The Jaguar's Children: Pre-Classic Central

February 17 through May 9, 1965

The Museum of Primitive Art, New York Lenders to the exhibition Mr. Stuart P. Anderson, Mrs. McClure Capps, Mr. Charles B. Cohn, Mr. Gunnar Didrichsen, Dr. Franz Ebstein, Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Fur- man, Andre Emmerich Gallery, Mrs. Bernard F. Gimbel, Dr. Julian Goldsmith, Miss Rea Goodman, Alice and Nasli Heeramaneck, Mr. and Mrs. Irwin Hersey, Mr. and Mrs. Albert B. G. lardella, Mr. and Mrs. Genichiro Inokuma, Mrs. Jacob M. Kaplan, Mr. Michael Kan, Mr. Jay C. Leff, Mr. and Mrs. Miles Lourie, Mr. and Mrs. Leon Meadow, Mrs. Gertrud Mellon, Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Mr. and Mrs. Ben Mildwoff, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Needleman, Origins, Everett Rassiga, Inc., Mr. and Mrs. Arthur N. Seiff, Mr. Stanley Selengut, Miss Judith Small, Mr. Proctor Stafford, Stendahl Gal­ leries, Mr. Raymond Wielgus; American Museum of Natural History, , Chicago Museum of Natural History, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Peabody Museum of Archae­ ology and Ethnology, Harvard University, and seven collectors who wish to remain anonymous. The highlands of central Mexico have long been known as an Tlatilco area of considerable archaeological significance; a region that has the broad Valley of Mexico at its heart, it witnessed centuries 1 Open bowl in the shape of a fish. Brownware, 9" wide. of intellectual and artistic development paralleled in greatness by 2 Bottle. Red on buff, 11" high. Collection Andre Emmerich few civilizations. The Classic city of Teotihuacan gave central Gallery. New York Mexico a cultural superiority which even it own destruction could Squash shaped vessel. Blackware, traces of red pigment, not obliterate. "iVi" high. Collection Miss Judith Small, New York The importance of the area before the rise of Teotihuacan, during Tecomate. Whiteware, 4" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Gen- Pre-Classic times, is somewhat less certain. Well-known and doc­ ichiro Inokuma, New York umented sites in the Valley have long been thought to be among Seated figure with child. Red, white and yellow paint, 25/s" the earliest in Mexico. The discovery of the site of Tlatilco im­ high. Collection Mr. Proctor Stafford, Los Angeles measurably complicated the picture. At Tlatilco quantities of well- Standing figure with hole through chest. Remainder of yel­ made ceramics were found—bowls, bottles, jars, effigy forms, low and red paint, 5" high. seemingly limitless figurines—and with them pieces of great sophistication and distinctive character readily identifiable as Standing figure. White to yellow slip, 5V2" high. Olmec. Las Bocas The are now recognized as the first possessors of "high 3 culture" in Middle America. Fully developed during the period 8 Roller seal. Buffware, remainder of red paint, 2 A" high. known archaeologically as the Middle Pre-Classic (850-300 B.C.), 9 Seated figure. White slip, red pigment, 3%" high. American they built the first ceremonial center on the island of La Venta in Museum of Natural History, New York T109/227 coastal , were the first to produce hieroglyphic writing, 10 Tecomate, excised design. Blackware, red pigment, 3%" and the first to use the Long Count calendar. Artistically they are high. known for their fine stone sculpture. It ranges from monolithic 11 Bottle, animal paw design. Blackware, 7%" high. Collection altars, stelae, and colossal heads to small figures, celts and Dr. Franz Ebstein, Forest Hills ornaments carved in jade and serpentine. Iconographically their art is dominated by the were-jaguar, a half human-half animal 12 Vessel in the shape of a duck. Greyware, 3%" high. being, apparently the offspring of a human mother and a jaguar father. Were-jaguars were rain gods. Tlapacoya From their native lands along the Gulf Coast the Olmec spread 13 Straight-sided bowl, jaguar spot (?) design. White to buff, their influence throughout Mexico. In the central highlands it 4%" high. Collection Miss Judith Small, New York is found notably in the Valley of Mexico, the state of Morelos and 14 Seated figure. White slip. 6V2" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. the western portion of the state of Puebla. The key site in the Leff. Uniontown, Pa. area is undoubtedly where a series of Olmec reliefs 15 Two hunchbacks. Buffware, black paint, 3%" and 3%" are carved on boulders, the only occurence in the central high­ high. lands of this feature of the Gulf Coast Olmec. There is growing evidence to indicate that much of the cultural growth in central Mexico during Pre-Classic times is dependent on the Olmec impetus. The consistency with which Olmec ma­ terial appears points to its considerable extension as well as to its co-existence with and influence on both local traditions and later developments. Of the sites in central Mexico with which this exhibition deals, there are three which are prominent: Tlatilco just outside Mexico City, Las Bocas in Puebla near the town of Izucar de Matamoros, and Tlapacoya in the Chalco district of the state of Mexico have yielded the bulk of the material on view. Each has specific char­ acteristics: Tlatilco is the most diversified in terms of types and quantity of objects; Las Bocas is noted for the amount and quality of its Olmec ceramics; and Tlapacoya, which outlasts the other two in time, has its own variations on prevailing formulas. The Olmec presence in central Mexico differs in many ways from the Gulf Coast: objects, with noticeably few exceptions, are done in clay, the almost exclusive medium of the area. These include finely surfaced white bowls and figures, polished black- ware effigy forms and vessels, employing design elements de­ riving from the were-jaguar and human features of an almost oriental cast. The local traditions are freer in invention, more spontaneous in execution, more imaginative in detail; they lack the formality basic to Olmec art, that unity of style brought about by an encompassing thematic bias. The "baby-face" figures of the highlands are few in number and Tlatilco became known in the late 1930's, like Gualupita dis­ completely Olmec in style. The first known of these was found covered by brickyard works. The extensive burial site has yielded during the 1932 excavations of a brickyard in the Gualupita a quantity of material unequaled during the Pre-Classic period. It district of Cuernavaca, some six years before the excavation of was first briefly excavated in 1942 and work was again under­ the Olmec sites on the Gulf Coast was begun. Large, hollow, taken from 1947-50 and from 1961-64. Yet these official finds and often quite battered, they are graphic representations of are but small part of the total, since clandestine digging has gone the "deformed" or "mongoloid" children which, because of on at Tlatilco from the time it first became known. The variety features that can be interpreted as feline—small, slit eyes and of Tlatilco material is enormous and most of it is in styles indig­ snarling or crying mouths—assume symbolic if not theological enous to the area. An examination of the hollow figures makes importance. Were-jaguars can appear in a variety of human-ani­ this evident: the stylization and position of their limbs is recur­ mal combinations from straight forward jaguars to straight for­ rent in Pre-Classic central Mexican figures. And in IJnose seated ward children. It is their relation to were-jaguars that gives the figures whose arms reach their legs and which have mouths "baby face" figures their significant characteristics. reminiscent of a snarl (32), the local and the Olmec traditions can be seen to fuse.

