tions vary so much. ·small amounts of moisture are admin­ Sources of supply for plants and/or istered weekly to the remaining stalk seeds will be furnished by the Editorial new growth will appear in about two Office of the AHS. Please send :months and fr0111 that time on it will stamped, self-addressed envelope for need the treatment given full grown a prompt reply. "Episcias. I often store these barren A contribution from The Arllericall ·appearing plants iri a terrarium where Gloxinia Society, Gray, Oklahoma. t he moisture is held at just the right Mrs. Schulz is Co-Editor of The Glo:c­ ,degree and they need little or no care in'ian) their official publication. ED .

.,. Daffodil Section ROBERTA C. WATROUS, Editor DAFFODIL STARS AS OF 1952 The following notes are taken from heavy material and fine form and fin­ an article written for members of the ish, turns in a superb score for me Washington (D. C.) Daffodil Society every year. by Carey E. Quinn, current President. EARLY MIDSEASON GROUP Judge Quinn grows more than five hundred varieties and is constantly 1b: Content. Everyone knows Con­ testing the new introductions. Space tent-the lemonade bicolor of perfect does not permit the reproduction in shape and style. Trousseau. Or is it a full of his article, which includes com­ 1c? Doesn't matter, because its smooth m€nts on "also good" varieties and finish, fine substance, and .£orm are its other categories in addition to the features-not its contrast. "stars," however, a limited number of 1c: Cantatrice. Best of the Beershe­ copies of the complete article are avail­ ba children. An ethereal dainty quality able for distribution to members of The you don't look for in trumpets. American Horticultural Society who 2a: California Gold. A candidate for request them. ' the best red-gold, a big flow er, smooth . Classification numbers follow the flat perianth, big bowl-shaped orange Royal Horticultural Society Revised red {:fown with a frill. Tall. Vigorous. System for the Classification of Daffo­ Ceylon. Generally accepted as best yel­ dils, published in full in The N atiol1al low-red Incomparabilis to date. Peri­ Horticultural Magazi'ne, April 1952. anth gold with metallic sheen, goblet cup of deep orange red, smooth, heavy, EARLY GROUP a worker. Golden Torch. Brodie's great 1a: Moonstruck. Clear pale' yellow. self golden yellow, dividing crown for trumpet, a deeper colore4 Content and the finest of its type with Galway. Sun with Content's superb shape and qual .. Chariot. Tall, vigorous. Heavy flat, ity. deep gold perianth of pointed outline; 1b : Preamble. A perfect bicolor, of sun proof goblet cup of solid fiery oriole real health, with the contrast the better scarlet. Tinker. A neat medium red­ bicolors don't have, yet a real harmony yellow, brilliant, jewel-like orange cup. with fine form and finish. 2b: Bizerta. Polindra in bright apri­ 1d : Spellbinder. This sul phury re­ cot. Perfect show fl ower. Jules Verne. verse that is better than Blnkie. A big tall bicolor Incomp. with Daisy 2a: Armada. Guy Vvilson's large Schaffer freshness. Milk and Cream. tall vigorous red-gold of superb qual­ A chilled smooth white perianth, a big ity, balance, and contrast. Cibola. flat amber crown with salmon tones. Grant Mitsch's self in deep yellow, Pen with. Big tall bicolor with a buff smooth heavy perianth, fl aring crown, peachy cup and gold edge. tall , and looks you in the eye; a daugh­ 2c : Arctic Moon. An old parchment ter of Malvern Gold. Rouge. A medi­ item with a neat rolled crown of fine um size jewel gem in gold and red­ texture. Ave. I believe this to be the chorus gi rl ' rouge-with the material most beautiful moderate size all white and poise of an aristocrat. Leedsii of perfect form and material T 2c : Silver Bugle. An all whi te of ever saw. Carnlol.lgh. A vision 111 a [37] 38 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 19SJ perfect white Leedsii wi th everything My still1darc.l of measure in perfect including a faint apricot pink shadow gold-yellow Incomps. at this season. in the crown. Truth. Another superb Very round perianth, almost flat orange whi te Leedsii featuring . .a very broad red · crown·. This one, Dunkeld, ane! fl at perianth and a trumpet crown. Garland are the ci rcular girls. Zero. Stiowy white, very large. Flat 2b: Greeting. Starry, carved, ;mowy perianth of pointed petals. Long frilled white refle;ec]" perianth of best qualit'i crown. Perfect balance. Best quality. with a l em01~' goblet cup. Polindr~. My ,favorite Leedsii. · The. yardstick still in bicolors, whitE' 3b: Amateur. Very broad heavy and lemon yell ow. SignaI Light. The snowy pe ri ant l~ with a tlat orang" que en of white-red I ncomps. A crown crown . . Features balance aId contrast . .. - . ': I, so long )1 \ld by Flamenco, one of its parents.,~ Stat ue. A beautiful and la rg­ MID SEASON GROUP er var:iai1t on Polindra, as are Bizerta, l a: Dungiveri: A li ght golden 'trUl11- ;;@bastopol, and Tramore. pet, tall, fair size bloom, perfeci: shape 2c: 'Ludlow. The yardstick of per­ and texture. Goldcourt. A superb Gold­ fection in formal shape and balance in en yellow; trim, smooth, balanced. Gold­ white Leedsii. Rostov. A fresh look­ digger'. Another fine golden yell ow ing snowy whi te Leedsii that shares trumpet with some art"ful variances. honors with Ludlow. Grape Fruit. -Combines size, smooth 3a: Chungking. \ iVho needs a de­ soft satiny yellow, and exemplary scri ption of the reigning queen of gold­ shape. Kingscourt. Here is the reign­ red Barrii? ing queen of golden yellow tru111pets­ 3b: Masaka. A huge white and solid balance, smoothness, everything. Mi­ red Barrii, 'tall and strong. lanion. Tall, clear, deep yellow, appeal­ 7b: Triri,1: The most perfect Jonquil ing, trim shape and balance. Lasts well. I ever saw: Trim is the world in gold. 1b: Straight. Snow and citron, good 8: Orange Wonder. Here is about contrast, noble 'is tIle word. My pIck 'the only Tazetta I ever thought a star. .of the midseason bicolor trumpets. A perfect head in perfect white-orange. 2a: Alamein. One of those superbly finished fresh red-gold items with a LATE MIDSEASON GROUP perfect flat clear yellow perianth and a la: Virginia \-\fright. Formal pen­ medium cup of sharp orange red. Aran­ anth, frilled trumpet. Self gold. juez. A perfect yellow-red that is a Ib: ' Oklahoma. H uge fl ower. Pure yardstick in quality and form. Dun­ white velvety petals. Big bold intense l

