Friday, May 21, 2004

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign Species; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR appointment, Monday through Friday Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the above Act, when, in response to a petition, we Fish and Wildlife Service address. find that listing a species is warranted but precluded, we must make a new 12- FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 50 CFR Part 17 month finding each year until we Robert R. Gabel at the above address, or publish a proposed rule or make a Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by telephone, 703–358–1708; fax, 703– determination that listing is not and Plants; Annual Notice of Findings 358–2276; or e-mail, warranted. These subsequent 12-month on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign [email protected]. findings are referred to as ‘‘resubmitted’’ Species; Annual Description of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: petition findings. This notice constitutes Progress on Listing Actions publication of our resubmitted petition Background AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, findings for all foreign species that are Interior. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, currently the subject of an outstanding petition. ACTION: Notice of review. as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), provides two mechanisms for Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act SUMMARY: In this document, we considering species for listing. First, we requires the Service to ‘‘implement a announce our annual petition findings can identify and propose for listing system to monitor effectively the status for foreign species, as required under those species that are endangered or of all species’’ subject to a warranted- section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Endangered threatened based on the factors but-precluded 12-month finding, and to Species Act of 1972, as amended. When, contained in section 4(a)(1). We ‘‘make prompt use of the [emergency in response to a petition, we find that implement this through the candidate listing] authority [under section 4(b)(7)] listing a species is warranted but program. Candidate taxa are those taxa to prevent a significant risk to the well precluded, we must complete a new for which we have on file sufficient being of any such species.’’ The annual status review each year until we publish information on biological vulnerability resubmitted petition findings for foreign a proposed rule or make a determination and threats to support a proposal to list species play a crucial role in the that listing is not warranted. These as endangered or threatened, but for Service’s monitoring of all warranted- subsequent status reviews and the which preparation and publication of a but-precluded foreign species by accompanying 12-month findings are proposed rule is precluded by higher- seeking information regarding the status referred to as ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition priority listing actions. None of the of those species. The Service reviews all findings. species covered by this notice were new information on these species as it becomes available and identifies any Information contained in this assessed through the candidate program. species for which an emergency listing document describes our review of the Second, the Act allows the public to may be appropriate. If the Service current status of 73 foreign taxa that petition us to add species to the List of determines that emergency listing is were the subjects of warranted-but- Endangered and Threatened Wildlife appropriate for any species, the Service precluded findings. Based on our and Plants (List). Under section will make prompt use of its authority review, we find that 51 species continue 4(b)(3)(A), when we receive such a under section 4(b)(7). We have been to warrant listing, but that their listing petition, we must determine within 90 monitoring and will continue to monitor remains precluded by higher-priority days, to the maximum extent all warranted-but-precluded foreign listing actions. Seventeen species no practicable, whether the petition species. longer warrant listing under the presents substantial information Endangered Species Act and, therefore, indicating that the petitioned action Previous Notices have been removed from the warranted- may be warranted (90-day finding). If We published earlier petition but-precluded list. We will promptly we make a positive 90-day finding, findings, status reviews, and petition publish listing proposals for five of the under section 4(b)(3)(B) we must make finding reviews that included foreign species. one of three possible findings within 12 species in the Federal Register on May We request additional status months of the receipt of the petition (12- 12, 1981 (46 FR 26464); January 20, information for these species as well as month finding). 1984 (49 FR 2485); May 10, 1985 (50 FR information on taxa that we should The first possible 12-month finding is 19761); January 9, 1986 (51 FR 996); include in future updates of this list. We that listing is not warranted, in which July 7, 1988 (53 FR 25511); December will consider this information in case we need not take any further action 29, 1988 (53 FR 52747); January 6, 1989 preparing listing documents and future on the petition. The second possibility (54 FR 554); November 21, 1991 (56 FR resubmitted petition findings. This is that we may find that listing is 58664); March 28, 1994 (59 FR 14496); information will also help us in warranted, in which case we must and reiterated on January 12, 1995 (60 monitoring the status of the taxa and in promptly publish a proposed rule to list FR 2899). conserving them. the species. Once we publish a DATES: We will accept comments on proposed rule for a species, section Findings on Resubmitted Petitions these resubmitted petition findings at 4(b)(5) and (6) govern further This notice describes our resubmitted any time. procedures, regardless of whether or not petition findings for 73 foreign taxa for ADDRESSES: Submit any comments, we issued the proposal in response to a which we had previously found listing information, and questions by mail to petition. The third possibility is that we to be warranted but precluded. We have the Chief, Division of Scientific may find that listing is warranted but considered any new information Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife precluded. Such a finding means that obtained since the previous finding, Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room immediate publication of a proposed including information provided in a 750, Arlington, VA 22203; or by fax to rule to list the species is precluded by 1997 petition. On May 21, 1997, Public 703–358–2276; or by e-mail to higher-priority listing proposals, and Employees for Environmental [email protected]. Comments that we are making expeditious progress Responsibility (also known as PEER) and supporting information will be to add and remove species from the List, submitted a petition to list the following available for public inspection, by as appropriate. species as threatened or endangered

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under the Act (1996 IUCN designations Endangered), fringe-backed fire-eye publishing proposed listing rules for shown in parentheses): Kalinowski’s (Pyriglena atra) (Endangered), brown- these taxa in the future. Seventeen tinamou (Nothoprocta kalinowskii) banded antpitta (Grallaria milleri) species no longer warrant listing under (Critically Endangered), Colombian (Endangered), Stresemann’s bristlefront the Act and, therefore, are being grebe (Podiceps andinus) (Extinct), (Merulaxis stresemanni) (Critically removed from the list. Finally, we will Junin flightless grebe (Podiceps Endangered), grey-winged cotinga promptly publish proposals for five of taczanowskii) (Critically Endangered), (Tijuca condita) (Vulnerable), Brasilia the species: the giant ibis (Pseudibis Beck’s petrel (Pseudobulweria becki) tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis) gigantean), black stilt (Himantopus (Critically Endangered), Fiji petrel (Vulnerable), Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant novaezelandiae), Gurney’s pitta (Pitta (Pterodroma macgillivrayi) (Critically (Hemitriccus kaempferi) (Endangered), gurneyi), Socorro mockingbird Endangered), Chatham Islands petrel (P. ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes (Mimodes graysoni), and caerulean axillaris) (Critically Endangered), Cook’s alpinus) (Endangered), Peruvian paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias petrel (Pterodroma cookii) (Vulnerable), plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii) rowleyi). Galapagos petrel (P. phaeopygia) (Critically Endangered), Gurney’s pitta Based on information gathered and (Critically Endangered), magenta petrel (Pitta gurneyi) (Critically Endangered), assessed since January 12, 1995, we (P. magentae) (Critically Endangered), Niceforo’s wren (Thryothorus nicefori) have updated our determinations of Heinroth’s shearwater (Puffinus (Critically Endangered), Socorro whether listing of these taxa continues heinrothi) (Endangered), greater adjutant mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni) to be warranted or warranted but stork (Leptoptilos dubius) (Endangered), (Endangered), St. Lucia forest thrush precluded, or whether we have now determined that listing is not warranted. giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantea) (Critically (Cichlherminia iherminieri See Table 1 for a summary of these Endangered), Andean flamingo sanctaeluciae) (listed at the species current determinations. Taxa in Table 1 (Phoenicopterus andinus) (Vulnerable), level as Lower Risk/Near Threatened, of this notice are assigned to three status Brazilian merganser (Mergus not listed at the subspecies level), categories, noted in the ‘‘Category’’ octosetaceus) (Critically Endangered), Moorea reed-warbler (Acrocephalus column at the left side of the table. We southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi caffer longirostris) (listed as Vulnerable identify the species for which listing is unicornis) (Endangered), blue-billed at the species level, not listed as a no longer warranted with an ‘‘R’’ in the curassow (Crax alberti) (Critically subspecies), Eiao Polynesian warbler (Acrocephalus caffer aquilonis) (listed category column. We identify the taxa Endangered), Cauca guan (Penelope for which we continue to find that perspicax) (Endangered), gorgeted at the species level as Vulnerable, not listed at the subspecies level), long- listing is warranted but precluded by a wood-quail (Odontophorus strophium) ‘‘C’’ in the category column. We have (Endangered), Junin rail (Laterallus legged thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa) (Critically Endangered), caerulean added a third category for those species tuerosi) (Endangered), bar-winged rail for which we find that listing is (Nesocolpeus poecilopterus) (Extinct), Paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi) (Critically Endangered), Ua Pu warranted and designate these taxa with Bogota rail (Rallus semiplumbeus) an ‘‘L.’’ The column labeled ‘‘Priority’’ (Endangered), takahe (Porphyrio flycatcher (Pomarea mendozae mira) (listed as Endangered at the species indicates the listing priority number for mantelli) (Endangered), Chatham Island all warranted or warranted-but- oystercatcher (Haematopus level, not listed as a subspecies), Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris) precluded taxa. We assign this number chathamensis) (Endangered), black stilt based on the immediacy and magnitude (Vulnerable), Tumaco seedeater (Himantopus novaezelandiae) of threats, as well as taxonomic status. (Sporophila insulate) (Critically (Critically Endangered), Jerdon’s courser We published a complete description of Endangered), medium tree-finch (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) (Endangered), our listing priority system on September (Camarhynchus pauper) (Lower Risk/ slender-billed curlew (Numenius 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098). Following the Near Threatened), cherry-throated tenuirostris) (Critically Endangered), scientific name of each taxon (third tanager (Nemosia rourei) (Critically Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula column) is the family designation Endangered), and black-backed tanager galeata) (Critically Endangered), (fourth column) and the common name, (Tangara peruviana) (Endangered). The salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua if one exists (fifth column). The sixth basis for the PEER petition was that moluccensis) (Vulnerable), Uvea column provides the known historical parakeet (Eunymphicus cornutus these species had been classified as range for the taxon. uvaensis) (listed at the species level as Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, not listed at the subspecies Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent, or Findings on Species for Which Listing level), blue-throated macaw (Ara Near Threatened in the 1996 IUCN Red Is Not Warranted glaucogularis) (Endangered), black- List of Threatened Animals (IUCN As previously mentioned, we found breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis) 1996). At the time the petition was that 17 species no longer warrant listing (Critically Endangered), Esmeraldas received, listing for these species was under the Endangered Species Act, and woodstar (Acestrura berlepschi) already found to be warranted but we therefore have removed them from (Endangered), Chilean woodstar (Eulidia precluded. We have taken into the warranted-but-precluded list. Five of yarrellii) (Vulnerable), helmeted consideration the species’ IUCN status, the species were considered extinct woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) but as discussed in our 2000 Federal when the initial warranted-but- (Endangered), Okinawa woodpecker Register finding (65 FR 49958), the precluded finding was made and should (Sapheopipo noguchii) (Critically IUCN designation alone did not provide not have been included on the list at Endangered), yellow-browed toucanet significant new information on threats that time. These species include the (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) (Lower to the species or their status. Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus), Risk/Near Threatened), royal cinclodes As a result of this review, we find that bar-winged rail (Nesocolpeus (Cinclodes aricomae) (Critically warranted-but-precluded findings poecilopterus), grey-headed blackbird Endangered), white-browed spinetail remain appropriate for 51 species. We (Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus), (Leptasthenura xenothorax) (Critically emphasize that we are not proposing Moorea reed-warbler (Acrocephalus Endangered), black-hooded antwren these species for listing by this notice, caffer longirostris), and Ua Pu flycatcher (Formicivora erythronotos) (Critically but we anticipate developing and (Pomarea mendozae mira). For six

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additional species, the best available This species has not been documented agriculture, the level of the lake was information now indicates that they are in over a century, even though Collar et reduced by about one meter. This also also likely to be extinct, although they al. (1992) had proposed that the changed the composition of the aquatic were considered to be extant at the time existence of the species be confirmed. plant community from 1960 forward of the original petition and when we We conclude, based on the best due to a boom in onion growing around made our previous findings. These available scientific and commercial the lake. Large amounts of fertilizers include Kalinowski’s tinamou information, that this species is extinct. and mineral were applied at this time. (Nothoprocta kalinowskii), Beck’s petrel We therefore find that listing of this The extent of shallow zones with (Pseudobulweria becki), the Utila species is no longer warranted. Because floating vegetation was greatly reduced. chachalaca (Ortalis vetula this species is known from only two The area affected was where the deschauenseei), Stresemann’s specimens collected over 100 years ago, Colombian grebe, a foliage gleaner, bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni), the a full taxonomic evaluation of the obtained most of its food. The decrease Bananal tyrannulet (Serpophaga species, involving careful evaluation of in food availability markedly reduced araguayae), and the long-legged the two known skins, would be helpful the number of grebes and made the thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa). For five to determine if it ever was a distinct species more vulnerable to other species, the best available scientific taxon or is actually another species. adverse impacts (del Hoyo et al. 1992). information indicates that they are not Research on whether there is any Beck’s petrel (Pseudobulweria becki) taxonomically distinct, and these possibility of the continued existence of include Beck’s petrel (Pseudobulweria this species would also be helpful. Based on the best available scientific becki)(if birds previously identified as Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus) and commercial information this this species are not extinct), the Italian species is either extinct or conspecific The best available scientific and grey partridge (Perdix perdix italica), (i.e., synonymous) with another taxon, commercial information indicates that hairy hermit (Glaucis hirsuta), and we conclude that it no longer the Colombian grebe is extinct, and Niceforo’s wren (Thryothorus nicefori), warrants listing. See further discussion therefore, listing is not warranted. It was and the Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila below under ‘‘Taxa found to be not once found on several lakes on the insulata). Finally, the best available taxonomically distinct’’ for the basis for Bogota and Ubate savannas, and in Lake scientific and commercial data indicate finding that the species, if it is not Tota in the eastern Andes of Colombia that the Lanyu scops owl (Otus elegans conspecific with another taxon, is (O’Donnel and Fjedsa 1997). These lakes botelensis) and grey-winged cotinga contained tall marginal reeds and extinct. (Tijuca condita) do not qualify as extensive shallows full of submergent threatened or endangered. Utila chachalaca (Ortalis vetula water-weeds. The Colombian grebe was deschauenseei) Extinct Species formerly considered abundant on Lake Tota in the 1940s, but by 1968, it had The Utila chachalaca was only found Kalinowski’s tinamou (Nothoprocta declined to approximately 300 birds on Utila Island off the coast of northern kalinowskii) (del Hoyo et al. 1992). There were only Honduras. This subspecies was found in Kalinowski’s tinamou was endemic to two records of the bird in the 1970s: one mangroves, which cover approximately Peru. It is known from only two in 1972 and another one in 1977 three-quarters of Utila Island, and was specimens that were collected from involving one to three birds. It was formerly found in adjacent scrub widely scattered localities and has not sporadically sighted in various other patches. The Utila chachalaca was been recorded since 1900 (BirdLife lakes in the region of the Sabana de known to be local in 1936, but not rare. International 2000). One specimen was Bogota until the early 1950s. The last However, since that time, the collected in 1894, in Cuzco at 4,575 confirmed record of this species was in population declined severely due to meters (m), and the other was collected 1977 (World Conservation Union intense hunting pressure. In 1962, the in 1900, on the Pacific slope east of [IUCN] 2002). However, the validity of population was estimated at 50–70 Santiago de Chuco, western La Libertad, these last records has been questioned, individuals. More recently, S. Midence at 3,000 m (Collar et al. 1992). The and some individuals believe the (personal communication, as cited in Cuzco specimen was collected in an species may have become extinct as Brooks and Strahl 2000) had suggested area that suggested its natural habitat early as the beginning of the 1960s. Two that a small population persists on the was grassland or possibly a Polylepis detailed surveys conducted in 1981 and island, but del Hoyo et al. (1994) stated woodland (BirdLife International 2000). 1982 in the wetlands of the eastern that it is possibly extinct. Results from The specimen collected on the Pacific Andes of Colombia did not locate any brief surveys conducted in 1995 slope of La Libertad came from a habitat birds (O’Donnel and Fjedsa 1997). suggested that the population at that of montane scrub (Collar et al. 1992). It The decline of the Colombian grebe is time was extremely small if not extinct is possible that the Cuzco specimen is attributed to wetland drainage, siltation, (Seutin 1998, as cited in Brooks and mislabeled and was also taken at a pesticide pollution, disruption by reed Strahl 2000). Honduras has listed the lower elevation (BirdLife International harvesting, hunting, competition, and species Ortalis vetula in Appendix III of 2000). predation of chicks by rainbow trout the Convention on International Trade Virtually nothing is known about this (Salmo gairdneri) (del Hoyo et al. 1992). in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna species, but its conservation status was However, the main cause of the decline and Flora (CITES). Considering the presumed to be critical (IUCN 2002). is considered to be the drainage of historic decline of the species, that some Threats to the species and the cause of wetlands, siltation, and subsequent ornithologists have considered this its extreme rarity and likely extinction eutrophication of Lake Tota, which species to be extinct for 10 years or are unknown (BirdLife International destroyed the open, submergent more, and that no confirmed sightings 2000). Virtually all species of tinamous Potamogeton vegetation and resulted in have occurred in over 10 years, we are affected by hunting and habitat the formation of a dense monoculture of conclude that the best available alteration from the presence of man in Elodea (Varty et al. 1986, Fjeldsa 1993, scientific and commercial information the high Andes, and these factors may as cited in O’Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). indicates that this species is extinct and have been threats (Collar et al. 1992). In the 1950s, to provide land for its listing is no longer warranted.