Las Bocas Tlatilco 16 Seated figure with finger in mouth. Whiteware, red pig­ ment, 13" high. Collection Everett Rassiga, Inc., New York 20 Standing figure with conical hat. Black on red, 24" high. 17 Seated figure. Whiteware, red pigment, 12" high. Collec­ Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago tion Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 21 Standing figure with hat. Buffware, 27" high. 22 Standing figure. Mottled buffware, red pigment, 20" high. Gualupita Collection Mr. Stanley Selengut, New York 18 Seated figure [excavated by George Vaillant in 1932]. Re­ 23 Standing figure. Mottled buffware, red pigment, 103A" high. mainder of cream slip, 11" high. American Museum of 24 Standing figure. Mottled buffware, red pigment, 10" high. Natural History, New York 30.1-2847 Collection Andre Emmerich Gallery, New York 25 Seated figure. Black on red, white pigment, HVi" high. Tlapacoya 26 Seated "horned" figure. Buffware, white and red paint, 19 Seated figure. Remainder of cream slip, red pigment, 9W SVz" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Albert B. G. lardella, high. Collection Origins, Boston New York Santa Cruz kind known to appear on Olmec figures. It is perhaps the earliest representation of its kind in . 27 Standing figure with hat. Red on buff, 21" high. Collection Stendahl Gallery, Los Angeles 28 Standing figure. Redware, 18%" high. Collection Mrs. Ja­ cob M. Kaplan, New York Las Bocas 29 Standing figure. Red on buff, 7" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 38 Fish on scroll decorated base. Blackware, traces of red pig­ ment, 8" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 39 Duck on scroll decorated base. Blackware, 8Vi" high. Col­ Gualupita lection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 30 Seated figure. Greyware, red paint, 6%" high. 40 Bird on scroll decorated base, excised jaguar paw designs on wings. Blackware, lOW high. Las Bocas 41 Fish with "spout in mouth." Blackware, red pigment, 7" high. Collection Everett Rassiga, Inc., New York 31 Truncated figure. Greyware, red paint, AW high. Santa Cruz Morelos, site unknown 42 Kneeling skeletonized figure. White to buff, 6%" high. 32 Seated figure. Buffware, red paint, 10" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Martin Needleman, Los Angeles Tlatilco Puebla, site unknown 43 House or shrine. Mottled white to buff, BVz" high. Collec­ tion Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 33 Standing figure. Mottled buffware. lite" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 44 Masked figure with hand to head. Red on buff, 5%" high. 45 Figure with hand to head. Red on buff, 6%" high. Provenience unknown 46 Human head vessel. Buffware, red pigment, 3%" high. 34 Standing figure. Red on buff, 14" high. Collection Mr. Jay 47 Human head vessel with open mouth. Red on buff, 4V2" C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. high. 35 Standing double figure. Red on buff, 11V2" high. Collection 48 Open bowl in the shape of a fish. Buffware, traces of red Mrs. Bernard F. Gimbel, Greenwich, Conn. pigment, 8VA" long. Collection Everett Rassiga Inc., New York Tlatilco 49 Open bowl in the shape of a bird. Brownware, 7%" long. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 36 Acrobat. Redware, IbVz" high. Collection Mr. Proctor Staf­ 50 Bound coati. Buffware, 6V2" high. ford, Los Angeles 51 Animal? Greyware, 6" high. Collection Everett Rassiga, Inc., New York Provenience unknown, possibly Tlatilco 52 Duck. Greyware, 6%" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Miles 37 Seated figure on a stool. Redware, 14" high. Lourie, New York