Robed L. Ta3,/or N a1' cis S111.S) C hun king

• 40 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

spreading crown of finest shape and Flat intense cherry red cup. Features quality. Narvik. Gold-orange-crimson contrast. Sylvia O'Neill. A Glen­ masterpiece in form, quality, and, bril­ shane with pale lemon for a frill in­ liance. My favorite of the type. Ross­ stead of gold. lare. A model gold-orange-red that 3c: Altyre. A five inch frilled cup, outlasts any flower I have. Velveteen. improved Chinese White. Glowing velvety sulphur self on order 4: Swansdown. A perfect heavy of St. Egwin but better. white perianth and a double center of 2b: Arbar. Rated by many as best white feathery petals. white-red. Heavy flat perianth. Sau­ , 7b: Golden Perfection. An all-time cer-shaped reddish orange cup. I give great in golden Jonquil hybrids-two the nod to Signal Light. Blarney's perfect trumpets per stem. Daughter. Bigger Blarney with a gold rim on the cup. Buncrana. White peri­ LATE GROUP anth and a long peach-orange crown 2a: Prince Regent. A later edition that is frilled. Nothing like it. Green of the superb Narvik minus the crown Island. Featuring substance and waxy frill. Red Flyer. A very smooth clear texture in a large ·flower with a frilled yellow, carries a saucer crown of twin­ shallow bowl cup and a greeni sh lemon kling red. margin. Kilworth. A vigorous, con­ 2b: Killala. A neat flat white peri­ trasty, much improved Hades. N ai­ anth. A straight citron crown shaped robi. Thick smooth rounded white like a trumpet with an orange-red perianth balances a large expanded flanged rim. Small flower. Neat. Rose frilled solid orange red crown. Red of Tralee. A Carnlough with a real Hackle. A perfected F olly-bigger, balanced trumpet-like crown in solid brighter, better form. Rosy Diamond. apricot pink. Best of the so-called A true pink crown, no salmon. Fine pinks in commerce. I believe Salmon white perianth. A smallish beauty. Trout may be better. Some say Ros· Best true pink I have seen that also ario is better. But Salmon Trout can­ rates otherwise. not be bought, and Rosario was not 2c: Glenshane. A big white Leedsii so fine for me. Satin Queen. A beauti­ with a shallow saucer crown of pale ful bicolor-perfect smooth, heavy cream frilled gold. Killaloe. A huge perianth. Flat yellow crown with balanced pure white fl ower featuring orange in frill. texture and substance. Scarva. A vig­ 2c: Templemore. A perfect show orous glorified Mitylene with some white in the late column-a rarity. Green Island in the wide saucer cup. 3a: Russet. Chunking with a prim­ 3a: Apricot Distinction. Heavy true rose perianth and ten days later. apricot mirrors a burning red cup. 3b: Artist's Model. A trim Aus­ Goyescas. A smooth soft yellow peri­ tralian lass in a smooth perianth and anth. A deeper crown with a red band. a flat apricot orange crown which Ther111. Lemon petals, bright ruby cup Grii;nps in at edges to the perianth. Bra­ -here is a true trim jewel. Win All. vlira. A smooth heavy white perianth A big yellow-red of superb quality and - and a vivid orange scarlet crown style. This and Mahmoud are my favorites 3b: Blarney. Everybody knows this of these big Barriis. Crete. Another sparkling salmon orange flat cupped red-whi te Barrii of very heavy sub­ Ban-ii . Limerick. A superb white-red. stance you can't pass over. Glenvar. Daffodil, Silvia 0 ' Neill