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Bar-winged rail (Nesocolpeus extinct, and we no longer find that 2000, as cited in BirdLife International poecilopterus) listing of this species is warranted. 2000). Predation by introduced mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), The best available scientific and Grey-headed blackbird (Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus) possibly cats, and black rats (Rattus commercial information indicates that rattus) may be threats (BirdLife the bar-winged rail is extinct, and The grey-headed blackbird has been International 2000). This species is therefore listing of this species is not classified by Environment Australia as categorized as data deficient by the warranted. It is known from twelve 19th extinct. The subspecies was last seen in IUCN. However, we conclude that the Century specimens from Vitu Levu and 1975 and there have been no records best available scientific and commercial Ovalau, reports from Taveuni, and in since, despite searches (Garnett and information indicates that this species is 1973, from Waisa and Vitu Levu, all in Crowley 2000). It was endemic to extinct, and that listing of the species is Fiji (Holyoak 1979, as cited in BirdLife Norfolk Island and originally probably no longer warranted. International 2000). This was a flightless occurred throughout the island. The bird that inhabited remote forested principle reason for the grey-headed Ua Pu flycatcher (Pomarea mendozae areas, old overgrown plantations, and blackbird’s disappearance was the mira) possibly lowland swamps (Pratt et al. arrival of black rats (Rattus rattus) in the 1987). Two other rails from these 1940s (Robinson 1988, as cited in Pomarea mendozae was formerly islands have become extinct due to Garnett and Crowley 2000). widespread in the central Marquesas predation by introduced mongooses Hybridization with the European Islands, French Polynesia, and (Herpestes spp.) and cats (Felis blackbird (Turdus merula) may have comprised four subspecies (Collar et. al. domesticus). BirdLife International also played a part in the decline of the 1994). On Ua Pu, the Ua Pu flycatcher (2000) classifies the bar-winged rail as subspecies (Schodde and Mason 1999, was not located during 1989 or 1990, or extinct. as cited in Garnett and Crowley 2000). during intensive searches in 1994 and The best available scientific and 1998 (Thibault and Meyer, as cited by Stresemann’s bristlefront (Merulaxis commercial information indicates that BirdLife International 2003). The best stresemanni) this species is extinct, and therefore available scientific and commercial listing is not warranted. information indicates that this Stresemann’s bristlefront is known subspecies is now extinct (BirdLife from just two specimens from eastern Moorea reed-warbler (Acrocephalus International 2003), and therefore listing Brazil: one collected near Salvadore in caffer longirostris) is not warranted. the 1830s and a second from Ilheus in This subspecies was considered Taxa Found To Be Not Taxonomically 1945 (BirdLife International 2000). nearly extinct in 1986 (Sherley 2001). Distinct Nothing is known about this species, An expedition in 1921 reported that this and recent surveys have failed to find endemic form on Moorea Island (Society Beck’s petrel (Pseudobulweria becki) any individuals. The humid forest in Islands) was less common and localized Bahia, the presumed range of the than previously thought. Investigative Beck’s petrel is known from only two species, has been cleared or converted surveys in 1971–1973 located two pairs specimens: a female taken at sea east of to cacao plantations, and the remaining in the interior of the island (Sherley New Ireland and north of Buka, Papua patches are disappearing very rapidly 2001). However, research conducted in New Guinea, in 1928, and a male taken (BirdLife International 2000). This December 1986 and January 1987 northeast of Rendova, Solomon Islands, species is categorized as Critically yielded no evidence of this warbler’s in 1929 (BirdLife International 2000). If Endangered by the IUCN because, if it continued existence, and Thibault and it survives at all, it is thought that this is extant, its population is likely to be Guyot (1988) considered it extinct. species probably nests on small islets or very tiny (IUCN 2002), and it continues Thus, we conclude that the best high mountains on larger islands to be protected by Brazilian law. available scientific and commercial (BirdLife International 2000), but this BirdLife International (2000) information indicates that this species is very poorly known. This recommends that surveys be conducted subspecies is extinct, and listing of this species may potentially be threatened to locate any extant populations. subspecies is not warranted. Three other by predation from introduced cats and Fieldwork is needed not only to confirm forms of this species, endemic to certain rats on its unknown breeding grounds the continued existence of the species islands, are also extinct, whereas the (BirdLife International 2000). This but to provide information on its nominate form is widespread on many species is categorized as Critically ecological requirements if it exists islands (Birds of French Overseas Endangered by the IUCN because it is (BirdLife International 2001). Based on Territories 2003). suspected to have a tiny population. the best available scientific and However, if recent sightings of commercial information, particularly Long-legged thicketbird (Trichocichla presumed Tahiti petrels Pseudobulweria the lack of sightings and extensive loss rufa) rostrata in the Bismarck Archipelago of habitat, we conclude that this species The long-legged thicketbird was and Solomon Islands prove to be, in is now extinct and its listing is not endemic to Viti Levu and Vanua Levu fact, Beck’s petrels, population warranted. on Fiji (BirdLife International 2000). It estimates will increase and perhaps Bananal tyrannulet (Serpophaga was secretive and foraged on the ground cause the species to be categorized as araguayae) beneath dense vegetation in rainforests Endangered (IUCN 2002). There are a above 800 m (Pratt et al. 1987). This number of target actions identified for The Bananal tyrannulet appears to be species is known from very few this species by BirdLife International. known only from the type specimen specimens and has been considered to These include various surveys as well as from Ilha do Bananal, Goias, Brazil be extinct (Watling 1982, as cited in investigating the taxonomic validity of (Traylor 1979, as cited in Collar et al. BirdLife International 2000). specimens to determine this species’ 1988), and has not been relocated in the Observations from 1967, 1973, 1991, relationship with the Tahiti petrel, with wild despite several searches. We have and more recently remain unconfirmed which it may be conspecific (BirdLife therefore determined that the species is (D. Watling, personal communication International 2000).

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The best available scientific and because it has been determined to be 1998, birds were found on Isla Aji in the commercial information indicates that conspecific with a species that is Rio Naya Delta, Valle del Cauca (Gomez, this species is either extinct or common within its range and not a in litt. 1999, as cited in BirdLife conspecific (i.e., synonymous) with distinct, rare species. International 2000). It could be extinct another taxon, and we conclude that it on Tumaco (Salaman 1995), and it was Niceforo’s wren (Thryothorus nicefori) no longer warrants listing. not found on Isla Bocagrande after 3 Niceforo’s wren occurs on the west days of searching in December 1999 Italian grey partridge (Perdix perdix slope of the eastern Andes in Santander, italica) (Strewe, in litt. 2000). This species is Colombia (BirdLife International 2000). classified as Critically Endangered in The Italian grey partridge was It is known only from the type locality the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has described at the beginning of the 20th at San Gil on the Rio Fonce, south of a very small range and the population Century from a limited number of Bucaramanga, where seven specimens, is declining to the extent that it is museum specimens (BirdLife including the type, were taken in 1945 possibly extirpated from Tumaco (IUCN International 1999). Subsequently, its (Meyer de Schauensee 1946, as cited in 2002). The population estimate for this taxonomic validity was questioned BirdLife International 2000). There species is 250–999 birds with a (Violani et al. 1988, as cited in BirdLife appear to be no further records until decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 1999). Currently, the 1989, when two birds were seen in International 2000). Development is the subspecies italica is normally included dense Acacia scrub in a semi-arid valley major threat (ibid.). Nonetheless, within the nominate perdix, even if a short distance east of San Gil (Collar information indicates that the species taxonomy of the species may be subject et al. 1992). This species is considered status should be re-assessed based on to further study (e.g., as recommended Critically Endangered by IUCN because taxonomy. Ridgely and Tudor (1989) by del Hoyo et al. 1994). The status of its known population is tiny, inferred to concluded that the Tumaco seedeater is the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) is be declining, and known from only one almost certainly allied to the more considered secure because it is still site in a region where the habitat is common chestnut-throated seedeater (S. widespread and estimated to number highly modified and habitat degradation telasco), or may represent a hybrid several million birds (del Hoyo et al. is continuing (IUCN 2002). The threats between the chestnut-throated seedeater 1994). Because we agree that the Italian to this species are unclear because the and the ruddy-breasted seedeater (S. grey partridge is no longer considered dependence on Acacia scrub and the minuta), although they indicate that the distinct from the nominate species, we extent of occupied habitat is not known taxonomic relationship of S. insulata conclude that it no longer warrants (BirdLife International 2000). Suitable and S. telasco should be investigated listing. habitat may have been lost to further, along with other closely related agricultural conversion, and the Hairy hermit (Glaucis hirsuta; species of Sporophila. remaining Acacia scrub is threatened by Previously Referred to as black goat and cattle grazing and seasonal We conclude that listing of this barbthroat [Threnetes grzimeki]) burning for farming (Collar et al. 1992). species is no longer warranted based on The black, or Grzimek’s, barbthroat Mayr and Greenway (1960) and this information on taxonomy. The best (species name used in the original Ridgely and Tudor (1989) have available scientific information petition) was first described as a new suggested that this bird may be a well- indicates that this taxon is either a species in 1973 by Ruschi from Espiritu marked subspecies of the widespread conspecific of a more common species Santo (Sibley and Monroe 1990). It is rufous-and-white wren (Thryothorus or a hybrid of two known species. currently included with the hairy rufalbus) (Collar et al. 1992). In Taxa That Are Not Threatened or hermit (Glaucis hirsuta; Sick 1993), Colombia, this wren is found from the Endangered since it has been determined that it was Caribbean lowlands to the llanos east of described based on the plumage of an the Andes (Hilty and Brown 1986). The Lanyu scops owl (Otus elegans immature male G. hirsuta (del Hoyo et most recent observation of Niceforo’s botelensis) al. 1999; Sibley and Monroe 1990). Two wren showed that it sounds exactly like subspecies are currently recognized: G. the rufous-and-white wren and The Lanyu scops owl is not h. insularum, found in Grenada and responds to a tape of that species (P. considered globally threatened, and we Trinidad and Tobago, and G. h. hirsute, Kaestner in litt. 1992, as cited in Collar note that this subspecies has been found in Panama, Colombia west of the et al. 1992). Validity as a separate regularly omitted from lists of globally Andes, and east of the Andes to central species is doubtful (F. G. Stiles in litt. threatened birds (Collar et al. 1988, Bolivia, through Venezuela to the 1999, as cited in BirdLife International BirdLife International 2001). This Guianas, and almost all of Brazil (del 2000). Therefore, because of the subspecies is found on Lanyu Island, off Hoyo et al. 1999). It is found in the significant information indicating that the coast of southeastern Taiwan (del understory of many types of forest and this is not a distinct taxon, but is a Hoyo et al. 1999). In the mid-1980s, the dense vegetation outside primary variant of a widespread species, we Lanyu scops owl was listed as forests, second growth, woodland conclude that listing of this species is Endangered by IUCN because its clearings, disturbed and secondary not warranted. population was estimated at about 200 forest, riverine habitats, swamps, individuals. Since that time, numbers shrubs, and forest edge (del Hoyo et al. Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila insulata) have grown, and recently, the 1999; Sick 1993). It is not globally The Tumaco seedeater is described population has been determined to be threatened and is generally common from islands and river deltas on the stable at about 1,000 individuals (del throughout much of its extensive range coast of southwest Colombia (BirdLife Hoyo et al. 1999). Currently, the IUCN (del Hoyo et al. 1999). Glaucis hirsuta International 2000). The type-series was categorizes Otus elegans as Lower Risk/ is listed in Appendix II of CITES. collected in 1912 (Chapman 1917, as Near-Threatened (IUCN 2002). The Based on the best available scientific cited in Collar et al. 1992), and the bird species is listed in Appendix II of and commercial information, we was not seen again until it was CITES, as are all members of the Order conclude that listing of the black rediscovered 82 years later in 1994 on Strigiformes unless they are listed in barbthroat is no longer warranted Isla Bocagrande (Salaman 1995). In Appendix I.