Vessels in the form of ducks, fish, birds, turtles and the like are among the most engaging pieces from the area and reflect the wild life encountered in and around the great Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico, on whose banks many of the Pre-Classic sites were located. Some of the vessels, which range from about 10 inches in height to those scarcely over an inch, are quite naturalistic in aspect and execution, while others of more com­ posite nature are more difficult to grasp. The effigy vessels from Las Bocas are again noteworthy for their spectacular "Olmecness": from Las Bocas comes the effigy of a bird with raised beak (40) whose eyes are the stylized eyes of the "jaguar dragon" and whose wings bear jaguar paw-hand designs, both here exceptionally used yet both among the most common designs in Olmec art. More unusual, and more subtle in its "Olmecness," is the vessel in the form of a house or shrine from Tlatilco (43). Olmec scroll and diamond designs appear on its openwork porch and as a roof it has a roll-topped cap of the 53 Duck with removable head. Buffware, traces of red pigment, Las Bocas 2" high. 62 Bottle, jaguar paw design. Blackware, red pigment, 7W 54 Duck. Buffware, 1%" high. high. MPA 63.48 55 Turtle with articulated head. Red on buff, 5" long. Collec­ 63 Bottle, openwork bottom. Blackware, red pigment, 85/s" tion Mr. and Mrs. Miles Lourie, New York high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago 56 Owl vessel. White on buff, 2%" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. 64 Straight-sided bowl, stylized jaguar paw design. White Leff, Uniontown, Pa. rimmed blackware, 9V2" diameter. Collection Everett Ras­ 57 Anthropomorphic cat head. Buffware, 3" high. Collection siga, Inc., New York Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 65 Straight-sided bowl, stylized mouth (?) design. Blackware, 58 Figure (monkey?) on decorated base. Blackware, red pig­ 3V4" high. ment, 25/8" long. 66 Bowl, relief "matting" design. Blackware, red pigment, 59 Two whistles in the form of anthropomorphic dogs. White 3V2" high. Collection Mr. Michael Kan, Berkeley on buff, 4" and AV2" high. 67 Bowl, jaguar dragon and paw design. Blackware, red pig­ ment, 2V2" high. Tlapacoya 68 Bowl, jaguar dragon design. Blackware, red pigment, 2V4" 60 Duck. Buffware, 5" high. Collection Mr. Charles B. Cohn high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago and Mr. Stuart P. Anderson, Allston, Mass. 69 Tecomate, jaguar dragon (?) design. Blackware, 3%" high. 61 Bottle in the form of an animal. Blackware, 45/s" high. 70 Tecomate, jaguar dragon and Olmec cross design. Grey­ ware, 27/s" high. 71 Bowl with thickened and everted rim, excised design. White 3 to buff, l /4" high. The ever common jaguar motifs are widely used to decorated Olmec bottles, bowls and jars from the highlands sites. The Tlatilco jaguar-dragon profile, identified by the flame-like eyebrows, and the paw-hand designs are those most frequently employed; they 72 Bottle, relief scroll design around neck. Blackware, red pig­ can either be executed in detail or with an almost shorthand­ ment, 7" high. American Museum of Natural History, New like brevity. The half human-half animal were-jaguar profile, York 30.2-9398 perhaps the Olmec design, also appears prominently, as do other 73 Bottle. Buffware, red pigment, 9" high. Collection Mr. Jay Olmec symbols, such as the cross, although their meanings are C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. far from clear. 74 Two bottles, incised designs. Blackware, red pigment, 4" Formally these vessels have considerable precision, an almost and 4Va" high. geometric accuracy lacking in their local counterparts. Carefully 75 Bowl, zoned and incised mouth (?) design. Red on buff, and thoughtfully made, their purity of form is massive and so­ 3V2" high. phisticated in comparison. 76 Bowl with thickened and everted rim, excised design. Black- ware, 2V4" high.