A bigger, better, more sunproof Lady A Mahmoud in pastel tints. A pretty K esteven. Mahmoud. Broad, waxy, miss. T eboura. A better, bigger L im­ smooth, snow.y perianth. Flattish ruby erick. red crown. What a beauty ! P ut Sati n 3c: Chi nese W hi te. A big small­ Q ueen between this one and Bravura crowned Leedsii, h e a v y. smooth, and call it a day. O rtona. Mitylene round, with a touch of green in the with a fl attish orange red crown and a eye. A fresh crystal effect. Cushen­ green center. Big Hower. R id eau H all. dall. O ne of Guy W ilson's 11l any ethe- (41] Robert L. Ta,ylo'r Na1'C'isst£s, Cantatrice (upper) Content (lowe?') real editions of small Chinese Whites large fl ower, heavy smooth material, no one can describe. But very beauti­ deep green eye in a flat white crown. ful and perfect. Dallas. And here is 4: Cheerfulness. An all-time beauty a bigger, taller Cushendall. Foggy everybody knows. Shirley Temple. A Dew. See those mother - daughter sort of semi-double white, multiple dress s·ets? Chinese White is Mother. center segments. Chaste. Heavy ma­ Frigid. Round, cold white, green eye. terial. Yellow Cheerfulness. Cheerful­ Por trush. A tall late item, rather ness in soft yellow. [42] Mex:ico-Begonia Treasure Chest

STAN LEY SPAULDIN G

"Once upon a time," in the footsteps plorer of the 'back country of :Mexico's of the Spanish conquistadores, botallists mountains, pried off this "false bottom" and associated plant collectors swarmed and uncovered a fresh new treasure­ across Mexico, describing and collect­ trove which he commenced sending ing new plants. They were assisted by back to U. S. Begonia botanists. This interested missionaries; in fact, one of started a new wave of interest among the earliest known pictures and descrip­ collectors and hybridists, which spread tions of a Begonia was by Fra Her­ even to orchid-hunters like William nandez in 1649, before this strange and Brooks, who is now also scouring the fascinating genus was officially named. southern lands for Begonias. These collections were usually pressed At this end, Mr. Rudolf Ziesenhenne specimens but sometimes seeds made of Santa Barbara, California, studied their way back to European and Eng­ Mr. MacDougall's plants and promptly lish gardens. sent world-wide for type-sheets, her­ Early in the 1800's such collectors barium specimens and original descrip­ and Ferdinand Deppe and Dr. C. J. tions of the old \iVestern Hemisphere Schiede and Ghiesbrecht, Linden and introductions to prove beyond a shadow Rogers were finding Begonias of almost of doubt that these were basically dif­ all types except true canes. The near­ ferent enough to rank as new species. est to those was probably the famous His next problem in scanning the old B. incarwlta, bushy and nearly cane­ material was the meager descriptions like, which was so much used in early and imperfect dried specimens of some. hybridizing. However, many strange One plant was named a new species on and wonderful rhizomatous types were the basis of a single leaf. Such unscien­ introduced into cultivation. B. caro- tific botany rubbed aaginst the grain 11:niaefolia with palmately compound and Mr. Zi,esenhenne promptly set leaves and hemcleifolia, also palmate, about organizing a fool-proof system ancestors of our widely popular "star" of describing the intricate differences type Begonias, are Mexican, as are between two Begonia plants. m011icata and its variations which have First he evolved a standard method been such staunch houseplants. Then of drawing the various parts of the there is the i1f/1/,pe1-ialis and pustulata plant under study carefully to scale, and groups with their intricately textured then he spent years devising a complete surfaces in the smaller-leaved types; list of physical details which would the M a?'tiana-g1'acilis group-the "holly­ leave no feature of any Begonia unde­ hock" Begonias with tubers and bearing scribed. So far he has compiled over bulbils like lilies in their leaf-axils; the six hundred points to check against. large-growing water-lily leaf Begonia From this list, with his scale drawings, 11elun1,biifolia and still others. he writes up the description of the From all these one might think the plant in question and then checks off treasure-chest had been exhausted. its various features against those of the However, like a true treasure-chest, plants bearing any similarity from their Thomas MacDougall, New York's ex- herbarium specimens, type sheets or [43) 44 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953 original published desc riptions, and so, leaves turn color like some ivy, slowly but surely, the duplicates of old­ B , chivotoa was named for the Cerro er named plants are identified and the Chivato on vvhose 8000 foot slopes it new one are christened. This informa­ was found. It is another upright­ tion Mr. Ziensenhenne has elected to stemmed plant not as delicate as Mazae, disseminate through " Th e B ego nian" with usual height of two-and-a-half feet to scientists around the world, such as and smooth, spinach-gr,een leaves with Dr. Edgar Irmscher of Germany, fore­ veins beneath traced in Indian red, most authority of begonias today who comiilg from a husky stem that ages to has himself named more new begonias ' a woody tissue. The leaves run to about than any other man. 7 inches long and almost 5 -inches wide. One of the first to meet the tests in The winter fl owers are carmine-tinted. 1947 Mr. Ziesenhenne named after Don This is one of those plants that con­ Maza on whose lJlantation it was found tradict the popular conception of this -1Vlazae. Given something to lean on plant family. as it grew on limestone or a stake, it will grow to about three outcrops in collections of humus-soil feet, covered with small soft leaves hav­ amid echeverias, sedums, bromeliads, ing a light green dot at the sinus and agaves. a dahlia. solandra, some fuch­ with darker vein s aganist the sage sias. etc., and some of the strange, leg­ green, lighter between veins toward endary " Hand-flower Trees," and it the margin while the veins darken to likes to go almost dry between water­ red-brown at the edge. Delicately ings, especially in cold weather. showered with bloom in late winter and Late t finds were the " dry-stemmed" spring, the reddening of the backs of Begonia aridicavdis, another small one. the fl owers gives the whole inflores­ and an in teresting vining plant origi­ cence almost a Christmas red effect. nally described 30 years ago by Dr. H ardy and not too large, it has proved A. D. Houghton for the University of very popular as an addition to the fi­ California- B. Purpusii (named for its brous-rooted class. finder, Charles Purpus) ; and still the Since then have come such opposites treasure is not exhausted. \iVhile these as the giant B ego11lia M a,cD0 u,qaJlli, hon­ new importations keep scientifically oring its 'fi nder, with fl owerstalks 8 feet minded persons happy with the many tall in the wild leaves palmate-com­ problems to be solved, they are even pound over a foot across on tall stems: more entertaining to the plant hobbyist the tiny Begonia cavvtm three inches who can enjoy them fr0111 an aesthetic high and with tiny tubers and strange point of view. fl owers, found growing in mountain caves; white-hairy B. hispidav,illosa with green medium-sized leaves; Ii ttle B, B owe'ri ( named for hybridist Connie Bowers of California) the edges of whose dainty green leaves are daubed with black and charmingly eyelashed, Then there were the "ivy-leaved" B. A contribution from The American Kenworthyi (after the late Eva Ken­ Begonia Society, El Segunda, Califor­ worthy Gray of La Jolla) of slate r;r ey­ nia. Mr. Spaulding is Editor of The green, dusted with pearly "bloom" ; its Begon'ian, their official publication. ED. Top: BegMtia Mazae Botto'NiL : BegoNia cl1iv ota