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The status of this species has Grey-winged cotinga (Tijuca condita) populations of this species is protected improved considerably since our The grey-winged cotinga is restricted within a National Park and a Reserve. original warranted-but-precluded to the Serra dos Orgaos and the Serra do Although the species is not specifically finding was made. Based on the best Tingua in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, protected under national law in Brazil, available scientific and commercial Brazil (BirdLife International 2000). It no threat has been identified for which information, we have evaluated the has been recorded from small patches of such overarching protection is required. Other natural or manmade factors status of this subspecies according to extremely humid elfin cloud-forest rich affecting its continued existence: There the five factors contained in Section in bromeliads with an even canopy 5– is no information to indicate that any 4(a)(1) of the Act for determining 10 m above the ground (Snow 1982). It other natural or manmade factors are whether a species is endangered or is found on both exposed ridge-tops and adversely affecting this species. threatened, as follows: on sheltered slopes in an otherwise The present or threatened destruction, Therefore, we conclude that this open area of bamboo and tussock grass species is not in danger of extinction or modification, or curtailment of its (ibid.). It is classified as Vulnerable in habitat or range: The Lanyu scops owl likely to become an endangered species the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has within the foreseeable future throughout is restricted to the relatively small (45 a small range restricted to two adjacent 2 all or a significant portion of its range, km ) tropical island of Lanyu, located montane areas (IUCN 2002). The southeast of Taiwan. Studies have and that listing of the grey-winged population is estimated at 1,000–2,499 cotinga is no longer warranted. shown that, although the amount of individuals and is considered stable suitable habitat is limited, all available (BirdLife International 2000). Scott and Findings on Species for Which Listing nesting habitat is saturated Brooke (1985, as cited in Collar et al. Is Warranted but Precluded (Severinghaus 2000), and prospects for 1988) found that this species is clearly Issuance of proposed listing rules for the survival of the Lanyu scops owl are rare and local, and occurs at a very low most of the warranted-but-precluded considered good as long as the habitat density, and the total area of suitable species, even those with the highest is protected (BirdLife International habitat is small. However, there is little listing priority numbers (i.e., 1, 2, or 3) 2000). We are not aware of any specific reason to believe that it was ever much will continue to be precluded over the information on current threats to the more numerous than at present. There next year due to the need to complete habitat of this subspecies. are no major threats to its habitat, pending proposals to determine if other Overutilization for commercial, although both disturbance and fires species are endangered or threatened. recreational, scientific, or educational caused by hikers have been considered Over the next year, we will work on purposes: There is no documentation of potential threats (BirdLife International final determinations for three African overutilization of this subspecies, if it is 2000). Both populations occur within antelopes (scimitar-horned oryx [Oryx utilized at all. However, even if it were the protected areas of Serra dos Orgaos dammah], addax [Addax to be utilized for some purpose, such National Park and the Tingua Biological nasomaculatus], and dama gazelle use would be regulated internationally Reserve (ibid.). [Gazella dama]); the Tibetan antelope through the current listing of this and This species currently has a stable (Pantholops hodgsonii); and the scarlet- all owls in the Appendices to CITES, population at approximately historic chested parakeet (Neophema splendida) which requires that any trade must be levels, is not subject to significant and turquoise parakeet (Neophema both legal and non-detrimental to the threats within its range, and occurs pulchella). We must also make the survival of the species. within protected areas. Based on the required 12-month petition findings on Disease or predation: There is no best available scientific and commercial the Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus information to suggest that the Lanyu information, we have evaluated the escuinapae) and seven foreign butterfly scops owl is subject to any threat from status of this species according to the taxa (Teinopalpus imperialis, disease or predation. five factors contained in section 4(a)(1) Protographium marcellinus [previously The inadequacy of existing regulatory of the Act for determining whether a referred to as Eurytides marcellinus], mechanisms: Although the Lanyu scops species is endangered or threatened, as Mimoides lysithous harrisianus owl might benefit in the long term from follows: [previously referred to as Eurytides more formal protection of its habitat, the The present or threatened destruction, lysithous harrisianus], Parides ascanius, lack of current protection does not modification, or curtailment of its Parides hahneli, Troides appear to present a problem for the habitat or range: This species has a [= Ornithoptera] meridionalis, and species, since no immediate threat to limited area of suitable habitat, but this Pterourus esperanza [previously the habitat has been identified. is believed not to have changed over referred to as Papilio esperanza]). Other natural or manmade factors time. Its habitat is described as naturally In addition, we must meet our other affecting its continued existence: Due to fragmented (BirdLife International statutory and treaty obligations. In the lack of any information on current 2003). There is a potential threat from determining the resources for listing threats to the Lanyu scops owl, and fire, but otherwise, no specific threat to warranted-but-precluded species, we because it has been able to increase to the species’ habitat (Scott and Brooke must balance these needs with the five times the estimated population size 1985, as cited in Collar et al. 1988). resources needed for completing the of 20 years ago, there is no indication Overutilization for commercial, other non-discretionary activities that this subspecies is being adversely recreational, scientific, or educational funded under the International Wildlife affected by any other natural or purposes: There is no information to Trade budget component of the manmade factors. suggest that this species is used by International Affairs program. This Therefore, we conclude that this humans for any purpose, and therefore budget component includes not only all subspecies is not in danger of extinction it is not being overutilized. of these listing activities, but also or likely to become an endangered Disease or predation: There is no issuing permits under the Act and species within the foreseeable future information to indicate that this species mandatory activities for U.S. throughout all or a significant portion of is threatened by disease or predation. implementation of the Convention on its range, and that listing of the Lanyu The inadequacy of existing regulatory International Trade in Endangered scops owl is no longer warranted. mechanisms: The habitat of both known Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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(CITES), the Wild Bird Conservation Act (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Current suitable islands and reinforcing existing of 1992, certain permitting provisions of population estimates for the Junin grebe community awareness (BirdLife the Marine Mammal Protection Act, are between 50 and 249 birds, with a International 2000). issuing Injurious Wildlife permits under decreasing population trend (BirdLife The Fiji petrel does not represent a the Lacey Act, and parts of the Pelly International 2000). Because of this monotypic genus. The magnitude of Amendment (section 8 of the decline, and because it is endemic to threat to the species is high, but the Fisherman’s Protective Act). Therefore, one Andean lake, the Junin grebe immediacy of threat is non-imminent. the resources available for listing qualifies as Critically Endangered on the Therefore, it receives a priority rank of actions under the Act for foreign species IUCN Red List (IUCN 2002). The decline 5. is limited by competing non- in numbers of this species was brought Chatham petrel (Pterodroma axillaris; discretionary activities funded from the about by pollution of Lake Junin by Previously Referred to as Pterodroma International Wildlife Trade budget. local mining activities and variations of hypoleuca axillaris) Based on these considerations, we up to 7 m in water level, which is have determined that sufficient controlled by a hydroelectric power The Chatham petrel is found only on resources are available to proceed with station. These changes in water level South East Island (Rangatira) in the the five highest-priority species, which caused nesting and foraging areas to dry Chatham Islands of New Zealand were previously found to be warranted out (BirdLife International 2000), and in (BirdLife International 2000). It is but precluded in our reviews (see 1969, the vegetation of Lake Junin marine and presumably pelagic, and ‘‘Findings on Species for which Listing appeared to be dyed yellow with breeds on coastal lowlands and slopes is Warranted’’ below). breakdown products of sulphuric acids in areas with low forest, bracken, or We have found that, for the following and toxic fumes from a copper mine (del rank grass (del Hoyo et al. 1992). It nests 51 species, listing continues to be Hoyo et al. 1992). Of less significance in burrows amongst low vegetation and warranted but precluded. As previously was the introduction of trout in the roots on flat to moderately sloping indicated, this means that immediate 1930s, which replaced native fish ground (Marchant and Higgins 1990). publication of a proposed rule to list the species. Since 1975, some conservation This species is classified as Critically species is precluded by higher-priority measures have been implemented: Lake Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List listing actions, and that we are making Junin was declared a reserve, and the because it is restricted to South East expeditious progress to add and remove Peruvian government nationalized the Island and inferred to be continuing to species from the List, as appropriate. We mines of Cerro del Pasco in an attempt decline due to competition from other will continue to monitor the status of to prevent pollution by the mine (del native burrowing seabirds (IUCN 2002). these species as new information Hoyo et al. 1992). The population estimate for this species becomes available. Our review of new The Junin flightless grebe does not is 800–1,000 birds with a decreasing information will determine if a change represent a monotypic genus. It faces population trend (BirdLife International in status is warranted, including the threats that are high in magnitude and 2000). There is intense competition for need to emergency list any species. imminent. It therefore receives a priority burrows on South East Island with the abundant broad-billed prion (Pachyptila Junin flightless grebe (Podiceps rank of 2. vittata), which may be the cause of the taczanowskii) Fiji petrel (Pterodroma macgillivrayi) observed low breeding success and high The Junin flightless grebe is confined The Fiji petrel is marine and rate of pair bond disruption (ibid.). As to Lake Junin, which is located 4,080 m presumably pelagic (del Hoyo et al. a conservation measure, artificial nest above sea level in central Peru (Fjeldsa 1992). It was originally known from just sites have been provided, and burrows 1981, as cited in O’Donnel and Fjedsa one specimen collected in 1855 on Gau have been blocked to prevent 1997). The lake, which covers Island and more recently from eight occupation by P. vittata (ibid.). approximately 14,320 hectares, reaches records of sightings on the island since Although these actions have greatly a depth of 10 m in its center and is 1983 (BirdLife International 2000). The improved breeding success, only a small bordered by extensive reed marshes. only other record is a reported sighting proportion of breeding burrows have These reed marshes can be continuous at sea over 200 km north of Gau been found (Taylor 2000). in places, but also form a mosaic with (Watling 2000, as cited in BirdLife This species does not represent a stretches of open water. Considerable International 2000). The Fiji petrel’s monotypic genus. It has a restricted areas of the lake are shallow, with the breeding grounds have yet to be range and its population is declining. bottom densely covered with Chara (del discovered, but may be located in areas The threat to the species is high and Hoyo et al. 1992). The Junin grebe is a of undisturbed mature forest or on imminent. Therefore, this species bird of open lake habitat and stays far rocky, mountainous ground (del Hoyo et receives a priority rank of 2. off-shore in the center of the lake for al. 1992). The Fiji petrel is classified as part of the year. However, during the Critically Endangered by the IUCN Cook’s petrel (Pterodroma cookii) breeding season, it goes to areas of tall because it is inferred, given the paucity Cook’s petrel is endemic to New Scirpus (californicus) tatora or bays and of recent records, that there is only a Zealand. It is marine and highly pelagic channels in the outer edge of the 2–5- tiny population confined to an in temperate and subtropical waters, km-wide reed marshes surrounding the extremely small breeding area (IUCN and rarely approaches land except at lake (O’Donnel and Fjedsa 1997). The 2002). The population is estimated at nesting colonies (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Junin grebe feeds mainly on fish fewer than 50 individuals and is Cook’s petrel breeds on Little Barrier, (Orestias), which make up assumed to be declining because of Great Barrier, and Codfish Islands (del approximately 90% of its diet (del Hoyo predation by cats, which may threaten Hoyo et al. 1992) and occupies thickly et al. 1992). its long-term survival (BirdLife forested high ridges and slopes, up to The Junin grebe experienced a International 2000). However, very little 700 m above sea level (BirdLife dramatic decline during the 20th is known about the species. It is International 2000). This species is Century. The species was considered protected under Fijian law, and classified as Endangered in the 2002 abundant in 1938, and common in 1961, priorities for the species include IUCN Red List because it has a very with estimates of several thousand birds conducting surveys on Gau and other small range when breeding, and

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although population numbers are Santa Cruz, and Santiago Islands (H. species. There are a number of target increasing, there is a danger that the Vargus and F. Cruz in litt. 2000, as cited actions identified for this species by population on Great Barrier Island may in BirdLife International 2000). The BirdLife International, which include be lost (IUCN 2002). Population breeding areas on Santa Cruz, Floreana, various surveys and assessing the estimate for this species is 100,000 birds and San Cristobal have been severely presence of introduced mammals on and increasing (BirdLife International restricted due to clearance of vegetation suspected breeding grounds (BirdLife 2000). Threats to this species are for agriculture and intensive grazing International 2000). The Heinroth’s predominantly from invasive species (Cruz and Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz shearwater is categorized as Vulnerable such as cats, black rats (Rattus rattus), 1996), and at least half the breeding by the IUCN on the basis that there may Pacific rats (R. exulans), and the weka range is still farmed on Santa Cruz be a very small population and breeding (Gallirallus australis), which are major (Baker 1980, as cited in BirdLife range (IUCN 2002). The population predators of adults and chicks (Heather International 2000). The Galapagos estimate for this species is 250–999 and Robertson 1997; Taylor 2000). By Islands are a national park and were birds with an unknown population 1980, cats were eradicated from Little declared a World Heritage Site in 1979 trend (BirdLife International 2000). Barrier Island, and wekas were (BirdLife International 2000). There is no substantial evidence of a eradicated from Codfish Island between This species does not represent a decline (IUCN 2002). 1980 and 1985 (Taylor 2000). Pacific monotypic genus, but it is declining and Heinroth’s shearwater does not rats were successfully eradicated from has persistent threats that are high in represent a monotypic genus. It faces Codfish Island in August 1998, and magnitude and imminent. Therefore, threats that are moderate and non- eradication from Little Barrier Island this species receives a priority rank of imminent. Therefore, it receives a has been proposed (Conservation News 2. priority rank of 11. 2002). Magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae) Greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos This species does not represent a dubius) monotypic genus, and has a fairly good The magenta petrel is known from population size, which is increasing. Its Chatham Island, New Zealand. It breeds The greater adjutant stork previously primary threat is a limited breeding in a fragmented colony under dense occurred, often in huge numbers, in range and predation by introduced forest (BirdLife International 2000) and much of South and Southeast Asia, from species. However, the threats have been is marine and presumably pelagic (del Pakistan through northern India, Nepal, reduced by eradication of introduced Hoyo et al. 1992). The magenta petrel and Bangladesh, to Myanmar, Thailand, predators, which is ongoing. Therefore, was rediscovered in 1978 after 10 years Laos, Viet Nam, and Cambodia (BirdLife the threat is moderate and imminent, of intensive searching (Crockett 1994, as International 2000). However, the and the species receives a priority cited in BirdLife International 2000). species has experienced a dramatic ranking of 8. This species is listed as Critically crash, and currently, the population Endangered by IUCN because it has estimate is at 700–800 birds (BirdLife Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma undergone a historic decline that is International 2000). Breeding phaeopygia; Previously Referred to as assumed to be greater than 80 percent in populations of the species remain in Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia) 60 years, it has a very small population, only two very small and highly disjunct The Galapagos petrel is a pelagic and it is restricted to one extremely populations: One in Assam (Saikia and marine bird endemic to the Galapagos small location (IUCN 2002). The Bhattacharjee 1989, as cited in BirdLife Islands, Ecuador (BirdLife International population is estimated to number 100– International 2001) and the other in 2000). It breeds on Santa Cruz, Floreana, 150 individuals, and the long-term Cambodia (Mundkur et al. 1995, as cited Santiago, San Cristobal, Isabela, and reduction in numbers may have begun in BirdLife International 2001). In the possibly other islands in the archipelago to stabilize (BirdLife International last century, there were vast colonies of (Cruz and Cruz 1987; H. Vargas and F. 2000). However, it is premature to millions in Burma, and del Hoyo et al. Cruz in litt. 2000, as cited in BirdLife assume that there is not a continuing (1992) indicate that in Calcutta there International 2000). This species is decline. The species is predominantly was ‘‘almost one on every roof.’’ It classified as Critically Endangered in threatened by introduced species that frequents marshes, lakes, paddyfields, the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its take eggs, chicks, and adults, or compete and open forest, and is often found in history of declines (IUCN 2002). In the for or cause the destruction of burrows dry areas, such as grasslands and fields. early 1980s, this species underwent (BirdLife International 2000). It is commonly found at carcasses and extremely rapid declines, in some cases The magenta petrel does not represent rubbish dumps at the edges of towns. by as much as 81 percent in 4 years, and a monotypic genus. The magnitude of The greater adjutant is classified as the species is likely to have declined by threat to the species is high, and the Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List. more than 80 percent in the last 60 years immediacy is imminent. It therefore The key threats are direct exploitation, (three generations) (ibid.). The receives a priority rank of 2. particularly at nesting colonies, habitat population estimate for this species is destruction, particularly lowland 20,000–60,000 birds with a decreasing Heinroth’s shearwater (Puffinus deforestation and the felling of nest population trend (BirdLife International heinrothi) trees, and drainage, conversion, 2000). Threats for this species include The Heinroth’s shearwater is known pollution, and over-exploitation of introduced dogs, cats, and pigs, which from the Bismarck Archipelago and wetlands. The Indian population is also take eggs, young, and adults; black rats around Bougainville in Papua New considered threatened by the reduced and brown rats (R. norvegicus), which Guinea and Kolombangara in the use of open rubbish dumps for the take eggs and chicks; nest-site Solomon Islands (Buckingham et. al. disposal of carcasses and foodstuffs destruction by goats, donkeys, cattle, 1995, as cited in BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2000). and horses; and predation by the 2000). It is marine and presumably The greater adjutant stork does not Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) pelagic (del Hoyo et al. 1992). It is likely represent a monotypic genus, but it (Cruz and Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz to breed on high, inaccessible faces threats that are high in magnitude 1996). Predator control and petrel mountains, where introduced rats, cats, and imminent. It therefore receives a monitoring is occurring on Floreana, and dogs are potential threats to this priority rank of 2.

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Andean flamingo (Phoenicopterus 2002). The population is currently This species therefore receives a priority andinus) estimated at 50–249 individuals and is rank of 2. decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). The Andean flamingo is restricted to Southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi Threats include the perturbation and high-altitude salt lakes in the high unicornis) Andes, mainly between 3,500 and 4,500 pollution of rivers, which result m, from southern Peru through Bolivia predominately from deforestation, The southern helmeted curassow is to northern Chile and northwestern agriculture, and diamond mining in the known from central Bolivia and central Argentina (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Serra da Canastra area. Dam-building and eastern Peru, where it inhabits has flooded suitable habitat, especially Population assessments for this species dense, humid, lower montane forest and in Brazil and Paraguay, and hunting and are difficult and vary greatly, but it is adjacent evergreen forest at 450–1,200m collection of exhibition specimens in believed that 50,000–100,000 (BirdLife International, 2000). The fallen Argentina are considered contributory individuals existed until the mid-1980s. nuts of the almendrillo (Bryrsonima factors to this species’ decline (BirdLife The collection of eggs to sell as food was wadsworthii) constitute this species’ International 2000). The Brazilian intensive during the mid-20th Century major food, and it presumably also takes merganser is considered extinct in Mato and early 1980s, with estimates of other fallen fruits, including those from Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Sao thousands of eggs being taken. three types of laurels and negrillo (del Paolo, and Santa Catarina (ibid.). There Unfavorable water levels due to weather Hoyo et al. 1994). The southern is only one recent record from Misiones, and manipulation, mining activities, helmeted curassow is listed as Argentina (Benstead 1994; Hearn 1994, Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and erosion of nest sites, and human as cited in Collar et al. 1994), and it was disturbance may also affect the population is estimated at fewer last recorded in Paraguay in 1984 than 10,000 birds, with a decreasing productivity. The latest population (BirdLife International 2001). There is estimate, from 1997, was 33,927 birds, population trend (BirdLife International little, if any, habitat left (Brooks et al. 2000). In Bolivia, professional hunters which suggests the species had declined 1993, as cited in Collar et al. 1994). This rapidly during the preceding 10–15 have caused a decline in the population. species is legally protected in Brazil, In addition, local people in the area years (BirdLife International 2000). Very where it occurs in three Brazilian low breeding success has been reported fashion cigarette lighters from the national parks (del Hoyo et al. 1992). curassow’s horn, or casque (Cordier for this species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). This species does not represent a The Andean flamingo was recently 1971, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). In monotypic genus, but it faces threats Amboro National Park, the bird is often categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN that are high in magnitude and and is listed in Appendix II of CITES. eaten and its head skewered for use in imminent. It therefore receives a priority folk dances (Hardy 1984, as cited in Threats to this species include ongoing rank of 2. exploitation and a decline in habitat Collar et al. 1992). Other threats include quality (IUCN 2002). Local conservation Cauca guan (Penelope perspicax) forest clearing within its range, road actions include habitat management, The cauca guan is endemic to the building and development, and in Peru, prevention of egg-collecting, and raising west slopes of the West and Central oil exploration (BirdLife International public awareness (BirdLife International Andes (Risaralda, Quindio, Valle del 2000). Large parts of the southern 2000). Cauca, and Cauca), Colombia (Collar et helmeted curassow’s range are protected The Andean flamingo does not al. 1992). The stronghold for the species by inclusion in the Amboro and represent a monotypic genus. It faces is in the Ucumari Regional Park, Carrasco National Parks. Further work threats that are high in magnitude and Risaralda (BirdLife International 2000). in the low Andean foothills and imminent. It therefore receives a priority The Cauca guan inhabits large, humid outlying ridges in the region of the Peru- rank of 2. primary forests at 1,600–2,150m Bolivia border is likely to reveal new (Salaman in litt. 1999, as cited in populations (Collar et al. 1992). Brazilian merganser (Mergus BirdLife International 2000). Records at Discovery of new populations, as well octosetaceus) 900–1,600m have been from plantations as increased protections in Bolivian The Brazilian Merganser is found in of exotic broadleaf trees, secondary national parks and other specific extremely low numbers at a few, highly forest, and forest edge (BirdLife measures to conserve the species, could disjunct localities in south-central International 2000). This species was lead to future reclassification (IUCN Brazil (BirdLife International 2000). Its not considered uncommon at the 2002). range also extends into eastern Paraguay beginning of the 20th Century, but has The southern helmeted currasow does and northeastern Argentina. It is found suffered from severe loss of habitat (del not represent a monotypic genus. It in rapid, torrential streams and fast- Hoyo et al. 1994). The current faces threats that are moderate in moving rivers surrounded by dense population estimates is 1,000–2,499 magnitude and imminent. Therefore, it tropical forests. The species is believed individuals with a decreasing trend receives a priority rank of 8. to be mainly sedentary and presumably (BirdLife International 2000). It is also Blue-billed curassow (Crax alberti) maintains its territory all year round hunted for food even in some protected (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The Brazilian areas, except in Ucumari (ibid.). It is The blue-billed curassow historically merganser is a good swimmer and diver, listed as Endangered by IUCN because occurred in northern Colombia, from the and feeds primarily on fish and it has a very small range in which base of the Sierra Nevada de Santa occasionally on aquatic insects and severely fragmented habitat patches are Marta west to the Sinu Valley and south snails (Collar et al. 1992). declining (IUCN 2002). Its population is in Magdalena Valley to north Tolima Recent records from Brazil, and believed to be very small and divided (BirdLife International 2000). It inhabits particularly a recent northerly range into extremely small sub-populations, humid forest in lowlands and foothills extension, indicate that the status of this which are inferred to be declining from and on lower mountain slopes in the species is better than previously thought ongoing habitat loss and hunting (ibid.). tropical zone. This species of curassow (BirdLife International 2000). However, This species does not represent a occurs up to 1,200 m, but is more it remains close to extinction and is monotypic genus, but faces threats that common below 600 m (del Hoyo et al. considered Critically Endangered (IUCN are high in magnitude and imminent. 1994). It feeds on fruit, shoots,