Tlapacoya 77 Bottle, jaguar dragon and paw design. Blackware, 11" high. 78 Straight-sided bowl, were-jaguar profile design. White to buff, 61/2" high. 79 Flared-lip bowl. Mottled white to buff, red pigment, AVt" high. 80 Sub-globular bowl, hand design. Brownware, 3%" high. 81 Dish, reptile (Xiuhcoatl?) design. Blackware, 21/2" high. 82 Dish, fish (?) design. White on buff, 2%" high.

Morelos, site unknown 83 Straight-sided bowl, were-jaguar profile designs [reported found with 84]. White to buff, 4%" high. Collection Mr. Raymond Wielgus, Chicago 84 Bowl, were-jaguar profile designs [reported found with 83]. White to buff, 4V2" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago

Puebla, site unknown 85 Straight-sided bowl, relief bird and scroll design. Blackware, red and yellow pigment, AVz" high. MPA 56.157 Provenience unknown Tlatilco 86 Straight-sided bowl, were-jaguar profile design, White to 96 Gadrooned bottle [excavated 1947-49]. Red on buff, 11%" buff, AVz" high. Collection Origins, Boston high. Chicago Natural History Museum 240545 97 Three chambered bottle. Red on buff, 9%" high. 98 Bottle in the form of a bird (parrot?). Red on buff, 10" high. Among the simplest bowls are those made of white clay. Often 99 Bottle in the form of a foot (with rattles?). Red on buff, 9%" called kaolin after the fine white clay used in the making of high. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Har­ porcelain, the tonal range is from warm yellow white to a colder vard University, Cambridge 35-106-20/13137 grey white. When decorated the bowls have designs done in 100 Stirrup spout bottles. Red on buff, 75/e" and 3%" high. Mu­ delicate negative patterns, or are more simply painted with red seum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York paint. 22/9286 and 22/4694 101 Ring jar with female effigy on neck. Red on buff, 8%" high. 102 Composite silhouette bowl. Brownware, 3" high. Museum Tlatilco of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York 22/ 5671 87 Tecomate. Whiteware, AV2" high. 103 Jar with swollen neck. Brownware, 4V2" high. 88 Gadrooned bowl. Whiteware, 3" high. 89 Bowl. Whiteware, 3" high. Collection Andre Emmerich Gal­ 104 Composite bottle. Brownware, 7W high. lery, New York 105 Bottle with effigy on neck [excavated 1947-49]. Brown­ 1 90 Striated jar. Whiteware, 4" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, ware, 7 /4" high. Chicago Natural History Museum 240546 Uniontown, Pa. 106 Bottle. Brownware, 10%" high. 107 Necked jars in form of birds. Red on buff, 4%" and 2%" high. Las Bocas 91 Double-lobed bowl. Whiteware, red paint, 2%" high. Mu­ seum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York The so-called small yokes or elbow stones are the only "art" 15/5718 objects consistently made in stone in Pre-Classic central Mexico. 92 Bowl. Whiteware. red paint, 2V&" high. It has been thought that they might be part of the ballgame 93 Sub-globular bowl, resist design. White slip, negative paint, paraphernalia, possibly thigh or elbow guards. It may be more 3%" high. probable that they were attached to the back of the hand and are early forms of the ballgame hand protector. 109 Spouted trays have been found in Gualupita, Tlatilco and Las Bocas. Usually slipped in white, some bear traces of red paint or red pigment, suggesting possible use as "paint pans."

