DOCSLIB.ORG

Education, Gender, and Science in the Colden Family of New York, 1720

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Education, Gender, and Science in the Colden Family of New York, 1720 Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Family of Science: Education, Gender, and Science in the Colden Family of New York 1720-1770 Colleen Beck-Kaplan Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FAMILY OF SCIENCE: EDUCATION, GENDER, AND SCIENCE IN THE COLDEN FAMILY OF NEW YORK 1720-1770 By COLLEEN BECK-KAPLAN A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded Spring Semester, 2010 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Colleen Beck-Kaplan defended on March 26, 2010. ___________________________________ Edward Gray Professor Directing Thesis ___________________________________ Jennifer Koslow Committee Member ___________________________________ Frederick Davis Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………….iv 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………1 2. THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD OF THE COLDEN FAMILY………...……………………………………………………………..7 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF GENDER AND FAMILY……………………….22 4. EDUCATION IN THE COLONIES AND IN THE COLDEN FAMILY…………..…………………………………………………………..41 5. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………....54 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….57 7. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH…………………………………………………63 iii ABSTRACT Investigation into how the Jane and Cadwallader Colden navigated the physical, social, and cultural environment of colonial New York both as regular people representative of their class, and as scientists offers insight into the changing nature of colonial society and views of science in the mid 1700s. The work of the Coldens is especially important to this topic because it shows the influence of Enlightenment thought in creating “proper” fields of science and intellectual activity in the English colonies on in the mid to late 18th century when this “feminization” of certain sciences is often seen as primarily an English phenomenon of the 19th century. Instead, their work shows that this was a trans-Atlantic change with earlier origins. As elite women participated in the sciences with greater frequency, multiple narratives emerged in both England and the American colonies, to justify this change and place it in an understandable context. For men, society accepted participation in sciences as a manifestation of Enlightenment values focused on reason. Women‟s participation in the sciences, on the other hand, was often justified through an appeal to natural philosophy or through emphasis on continuity with established beliefs about manners and hetero- gender social interaction that generally mandated familial support for their endeavors. By examining the writings of the Colden family and commentary on changes to intellectual culture that emerged in popular pamphlets and behavior manuals we can see that the groundwork for the „feminization‟ of certain intellectual subjects such as botany was already in place in the 18th century and examine some of the cultural forces that led to this trend which would continue into the 19th century. iv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Cadwallader Colden and his daughter Jane were active participants in the trans- Atlantic exchange of ideas and natural specimens that marked the 18th century „age of reason.‟ Cadwallader was one of the very few colonial American scientists of his time to write works on theoretical or “pure” science for the international community. He did so although he lived far from British centers of learning and therefore lacked strong institutional support and patronage. Jane Colden also participated in the international exchange of ideas while compiling a classification of New York plants according to Linnaeus‟ method. Jane‟s engagement with botany was groundbreaking for her gender, but in other respects she, like her father, was a typical colonial. Thus for most of his life Cadwallader‟s primary occupation was governance or medicine, never physics or natural science. Likewise Jane‟s time was dominated not by botany, but by household duties and the social obligations of women of her class first in her role as a daughter, and after she married, as mistress of her own home. Investigation into how the Coldens navigated the physical, social, and cultural environment of colonial New York both as regular people representative of their class, and as scientists offers insight into the changing nature of elite colonial society and views of science in the mid 1700s. Furthermore, examination of the importance of gender and family in mediating how one participated in natural philosophy in the colonies also offers a new perspective on the history of science and on the colonial period more broadly. The 18th century was a time of great change in the scientific world, and Cadwallader Colden‟s writings help illuminate how changes in scientific thought were understood in the colonies. They not only show the interplay between natural theology and an emerging focus on rationalism that was so critical to this era, but also illuminate some of the paths for reception and transmission of ideas in the colonies of the British Atlantic world which occurred in informal settings dominated by the influence of family 1 and personal relationships. Among the most important ideas that can be traced in the work of the Coldens is that of Linnaean taxonomy from Cadwallader to Jane through an intergenerational transmission of ideas and from Cadwallader to other of his associates in the New World who were linked to him by friendship and common interest. Taken together, the lives and collected writings of this father-daughter pair expose some of the limits and expectations placed on scientific writing by duty, family, gender, and colonial status. Cadwallader Colden was a loyalist and has therefore been neglected in much of the historiography of late colonial American in favor of those who supported the revolution. As an outsider, his writings present an opportunity to look at