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invertebrates, and possibly carrion ericaceous plants (ibid.). It is currently land (ibid.). Less disturbed and (BirdLife International 2000). treated as a subspecies of the western ornithologically unknown forests in The blue-billed curassow is capercaillie Tertrao urogallus, which is west Boyaca and Santander might retain categorized as Critically Endangered in not globally threatened. However, the populations of this species (BirdLife the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in subspecies cantabricus was considered International 2000). In November 1993, Appendix III of CITES by Colombia. The to be endangered in the Red Data Book 100 km2 of forest at Virolin was gazetted species was not common anywhere in of 1978–1979 (Storch 2000; BirdLife as a reserve, the Guanenta—Alto Rio the Santa Marta region at the beginning International 2000). The population is Fonce Flora and Fauna Sanctuary of the 20th Century, although it was presently estimated at 250–300 adult (Andrade and Repizzo 1994), which perhaps most numerous in the humid males, equivalent to a total population provides some protection. lowlands of the north coast (Todd and size of fewer than 1,000, but it is This species does not represent a Carriker 1922, as cited in Collar et al. probably only 600–750 birds (A. Lucio monotypic genus. The threat to the 1992). It was becoming very rare personal communication, as cited by species is high in magnitude and (Haffner 1975, as cited in Collar et al. Storch 2000). The Cantabrian imminent. It receives a priority rank of 1992), and by the 1980s it had Capercaillie Group estimates that 2. disappeared from most places in which numbers have declined by 25–50 Junin rail (Laterallus tuerosi) it had previously been found (Estudillo percent over the past 10–15 years Lopez 1986, as cited in Collar et al. (Storch 2000). Habitat loss, The Junin rail is endemic to the 1992). The population was estimated at fragmentation, and degradation related Andean Highlands of central Peru along 1,000–2,500 birds in 1994, and local to forestry and tourism, illegal hunting, the shores of Lago de Junin (BirdLife reports have indicated more recent and and disturbance by human outdoor International 2000). It is known to rapid declines (BirdLife International activities have been identified as the inhabit the rushy marsh vegetation 2000). Previous reports indicated that, major causes of decline (J. Castroviejo, bordering the lake, but details on habitat outside of a few forest patches bordering personal communication, as cited by preference are lacking (Fjeldsa 1983, as national parks, the species is almost Storch 2000). cited in Collar et al. 1992). These extinct (L.M. Renjifo, Z. Calle, D. This is a subspecies that faces threats secretive birds have been seen in areas Rodriguez personal communications, as that are high in magnitude and that contain mosaics of small beds of 1- cited in Brooks and Strahl 2000). imminent. It receives a priority rank of m-tall Juncus andecolus and open areas However, some sites believed to harbor 3. with bottom mosses and herbs (ibid). the species have been recently This species is classified as Endangered Gorgeted wood-quail (Odontophorus identified in work supported by the in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it strophium) World Pheasant Association has a very small range around a single International (Cuervo and Salaman The gorgeted wood-quail occurs on lake where habitat quality is declining 1999, as cited in Brooks and Strahl the west slope of the east Andes of (IUCN 2002). The population estimate 2000). Rapid deforestation in this Colombia in Santander and for this species is 1,000–2,499 birds, species’ range over the past decade has Cundinamarca (Collar et al. 1992). It is with a decreasing population trend left little habitat. Given increased access found on the forest floor of temperate (BirdLife International 2000). Since and hunting, this curassow could and subtropical forests at 1,500–2,050 1955, Lago de Junin has been affected by undergo an extremely rapid population m, especially those dominated by pollution and human-induced water- reduction (BirdLife International 2000). Quercus humboldtii (del Hoyo et al. level changes, which may be adversely The blue-billed curassow is perhaps one 1994). The gorgeted wood-quail is affecting the fringe vegetation (J. Fjeldsa of the most endangered species probably dependent on primary forest 1987 personal communication, as cited identified as an immediate conservation for at least part of its life cycle, although in Collar et al. 1992). Reed marshes have priority by the Cracid Specialist Group it has been recorded in degraded also been dessicated from drought and (Brooks and Strahl 2000). Recent habitats and secondary forest (BirdLife unsustainable water management by international trade in this bird may be International 2000). Since the 17th Electro Peru and occasional flooding cause for alarm (J. V. Rodriguez personal Century, the west slope of the East with highly acidic water from the Cerro communication, as cited in Brooks and Andes has been extensively logged and de Pasco mines (J. Fjeldsa in litt. to Strahl 2000). converted to agriculture (Stiles et al. Taylor and van Perlo 1998, as cited in The blue-billed currasow does not 1999). Forest loss below 2,500 m has BirdLife International 2000). Although represent a monotypic genus. It faces been almost complete (Stattersfield et the lake is a national reserve, this has threats that are high in magnitude and al. 1998), with habitat reduced in many not influenced mining and dam- imminent, and therefore it receives a areas to tiny, isolated relicts on steep building activities. priority rank of 2. slopes and along streams (Stiles et al. The Junin rail does not represent a 1999). This species is considered monotypic genus. It faces threats that Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao Critically Endangered by IUCN because are high and imminent. It therefore urogallus cantabricus) it has an extremely small range (IUCN receives a priority rank of 2. The Cantabrian capercaillie inhabits 2002). The population is estimated to be the Cantabrian Mountains of northern 250–999 individuals and declining Bogota rail (Rallus semiplumbeus) Spain (Storch 2000). It occupies a forest (BirdLife International 2000). The Bogota rail is found in the East and woodland habitat that is mainly Additionally, until 1923, it was known Andes of Colombia on the Ubate-Bogota coniferous (especially Pinus sylvestris), only from Cundinamarca, but recent Plateau in Cundinamarca and Boyaca. It but also contains species such as Piscea records have come from one of the only occurs in the temperate zone, at 2,500– and Abies and isolated broad-leaved remaining areas of suitable habitat 4,000 m (occasionally as low as 2,100 forests (BirdLife International 2000). It around Virolin in Santander m) in savanna and paramo marshes prefers extensive areas of old, shady Department, where logging and hunting (BirdLife International 2000). This rail forest, often with damp soil and are prevalent (Collar et al. 1992). Some frequents wetland habitats that are interspersed bogs, areas of peat or habitat regeneration has occurred fringed by dense, tall reeds and glades, and a dense undergrowth of following the abandonment of marginal bulrushes, and contain vegetation-rich

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shallows. It often feeds along the water’s also be affected by predation by stoats, fencing, signage, intensive predator edge, in flooded pasture, wet fen, or Mustela erminea (BirdLife International control, and a research program aimed within patches of dead water-logged 2000). Other potential competitors or at assessing the effects of predators, vegetation nearby (Varty et al. 1986; predators include the introduced brush- flooding, and management on breeding Fjeldsa and Krabbe 1990). It feeds tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, success have been initiated (BirdLife primarily on aquatic invertebrates and and the threatened weka, Gallirallus International 2000). insect larvae, but also takes worms, australis (New Zealand Department of The Chatham oystercatcher does not molluscs, dead fish, frogs, tadpoles, and Conservation 1997). For the last 20 represent a monotypic genus. It faces plant material (Varty et al. 1986). years, the population has fluctuated threats that are moderate in magnitude This species is listed as Endangered between 100 and 160 birds (Maxwell in by the IUCN primarily because its range press, as cited in BirdLife International and imminent, and therefore it receives is very small and contracting, in part 2000). Populations have been a priority rank of 8. due to local extirpations. The established on four predator-free Jerdon’s courser (Rhinoptilus population has become severely offshore islands—Kapiti, Mana, Tiritiri bitorquatus; previously referred to as fragmented and is declining for a variety Matangi, and Maud—from birds Cursorius bitorquatus) of reasons, including habitat loss and translocated between 1984 and 1991 degradation (IUCN 2002). The current (BirdLife International 2000). Overall, Jerdon’s courser is endemic to population is estimated to be between numbers are slowly increasing due to southern India, where it is principally 1,000 and 2,499 individuals and is intensive management of these island known from southern Andhra Pradesh, decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). populations, although there are from the Godaveri River Valley near Although the Bogota rail is declining, it fluctuations in the remnant mainland Sironcha and Bhadrachalam, and from is still uncommon to fairly common, population (IUCN 2002). Since the the Cuddapah and Anantapur areas in with some notable populations, 1960s, deer have also been controlled in the valley of the Pennar River (Ripley including approximately 400 birds at the Murchison Mountains (BirdLife and Beehler 1989; Ali and Ripley 1968– Laguna de Tota, about 50 territories at International 2000). 1998, as cited in BirdLife International Laguna de la Herrera, about 110 birds at The takahe does not represent a 2001). It is found in sparse, thorny and Parque La Florida, and those at La monotypic genus. It faces threats that non-thorny scrub-forest and bushes, Conejera marsh and Laguna de Fuquene are moderate in magnitude and interspersed with patches of bare (BirdLife International 2000). Some of imminent. Therefore, it receives a ground, in gently undulating rocky the birds occur in protected areas such priority rank of 8. foothills (BirdLife International 2000). as Chingaza National Park and Carpanta Chatham oystercatcher (Haematopus Historically, it was known from just a Biological Reserve. However, savanna chathamensis) few records in the Pennar and Godavari wetlands are virtually unprotected. The Bogota rail does not represent a The Chatham oystercatcher is river valleys and was assumed to be monotypic genus. It is subject to threats endemic to the Chatham Islands, New extinct until 1986, when it was that are moderate in magnitude and Zealand (BirdLife International 2000). It rediscovered around Lankamalai. imminent. Therefore, it receives a is mostly found on rocky shores, less Jerdon’s courser is listed as Critically priority rank of 8. often on sandy or gravel beaches, and Endangered by the IUCN because of its sometimes nests in sites with some single small, declining population. It is Takahe (Porphyrio mantelli; Previously short vegetation (del Hoyo et al.1996). Referred to as Notornis mantelli) thought to be threatened by exploitation This species is classified as Endangered of the scrub-forest, livestock grazing, The takahe is endemic to New in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it disturbance, and quarrying (IUCN 2002). Zealand and is unique as the world’s has a very small population (IUCN The population estimate for this species largest living member of the rail family 2002). The Chatham oystercatcher is 50–249 birds, with a decreasing (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species, population has increased from population trend (BirdLife International Porphyrio mantelli, is the remnant of approximately 50 birds in the early 2000). Very few individuals have been the South Island population resulting 1970s to 100–110 birds in the breeding recorded so far, mainly due to its from speciation. The North Island season of 1987–1988, which included nocturnal, shy, and retiring habits species Porphyrio hochstetteri, which 44 breeding pairs (del Hoyo et al. 1996). (ibid.). Between 1986 and 1995, there was taller and thinner boned, is extinct A census conducted in 1998 revealed have been eight sightings of the species (TerraNature Trust 2003). Subfossils 140–150 birds, which represented a in the Lankamalai area (Bhushan 1995, show that this bird was once significant increase (BirdLife as cited in BirdLife International 2001). widespread in the North and South International 2000). However, numbers However, it may occur in much higher Islands. However, when this species of birds on South East Island appear to densities than currently known was rediscovered in 1948, it was have gradually declined since the 1970s (BirdLife International 2001). Members confined to the Murchison Mountains in (Schmechel and O’Connor 1999, as cited Fiordland (BirdLife International 2000). in BirdLife International 2000). of the Yanaadi community, who played It is restricted to alpine tussock Introduced predators, as well as cattle a major role in the rediscovery of the grasslands on the mainland and feeds and sheep, are a major threat on Pitt and species, were employed by the State primarily on juices from the bases of Chatham Islands (BirdLife International Forest Department to locate individuals snow tussock and the rhizome of a fern 2000). South East and Mangere are free in other localities and habitats in the species (ibid.). The takahe is listed as of mammalian predators, but Eastern Ghats, but the results are Endangered by the IUCN because it has populations are highly variable, and the unknown (Bhushan 1995, as cited in an extremely small population (IUCN causes of the decline occurring on South BirdLife International 2001). 2002). The main cause of the species’ East Island are unknown (Schmechel Jerdon’s courser does not represent a decline was competition for food from and O’Connor 1999, as cited in BirdLife monotypic genus. The current threat to the introduced red deer, Cervus International 2000). The birds on the the species is high and imminent, and elaphus, which also modified habitat by Chatham Islands are protected through therefore, it receives a priority rank of grazing (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It may active management. Nest manipulation, 2.