Las Bocas 94 Two spouted trays. White slip (one with red pigment), 13Vi' and lHV wide.

Tlatilco 95 Two spouted trays. White slip, 6%" and 4%" wide.

Native Tlatilco ceramics show preferences for red and brown earth colors when contrasted with the blacks and whites of Olmec ware. One of the most important vessel shapes found at Tlatilco is the stirrup spout vessel (100). It occurence here is but one indication of possible connections between Mexico and Peru at this period. The stirrup spout is one of the preferred forms of Peru. Tlatilco Because the greater number of pottery masks are too small to fit over the entire face, it has been assumed that they were not worn 108 Yoke, were-jaguar face, [purchased at Tlatilco in 1953], Stone, 4" high. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. B-2.0S on the face at all. There are however figurines which show such masks being worn on the lower portion of the face only. 109 Yoke. Stone, 5%" high. MPA 64.35 110 Yoke. Stone, 5VA" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Union- town, Pa. Tlatilco Said to be from Tlatilco 116 Mask. Buffware, red and yellow pigment, 5" high. Collec­ 111 Yoke. Stone, 3W high. American Museum of Natural His­ tion Mr. and Mrs. Miles Lourie, New York tory, New York, 30.2-8700 117 Mask. Buffware, red and black pigment, 6" high. Provenience unknown 118 Mask. Buffware, red pigment, 4%" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 112 Yoke. Stone, 5V4" high. Collection Alice and Nasli Heera- 119 Mask. Buffware, red paint, 5V4" high. MPA 63.31 maneck, New York 120 Mask. Buffware, red paint, 4" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Arthur N. Seiff, New York 121 Mask. Mottled buffware, red paint, AW high. Collection Mr. Michael Kan, Berkeley A very few Olmec jades of the type characteristic of the Gulf Coast have been reported from Tlatilco. No such piece has yet been found in a controlled excavation. Las Bocas 122 Mask. Buffware, red paint, 4%" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 123 Mask. White on buff, red paint, 6" high. Collection Everett Said to be from Tlatilco Rassiga, Inc., New York 113 Head from a figure. Jade, 1%" high. Collection Mr. Aaron 124 Mask (monkey?). Greyware, 5W high. Collection Mr. Jay Furman, New York C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 114 Punch. Jade, 3%" long. Collection Andre Emmerich Gallery, New York Tlapacoya 125 Mask [found with 154 & 157]. Red-brown slip, 4" high. Said to be from Tlapacoya 115 Bead in the form of a head. Jade, red pigment, 1%" high. The roller seals and flat stamps are believed to have been used to decorate the body. Their designs are often complex geometric reductions of designs that are common elsewhere.

Tlatilco 126 Roller seal, stylized paw design. White on buff, 5" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 127 Roller seal, duck design. Buffware, ZW high. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York 22/4686 128 Roller seal. Buffware, traces of red pigment, 2Vi" high. Col­ lection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa.

Las Bocas 129 Roller seal, bird with wing as paw design. Buffware, 3V2" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago 130 Roller seal. Buffware, 3W high. MPA 65.1 131 Four roller seals, various designs. Buffware, some with traces of red paint, XW to 3" high. 132 Roller seal, stylized paw design. Buffware, 2%" high. 143 Old lady figure. Buffware, red pigment, 3%" high. 144 Head on a small support. Greyware, red pigment, 1%" high.

The character of Tlapacoya figures obviously partakes of the prevailing Olmec character, yet it shows distinctions of its own. It adheres less rigidly to the norm with a result of somewhat more individuality for each figure.