colonial science somewhat removed from a nationalistic narrative. This is especially important in the years leading up to the American Revolution because of the ease with which any narrative about the Enlightenment in the colonies can be conflated with the rise of American national identity. At the root of the problem of nationalistic narratives in the history of science for colonial America is defining what constitutes American science. As with the general population, some colonial scientists/natural philosophers more closely identified themselves as English and some as Americans which has led to some confusion about how historians should classify the men and women of this era. Because there were few colonists who were internationally known for their work, Earlier works which predated the emergence of the Atlantic World as a popular thematic approach were especially prone to characterize colonial American science as either wholly derivative of English work or wholly unique to the exclusion of English connections.1 Such a focus was also due in part to studies that were heavily focused either on institutions or great men rather than the transmission of ideas and establishment of both trans-Atlantic and tran-colonial networks of intellectual exchange.2 1 One foundational works on colonial American science which takes the first view is Stearns‟ work whereas books highlighting American contributions tend to focus on recognizably American figures . Phinea Raymond Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1970) and Bernard Cohen. Benjamin Franklin's Science (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1990) 2 The focus on institutions has also often led to the assumption that American science did not really start until the 1840s with the establishment of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2 Examination of Jane Colden‟s place in the scientific community helps bring these networks to light because her entrance into the field was so dependent on personal and familial networks of support. Jane had to navigate many social expectations of her gender such as the expectation for women to be modest and quiet which generally precluded most women of this era from publishing works for a large audience. By working with her father, however, the involvement in a family project protected her reputation. As a native-born colonist she had easy access to the natural wonders of the new world, but was also reliant on books from Europe and her father‟s attention to her education to be able to present them in an acceptable ways to authorities in Europe. She also had to confront biases against colonial production of new knowledge, but was born into a small but growing network of intellectuals in the colonies many of whom were very supportive of her work, and who could then in turn, share their Atlantic connections.3 Jane‟s role in this community also brings into focus how 18th century colonial American society understood gender roles in regards to women‟s increased participation in intellectual activities.4 Caroline Winterer delves into great detail about how society created new expectations of behavior as a result of women‟s increased access to classical texts and education, but a similar development in the natural sciences--exemplified in the life of Jane Colden--has not been fully explored.5 One reason the scientific aspect
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAN STYLE, 1700 – 1800 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ROBYN DAVIS M CMILLIN Norman, Oklahoma 2009 SCIENCE IN THE AMERICAN STYLE, 1700 – 1800 A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ________________________ Prof. Paul A. Gilje, Chair ________________________ Prof. Catherine E. Kelly ________________________ Prof. Judith S. Lewis ________________________ Prof. Joshua A. Piker ________________________ Prof. R. Richard Hamerla © Copyright by ROBYN DAVIS M CMILLIN 2009 All Rights Reserved. To my excellent and generous teacher, Paul A. Gilje. Thank you. Acknowledgements The only thing greater than the many obligations I incurred during the research and writing of this work is the pleasure that I take in acknowledging those debts. It would have been impossible for me to undertake, much less complete, this project without the support of the institutions and people who helped me along the way. Archival research is the sine qua non of history; mine was funded by numerous grants supporting work in repositories from California to Massachusetts. A Friends Fellowship from the McNeil Center for Early American Studies supported my first year of research in the Philadelphia archives and also immersed me in the intellectual ferment and camaraderie for which the Center is justly renowned. A Dissertation Fellowship from the Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History provided months of support to work in the daunting Manuscript Division of the New York Public Library. The Chandis Securities Fellowship from the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens brought me to San Marino and gave me entrée to an unequaled library of primary and secondary sources, in one of the most beautiful spots on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PLANTING A NEW WORLD: LETTERS AND LANGUAGES OF TRANSATLANTIC BOTANICAL EXCHANGE, 1733-1777 By STEPHANIE VOLMER A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Literatures in English written under the direction of Myra Jehlen and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planting a New World: Letters and Languages of Transatlantic Botanical Exchange, 1733-1777 by STEPHANIE VOLMER Dissertation Director: Myra Jehlen My dissertation describes an important change in the accepted understanding and imagination of nature. This change took place over the course of the eighteenth century, when nature, from being conceived of as a settled state subject to cyclical change, came to be seen as mobile and mutable. The sense of a mobile, mutable nature--the dissertation's central trope--arose from the experience of travel and discovery, which was accompanied from the first by a vigorous process of transplantation. Plants and seeds were carried across oceans, having been dug up on one continent to be replanted often in another. From being static and predictable, plant life therefore became, for scholars and poets alike, dynamic, mutable, and adaptable. I focus on the writings of a small group of men in the Anglo-American world, including John and William Bartram, Peter Collinson, Alexander Garden, John Ellis, and Carl Linnaeus, who were engaged in the work of transporting, planting, writing about, and classifying botanical objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History Biographies