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Slender-billed curlew (Numenius high, but non-imminent. Therefore, the al. 1997). There are no recent records tenuirostris) priority rank for this species is 5. from Saparua and Haruku, and it may only survive at one locality on Ambon, Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula The slender-billed curlew migrates which leaves almost the entire galeata) along a west-southwest route from population on Seram in the Manusela Siberia through central and eastern The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is National Park (BirdLife International Europe (predominantly Russia, endemic to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas 2000). This species is one of three Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Islands, French Polynesia. It is restricted threatened members of the suite of 14 Romania, and Yugoslavia) to southern to valleys in remote wooded valleys bird species that are entirely restricted Europe (Greece, Italy, and Turkey) and from 250 to1,300 m elevation in the to the Seram Endemic Bird Area northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco, and west and north of the island. It is also (BirdLife International 2001). It is listed Tunisia) (BirdLife International 2000). seen in secondary forest and at the edge as Vulnerable in the IUCN 2002 Red List Breeding has only been confirmed near of banana and orange plantations (IUCN 2002), and current populations Tara, north of Omsk, in Siberia, Russia, (BirdLife International 2002). The are estimated as fewer than 10,000 between 1914 and 1924; there have been Marquesan imperial-pigeon is individuals and decreasing (BirdLife no breeding records since 1925 (del categorized as Critically Endangered in International 2000). Hoyo et al. 1996). The only known nests the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has By the 1980s, the species was being were recorded on the northern limit of a very small population on one tiny extensively and unsustainably trapped the forest—steppe zone in habitat more island (IUCN 2002). Illegal hunting is for the cage-bird market (BirdLife typical of taiga marsh (BirdLife the main threat, and the species’ habitat International 2000) and was placed on International 2000). During migration has been modified and degraded by CITES Appendix II in 1981. It was and winter, a wide variety of habitats introduced vegetation and grazing from estimated that 74,509 individuals were are used, including steppe grassland, feral livestock (BirdLife International exported from Indonesia between 1981 marshland, salt pans, brackish lagoons 2002). In 1975, the population was and 1990 (BirdLife International 2000). and wetlands, tidal mudflats, fish estimated at 200–400 birds by Holyoak Imports from Indonesia between 1983 ponds, semi-desert, and sandy farmland and Thibault (1984), and in 1998, a and 1988, as reported to CITES, next to lagoons (ibid.). minimum of 85 birds was seen and the averaged 9,571 per year (Marsden 1995, During the 19th Century, the slender- population was estimated at about 250 as cited in BirdLife International 2001), billed curlew was regarded as very birds (Evva 1998). The Marquesan and allowing for unrecorded common (BirdLife International 2000), imperial-pigeon survives because it international trade, domestic trade, and but declined dramatically in the 20th exists in several areas that are difficult mortality, it is estimated that at least Century. It is considered Critically to access by hunters and introduced 10,000 birds were being taken on Seram Endangered by the IUCN because it has grazers, and that have not been annually in the 1980s (Kinnaird et al. an extremely small population and the colonized by rats (IUCN 2002). [in prep.], as cited in BirdLife The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is a number of birds recorded annually International 2001). In October 1989, the species that does not represent a continues to decrease (IUCN 2002). This salmon-crested cockatoo was transferred monotypic genus. It faces threats that species is also listed in CITES Appendix to CITES Appendix I. This listing are of high magnitude and imminent. I. Flocks of over 100 birds were resulted in a rapid drop to zero in Therefore, it receives a priority rank of recorded from Morocco as late as the officially traded birds, but the domestic 2. 1960s and 1970s (BirdLife International consumption of the species remained 2000). However, between 1980 and Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua high (BirdLife International 2001). 1990, there were only 103 records moluccensis) Extrapolation from figures obtained by interviews in villages suggests that involving 316–326 birds, and from 1990 The salmon-crested cockatoo is found, to 1999, this dropped to 74 records possibly thousands of birds (perhaps as and perhaps endemic to, Seram in the many as 4,000, or 6.4 percent of the involving 148–152 birds (ibid.). Most South Moluccas, Indonesia, with current estimated total) are still being recent records are of 1–3 birds, with the records from the adjacent islands of captured each year (Kinnaird 1999, as exception of a flock of 19 birds in Italy Haruku, Saparua, and Ambon. There is cited in BirdLife International 2001). in 1995. In 1994, the population was some speculation that records from Forest loss, degradation, and estimated at only 50–270 birds, but locales other than Seram might all relate fragmentation from timber extraction, records suggest it may now be lower. to birds of captive origin (BirdLife settlement, and hydroelectric projects Threats to the breeding grounds are International 2001). Lowland rain forest pose the other major threats. A program unknown (BirdLife International 2000), below altitudes of 1,000 m and unlogged to raise local awareness, linked with the although it has recently been suggested lowland forest below 300 m are clearly promotion of ecotourism, has recently that the main breeding areas may have the most productive habitat (Marsden been launched (BirdLife International been located in the steppe zone, which 1998). Studies conducted in 1998 2000). has been cultivated on a large scale, suggested that habitat rich in strangler The salmon-crested cockatoo does not perhaps explaining the rapid decline of fig trees and the key nest tree, represent a monotypic genus. It faces the species (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Octomeles sumatranus, holds the threats that are high in magnitude and Historically, hunting was high and may highest densities of cockatoos, but this imminent, and therefore it receives a have been a key factor in the species’ needs confirmation (Kinnaird et al. in priority rank of 2. historical decline (BirdLife International prep., as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Wetlands in North Africa and the 2000). The diet of salmon-crested Orange-fronted parakeet Mediterranean, and potentially cockatoos consists of seeds, nuts (Cyanoramphus malherbi) important areas in Iraq, have been (including coconuts), berries, and The orange-fronted parakeet was extensively drained (ibid.). insects and their larvae (Forshaw 1989). treated as a species until it was first The slender-billed curlew does not The salmon-crested cockatoo was proposed as a color morph of C. represent a monotypic genus. The formerly a common species of the auriceps in 1974 (Holyoak 1974, as cited magnitude of threat to the species is lowlands within its range (del Hoyo et in Snyder et al. 2000). However, recent

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analysis has led to the suggestion that it seeds of various trees and shrubs (del seasonally inundated savanna, palm- should again be considered a distinct Hoyo et al. 1997). It is restricted to areas groves, forest islands, and possibly species (Triggs and Daugherty 1996). It of old-growth forest with nesting holes, humid lowlands. This species is found is only known from two valleys on the but highest numbers occur close to in areas where there is an availability of South Island of New Zealand: the South gardens with papayas (BirdLife palm-fruit food, especially Attalea Branch Hurunui River valley and the International 2000). phalerata (Hesse 1998, as cited in Hawdon River valley. Historically, it Early population estimates were BirdLife International 2000). The region was once present on the North, most of alarmingly low for the Uvea parakeet, it inhabits lies at elevations between 200 the South, and Stewart Islands (BirdLife 70–90 birds and declining (Hahn 1993), and 250 m (BirdLife International 2000). International 2000). This species is but surveys yielded estimates of The species has not been seen restricted to southern beech (Nothofagus approximately 600 birds in 1993 and congregating in large flocks, and is most spp.) forest (BirdLife International 750 birds in 1998 (P. Primot, in litt. commonly seen traveling in pairs, and 2000), with a preference for areas 1999, as cited in BirdLife International on rare occasions may be found in small bordering stands of mountain beech (N. 2000). It is classified as Endangered in flocks of up to five individuals (Collar solandri) (Snyder et al. 2000). It requires the 2002 IUCN Red List because it et al. 1992). The blue-throated macaw mature trees with natural hollows or occurs in a very small, declining area of nests between November and March in cavities for nesting, and breeding of the forest on one small island (IUCN 2002). cavities within large trees where one to species is linked with the irregular seed It was listed in Appendix I of CITES in two young are raised (BirdLife production by Nothofagus (BirdLife July 2000, and had been previously International 2000). International 2000). listed in Appendix II. Habitat The taxonomic status of this species The orange-fronted parakeet has an destruction in the last 30 years has was disputed for a long time, primarily extremely small population and limited caused a 30–50 percent decline in because it was unknown in the wild to range. There have only been a few primary forest. Threats also include an biologists until 1992 (del Hoyo et al. sightings since 1966 (Triggs and ongoing illicit pet trade, mostly for the 1997). However, trappers apparently Daugherty 1996), and previous domestic market. Nesting holes are cut discovered these birds sometime in the assessments of its status have ranged open to extract nestlings, which make late 1970s or early 1980s. Between the from more common than originally them unsuitable for future breeding. The early 1980s and early 1990s, thought (Harrison 1970) to close to lack of nesting sites is believed to be a approximately 400–1,200 birds were extinction (Mills and Williams 1980). It limiting factor for the species (BirdLife exported from Bolivia, and many are is classified as Endangered in the 2002 International 2000). Juveniles may be now in captivity in the European Union IUCN Red List and is listed in Appendix taken by predators such as the native and in North America (World Parrot II of CITES. The population is estimated brown goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus). Trust 2003). This species is severely at 200–500 individuals and declining Introductions to the adjacent island of threatened by past trapping for the (BirdLife International 2000). The Lifou in 1925 and 1963 failed (BirdLife national and international cage-bird primary cause of decline is likely to be International 2000), possibly due to the trade. Recent estimates indicate that predation by stoats (Mustela erminea) presence of ship and Norwegian rats there are between 75 and 150 and rats (Rattus spp.) (BirdLife (Rattus norvegicus) (Snyder et al. 2000). individuals in the wild (Snyder et al. International 2000). Hybridization with A recovery plan for the Uvea parakeet 2000). It is categorized as Critically yellow-crowned parakeets (C. auriceps) was prepared for the period 1997–2002, Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List has been observed at Lake Sumner which included strong local and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. (Snyder et al. 2000). Existing captive participation in population and habitat Trapping for the pet trade could still be stocks also show signs of interbreeding monitoring (Snyder et al. 2000). It is a problem today, although some with C. auriceps and should not be becoming well known and celebrated as protection for known populations is in considered for any conservation action an island emblem (Robinet and Salas place. The Eco Bolivia Foundation in the future (Triggs and Daugherty 1997). Illegal trade is being successfully patrols known populations by foot and 1996). Monitoring and conservation of addressed by increased awareness and motorbike, and the Armonia Association this species is problematic given the law enforcement. A captive-breeding of Santa Cruz is searching the Beni for difficulty in separating it from C. program was initiated in 1998 to restock more populations. In addition, the auriceps (BirdLife International 2000). the south of Uvea. Measures are being Armonia Association is working on an The orange-fronted parakeet does not taken to control predators and prevent awareness campaign aimed at the represent a monotypic genus. It faces colonization by rats (BirdLife cattlemen’s association to ensure that threats that are high but non-imminent. International 2000). Current population these birds are not hunted by trappers Therefore, it receives a priority rank of numbers are increasing, but any on their property (Snyder et al. 2000). 5. relaxation of current conservation The blue-throated macaw does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces Uvea parakeet (Eunymphicus uvaensis; efforts or introduction of rats could lead threats that are moderate and imminent, Previously Referred to as Eunymphicus to a rapid decline of the species (IUCN and therefore receives a priority rank of cornutus uvaeensis) 2002). The Uvea parakeet does not represent 8. The Uvea parakeet is restricted to a monotypic genus. It faces threats that Southeastern rufous-vented ground Uvea, New Caledonia. It was recently are moderate and imminent, and cuckoo (Neomorphus geoffroyi dulcis) split from the horned parakeet E. therefore receives a priority rank of 8. cornutus on the basis of morphological The southeastern rufous-vented and biochemical differences (O. Robinet Blue-throated macaw (Ara ground cuckoo is found in southeastern in litt. 1999, as cited in BirdLife glaucogularis) Brazil from Espirito Santo to Rio de International 2000). It is found primarily The blue-throated macaw is endemic Janeiro (del Hoyo et al. 1997). It is found in forest habitat, notably, those to forest islands in the seasonally in tropical lowland evergreen forests, dominated by Agathis—Araucaria and flooded Beni Lowlands (Lanos de where it feeds on large insects, general woodlands, and feeds on the Moxos) of Central Bolivia (Jordan and scorpions, centipedes, spiders, small berries of vines and the flowers and Munn 1993). It inhabits a mosaic of frogs, lizards, and occasionally seeds

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and fruit (ibid.). The species is not targeting the species has produced more birds with a decreasing population globally threatened, although records, but it has clearly declined and trend (BirdLife International 2000). This populations of ground cuckoos in is now rare within a very limited range species is classified as Endangered in southern Brazil appear to be under (Philips 1989). The population estimate the 2002 IUCN Red List. It has a very threat due to deforestation (ibid.). It is for this species is 50–249 birds, with a small range, with all populations a rare, local, solitary species that decreasing population trend (BirdLife confined to remnant habitat patches in requires large blocks of natural forest International 2000). This species is the two desert valleys where it occurs, (ibid.). This extremely shy species is classified as Critically Endangered in which are heavily cultivated (IUCN among the first to disappear if its the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in 2002). The indigenous plants favored by primary forest habitat is disturbed, and Appendix II of CITES. It qualifies as the Chilean woodstar may be severely in southeastern Brazil where it occurs, critical because it has an extremely threatened by this cultivation (Collar et most of this type of forest has been small range and the population is al. 1992). The extent, area, and quality destroyed (IUCN 1978–1979). It is restricted to one location where habitat of suitable habitat are likely to be poorly known, has a small range, and is is being rapidly converted and there is declining (ibid.). The Chilean woodstar highly sensitive to human disturbance ongoing volcanic activity (BirdLife is listed in Appendix II of CITES. All (BirdLife International 2001). This International 2000). The main threat to exports of hummingbirds from Peru and subspecies is protected under Brazilian the species is the taking of trees in the Chile are controlled (BirdLife law (IUCN 1978–1979). elfin forest for charcoal, although media International 2000). This is a subspecies facing threats that coverage of the species has encouraged The Chilean woodstar represents a are high in magnitude and imminent. It authorities to control access and forbid monotypic genus. It faces threats that therefore receives a priority rank of 3. charcoal production (Philips 1989). In are high in magnitude and non- addition, until recently, potato imminent. It therefore receives a rank of Margaretta’s hermit (Phaethornis cultivation and livestock grazing on 4. malaris margarettae; Previously ridge crests were causing suitable Referred to as Phaethornis margarettae) Esmeraldas woodstar (Acestrura habitat in these areas to disappear berlepschi) Margaretta’s hermit was first rapidly (ibid.). Some of these ridges are described as a new species in 1972 by almost completely devoid of natural The Esmeraldas woodstar is restricted A. Ruschi (Sibley and Monroe 1990). It vegetation, and even if black-breasted to a small area on the Pacific Slope of is currently treated as a subspecies of pufflegs still occur in these areas, they the Andes of western Equador the great-billed hermit (Phaethornis are most likely not numerous (BirdLife (Esmeraldas, Manabi, and Guayas), malaris) (Sick 1993), which is not International 2000). where it is very rare and localized considered globally threatened. It is The black-breasted puffleg does not (BirdLife International 2000). It is found found in the understory of inundated represent a monotypic genus. The threat in lowland, moist forest (del Hoyo et al. lowland forest, secondary growth, to the species is high and imminent. 1999). It has also been recorded in the bamboo thickets, and shrubbery. Therefore, it receives a priority rank of canopy of semi-humid secondary Margaretta’s hermit is found in coastal 2. growth at 50’150 m in December–March, East Brazil and is limited to forest when it apparently breeds (Becker et al. Chilean woodstar (Eulidia yarrellii) remnants; consequently, it could be 2000). However, it has not been threatened by further habitat destruction The Chilean woodstar is restricted to recorded in this habitat at other times of (del Hoyo et al. 1999). The Margaretta’s a very small area on the Pacific coast year, and there is no evidence hermit is listed in Appendix II of CITES. from Tacna, Peru, to extreme northern concerning its long-term ability to Margaretta’s hermit is a subspecies Antofagasta, Chile (Collar et al. 1992). It survive in this type of forest (BirdLife facing threats that are high and is only known to regularly breed in the International 2000). imminent. Therefore, it receives a Lluta and Azapa valleys, Arica The Esmeraldas woodstar inhabits priority rank of 3. Department, in extreme northern Chile one of the most threatened forest (BirdLife International 2000). It inhabits habitats within the Neotropics (del Black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis desert river valleys and gardens, mainly Hoyo et al. 1999). All forest types within nigrivestis) from sea level to about 750 m and was its range have greatly diminished due to The black-breasted puffleg is possibly found once at 2,600 m (Collar et al., logging and clearing for agriculture now confined to the northern ridge 1992). It is usually a solitary feeder and (Dodson and Gentry 1991, as cited in crests of Volcan Pichincha, in Pichincha has been reported feeding in gardens on BirdLife International 2000). This Province, northwest Ecuador (BirdLife Lantana and Hibiscus flowers (Collar et species is classified as Endangered in International 2000). It may also occur on al. 1992), but it is comparatively rare in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has Volcan Atacazo, although there have such habitats (Howell and Webb in a very small and severely fragmented only been three specimens found in prep., as cited in BirdLife International range, which is experiencing rapid 1898, with a possible sighting in 1983 2000). declines, presumably causing declines in this location (Collar et al. 1992). It The Chilean woodstar was reported to in the bird’s population (IUCN 2002). occurs in dwarf, humid elfin forest and be common at the beginning of the 20th The species is also listed in Appendix paramo, at 3,100–4,500 m, from Century (Collar et al. 1992). More II of CITES. The population estimate for November through January and in recently, surveys have found this this species is 1,000–2,499 birds with a humid temperate forest at about 2,400 m species to be scarce to locally common decreasing population trend (BirdLife at other times of the year (Philips 1989). (Howell and Webb in prep., as cited in International 2000). There is a serious There are a large number of museum BirdLife International 2000). It is current threat from persistent grazing by specimens (over 100) for this species, unclear whether this represents a goats and cattle, which damage the suggesting it was more common in the serious decline or previous observers understory and prevent regeneration past (ibid.). The only confirmed record did not come across flowering trees (Dodson and Gentry 1991, as cited in between 1950 and 1993 was three favored by this species (BirdLife BirdLife International 2000). Dodson individuals in 1980 (BirdLife International 2000). The population and Gentry (1991) indicate that rapid International 2000). Recent fieldwork estimate for this species is 2,500–10,000 habitat loss continues, at least in