Tlapacoya 145 Head, fragment. Buffware, remainder of red and yellow pig­ ment, 6" high. 146 Seated figure. Cream slip, black pigment, \ZW high. Col­ lection Dr. Julian Goldsmith, Chicago 147 Seated figure. Mottled white to buff, black paint, red pig­ ment, 10V&" high. Collection Mr. Gunnar Didrichsen, Hel­ sinki, Finland 148 Standing figure. Buffware. remainder of white and red pig­ ment, 13" high. 149 Seated figure. Buffware, traces of red pigment, 6lA" high. Collection Mr. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago 150 Seated figure with hand to head. Mottled white to buff, white pigment, 5" high. Collection Andre Emmerich Gallery, 133 New York 151 Standing figure. White slip, red pigment, 7V4" high. Collec­ tion Dr. Julian Goldsmith, Chicago 152 Seated figure. Buffware, remainder of white and red pig­ ment, 2%" high. 153 Two standing figures. White slip, 4x/2" and 5W high. The Olmec figurines of Las Bocas have the fineness of all its 154 Standing figure [found with 125 & 157]. White slip, 3%" Olmec ceramics. Delicately made they are usually completely high. formed and properly proportioned human figures. They do lack, 155 Standing figure [found at Tlatilco]. White slip, red pigment, however, certain individual character, due to the brief sameness 3%" high. of their facial features. 156 Standing figure. White slip. 3%" high. Collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 157 Head, fragment [found with 125 & 154]. Greyware, 3" high. 158 Three standing figures (type C). Red pigment, 7W, 7%" Las Bocas and 8V2" high. 133 Seated figure. White slip, 4%" high. Collection Mr. Ray­ mond Wielgus, Chicago 134 Four seated figures. White slip, red pigment, 2%" to 3%" An interesting group of figures from Tlapacoya are those which high. One collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. seem to be wearing ballgame paraphernalia. The big and bulky 135 Seated figure [found at Tlatilco], White slip, red pigment, belts can be seen worn with intricate, tall headdresses or with IW high. masks. 136 Reclining figure. White slip, red pigment, 4%" long. 137 Standing figure with skirt. White slip, red pigment, 5" high. 138 One seated and one standing figure. Cream slip, red pig­ Tlapacoya ment, 2W and 4%" high. 159 Masked figure with tall headdress and ballgame "belt." Re­ 139 Two standing figures. White slip, red pigment, 4%" and 6" mainder of red, yellow and white pigment, 8%" high. high. 160 Figure with tall headdress and ballgame "belt." White slip, 140 Two standing figures. Red on buff, 5%" and 7%" high. 7" high. 141 Hunchback. Redware, 3y2" high. 161 Figure with headdress and ballgame "belt." White slip, 142 "Winged" figure. Buffware, 5Vz" high. 5V2" high. 162 Masked figure with ballgame "belt." White slip, 6W high. 182 Group of figures (type K). Yellow, red and white paint, 3" Collection Miss Judith Small, New York to 5W high. 163 Masked figure with ballgame "belt." White slip, 5%" high. 183 Two masked (?) dancers with rattles around legs. Buff­ 164 Figure of a man with swollen stomach. White slip, 4%" ware, red and yellow paint, 7%" and 8" high. Collections high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Arthur N. Seiff, New York Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, and Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago 184 Masked figure. Traces of yellow and white paint, 5%" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. D. Daniel Michel, Chicago The figurines of Tlatilco are extremely abundant; dozens of them 185 Anthropomorphic jaguar figure. White and red pigment, have been found in a single grave. They present a wealth of AW high. shape, surface handling, and detail variation. These figures are 186 "Fat god" figure. White pigment, 5%" high. usually female and it is thought that they are connected with 187 Vessel in the form of an old woman. Red pigment, 3%" high. ideas of fertility. 188 Group of figures (various types). 2%" to 7%" high. One each collections Mrs. Gertrud Mellon, Mr. and Mrs. Irwin Hersey, New York, and Mr. Michael Kan, Berkeley Tlatilco Santa Cruz 165 Three standing figures. Buffware, 3%", 3%" and 4" high. One collection Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foun­ 189 Standing figure. Red paint, 5V2" high. Collection Mr. Jay dation, New York 22/708 C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 166 Two figures (type CO- Red and black paint, 1%" and 5" high. One MPA 61.163 167 Three standing figures [reported found together and with 169], (type d). Red and black paint, 5W, 5*4 " and 5V4" high. One each collections Miss Rea Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. Leon Meadow, and the Museum of the American In­ dian, Heye Foundation, New York 23/4614