    44 BANISTERIA NO. 12, 1998 Natural History Biographies Banisteria, No. 12, 1998 Clayton returned to England in 1686, taking some © 1998 by the Virginia Natural History Society drawings of plants, probably some collections and much information about Virginia. On ship-board he took notes THE TWO JOHN CLAYTONS OF VIRGINIA – on sea turtles, the habits of “smal black divers” Because of their identical names, these two writers about (=Dovekies), and “prodigious floating Islands of Ice.” In Virginia’s early natural history have long been confused England he continued pastoral duties as rector of the even though they lived in different time periods. Perhaps ancient Church of All Saints at Crofton and his scientific the easiest way to keep them separate is to refer to the studies. Once he traveled to London to discuss his design earlier one as “The Reverend,” and the later one as “The of a speaking trumpet with the famous Robert Boyle. He Botanist.” From the following condensed biographies, it worked with Dr. Allen Moulin with whom he prepared will become clear that “The Reverend” was more of an all- exquisite detailed drawings of dissected birds’ heads and round naturalist and scientist, whereas “The Botanist” nervous systems. In 1697 he became Dean of Kildare in concentrated on entirely plants. Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until his death in 1725. 1. The Reverend John Clayton (1657-1725) Between 1688 and 1694 Clayton, as the Rector of Crofton at Wakefield in Yorkshire, sent several lengthy, This John Clayton was born in Lancashire, England, detailed letters to the Royal Society, each published in the graduated from Oxford (B.A., 1678; M.A., 1682), showed Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of an early interest in science (medicine, zoology, chemistry, London.
    [Show full text]
  • “Jogging Along with and Without James Logan: Early Plant Science in Philadelphia”
    1 Friday, 19 September 2014, 1:30–3:00 p.m.: Panel II: “Leaves” “Jogging Along With and Without James Logan: Early Plant Science in Philadelphia” Joel T. Fry, Bartram's Garden Presented at the ― James Logan and the Networks of Atlantic Culture and Politics, 1699-1751 conference Philadelphia, PA, 18-20 September 2014 Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author These days, John Bartram (1699-1777) and James Logan (1674-1751) are routinely recognized as significant figures in early American science, and particularly botanic science, even if exactly what they accomplished is not so well known. Logan has been described by Brooke Hindle as “undoubtedly the most distinguished scientist in the area” and “It was in botany that James Logan made his greatest contribution to science.” 1 Raymond Stearns echoed, “Logan’s greatest contribution to science was in botany.”2 John Bartram has been repeatedly crowned as the “greatest natural botanist in the world” by Linnaeus no less, since the early 19th century, although tracing the source for that quote and claim can prove difficult.3 Certainly Logan was a great thinker and scholar, along with his significant political and social career in early Pennsylvania. Was Logan a significant botanist—maybe not? John Bartram too may not have been “the greatest natural botanist in the world,” but he was very definitely a unique genius in his own right, and almost certainly by 1750 Bartram was the best informed scientist in the Anglo-American world on the plants of eastern North America. There was a short period of active scientific collaboration in botany between Bartram and Logan, which lasted at most through the years 1736 to 1738.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblioqraphy & Natural History
    BIBLIOQRAPHY & NATURAL HISTORY Essays presented at a Conference convened in June 1964 by Thomas R. Buckman Lawrence, Kansas 1966 University of Kansas Libraries University of Kansas Publications Library Series, 27 Copyright 1966 by the University of Kansas Libraries Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66-64215 Printed in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., by the University of Kansas Printing Service. Introduction The purpose of this group of essays and formal papers is to focus attention on some aspects of bibliography in the service of natural history, and possibly to stimulate further studies which may be of mutual usefulness to biologists and historians of science, and also to librarians and museum curators. Bibli• ography is interpreted rather broadly to include botanical illustration. Further, the intent and style of the contributions reflects the occasion—a meeting of bookmen, scientists and scholars assembled not only to discuss specific examples of the uses of books and manuscripts in the natural sciences, but also to consider some other related matters in a spirit of wit and congeniality. Thus we hope in this volume, as in the conference itself, both to inform and to please. When Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian of the Library Company of Phila• delphia, and then Chairman of the Rare Books Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, asked me to plan the Section's program for its session in Lawrence, June 25-27, 1964, we agreed immediately on a theme. With few exceptions, we noted, the bibliography of natural history has received little attention in this country, and yet it is indispensable to many biologists and to historians of the natural sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linnaean Collections