Ziesenhenne Photog raphs

NOTICE TO MEMBERS This issue of THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is be­ ing mailed to all members of The American Horticultural Society hav­ ing paid their membership dues for the calendar year 1952. It is an acknowledgment to those members having paid their 1953 dues and is a reminder to others that dues for the calendar year 1953 are now pay­ able. The April issue of the Magazine is scheduled for mailing by April 1 but will not be mailed to members whose 1953 dues are not recorded in the Secretary's Office by March 15. Recent Advances In Horticulture FREEMAN A. WEISS, Edit01'

CHEMISTRY AND there was the final conquest of the H ORTICULTURE problem of 0 b t a i n i n g "unlimited" Shortly after the end of armed con­ amounts of nitrogen from the atmos ­ fE ct in \iV orId \iV ar II, when plans for phere, then the deyelopment of syn­ peaceful living were again being made, thetic herbicides and innumerable pes­ one of the large oil refining companies ticides which promised to make weed" announced its intention of embarking and many kinds of insect pests virtual­ upon a long term research program on ly obsolete. T here was the demonstra­ the use of petroleum products and de­ tion of successful "foliage feeding," rivatives in agriculture. It may have which demanded an important adjust­ seemed to some at that time that such ment in traditional concepts of plant a program was superfluous on two nutrition. More recently there have counts : 1) that the potential demand been appli cations of antibiotics, hor­ for petroleum by-products was already mones, and vitamins, in the stimula­ so great in other directions that outlets tion or regulation of plant growth, and fo r them in agriculture were unneces­ within the present year we have again sary ; 2) that agricultural production, been amazed at the versatility of agri­ what with increased mechanization, cultural chemists, who have now given greatly expanded use of fe rtilizers (es­ us Krilium to control t he physical na­ pecially nitrogen, now that it would no ture of some of our soils, and a host of longer be needed fo r making military chlorophyll products to do almost any­ explosives), and the multiplicity of thing we would like to have them do, In new pest-destroying agents already the future loo ms the electronic desalini­ available, was doing well enough with­ fi cation of water suplies, even sea wa­ out any further stimulus. Vain thought. ter on occasion, to supply plants in that the opening of a veritable Pan­ arid regions with the only element that dora's box, when research in chemistry has been lacking to make the desert first seriously asserted proprietorship veritably bloom. in the agricultural fi el d, would ever be The upshot of all this is that The undone and its outpouring of ill s or National H o'r tic ul t u ra l Magazine, blessings checked! Nor, by the same which heretofore has been concerned token, the constant emergence of new mainly with the art of horticulture problems and the need for agencies to must henceforth give more attention to solve them. its science, and especially to the inter­ T he ensuing years-less than a dec­ relations between research in chem is­ ade since peace made its ill usory ap­ try and horticulture. T herefore, ~he pearance upon our horizon-have only Editor is establi shing a new depart­ fo rtified this conclusion. In this short ment of the magazine, which will bear time agricultural methods, were it not t he heading which introduces this ar­ fo r the fact that they have been " revo­ ticle. T his column will attempt to pre­ lutionized" so many times in the past, sent in each issue of the magazine ( un­ could be said to have been threatened less the project is vetoed by our read­ several times with violent overturn be­ ers) an informative review of certain cause of chemi.cal discoveries. F irst aspects of chemical research in rela- [46] Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 47 tion to agriculture. It will emphasize water. It occurs there as an ingredient 1iovelty but not at the expense of veri­ of smoke or product of fe rmentation ty and conservatism. It wi ll especially and electric discharges. T hus the eschew the role of ari oracle on plant plant's supply of nitrogen may be in­ pests and methods of combatting t hem, creased from rain, but whether it is for research in chemistry relates to taken up through the leaves or only horticulture in many ways as signifi­ from the soil is uncertain . cant or more so than its output of pest More than 20 years ago it was ob­ killers. And finally, the Secti