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unprotected areas, and extant forests are at least 30 years old (Ikehara 1988) m (Schulenberg and Parker, as cited in will soon be removed. In Manabi in trees more than 20 cm in diameter Collar et al. 1992). However, its Province, the Esmeraldas woodstar (Research Center, Wild Bird Society of restricted range remains unexplained occurs in Machalilla National Park Japan 1993, as cited in BirdLife (ibid.). The yellow-browed toucanet (Collar et al. 1992), but even here, it International 2001). The Okinawa does not appear to occupy all receives inadequate protection (BirdLife woodpecker heavily uses rotting stubs apparently suitable forest available International 2000). as food sources, which suggests a within its overall range (Schulenberg The Esmeraldas woodstar does not dependence on old-growth forests with and Parker 1997). Deforestation has represent a monotypic genus; however, large, often moribund trees, been widespread in this region, but it faces threats that are high in accumulated fallen trees and debris, and largely below this species’ altitudinal magnitude and imminent. Therefore, it undergrowth (Short 1993, as cited in range (BirdLife International 2000). receives a priority rank of 2. BirdLife International 2001). This However, coca growers have taken over Helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus woodpecker mainly nests in the tree forests within its altitudinal range, galeatus) Castanopsis cuspidata (Research Center, probably resulting in some reductions in Wild Bird Society of Japan 1993, as this species range and population The helmeted woodpecker is endemic cited in BirdLife International 2001). It (ibid.). It is listed as Endangered by the to the southern Atlantic forest region of feeds on large arthropods, notably beetle IUCN because of its very small range southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, larvae, spiders, moths, and centipedes, (IUCN 2002). Current population size is and northeastern Argentina (BirdLife plus fruit, berries, seeds, acorns, and unknown (BirdLife International 2000). International 2001). It is found in tall other nuts (Winkler et al. 1995). The yellow-browed toucanet does not lowland and montane primary forest, in The Okinawa woodpecker is represent a monotypic genus. The forest that has been selectively logged, considered the world’s rarest extant magnitude of threat to the species is and usually near large tracts of intact picid and is categorized as Critically moderate and non-imminent. Therefore, forest (ibid.). This woodpecker feeds on Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List. it receives a priority rank of 11. beetle larvae living beneath bark and It was considered close to extinction in Royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae) forages primarily in the middle story of the 1930s, and in the early 1990s, the the forest interior (del Hoyo et al. 2002). breeding population was estimated to be The royal cinclodes occurs in the Recent field work on the helmeted about 75 birds, with the total population Andes of southeastern Peru (Cuzco, woodpecker has revealed that the between 146 and 584 individuals. It has Apurimac, and Puno) and adjacent species is less rare than once thought a single tiny, declining population, Bolivia (La Paz) (BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2000). It is listed which is threatened by continued loss of 2000). It is found in tiny humid patches as Vulnerable in the IUCN 2002 Red mature forest to logging, dam of Polylepis woodland and montane List. The current population is construction, agriculture, and golf scrub, mainly at 3,500–4,800 m (Parker estimated at no more than 10,000 course developments (BirdLife et al. 1996). This species is classified as individuals and decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). Some conservation Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN International 2000). The greatest threat efforts are underway. Currently, it is Red List because it has an extremely to this species is widespread legally protected in Japan. The small population that is restricted to a deforestation. Numerous sightings since Yambaru, a forest area in the Okinawa severely fragmented and rapidly the mid-1980s has included a pair in the Prefecture, was designated as a national declining habitat (IUCN 2002). In Brazilian State of Santa Catarina in park in 1996, and conservation addition, no sub-population is thought 1998, where the species had not been organizations have purchased sites to exceed 50 mature individuals (ibid.). seen since 1946 (del Hoyo et al. 2002). where the woodpecker occurs to The population estimate for this species The helmeted woodpecker is protected establish private wildlife preserves (del is 50–249 birds, with a decreasing by Brazilian law and populations occur Hoyo et al. 2002). population trend (BirdLife International in numerous protected areas throughout The Okinawa woodpecker represents 2000). The main threat is the inability its range (BirdLife International 2000). a monotypic genus. This species faces of Polylepis to regenerate due to the Further studies are needed to clarify its threats that are moderate in magnitude uncontrolled use of fire and heavy distribution and status (del Hoyo et al. and imminent. It therefore receives a grazing (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996, as 2002). priority rank of 7. cited in BirdLife International 2000). The helmeted woodpecker does not Yellow-browed toucanet Cutting for timber, firewood, and represent a monotypic genus. The (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) charcoal, although locally destructive, magnitude of threat to the species is could be sustainable if regeneration was moderate and imminent. It therefore The yellow-browed toucanet is known allowed to occur (ibid.). A local program receives a priority rank of 8. from only two localities in north-central aimed at educating families on Polylepis Peru, La Libertad, where it is woodland and its birds seems to be Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo uncommon, and Rio Abiseo National noguchii) working. Park, San Martin, where it is apparently The royal cinclodes does not The Okinawa woodpecker is endemic very rare (BirdLife International 2000). represent a monotypic genus. The to Okinawa Island, Japan, in the Nansei It has a narrow elevational distribution, magnitude of threat to the species is Shoto (Ryukyu) Islands in southern inhabiting the canopy of montane wet high and the immediacy is imminent. Japan. It is confined to Kunigami-gun, cloud forests with mosses and epiphytes We therefore have assigned a priority with its main breeding areas along the between 2,125 and 2,510 m (del Hoyo et rank of 2 to this species. mountain ridges between Mt. Nishime- al. 2002, Collar et al. 1992). This take and Mt. Iyu-take (BirdLife distribution may be related to the White-browed tit-spinetail International 2000). This species is occurrence of the larger grey-breasted (Leptasthenura xenothorax) found in mature, subtropical moist mountain toucan (Andigena The white-browed tit-spinetail is evergreen broadleaf forests, much of hypoglauca) above 2,300 m and the restricted to a severely fragmented range which is now confined to hilltops occurrence of the emerald toucanet in south-central Peru in the Runtacocha (Brazil 1991). It is found in forests that (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) below 2,100 highland (Apurimac), the Nevado

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Sacsarayoc Massif, and the Cordillera clearance of suitable habitat for pasture the Rio Toche Valley, which represents Vilcanota (Cuzco) (BirdLife and plantations of Euterpe sp. palms a range extension (Lopez-Lanus et al. International 2000). These birds occur (ibid.). 2000). in small, widely scattered patches of The black-hooded antwren does not The greatest threat to the brown- humid Polylepis woodlands at 3,700– represent a monotypic genus. It faces banded antpitta is habitat loss. In the 4,550 m (ibid.). The white-browed tit- threats that are high in magnitude and Rio Toche Valley, forest has been spinetail is categorized as Endangered imminent, and therefore it receives a converted to agriculture since the 1950s, in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its priority rank of 2. and natural vegetation cover has been reduced to about 15 percent between extremely small and fragmented range Fringe-backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra) and population, which continue to 1,900 and 3,200 m (BirdLife decline due to habitat loss and a lack of The fringe-backed fire-eye is known International 2000). This species is habitat regeneration (IUCN 2002). The only from a very restricted area in the classified as Endangered in the 2002 population is estimated at 250–999 vicinity of Salvador, coastal Bahia, and IUCN Red List because it is known from individuals and declining (BirdLife in south Sergipe, Brazil (Collar et al. very few locations in a very small range International 2000). Regeneration of 1992). It is found in the tangled (IUCN 2002). In addition, habitat loss Polylepis woodlands is prevented by undergrowth of lowland forests and and degradation are continuing within uncontrolled fires, heavy grazing, and appears to favor secondary growth and this range (ibid.). The population the inadequacy of afforestation projects, other semi-open habitats where estimate for this species is 250–999 which are the greatest threats to the horizontal perches can be found near birds, with a decreasing population white-browed tit-spinetail (Fjeldsa and the ground. Recent population estimates trend (BirdLife International 2000). Kessler 1996, as cited in BirdLife indicate that between 250 and 999 Significant numbers of this species are International 2000). Although cutting individuals remain in the wild, and the well protected in Ucumari Regional for timber, firewood, and charcoal is population is declining (BirdLife Park, Risaralda (Kattan and Beltran locally destructive, it could be sustained International 2000). The species is 1997). The Rio Toche watershed lacks if regeneration were allowed to occur. categorized as Critically Endangered in any form of protection, and the limited There have been attempts to draw local the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its remaining forest there continues to attention to the plight of Polylepis extremely small range and declining diminish and become increasingly woodlands in Cuzco, which may lead to habitat, and because it is known from a fragmented (Lopez-Lanus et al. 2000). better environmental controls (ibid.). very few, highly fragmented localities The brown-banded antpitta does not The white-browed tit-spinetail does (IUCN 2002). The fringe-backed fire-eye represent a monotypic genus. The threat not represent a monotypic genus. The is protected under Brazilian law. The to the species is high in magnitude and magnitude of threat to this species is greatest threat to this species is habitat imminent. It therefore receives a priority high and immediacy of threat is loss (BirdLife International 2000). rank of 2. This species does not represent a imminent. It has therefore received a Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus priority rank of 2. monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. It novacapitalis) Black-hooded antwren (Formicivora therefore receives a priority rank of 2. The Brasilia tapaculo occurs in the erythronotos, Previously Referred to as undergrowth of swampy gallery forest Myrmotherula erythronotos) Brown-banded antpitta (Grallaria and dense streamside vegetation with milleri) The black-hooded antwren is endemic impenetrable secondary growths of fern to southeast Brazil and survives in a The brown-banded antpitta is Pteridium aquilinum from Goias, the narrow coastal strip around the Baı´a endemic to the Volcan Ruiz–Tolima Federal District, and Minas Gerais, Ilha Grande in south Rio de Janeiro, Massif of the central Andes, Colombia Brazil (Collar et al. 1992; BirdLife Brazil (BirdLife International 2000; (BirdLife International 2000). In International 2000, Negret and BirdLife International 2001). It has been Ucumari, this species has been recorded Cavalcanti 1985, as cited in Collar et al. found to occur mostly in the lush in three types of habitat with no 1992). Although the species was once understory of modified restinga, early significant difference in population: considered rare (Sick and Texeira 1979, successional habitats such as secondary Early secondary growth vegetation with as cited in Collar et al. 1992), it is found growth, and the understory of old a high density of herbs and shrubs; the in reasonable numbers in certain areas secondary growth (BirdLife understory of 30-year-old alder (Alnus) of Brasilia (D. M. Teixeira, in litt. 1987, International 2000). This species was plantations; and the understory of 30- as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The originally known from about twenty year-old secondary forest (Kattan and population is estimated at more than 19th Century skins, and thought to be Beltran 1997). Between 1911 and 1942, 10,000 birds, with a decreasing extinct until it was rediscovered in 1987 ten specimens were collected at population trend (BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2000). It has been elevations of 2,745–3,140 m in Caldas 2000). Currently, the IUCN Red List classified as Endangered by IUCN and Quindio (BirdLife International categorizes Scytalopus novacapitalis as (2002). Although the species is found at 2000; Kattan and Beltran 1997). It was Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN high densities at three sites, the overall not seen again until May 1994 in 2002). This species has a very limited range is very small and highly Ucumari Regional Park in Risaralda range and is presumably losing habitat fragmented, and the species is likely to (Kattan and Beltran 1997). Eleven more around Brasilia. However, its be declining rapidly in response to birds were caught and banded during distribution now seems larger than habitat loss (BirdLife International surveys conducted between 1994 and initially thought, and the swampy 2000). The population estimate for this 1997 in a narrow elevational band of gallery forests where it is found have species is 1,000–2,499 birds with a 2,400–2,600 m, and it was estimated escaped clearance (D. M. Teixeira in litt. decreasing population trend (BirdLife that 106 individuals were present in a 1987, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The International 2000). This species is 0.63-km2 area (ibid., Kattan and Beltran Brasilia tapaculo is currently protected threatened by development of the 1999). During 1994–1997, additional by Brazilian law (Bernardes et al. 1990, narrow coastal plain for tourism and observations of the bird were made on as cited in Collar et al. 1992), and it is beachside housing and widespread the southeast slope of Volcan Tolima in known from six protected areas

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(BirdLife International 2000). Annual and the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Cuzco the undergrowth of mid- and high- burning of adjacent grasslands limits the (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). The ash- altitude primary and secondary moist extent and availability of suitable breasted tit-tyrant is categorized as forest (Raffaele et al. 1998; Keith 1997, habitat, as does wetland drainage and Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List as cited in BirdLife International 2000). the sequestration of water for irrigation because of its very small, fragmented, On St. Lucia, it is uncommon to rare, (BirdLife International 2000). and declining occupied range and but was considered numerous in the late The Brasilia tapaculo does not population (IUCN 2002). The 19th Century (Keith 1997, as cited in represent a monotypic genus. The population is estimated at 250–999 BirdLife International 2000). It is magnitude of threat to the species is individuals and declining (BirdLife currently treated as a subspecies of the moderate and imminent. Therefore, it International 2000). Heavy grazing is the forest thrush (Cichlherminia receives a priority rank of 8. main threat, especially in Ancash, Iherminieri), which is classified as Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus which, combined with the uncontrolled Vulnerable in the 2002 IUCN Red List kaempferi; Previously Referred to as use of fire, prevents Polylepis because of human-induced deforestation Idioptilon kaempferi) regeneration (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996 and introduced predators (IUCN 2002). and G. Servat (in litt.), as cited in Habitat loss has occurred throughout the The Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant is known BirdLife International 2000). In species’ range, and other threats include from three localities in Santa Catarina, addition, a change from camelid to competition with the bare-eyed robin, Brazil: one record each in 1929, 1950, sheep and cattle farming, erosion, and brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird, and 1998 (BirdLife International 2000). soil degradation caused by agricultural hunting by humans for food, and It is found in humid lowland Atlantic intensification and afforestation are predation by mongooses and other forest. At one of these localities, at Salto contributory factors to the decline of the introduced predators (Raffaele et al. do Pirai, these birds have typically been species (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). 1998). seen in forest edge, well-shaded There have been some local successes This subspecies faces threats that are secondary growth, and sections of low, with public awareness campaigns in high and imminent. It therefore receives generally epiphyte-laden open Cuzco, Peru (ibid.). a priority rank of 3. woodland in the vicinity of The ash-breasted tit-tyrant does not Eiao Polynesian warbler (Acrocephalus watercourses (Mazar Barnett et al. [in represent a monotypic genus. The threat caffer aquilonis) press], as cited by BirdLife International to the species is high in magnitude and 2000). It feeds predominantly in the imminent. Therefore, we have assigned The Eiao Polynesian warbler is midstory of medium-sized trees, and it a priority rank of 2. restricted to dry forest on Eiao Island in pairs appear to remain within small the Marquesas Islands. Decker (1973) well-defined areas (ibid.). The Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma found that other races of the species Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant is categorized as raimondii) occupy a variety of habitats possessing Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List The Peruvian plantcutter inhabits the trees or tall bushes, ranging from because of its extremely small range, coastal region of northern Peru from cultivated areas to dense forests. On with only two recent records in a single Tumbus to Lima (BirdLife International Eiao, by 1960, only scraps of woodland area (IUCN 2002). The population 2000). Recent records are from only four remained, and after many years of estimate is 1,000–2,499 individuals and areas, and it is absent from much grazing by introduced sheep and swine, declining (BirdLife International 2000). apparently suitable habitat (ibid.). It it was described as being a barren desert There has been extensive deforestation occurs in desert scrub, riparian thicket, of rock and orange clay. This warbler in the Atlantic forest, and much of the and low woodland, usually dominated was apparently common in 1922, when lowland forest continues to be cleared by Prosopis trees with some Acacia up the Whitney South Sea Expedition in the vicinity of the two most recent to 550 m (ibid.). The Peruvian collected a number of specimens sightings (BirdLife International 2000). plantcutter is categorized as Endangered (Holyoak 1975, as cited by IUCN 1978– The Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant is protected in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its 1979). Three more individuals were by Brazilian law and occurs in one extremely small and fragmented range, collected in 2 days in 1929, and it was protected area (ibid.). and because the remaining habitat is still present in small numbers in 1968 This species does not represent a subject to rapid and continuing (ibid.). The population in 1987 was monotypic genus. Threats to the species destruction and degradation (IUCN estimated at 100–200 individuals are high in magnitude and imminent. 2002). The population is estimated at (Thibault, personal communication to We therefore have assigned a priority 250–999 individuals and declining Philippe Raust, Socie´e´te´e´ d’Ornithologie rank of 2 to this species. (BirdLife International 2000). Threats de Polyne´e´sie 2003). Threats include Ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes include the conversion of coastal river alien invasive mammals and predators alpinus) valleys to cultivation, removal of the and a lack of regeneration of habitat shrub layer by grazing goats, and (ibid.). The ash-breasted tit-tyrant is confined burning and logging for firewood and The Eiao Polynesian warbler is a to semi-humid Polylepis—Gynoxys charcoal (Engblom in litt., as cited by subspecies facing threats that are high in woodlands in the high Andes in Peru BirdLife International 2000). magnitude and imminent. It therefore and Bolivia (BirdLife International The Peruvian plantcutter does not receives a priority rank of 3. 2000). There are two widely disjunct represent a monotypic genus. Threats to Codfish Island fernbird (Bowdleria populations: the subspecies A. a. the species are high in magnitude and punctata wilsoni) alpinus occurs in the Cordilleras Central imminent. Therefore, it receives a and Occidental, Peru, and A. a. priority rank of 2. The Codfish Island fernbird is found bolivianus occurs in the Cordillera only in low scrub habitat on Codfish Oriental, Peru, and in the Cordillera St. Lucia forest thrush (Cichlherminia Island, off the northwest coast of Real, Bolivia (BirdLife International iherminieri sanctaeluciae) Stewart Island, New Zealand (IUCN 2000; Collar et al. 1992; Fjeldsa and The St. Lucia forest thrush is found 1979). The vegetation of Codfish Island Kessler 1996). It is relatively common in on St. Lucia Island in the West Indies has been modified by the introduced the Runtacocha highland, Apurimac, (Raffaele et al. 1998). It mostly inhabits Australian brush-tailed possum