    THE LINNEAN SPECIAL ISSUE No. 7 The Linnaean Collections edited by B. Gardiner and M. Morris WILEY-BLACKWELL 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ © 2007 The Linnean Society of London All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The designations of geographic entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers, the Linnean Society, the editors or any other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The Linnaean Collections Introduction In its creation the Linnaean methodology owes as much to Artedi as to Linneaus himself. So how did this come about? It was in the spring of 1729 when Linnaeus first met Artedi in Uppsala and they remained together for just over seven years. It was during this period that they not only became the closest of friends but also developed what was to become their modus operandi. Artedi was especially interested in natural history, mineralogy and chemistry; Linnaeus on the other hand was far more interested in botany. Thus it was at this point that they decided to split up the natural world between them. Artedi took the fishes, amphibia and reptiles, Linnaeus the plants, insects and birds and, while both agreed to work on the mammals, Linneaus obligingly gave over one plant family – the Umbelliforae – to Artedi “as he wanted to work out a new method of classifying them”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colden Family of Early America
    The Colden Family of Early America The Coldengham Preservation & Historical Society has been formed in the Town of Montgomery to assist in preserving the home of Cadwallader Colden II, son of Alice and Cadwallader Colden. This structure is known as the stone castle, located on Rt 17K in the eastern part of the town. Other organizational goals include conducting research and providing education regarding this wonderful family. Visit the society’s web page here http://hvanaken.com/colden/ This essay provides a brief overview of the accomplishments of the Colden family of colonial America, including their remarkable children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The main purpose of this document is to focus on the Colden family and will only briefly mention medicine, science and the official roles that this family played in colonial and post-war American affairs. Chapter 1 – Alice and Cadwallader Colden: The Early Years, an Introduction to the Coldens ...................................... 1 Chapter 2 – Education of the Colden Children................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 3 - Children of Alice Christy and Cadwallader Colden, Sr ................................................................................ 5 Chapter 4 – The Children of Ann and David Colden (and one grandson) ....................................................................... 9 Chapter 5 – The Children of Peter and Elizabeth Colden DeLancey............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Plants We Use Materials
    Treats and Treasures From the Botanical World Pre and Post Field Study Packet Field Study Orientation From the time that humans first walked the earth, plants have been vital to their very survival. Plants produce the oxygen that we breathe and are directly or indirectly responsible for the food that we eat. Many of our medicines, clothing, housing materials, and fuels were once plants! As a society we have slowly become separated from the sources of our food and other items that we use in our everyday lives. When asked whether they have eaten any plants lately, many children will reply “no”. This is true even though they have consumed a breakfast of cereal, oatmeal, bagels, or toast. In this field trip to the State Botanical Garden, children will discover the importance of plants in their daily lives. They will learn that the foods, medicines, and other products that they use every day do not just come from local stores, but have their origins in plants from around the world. Lastly, they will team up with classmates to become plant explorers who, like Bartram and Columbus, might spend their lives in search of undiscovered plant species. A Field Trip for Grades 3-5 The State Botanical Garden of Georgia Revised 11/2007 Treats and Treasures From the Botanical World Pre and Post Field Study Packet CONTENTS PAGE Letter to Teacher p. 3 G.P.S. Correlations p. 4 Pre Field Study Activities Top Secret Mission p. 8 Plant Explorer's Training Worksheet p. 9 Plant Explorer Cards and Matching p.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio: Cadwallader Colden by Pamela Hutchison Garrett, 2016
    Bio: Cadwallader Colden by Pamela Hutchison Garrett, 2016 Cadwallader Colden was born in 1688, son of a Scottish clergyman Alexander Colden and his wife Janet Hughes. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and as a young man, spent time in his aunt’s household in Philadelphia. Returning from America to Scotland he was married about 1715 to Alice Christie. Not long after, the young couple made their home in New York. Colden had both scholarly and practical experience in the fields of botany, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Throughout his life he studied, experimented, and exchanged ideas with prominent men such as Carolus Linnaeus, and Benjamin Franklin. He was an active member of the American Philosophical Society, and held a prolific correspondence with several other members. His most noted literary contribution was his book, “A History of the Five Indian Nations . .”, published in 1727. In late life he took time to write a number of agricultural and philosophic treatises. Public service was an integral part of Cadwallader Colden’s life. Among many offices, he held the positions of Surveyor General, member and president of the Governor’s Council, and Lt Governor of New York. He was also a lifelong “servant” of the Church of England. Cadwallader Colden and his wife Alice Christie established their home farm, Coldenham, in Ulster (later Orange) county New York. They were the parents of eight children, born between 1716 and 1733, who lived into adulthood – Alexander “Sandie” Colden (m. Elizabeth Nichols); Elizabeth “Bettie” Colden (m. Peter DeLancey); Cadwallader “Caddie” Colden jr (m. Elizabeth Ellison); Jane “Jenny” Colden, noted botanist (m.