name of Rapidgro; it contains phos­ come familiar to nearly all the adult phorus and potassium in addition to population but most of us have been nitrogen, all in water-soluble form. It dosed at some time with one or an­ and N u-Green are applied in solution other of the antibiotics which have be­ at the rate of one pound in thiriy gal­ come almost indispensable in the medi­ lons, with repetitions at two-to-three cal care of human ailments. Their use week intervals. They may even be is almost as extensive with domestic combined with certain fungicides or animals, not only in the treatment of insecticides in a general purpose spray disease but as growth-promoting sup­ for controlling pests and stimulating plements in the diet. plant growth. ' Doubtless the organk gardeners will About four years ago the first suc­ shudder at this perversion of natural cessful application of an antibiotic to nutrition of plants. Or perhaps they the control of a plant disease was an­ will resort to the same process of nounced. Now comes news of their rationalization by which they classify use as growth-promoting factors in rock phosphate as "organic" and there­ plant nutrition. Several of the anti­ fore respectable, whereas superphos­ biotics familiar in medicine, such as phate (which is made from rock phos­ penicillin, bacitracin, and terramycin, phate) is inorganic, chemical, and as well as others thus far known only poisonous. By this standard the use in the laboratory, are reported by of the organic nitrogen compound, chemists of Chas. Pfizer & Company urea, on foliage would be acceptable, to have produced two- and three-fold even though contrary to nature, but to increases in the growth of experimen­ combine it with inorganic phosphorus tal plants, using dilutions as great as and potassium would smack of chem­ one part of the antibiotic in 900,000 of istry, and be altogether repugnant. But water. Although the price of antibi­ we, in our benighted state, only sug­ otics has been reduced phenomenally gest that you try foliage feeding and since they were introduced, they are observe the results for yourselves. still a bit expensive to use as fertilizers. ANTIBIOTICS FOR PLANTS The novelty of this discovery and its A bare decade after the advent of possible effect on present theories of the first conimercialized antibiotic, plant nutrition must, however, excite penicillin, not only has the word be- our interest. A Book Or Two

Systematics Of Flowering Plants. Pa­ my, cytology, physiology, ecology, and tricia Mann. Pitman Publishing genetics, it bears a reciprocal relation. Corp., 2 West 45th Street, New No natural classifi·cation can be com­ York. 1952. 307 pages, with 182 piled without reference to each, nor line illustrations. $4.50. can any be profitably studied unless Systematics, by co-ordinating all as­ the individual plants have first been pects of the study of a plant's exis­ classified. tence, forms and ideal foundation to This book begins with an account of the study of botany. To all other as­ the history of systematics and nomen­ pects of botany-morphology, anato- clature, and then deals with the vari- Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 49 ous principles involved. Part II dem­ State College of Forestry. He began onstrates the application of these prin­ this opus while on the faculty of Wil­ ciples to twelve families of flowering liam and Mary College. Dr. Taylor, a plants. Part III contains an illustrated botanist, is Assistant Administrative glossary of the morphological terms Secretary of the American Association used and Part IV gives practical in­ for the Advancement of Science. structions for floral dissections and the Orders for this book should be sent construction of floral diagrams. to The Craft House, Williamsburg, The ,first book of its kind to be pub­ Virginia. lished, it should prove of great. value Weed Control. A Textbook And to students and lovers of flowering Manual. Wilfred W. Robbins, Alden plants. S. Crafts, and Richard N. Raynor. Plants Of Colonial Days. Raymond McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., L. Taylor. Colonial Williamsburg, 330 West 42nd Street, New York Williamsburg, Virginia. 1952. With 36, New York. 1952. 503 pages, illustrations by Dorothy L. Park. illustrated. $8.00. $1.25. This new textbook and manual i'3 The sub-title of this interesting designed to cover the subject of weeds study of plants grown in the eighteenth and weed control from the economi(' century American gardens is, A Guide and agronomic standpoints, to present To 160 Flowers, Shrubs, And Trees a modern view of the rapidly develop­ In The Gardens Of Colonial Williams­ ing field of chemical weed control, and burg. The author's study covers plants to answer many questions that are con .. now growing in the gardens of this re­ stantly being asked concerning the constructed colonial city. These gar­ control and eradication of common dens were recreated in their eighteenth weed pests. century form after painstaking re­ The material is presented on the search into the types of plants then college level, but may be successfun.y used. The book is limited to 160 prin­ used by botanists and agronomists. I ~ cipal species of ornamental trees gives a balanc,ed and ·comprehensive shrubs, and flowers, and does not in­ coverage compatible with established clude cultivated fruits, herbs, grasses, curricula in botany, ecology, . an,i sedges, rushes or "weeds." agronomy. It presents in some detail The book gives the history of ea<:h research upon which much of modern species, and traces the origin of its herbicide usage is based. name, often back into folklore and an­ Changes in this new edition include: cient medical science. It describes the 1) Modernization and streamlining of strange household and medical uses the chapters covering the economics that were made of plants from the days and ecology of weeds; 2) Almost com­ of mythology through the American plete rewriting of the chapters on colonial period. Each plant is illus­ chemical and weed control. Newer trated by Miss Park of Dover, Massa­ chemicals are carefully and adequately chusetts, specialist in botanical draw­ covered. References to all pertinent l11gs. research are included; 3) Material on Dr. Taylor was an Austin Teaching brush control, aquatic weed control, F,ellow in Botany at H:arvard Univer­ and pre-emergence methods reflecting sity, did research for the Maine Forest the modern trend in chemical weed Service and taught at the New York control; and 4) Revised illustrations 50 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1953