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(Trichosurus vulpecula), and fernbird Medium tree-finch (Camarhynchus range and because the population is numbers have been reduced by pauper) only found in a single area (IUCN 2002). predation by the weka (Gallirallus The medium tree-finch is endemic to The population is estimated at 50–249 australis scotti) and the Polynesian rat Floreana in the Galapagos Islands, individuals and declining (BirdLife (Rattus exulans) (Merton 1974, personal Ecuador (BirdLife International 2000). It International 2000). It is believed that communication, as cited in IUCN 1979). is common in the highlands and extensive deforestation has had an In 1966, this fernbird was considered considered uncommon to rare on the adverse impact on this tanager (ibid.). relatively safe (Blackburn 1967, as cited coast (Harris 1992). It is found in This species is protected by Brazilian in IUCN 1979), but estimates from 1975 montane evergreen and tropical law and its conceivable range may include protected areas (ibid.). The indicated a gradually declining deciduous forest, the Scalesia zone, and population numbering approximately owners of Fazenda Pindobas IV have humid scrub (Stotz et al. 1996). This 100 individuals (Bell 1975, as cited in expressed interest in protecting the poorly known species is considered IUCN 1979). At that time, it was absent remaining native forest on their Vulnerable by the IUCN because it has from parts of Codfish Island that it had property (Venturini, in litt. 2000, as a very small range (IUCN 2002). The formerly occupied (Blackburn 1967, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). population estimate ranges from 1,000 cited in IUCN 1979). Several The cherry-throated tanager does not to 2,499 (BirdLife International 2000). conservation measures have been represent a monotypic genus. It faces Introduced species may be a threat completed on Codfish Island. The weka threats that are high in magnitude and because Floreana Island has a number of was eradicated from Codfish Island imminent, and therefore it receives a introduced predators and herbivores, between 1980 and 1985 (Taylor 2000), priority rank of 2. and Polynesian rats were eradicated including cattle, pigs, cats, dogs, and rats, and also suffers from extensive Black-backed tanager (Tangara from Codfish Island in August 1998 peruviana) (Conservation News 2002). The habitat destruction and degradation fernbirds are now rebounding strongly (Jackson 1985). However, it is not The black-backed tanager is endemic on the island (Hayley Meehan, New known how any of these potential to the coastal Atlantic forest region of Zealand Forest and Birds, personal threats affects the species (BirdLife southeastern Brazil, with records from communication, 2003). International 2000). Population trends Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, Parana, Santa The Codfish Island fernbird is a for this species are also unknown (IUCN Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and subspecies that is now facing threats 2002). Predator control is occurring on Espirito Santo (BirdLife International that are low to moderate in magnitude Floreana, Santa Cruz, and Santiago 1992; Argel-de-Oliveira, in litt. 2000, as and imminent. It therefore receives a Islands (H. Vargus and F. Cruz (in litt.) cited in BirdLife International 2000). It priority rank of 9. 2000, as cited in BirdLife International is largely restricted to coastal sand-plain 2000). The Galapagos Islands are a forest and littoral scrub, also called Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris) national park and were declared a restinga, and has also been found in The Ghizo white-eye is endemic to World Heritage Site in 1979 (BirdLife secondary forests (BirdLife International Ghizo in the Solomon Islands (BirdLife International 2000). 1992). The black-backed tanager is International 2000). Birds are locally The medium tree-finch does not generally not considered rare within common in the remaining tall or old- represent a monotypic genus. The suitable habitat (BirdLife International growth forests located on Ghizo magnitude of threat to the species is 2000). It has a complex distribution (Buckingham et al. 1995 and Gibbs moderate and immediacy is non- with periodic local fluctuations in 1996, as cited in BirdLife International imminent. We therefore give this numbers owing to seasonal movements, 2000). It is less common in scrub close species a priority rank of 11. at least in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo to large trees and in plantations Cherry-throated tanager (Nemosia (BirdLife International 1992). (BirdLife International 2000), and it is rourei) Clarification of these seasonal not known whether these two habitats movements will provide an improved support sustainable breeding The cherry-throated tanager is understanding of its actual conservation populations (Buckingham et al. 1995, as currently known from Fazenda status (IUCN 2002). Population cited in BirdLife International 2000). Pindobas IV in Espirito Santo, Brazil, estimates range from 2,500 to 10,000 This species is classified as Endangered where small numbers have been individuals (BirdLife International in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its recorded since 1998 (Bauer et al. 2000). 2000), and it is considered Vulnerable small population that is inferred to be Prior to this time, this species was only by the IUCN. Currently populations declining because of habitat loss (IUCN known from one type specimen, appear to be small and fragmented. The 2002). The population estimate for this collected around the mid-19th Century species is threatened by the rapid and species is 250–999 birds with a at Muriae, Minas Gerais, and from a widespread loss of restinga and decreasing population trend (BirdLife flock of eight individuals seen in the occasionally appears in the illegal cage- International 2000). The very tall old- region of Jatiboca, Espirito Santo, in bird trade (BirdLife International 2000). growth forest on Ghizo is still under 1941 (Collar et al. 1992). The area of The black-backed tanager does not some threat from clearance for timber Espirito Santo is now devoid of forest represent a monotypic genus. The threat for local use, firewood, and gardens, and (BirdLife International 2000). There to the species is low to moderate in the areas of other secondary growth, have been probable sightings at the magnitude, and the threat is non- which are sub-optimal habitats for this Augusto Ruschi (Nova Lombardia) imminent. Therefore, we give this species, are under considerable threat Biological Reserve in 1992 (Scott 1997) species a priority rank of 11. from clearance for agricultural land and Fazenda Pedra Bonita, Minas Gerais (ibid.). (Bauer et al. 2000). It occurs primarily Lord Howe pied currawong (Strepera The Ghizo white-eye does not in the canopy of humid montane forests graculina crissalis) represent a monotypic genus. It faces at elevations of 900–1,100 m (ibid.). The The Lord Howe Island subspecies of threats that are moderate and imminent, cherry-throated tanager is categorized as the pied currawong is endemic to the and therefore receives a priority rank of Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Lord Howe Island group in New South 8. Red List because of its extremely small Wales, Australia. The highest densities

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of nests are located on the slopes of Mt. spanned central and peninsular effective population size of 18 breeding Gower and in the Erskine Valley, with Thailand, central and northern birds and is considered one of the most smaller numbers on the lower land to Cambodia, southern and central Laos, threatened shorebirds in the world the north (Knight 1987, as cited in and southern Viet Nam (King et al. (IUCN 2000). This species suffers from Garnett and Gabriel 2000). This 1975, as cited in N.J. Collar et al. 1994). heavy predation, primarily from subspecies is highly mobile, and The giant ibis is now considered extinct introduced animals such as cats, ferrets individuals can be found anywhere on in Viet Nam and Thailand (BirdLife (Mustelo furo), stoats (M. Erminea), the island as well as on offshore islands, International 2000). It seems always to hedgehogs, brown rats (Rattus such as the Admiralty group (Garnett have been uncommon and local norvegicus), the native Australian and Gabriel 2000). Territories of the throughout its range (del Hoyo et al. harrier (Circus approximans), and kelp pied currawongs include a section of 1992). The giant ibis is a lowland bird, gull (Larus dominicanus) (BirdLife stream or gully that is lined by tall found in both open and forested International 2001). For nesting, the timber (ibid.). They feed on dead rats, wetland habitats (N.J. Collar et al. 1994). black stilt prefers dry banks where both possibly chase and kill live ones, and The giant ibis is categorized as cats and ferrets hunt (Pierce 1986, as have also been recorded taking seabird Critically Endangered by the IUCN cited in Collar et al. 1994). They are chicks, poultry, and the chicks of the (IUCN 2002). In 1997, its population solitary nesters, have a long fledgling Lord Howe woodhen (Tricholimnas was estimated at about 250 birds, but period, and exhibit ineffective anti- sylvestris) and white terns (Gygis alba), this is probably too high and the predator behavior, which all contribute as well as fruits and seeds (Hutton 1991 population is very likely to be fewer to heavy losses from predation (del and McFarland 1994, as cited Garnett than 50 mature individuals (BirdLife Hoyo et al. 1996). Nesting areas have and Gabriel 2000). Local residents International 2000). The loss of also been destroyed by drainage, weed sometimes kill currawongs that have wetlands is probably one of the main growth, and hydroelectric development attacked poultry, woodhens, or terns causes of decline, and the conversion (Collar et al. 1994). There is also (Garnett and Gabriel 2000). However, for agriculture of the central valley of interbreeding with the black-winged the effect of this killing on the overall Chao Phraya is thought to have been stilt (H. himantopus) as the population population is unknown (ibid.). The Lord instrumental in its extirpation from size decreases (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Howe pied currawong is listed as Thailand. The large size of the giant ibis The black stilt has been prevented from Endangered on the schedules of the probably makes it vulnerable to hunting becoming extinct in the wild by the New South Wales Threatened Species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Currently, the annual release of substantial numbers of Conservation Act (Garnett and Gabriel giant ibis is depicted in public captive-bred birds and through predator 2000) because the subspecies is limited awareness material in Laos and control (BirdLife International 2000). in range, only occurring on Lord Howe Cambodia as part of an ongoing There are a number of conservation Island (New South Wales National Parks campaign to reduce hunting of large efforts under way for the black stilt. and Wildlife Service 2003). In the waterbirds (BirdLife International 2000). Predator control and captive rearing and Action Plan for Australian Birds (2000), The giant ibis does not represent a release began in the early 1980s with the current population is estimated at monotypic genus. The magnitude of mixed success (del Hoyo et al. 1996). approximately 80 mature individuals. threat to the species is high, and the Recent advances in release methods The agency responsible for the immediacy of threat is imminent. We appear to have enhanced the initial conservation of this species is the New therefore give this species a priority survival of released birds from 20–45 to South Wales National Parks and rank of 2. 80–100 percent (Chambers and Wildlife Service. Black stilt (Himantopus MacAvoy 1999, as cited in BirdLife The Lord Howe pied currawong is a novaezelandiae) International 2000). Trapping for subspecies facing threats that are low in predators around all wild nests has been magnitude and non-imminent. The black stilt was formerly ongoing since 1997 (Maloney in litt. Therefore, it receives a priority rank of widespread across New Zealand (del 1999, as cited in BirdLife International 12. Hoyo et al. 1996). Currently, breeding is 2000). Water levels are being restricted to the Upper Waitaki Valley, manipulated in managed wetlands Findings on Species for Which Listing South Island, and small numbers of the where predators are controlled to attract Is Warranted species overwinter on North Island birds to feed and possibly breed We will promptly prepare listing (BirdLife International 2000). It is found (Dowding and Murphy (in press), as proposals for five of the species: The along riverbanks, lake shores, swamps, cited in BirdLife International 2000). giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantean), black and shallow ponds. The black stilt is The black stilt does not represent a stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae), carnivorous, taking a variety of monotypic genus, but the magnitude of Gurney’s pitta (Pitta gurneyi), Socorro invertebrates and small fish (del Hoyo et threat is high, and the immediacy of mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni), and al. 1996). Most individuals breed for the threat is imminent. We therefore assign caerulean paradise-flycatcher first time at 3 years of age. The species this species a priority rank of 2. (Eutrichomyias rowleyi). typically lays four eggs per clutch and will usually re-nest if the first clutch is Gurney’s pitta (Pitta gurneyi) Giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantea) lost early in the season (BirdLife Historically, Gurney’s pitta was The giant ibis has undergone a International 2000). restricted to the semi-evergreen massive reduction in range and is The total population of black stilts rainforest biome of southernmost currently confined to open deciduous crashed from 1,000 birds or more in Myanmar and southern Thailand. forest in extreme southern Laos and a 1950 to fewer than 100 birds in 1960 Currently it occurs from a single small larger area of northern and eastern (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The current site, Khao Nor Chuchi, in Krabi Cambodia (BirdLife International 2001). population estimate for the black stilt is Province, Thailand (BirdLife It is still fairly widespread but 40 individuals and decreasing (BirdLife International 2001). This species is, and extremely rare, with only a few birds International 2000). It is considered was, always restricted to extreme surviving in southern Laos (BirdLife Critically Endangered by the IUCN lowland semi-evergreen forest, usually International 2000). Its historical range because it has declined recently to an below 160 m, with an understory

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containing Salacca palms, where it Kingdom and United States in the range and because the high number of nests (BirdLife International 2000). A period 1966–1968 and in the early sub-adults found in the 1993–1994 central element of its territories are 1980s to June 1985 (Collar et al. 1986, survey suggests that the number of gully systems where moist conditions as cited in BirdLife International 2001). mature individuals is also very small exist year-round and there is usually In 1986, one major animal trading (IUCN 2002). The population is access to water in small streamlets. company in Bankok maintained that it estimated at 50–249 individuals and Moisture and shade appear to be crucial. still received 5–6 Gurney’s pittas per declining (BirdLife International 2000). Since almost all feeding takes place on year, and an unidentified contact There is no suitable nesting or foraging the forest floor, the understory claimed that as many as 50 birds per habitat remaining in the south of the vegetation, humidity, composition of year were still entering trade in island because of intensive grazing by the leaf litter, and availability of Thailand (Round and Treesucon 1986, sheep (Castellanos and Rodriguez- earthworms appear to be of greatest as cited in BirdLife International 2001). Estella 1993). There is also a possibility, importance in determining the Two male Gurney’s pittas were seen in but no substantial evidence of predation distribution of Gurney’s pitta (Gretton et captivity in the Khao Khieo Open Zoo, by feral cats (Martinez-Gomez and Curry al. 1993, as cited in BirdLife Chonburi, in March 1996 (F. R. Lambert 1996). The Revillagigedo Islands were International 2001). Its diet consists of [in litt.] 1998, as cited in BirdLife declared a Bioshpere Reserve in 1994. snails, worms, slugs, and insects of all International 2001), and three Gurney’s The Socorro mockingbird represents a kinds. pittas were confiscated from local monotypic genus experiencing a high Gurney’s pitta was formerly common villagers at Khao Nor Chuchi and magnitude of threat that is imminent. across much of its range. However, there returned the forest in the period 1990– We therefore give this species a priority have been no records of this species in 1997 (Round and Treesucon 1986, as rank of 1. Myanmar since 1914, and there were no cited in BirdLife International 2001). Caerulean paradise-flycatcher field observations in Thailand between A number of conservation efforts have (Eutrichomyias rowleyi) 1952 and 1986. Since 1986, intensive been initiated for the species. Khao Nor surveys have found individuals in at Chuchi was designated a Non-Hunting The caerulean paradise-flycatcher is least five localities, although at present Area in 1987, and upgraded to a only known from the island of Sangihe, it only remains in one: Khao Nor Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993. The Khao north of Sulawesi, Indonesia (BirdLife Chuchi. In 1986 there were estimates of Nor Chuchi Lowland Forest Project was International 2001). This species is a 44–45 pairs (BirdLife International established in 1990, which entailed sedentary insectivore that occupies 2000). Currently, this species has one of education programs and ecotourism, as primary broadleaf-trophophyllous forest the lowest known populations of any well as engaging the local community in on steep-sided valley slopes and valley bird species in the world, with only 11 participatory management to help bottoms with streams (BirdLife pairs and two spare males counted in a reduce pressure on the remaining forest. International 2000). Until 1998, the survey at Khao Nor Chuchi (Y. Meekaeo This has met with limited success. In caerulean paradise-flycatcher was (in litt.) 2000; P. D. Round in litt. 2000, addition, a series of breeding season thought to be extinct. Currently, the as cited in BirdLife International 2001). censuses were conducted from 1987 to total population is thought to lie It is considered Critically Endangered 1989, to locate and quantify populations between 50 and 100 birds (BirdLife by the IUCN (2000). It was originally in peninsular Thailand (BirdLife International 2001). This flycatcher is listed in Appendix III in Thailand in International 2000). considered Critically Endangered by the July 1987, but was included in Gurney’s pitta does not represent a IUCN because of its tiny range and Appendix I of CITES in January 1990 monotypic genus. However, the population, both of which have (UNEP 2001). magnitude of threat to the species is undergone a major and continuing The primary reason for the decline of high and the immediacy of threat is decline due to habitat loss due to this species has been the almost total imminent. We therefore assign this deforestation and conversion to clearance of lowland forest in southern species a priority rank of 2. agriculture (BirdLife International 2000; Myanmar and peninsular Thailand Socorro mockingbird (Mimodes IUCN 2002). Since 1995, the Action through clear-felling for timber, graysoni) Sampiri project has been conducting unofficial logging and conversion to field work and conservation awareness croplands, fruit orchards, coffee, rubber, The Socorro mockingbird is endemic programs, and developing ideas for and oil-palm plantations (BirdLife to Socorro in the Revillagigedo Islands future land use through agreements International 2000). Hunting is also a in Mexico, where it was the most between interested parties in Sangihe concern for this species. As recently as abundant and widespread landbird in and Talaud. Plans to reclassify April 2000, hunting and trapping 1925 (Jehl and Parkes 1982, 1983). It ‘‘protection forest’’ on Gunung (including terrestrial birds) were still was still considered abundant in 1958, Sahengbalira on Sangihe Island as a being regularly recorded in Khao Pra- but had declined dramatically and was wildlife reserve, with core areas as a Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary and the feared to be on the brink of extinction strict reserve, are under development adjacent National Reserve Forest. This by 1978 (BirdLife International 2000). (BirdLife International 2000). problem is exacerbated by the fact that Surveys in 1988–1990 resulted in The caerulean paradise-flycatcher there are few routine patrols so estimates of 50–200 pairs (Castellanos represents a monotypic genus that faces intruders run little risk of being and Rodriguez-Estella 1993). In 1993– a high magnitude of threat that is intercepted (Bird Conservation Society 1994, there were approximately 350 imminent. We therefore assign this of Thailand Bulletin, as cited in BirdLife individuals (Martinez-Gomez and Curry species a priority rank of 1. International 2001). Snare-line trapping 1996). This species is found at for the cage-bird trade is also a serious elevations above 600 m principally in Progress in Revising the Lists threat (BirdLife International 2000). moist dwarf forests and ravines with a As described in section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) These birds were relatively easy to mixture of shrubs and trees (ibid.). The of the Act, we must also show that we obtain in Bankok from the late 1950s to Socorro mockingbird is categorized as are making expeditious progress to add the early 1970s and were entering trade Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN qualified taxa to the Lists of Endangered within Thailand as well as to the United Red List because of its extremely small and Threatened Wildlife and Plants and