    [Show full text]
  • Jane Colden: Colonial American Botanist
    Jane Colden: Colonial American Botanist Mary Harrison "She deserves to be celebrated," wrote Peter Collinson to Linnaeus of Jane Colden, whom he described as "perhaps the first lady that has perfectly studied Linnaeus’ system."1 In the early eighteenth century only a few Bartram whom she had met when he visited her women in Europe or the American colomes father’s estate at Coldengham, New York. In a were involved in botany or any other science. letter written in January 1757, he thanks her for Those few were usually related to a man work- her letter and reports that he has read it "several ing in the subject: Sophia Sarah Banks assisted times with agreeable satisfaction." He adds, her brother, explorer and naturalist Joseph "Indeed I am very careful of it and it keeps Banks; Caroline Herschel became an astrono- company with the choicest correspondents, ye mer through her association with her brother european letters"-a high honor, for his Euro- William. And Jane Colden (1724-1766), the sub- pean correspondents included the predominant ject of Peter Collinson’s praise to Linnaeus in naturalists of the day: Peter Collinson, a his 1756 letter, was initiated into botany by her wealthy London draper and plant collector; father Cadwallader Colden.2 Philip Miller of the Chelsea Physic Garden; We know directly of Jane Colden’s botanical Carolus Linnaeus; and John Fothergill, patron of work through a single manuscript of hers that scientists and plant collectors.4 Another friend now resides in the British Museum. Nonethe- and correspondent, Dr. Alexander Garden of less, there is little doubt that she was a re- Charleston, South Carolina, in a letter to John spected member of an international community Ellis in 1755, passes on the information that that was deeply involved in the exchange of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Iroquoian Borderlands, 1720-1780
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 The texture of contact: European and Indian settler communities on the Iroquoian borderlands, 1720-1780 David L. Preston College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Preston, David L., "The texture of contact: European and Indian settler communities on the Iroquoian borderlands, 1720-1780" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623399. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-2kj3-rx94 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. THE TEXTURE OF CONTACT: EUROPEAN AND INDIAN SETTLER COMMUNITIES ON THE IROQUOIAN BORDERLANDS, 1720-1780 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David L. Preston 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©Copyright by David L. Preston All Rights Reserved 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. .APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of D o cto r o f Philosophy David L Preston Approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Loyalist Source Ill the Lnited
    Bibliography of Loyalist Source ill the Lnited W.KV \Ä-:\V-\'V\\\\. and JAMl^S K. MOONK I'ROÍÍUAXÍ KOR T.O^WiJSl' S'lTDIKS AND I'n-U.ICATIONS Hoi;i:in A. K XST, E.rccidiir Ihr... !• y \\\i.- I iiilril Slatrs. i.'\>r|:t ,\l:i^l;n and jijwaii. Stiidii's and l'iilîiiraiii ai^ was sujipri¡-rrd h\' a i;:r:au |V Naihaial r.iuit'W ¡licnL Inf ihr 1 IUHKHIÍÍ !i'>, \'.<Y whnd. tl i,\Tai;i i'> ("^pi't'iahv f,rali,'Un. nL\'i)nd îii(isr \\ ¡io rrih:h;] ¡•iMioi^rapliw ilu- l'ro^a-aü] i> in roüsidci'ahli- drht \x: da of tlir Í'^roi->ft¡¡iii!^<, }r,\]]¡ n. I k-noh, and úic SmàaU A ii! and jXit u M! i:i thr ] ¡r'niiini',' '^f'tliîs H--lirai,' l';>r Î:K; l ::.lru i^oÎKai A. 102 American Antiquarian Society LIST OF REPOSITORIES In the first three parts of this bibliography of the United States and in the list of Canadian sources that appeared earlier {Proceed- ings volume 82, part l), repositories were listed by location and each was assigned a number within a system that allowed the in- clusion of up to a hundred depositories for each state or province. That system is continued here in Part IV even though some western states have no Loyalist material for inclusion. The repositories were selected from among those in each state to which a question- naire was sent and following a research visit to that depository or the receipt of a negative response.
    [Show full text]