which show recent developments in play in soil processes. Dr. Waksman chemicals and modernization of ma­ describes the general flora and fauna chinery, particularly the spray air­ of the soil, the decomposition of plant plane. and animal residues, the formation ot This book is broad yet fundamental humus, and the transformation of vari­ in its approach; it is thorough in cov­ ous elements essential for plant growth. erage; and it reflects the long experi­ He deals further with the general ence of its authors in research, teach­ applications of soil microbiology to ing and practical agricultural extension other fields of knowledge, especially work. soil formation and fertility, plant nu­ The book was revised by Richard trition, and crop production. Recent N. Raynor, Plant Physiologist, Tech­ developments in the field and the most nical and Development Division, The promising lines of future research are Dow Chemical Company, San Fran­ also pointed out. S oil Microbiology cisco, California; Alden S. Crafts, replaces the well known book entitled Professor of Botany and Botanist in The Soil And The Microbe written by the Experiment Station, College of Dr. Waksman and Robert L. Starkey Agriculture, University of California ; which was published by Wiley in 1931. and Wilfred W. Robbins, Late Pro­ Dr. Waksman is professor and fessor of Botany, Emeritus and Botan­ chairman of the Department of Micro­ ist in the Experiment Station, College biology at Rutgers University. N oter:! of Agriculture, University of Cali­ the world over for his discovery of fornia. streptomycin and other valuable anti­ My Great Oak T1'ee Al1d Other Poe111Ls bioti·cs, he has devoted over thirty Liberty Hyde Bailey. Chronica Bo­ years to intensive research. tanica Company, Waltham, Massa­ Seaweeds And Thei1' Uses. V. J. chusetts. 1952. Chapman. Pitman Publishing Corp .. This keepsake was issued by the 2 'Nest 45th Street, New York 36, Editor of Chronica Botanica for the I ew York. 1952. 287 pages, 20 '. Members of the American Institute of halftone plates and 52 text illustra­ Biological Sciences, attending the Cor­ tons. $6.00. nell University Meetings, September Dr. Chapman has written a very 8-10, 1952. The brochure contains a reasonable book and has succeeded ad· dozen of Dr. Bailey's poems. Gratis mirably in his avowed intention as ex­ copies may be obtained from the press·ed in the preface, as far as this publisher. "general reader" is concerned for he Soil Microbiology. Selman A. Waks­ has no personal interest in seaweed!:' man. John Wiley and Sons., Inc .. nor does it seem likely that he will ever 440 Fourth Avenue, New York 16. live where he could take such an inter­ New York. 1952. 356 pages, illus­ est first-hand. Whether the reader trated. $6.00. with "technical knowledge" will be as The biological, physical and chemi­ happy, we do not know. cal activities of the soil in which mi­ The author clearly defines his field crobes are involved are di~cussed in and goes about his business of telling detail by Professor Waksman. The where seaweeds of possible economic author surveys the nature and abun­ importance grow, what has been done dance of microorganisms in the soil with them in the past, whether on the and reviews the important role they folk level or on attempted levels of Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 51 commercialism. He suggests whether For more than a hundred of our in­ or not some of the latter schemes are teresting birds the author has covered promising. Seaweeds as food, medi­ various phases of their ways of life­ cine, sources of chemicals, fertilizers, an accurate description of each as to and laboratory products are all treated colori ng, habits, food finding, of mat­ here and readably. ing, nesting, songs, and migration. N ow that there is such a rash on The author reminds us of the im­ books about "the sea" some of the portance of protecting, through estab­ readers who have gushed over tht! li shment of refuges, some of the very more widely read volumes, might well rare birds that are nearing extinction. take a diverting side trip into the pres­ It is a book of absorbing interest to ent book. There are a good index, de­ lightful pictures including some repro­ the initiated in bird lore and should be ductions of oriental plates, and a group stimulating to the novice. It is recom­ of plates at the end of the volume. The mended as a means of cheer for shut­ line drawings are beautiful and might ins. The American Garden Guild could intrigue even textile designers! do nothing finer than its part in mak­ Our Amazing Birds. Robert S. Lem­ ing this splendid work of a fine author mon. American G:-.rden Guild and available to bird lovers everywhere. Doubleday and Company, Inc., 575 M r. Lemmon has been a life-long Madison Avenue, ew York 22, bird student and was fortunate enough New York. 1952. 239 pages, with in his youth to be under the tutelage 102 illustrations in black and white of Frank M. Chapman. A graduate of by Don R. Eckelberry. $3.95. Yale University, he has been devoting This vo lume, sub-titled, The Little­ his time for the past thirty years to Known Fads About Theil' Pl'ivate editing, writing, and lecturi ng in the Lives is most appropriately named, fields of agri culture, gardening, and bringing to the minds and hearts of all nature. Mr. Eckelberry is one of bird lovers a wealth of delightful and America's young painters of birds. He astonishing results of careful observa­ has been a staff artist for the National tions of our feathered friends, both Audubon Society and recently did the water and land. The illustrations are illustrations fo r the Audubo'n Bl:rd spl.en did and, to the minds of those GHide and the Audubon TtVa,ter Bird who have enjoyed fi eld "birding," all Guide. are extremely accurate and beautiful. MARY G. VAN METER The Gardener's Pocketbook