168 Two figures, one carrying a dog (type C3). Traces of red and white pigment, ZW and AV2" high. 169 Standing figure [reported found with 167], (type C3). Traces of yellow paint, 6" high. Collection Mr. and Mrs. Miles Lourie, New York 170 Group of standing figures (type Di). Red, yellow and white paint, 3%" to 4*4" high. One MPA 61.155 171 Group of standing figures including a double-faced and a double-headed figure (type Di). Red and yellow paint, 3*4" to 4%" high. One each collections Mr. Jay C. Leff, Union- town, Alice and Nasli Heeramaneck, New York and MPA 61.168 172 Three standing figures (type Di). White and red paint, 5W, 5%" and AV2" high. One each collections Mrs. McClure Capps, Los Angeles, and Mrs. Aaron Furman, New York 173 Four figures seated in a circle. Yellow paint, 3W high. 174 Two seated figures, one with a child. Red and yellow paint, 2%" and 3W high. 175 Three seated figures with holes in their heads ("fire gods"). Traces of yellow paint, 4*3", AW and 5%" high. 176 Hunchback figure. Yellow paint, 3*4" high. 177 Bearded figure carrying a ball. Red and yellow paint, 2%" high. 178 Group of figures (type D2). Red, black and yellow paint, 2%" to 5V2" high. 179 Two "fat" figures (type D2). Red paint, 4%" and 5*4" high. One collection Mr. Jay C. Leff, Uniontown, Pa. 180 Group of figures (type D4). Red, yellow, white and purple paint, 2*4" to 5" high. One MPA 61.157 181 Three standing figures (type D-C9). Yellow and red paint, AV2", AW and AW high. One MPA 61.153 Reading List Coe, Michael D. 1957 "Pre-Classic Cultures in : A Comparative Study," The Kroeber Anthropo/og/ca/ Society Papers, No. 17, Berkeley, pp. 7-37. 1962 Mexico, Praeger, New York. Covarrubias, Miguel 1943 "Tlatilco, Archaic Mexican Art and Culture," Dyn, The Re­ view of Modern Art, Nos. 4-5, Coyoacan, D.F., pp. 40-46. 1950 "Tlatilco: el arte y la cultura preclasica del Valle de Mexico," Cuadernos Americanos, LI, ano IX, no. 3, Mexico, pp. 149-62. 1957 Indian Art of Mexico and Central America, Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Guzman, Eulalia 1934 "Los Relieves de los Rocas del Cerro de la Cantera, Jona- catepec, Mor.," Ana/es del Museo National de Arqueologia, His- toria y Ethnografia, epoca 5, I, Mexico, pp. 237-51. Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1963 Masterworks of Mexican Art from Pre-Columbian Times to the Present, exhibition catalogue, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, October 1963-January 1964, Los Angeles. Peterson, Frederick and Fernando Horcasitas 1957 "Recent Finds at Tlatilco," Tlalocan, III, no. 4, Mexico, pp. 363-65. Pina Chan, Beatriz Barba de 1956 "Tlapacoya, un sitio preclasico de transicion," Acta Anthro­ po/og/ca, epoca 2, I, no. 1, Mexico. Pina Chan, Roman 1955 Las culturas preclasicas de la cuenca de Mexico, Fondo de la Cultura Economica, Mexico. 1955 "Chalcatzingo, Morelos," Informes, No. 4, Direccion de Mo- numentos prehispanicos, Mexico. 1958-9 Tlatilco, 2 vols., Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e His- toria, Mexico. Pina Chan, Roman and Valentin Lopez 1952 "Excavaciones en Atlihuayan, Morelos," Tlatoani, I, no. 1, Mexico, p. 12. Porter, Muriel Noe 1953 Tlatilco and the Pre-Classic Cultures of the New World, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No. 19, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York. Vaillant, George C. 1930 "Excavations at Zacatenco," Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, XXXII, part 1, New York. 1931 "Excavations at Ticoman," Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, XXXII, part 2, New York. 1935 "Excavations at El Arbolillo," Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, XXXV, part 2, New York. 1962 The Aztecs of Mexico, revised by Suzannah B. Vaillant, Doubleday and Company, New York. Vaillant, George C. and Suzannah B. 1934 "Excavations at Gualupita," Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, XXXV, part 1, New York. Copyright 1965, The Museum of Primitive Art, 15 West 54 Street, New York, N. Y. 10019 Printed in U.S.A. by Manhattan Art Press, Inc.