A Pm'table P1'opOJgati1'bg Case For plasti'c. This type of glass substitute Gree'nhou,se Benches is lightweight, shatterproof and dura­ The small commercial growers and ble. In addition, it cuts down the light -those home gardeners who have a intensity over the cuttings. small greenhouse frequently find it The case is aligned with the bench difficult to supply the conditions neces­ by means of flanges, two near the ends sary for propagation without sacrific­ of the front and one at the center of ing much needed growing spcKe. U~u­ the rear of the frame. The lightweight ally cuttings are rooted on an open cover is conveniently held open by at­ bench, subject to the temperature and taching it by a chain to a wire running moisture con d i t ions that prevail along above the bench. For durability throughout the entire house. Fre­ and finish, aluminum paint has been quently, a newspaper or cheesecloth very satisfactory. The over-all weight laid on top of the cuttings is the only of the case is approximately 22 pounds attempt at protection. Since such con­ andean be easily shifted from one lo­ ditions s·carcely approximate those cation to another by one person. Since found in the low, humid and warm the frame sits on top of the bench, it propagating houses of the commercial is desirable to fill the bench to the top propagators, the cuttings require more with the rooting medium and to place attention and the results are often o'lass strips down along the sides of b . mediocre. At the U. S. Plant Intro­ the frame into the medium to glve duction Garden, Glenn Dale, Md., a added insulation. lightweight, po r tab 1 e, propagating frame has been developed after several USES years of use and is now recommended The frames are most useful for root­ generally for converting open green­ ing cuttings. However, for delicate house benches into adequate, tempo­ seed the case has been found to be rary, closed beds. These units are in­ equ;lly desirable as a germinating expensive, easily constructed and will chamber. Frequently, when plants are greatly aid the grower in his propaga­ moved from a propagating house to tion work. the open bench, wilting and loss ?f DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION leaves occur due to the change 111 temperature, light and humidity. Plac­ The case illustrated here is made up ing one of the units over such material of 1" wood stock, joined with angle and gradually ventilating the case will irons. A unit four feet long is sug­ reduce this temporary setback the gested as convenient for handling and plants receive. the width of the particular bench used for propagation. The frame slopes As a propagating bed, the case pre­ from 4" at the back to 2" at the front vents the rapid drying of the rooting thus permitting water to run off the medium and the loss of high humidity cover and the narrow frontpiece is less around the cuttings. It also acts as likely to interfere with the placing of insulation against heat loss, eliminates cuttings in the rooting medium. The drafts and prevents the unnecessary cover is framed with 1" x 2" material wetting of the cuttings when adjacent fitted with 14 mesh wire screen cloth potted plants are being watered. which is imbedded in moistureproof JOHN L. CREECH, Gle1q,n Dale, Md. [52] Jan. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 53 List of Reprints from The National Horticultural Magazines Available for Sale, Prepaid Orders should be sent to: Secretary, The American H orticultural Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg Road, N . E. W ashington 2, D . c.

BLASDALE, w . c. Varieties of lilium superbum .10 SAUNDERS, SILVIA Primela ma lacoides . 15 HOUSER, H. A. Portfolio of peony species (pic- BOGGS, K. D. Methods of raising garden lilies tures on ly) .25 Old floral decorations .20 from seed .25 SLATE, GEORGE L. BOSWELL, V. R. HUME, H. HAROLD Lily notes: Sweet potatoes in Japan .20 COffelation of classification and dis- Minor species of Asiatic lilies .25 BREAKEY & COURTNEY tribution in zephyranthes .25 Minor species of European lilies .25 Fasciation in the Easter L il y .25 Evergreen hollies native in U. S. .50 Ra ising lilies from seeds .10 BRIERLEY, P. IHLDER, L. , Some random lily notes .25 What can be done about lily mosaic .10 Gardening in shade . 10 SLATE & IMLE BUCKLEY, A. JONES, K. D. Living with lily mosaic .10 Seed lings of the golden rayed lily .10 Acacias in California .50 SPINGARN, ] . E. CAMP, W . H. Plants of New Zealand grown in Large flowered clematis, tentative 'I'he names of plants in cultivation .10 California . 50 check list .25 CAMPAU, E. L. Thirty more climbers for Cali- STEVENSON, F. J. Phlox) the new garden aristocrats .20 fornia .50 Breeding potatoes resistant to dis- CASAMA]OR, R. KILLI P, E. P. eases .10 The story of Camellia reticulata .25 Bomarea, a genus of showy Andean STOUT, A. B. COOK, o. F. plants .25 Me!TIo re nomenclature of lilies .10 Household palms and related genera KRAUS, E. ]. STOUTEMYER, V. T. Part I .25 Developing new clones of chrys- Propagation of Chinanthus retusus Part II .25 anthemums .25 A diminutive palm from Maryland .25 by cuttings .10 LIVINGSTON, A. Propagation of muscari by leaf Cascade Palms in S. Mexico .25 Lilies from seed .25 cuttings .10 Oi l palms in Florida, Haiti and LOOMIS, H. F. Panama .25 Starting and growing plants in New crape myrtle for Florida . 15 Climbing and creeping palms in sphagnum moss .25 New palms in Florida .15 Mexico .25 THOMAS, C. C. Nipa pa lm of Orient .15 A new commercial palm in Propagation of some deciduous Virgin orchid . 10 Ecuador .25 trees from soft wood cuttings .10 CREECH, ] . L. LOR ENS, KARL K. Some factors influencing rooting of Philadelphus Belle Etoile .10 A seven year study of orierrtal cuttings of Chinese holly .10 Philadelphus notes .25 poppies .25 TRAUB, HAMILTON CUMMING, ALEX. MARSHALL, W. T. Development of American horticul- Garden chrysanthemums .25 Cactus and succulents, Jan. 1946 .10 tural literature, Part 1 .10 CURTIS, A. E. Cactus and succulents, July 1946 . 15 Development of American horticul- Papaver orientale .25 Cactus and succulents, Oct. 1946 .15 tural literature, Part 2 .10 DAY, L. Cactus and succulents, Jan. 1947 .15 Horticultural periodicals .10 Begonias .25 Cactus and succulents, Apr. 1947 .15 Tendencies in development of Tuberous begonias .25 Cactus and succulents, July 1947 .15 American Horticultural Associa- DORAN, W. L. Cactus and SUCCUlents, Jan. 1948 .15 tion . • 10 Protection of lilies against damp~ Epiphyllums, phyllocacti and orchid VARGAS, CESAR C. ing-off .10 cacti .05 Two new bomareas and a new EASTWOOD, A. McCLELLAND, T. B. stenomesson .10 The true species of fuchsia cul- A new device for layering .05 WALLER, A. E. tivated in California .25 MclLHENNY, E. A. What's in a name ESSIG, E. O. Bamboo growing for t'he South .25 WARNER, R. M. Fuchsias .50 Bamboo, a must for the South .25 Success with Lilium japonicum .10 FOOTE, F. E. McKELVY, SUSAN DELANO WEDDLE, CHARLES A well considered schedule for Arctomecon californicum . 10 The elegant zinnia .25 judging narcissi .10 McRAY & WARNER WHERRY, E. T. FOSTER, M. B. Historical sketch of tulip mosaic .25 Our native phloxes and their hor­ Lateral inflorescences in the Bro- MORGAN, R. ticultural derivatives meliaceae .20 The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden .25 American azaleas and their varia­ My flower has a temperature .10 MORRISON, B. Y. tions FOX, H. M. Achimenes, preliminary notes .25 List of plants requiring circum- Chinese li li es discovered by French More about African vio lets .25 neutral soils .OS missionaries .15 New quinine from this hemisphere .25 Key to cu ltivated hostas .10 GLASS, P. Notes on old varieties of Indian WILSON, WARREN C. Jeff erson and plant introduction .10 azaleas .25 Collecting alpines in the Shick~ GRA VES, GEORGE NELSON, IRA S. shocks .25 The beach plum, its written record .25 A review of Louisiana irises .25 Collecting western alpines by air .25 Verschaffelt's Nouvelle icon. des OPITZ, K. W. camellias .25 Hybrid clivias for distinction and WYMAN, D. GROFF, G. WEIDMAN beauty .10 Hedges for North America .to Standardized metal mar cot box for PRUVEY, H. YOUNG, ROBERT A. plant propagation .25 Transmission of characters between Bamboos for American horticul- HAWKES, A. D. Rhododendron haematodes and ture: Masc:lfena vershaffeltii . 10 R. fortunei . 10 I. Smaller hardy bamboo .25 HENRY, MARY G. REED, C. A. II. Medium size hardy bamboo .25 Collecting plants in northern Brit- Beginning pecan growing as an I II. Larger hardy bamboo .25 ish Columbia (Bound) 1.25 orchard industry .25 IV. Tropical type .25 Some eastern penstemons .25 1946 status Chi nese chestnut grow- V. Tropical type .25 Our splendid eastern gentians .25 ing in Eastern U. S. .25 The Chayote .25 Lilium canadense .10 RICKER & NEWMAN YOUNGMAN, w. H. Lilium bakerianum . 10 Nursery and seed trade catalog The United States vegetable seed Crushed stone for lilies .10 collection of U. S. .25 industry .10 An interesting variety of Lilium ROBERTS, EDITH A. Gardens an important cog in Ger- superbum • t 0 American ferns, how to grow them . '':) man food supply .10 [54 ]