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to remove from the lists taxa for which References Cited Castellanos, A., and R. Rodriguez-Estrella. the protections of the Act are no longer Ali, S., and S. D. Ripley. 1968–1998. 1993. Current status of the Socorro necessary. We are making expeditious Handbook of the Birds of India and mockingbird. Wilson Bulletin 105:167–171. progress in listing and delisting taxa as Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Chambers, G. K., and E. S. MacAvoy. 1999. Bombay. Molecular genetic analysis of represented by our publications in the hybridisation. Science for Conservation Federal Register of the following high- Andrade, G. I., and A. Repizzo. 1994. Guanenta-Alto Fonce Fauna and Flora 105. Department of Conservation, priority actions: proposed rule and re- Sanctuary: A new protected area in the Wellington, NZ. opening of comment periods for three Colombia East Andes. Cotinga 2:42–44. Chapman, F. M. 1917. The distribution of African antelopes (scimitar-horned oryx Baker, A. R. 1980. Breeding distribution and BirdLife in Colombia. Bulletin of the [Oryx dammah], addax [Addax population size of the Dark-rumped Petrel American Museum of Natural History 36. nasomaculatus], and dama gazelle Pterodroma phaeopygia at Santa Cruz Collar, N. J., P. D. Round, and D. R. Wells. [Gazella dama)] (68 FR 43706, July 24, Island, Galapagos. Charles Darwin 1986. The past and future of Gurney’s pitta. 2003; 68 FR 66395, November 26, 2003); Research Station Annual Report. 1980:72– Forktail 1:29–51. Collar, N. J., P. Andrew, L. P. Gonzaga, R. F. 12-month petition finding and proposed 74. Bauer, C., J. F. Pacheco, A. C. Venturini, and Grimmett, T. H. Johnson, A. J. Stattersfield, rule for Tibetan antelope (Pantholops B. M. Whitney. 2000. Rediscovery of the and S. N. Stuart. 1988. Birds to Watch: The hodgsonii) (68 FR 57646, October 6, Cherry-throated Tanager Nemosia rourei in ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. 2003); proposed rule to delist the southern Espirito Santo, Brazil. Bird International Council for Bird Preservation scarlet-chested parakeet (Neophema Conservation International 10:97–108. Technical Publication No. 8. Smithsonian splendida) and turquoise parakeet Becker, D., A. Agreda, A. Richter, and O. Institution Press, Washington, DC. (Neophema pulchella) (68 FR 52169, Rodriguez. 2000. Interesting bird records Collar, N.J., L. P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. September 2, 2003); final rules for the from the Colonche Hills, western Ecuador. Madrono Nieto, L. G. Naranjo, T. A. Parker, population of dugong (Dugong dugon) Cotinga 13:55–58. and D. C. Wege. 1992. Threatened Birds of Benstead, P. 1994. Brazilian Merganser in the Americas: The ICBP/IUCN Red Data in the Republic of Palau (68 FR 70185, Argentina: going, going * * * Cotinga 1:8 Book. International Council for Bird December 17, 2003) and beluga sturgeon Bernardes, A. T., A. B. Machado, and A. B. Preservation, Cambridge, UK. 1,150 pp. (Huso huso) (69 FR 21425, April 21, Raylands. 1990. Fauna brasileiro Collar, N. J., M. J. Crosby, and A. J. 2004); 90-day petition finding to delist amenacada de extincao. Belo Horizonte, Stattersfield. 1994. Birds to Watch 2: The the Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus Brasil: FundaVao Biodiversitas. World List of Threatened Birds. BirdLife escuinapae) (68 FR 39590, July 2, 2003); Bhushan, B. 1995. Jerdon’s Courser—status Conservation Series 4. BirdLife and a 90-day petition finding and re- and conservation perspectives. Pp. 29–30 International, Cambridge, UK. 405 pp. opening of comment period to list seven in L. Vijayan (ed.). Avian conservation in Conservation News. 2002. Rat eradication India. SACON: Coimbatore. from Little Barrier Island overdue. Online foreign butterfly taxa (Teinopalpus BirdLife International. 2003. BirdLife’s online imperialis, Protographium marcellinus at: http://www.forest-bird.org.nz/ World Bird Database: The site for bird publications/consnews/2002aug.pdf. [previously referred to as Eurytides conservation. Version 2.0. BirdLife Cordier, C. 1971. The quest for the Horned marcellinus], Mimoides lysithous International, Cambridge, UK. Online at: Curassow. Animal Kingdom 74(2):9–11. harrisianus [previously referred to as http://www.BirdLife.net. Crockett, D. E. 1994. Rediscovery of Chatham Eurytides lysithous harrisianus], Parides BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened Island Taiko Pterodoms magentae. ascanius, Parides hahneli, Troides [= Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Notornis (Supplement) 41:49–60. Ornithoptera] meridionalis, and Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cruz, J. B., and F. Cruz. 1987. Conservation Pterourus esperanza [previously Cambridge, UK. of the Dark-rumped Petrel Pterodroma BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened phaeopygia of the Galapagos Islands, referred to as Papilio esperanza]) (not birds of the world. Lynx Editions and yet published). As stated above, we will Ecuador. Biological Conservation 42:303– BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain, 311. promptly prepare listing proposals for and Cambridge, UK. 852 pp. Cruz, J. B., and F. Cruz. 1996. Conservation BirdLife International. 1999. Management five of the species: the giant ibis of the Dark-rumped Petrel Pterodroma statement: Italian Grey Partridge (Perdix (Pseudibis gigantean), black stilt phaeopygia of the Galapagos Islands, perdix italica) final draft. European (Himantopus novaezelandiae), Gurney’s 1982–1991. Bird Conservation pitta (Pitta gurneyi), Socorro Commission. Birds of French Overseas Territories. 2003. International 6:23–32. mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni), and Online at: http://birds-of- Cuervo, A., and P. Salaman. 1999. Natural caerulean paradise-flycatcher oversea.chez.tiscali.fr/page40.html. history of the Blue-billed Curassow (Crax (Eutrichomyias rowleyi). Brazil, M. A. 1991. The Birds of Japan. A. & albert). Biol. CSG 8:3–10. Decker, B. G. 1973. Unique dry-island biota Request for Information C. Black/Christopher Helm, London. Brooks, D. M., and S. D. Strahl (compilers). under official protection in northwestern We request you submit any further 2000. Currassows, Guans and Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises). information on the taxa named in this Chachalacas. Status Survey and Biological Conservation 5(1):66–67. notice as soon as possible or whenever Conservation Action Plan for Cracids del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). 2000–2004. IUCN/SSC Cracid Specialist 1992. Handbook of the birds of the world. it becomes available. We especially seek Vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. information: (1) Indicating that we Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 182 pp. del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). should remove a taxon from warranted Brooks, T. M., R. Barnes, L. Bartrina, S. H. 1994. Handbook of the birds of the world. or warranted-but-precluded status; (2) M. Butchart, R. P. Clay, E. Z. Esquivel, N. Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. indicating that we should add a taxon I. Etcheverry, J. C. Lowen, and J. Vincent. del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). to a list of candidate taxa; (3) 1993. Bird Surveys and Conservation in the 1996. Handbook of the birds of the world. documenting threats to any of the Paraguayan Atlantic Forest: Project Vol. 3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. included taxa; (4) describing the CANOPY final report. (Study Report 57) del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). immediacy or magnitude of threats BirdLife International, Cambridge, U K. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world. facing these taxa; (5) pointing out Buckingham, D. L., G. C. L. Dutson, and J. L. Vol. 4. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). taxonomic or nomenclatural changes for Newman. 1995. Birds of Manus, Kolombangara and Makira (San Cristobal) 1999. Handbook of the birds of the world. any of the taxa; (6) suggesting with notes on mammals and records from Vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. appropriate common names; or (7) other Solomon Islands. Report of the del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (Eds.). noting any mistakes, such as errors in Cambridge Solomons Rainforest Project 2001. Handbook of the birds of the world. the indicated historical ranges. 1990. Vol. 6. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

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Thibault. 1984. M. J. Tyler (Ed.). The status of endangered woodlands of the highland of Peru and Contribution a l’etude des oiseaux de Australasian wildlife. Royal Zoological Bolivia. Copenhagen: NORDECO. Polynesie orientale. Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. Society of South Australia, Adelaide. Fjeldsa, J., and N. Krabbe. 1990. Birds of the Serv. A Zool. 127:1–209. Mundkur, T., P. Carr, Sun Hean and Chhim High Andes. Apollo Books, Zoological Holyoak, D. T. 1979. Notes on the birds of Somean. 1995. Annotated checklist of birds Museum, University of Copenhagen and Viti Levu and Taveuni, Fiji. Emu 79:7–18. observed in Cambodia during surveys of 20 Svendborg. Ikehara, S. 1988. Interim report to the bird March–30 April 1994. Unpublished. Forshaw, J. M. 1989. Parrots of the world. survey at Mount Yonaha-dake, northern Negret, A. J., and R. Cavalcanti. 1985. Censo Third (revised) edition. Blandford Press, Okinawa Island. Pp. 63–76 in Habitat and poblacional de duas aves da regiao de London. Environmental Survey on Special Birds III. Brasilia: Scytalopus novacapitalis e Garnett, S. T., and G. B. Crowley. 2000. The Interim report. Naha: Division of Nature Melanopareia torquata (Rhinocryptidae). Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Conservation, Okinawa Prefecture. (In Pp. 271 in A. C. Z. Amaral and E. H. M. Environment Australia, Queensland, Japanese.) do Amaral (Eds.). Resumos, XII Congresso Australia. IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1978– Brasileiro de Zoologia. Campinas: Editora Gibbs, D. 1996. Notes on Solomon Island 1979. Red Data Book. Birds, Part 2. da UNICAMP. birds. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Psittaciformes to Passeriformes. Prepared New South Wales National Parks and Club 116:18–25. by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Wildlife Service. 2003. On line at: http:// Gretton, A., M. Kohler, R. V. Lansdown, T. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/ J. Pankhurst, J. Parr, and C. Robson. 1993. IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1994. Content/Pied+currawong+vulnerable+ The status of Gurney’s Pitta Pitta gurneyi, IUCN Red List Categories. Prepared by the species+listing. 1987–1989. Bird Conservation IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, O’Donnel, C., and J. Fjeldsa. (compilers). International 3:351–367. Gland, Switzerland. 1997. Grebes—status survey and Heather, B. D., and H. A. Robertson. 1997. IUCN (World Conservation Union). 2002. conservation action plan. IUCN/SSc Grebe The field guide to the birds of New 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Zealand. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Online at: http://www.redlist.org. Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Vii + 59 Holyoak, D. T. 1975. Les oiseaux des iles Jackson, M. H. 1985. Galapagos: A natural pp. Marquises. L’Oiseau et R.F.O. 45:207–233, history guide. Calgary University Press, Parker, T. A., D. F. Stotz and J. W. 341–366. Calgary, Canada. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Ecological and Hutton, I. 1991. Birds of Lord Howe Island: Jehl, J. R., and K. C. Parkes. 1982. The status distributional databases. Pp. 113–436 in Past and Present. Hutton, Coffs Harbour. of avifauna of the Revillagigedo Islands, Stotz, D. F., J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, Kattan, G. H., and J. W. Beltran. 1997. Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 94:1–19. and D. K. Moskovits (Eds.). Neotropica bird Rediscovery and status of the Brown- Jehl, J. R., and K. C. Parkes. 1983. ecology and conservation: University of banded Antpitta Grallaria milleri in the ‘‘Replacements’’ of landbird species on Chicago Press, Chicago. central Andes of Colombia. Bird Socorro Island, Mexico. Auk 100:551–559. Phillips, R. 1998. Red Data Bird: Black- Conservation International 7:367–371. Jordan, O. C., and C. A. Munn. 1993. First breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis. Kattan, G. H., and J. W. Beltran. 1999. observations of the Blue-throated Macaw in World Birdwatch 20(2):20–21. Altitudinal distribution, habitat use, and Bolivia. 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A., and S. O’Connor. 1999. conservation. BirdLife International status of the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix Distribution and abundance of the (BirdLife Conservation Series 7), italica, Hartert). Bulletin of British Chatham Island Oystercatcher Haematopus Cambridge, UK. Ornithology Cl.108:22–27. chathamensis. Notornis 46:155–165. Stiles, F. G., L. Rosselli, and C. I. Bohorquez. Watling, D. 1982. The Birds of Fiji, Tonga Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. 1999. The 1999. New and noteworthy records of birds and Somoa. Millwood Press, Wellington, Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. from the middle Magdalena valley of New Zealand. CSIRO, Collingwood, Victoria. Colombia. Bulletin of the British Watling, D. 2000. Conservation status of Schulenberg, T. S., and T. A. Parker. Ornithology Club. Fijian birds. Technical Group 2 Report— (manuscript) Rediscovery of the Yellow- Storch, Ilse (compiler). 2000. 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TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE REVIEW [R=listing no longer warranted/removed; C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]

Status Scientific name Family Common name Historic range Category Priority

R ...... N/A Nothoprocta kalinowskii ...... Tinamidae ...... Kalinowski’s tinamou ...... Peru. R ...... N/A Podiceps andinus ...... Podicipedidae ...... Colombian grebe ...... Colombia. C ...... 2 Podiceps taczanowskii ...... Podicipedidae ...... Junin flightless grebe ...... Peru. R ...... N/A Pseudobulweria becki ...... Procellariidae ...... Beck’s petrel ...... Papua New Guinea, Sol- omon Islands. C ...... 5 Pterodroma macgillivrayi .... Procellariidae ...... Fiji petrel ...... Fiji. C ...... 2 Pterodroma axillaris ...... Procellariidae ...... Chatham petrel ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. C ...... 8 Pterodroma cookii ...... Procellariidae ...... Cook’s petrel ...... New Zealand.

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TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE REVIEW—Continued [R=listing no longer warranted/removed; C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]

Status Scientific name Family Common name Historic range Category Priority

C ...... 2 Pterodroma phaeopygia ..... Procellariidae ...... Galapagos petrel ...... Galapagos Islands, Ecua- dor. C ...... 2 Pterodroma magentae ...... Procellariidae ...... Magenta petrel ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. C ...... 11 Puffinus heinrothi ...... Procellariidae ...... Heinroth’s shearwater ...... Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Sol- omon Islands. C ...... 2 Leptoptilos dubius ...... Ciconiidae ...... Greater adjutant ...... South Asia. L ...... 2 Pseudibis gigantea ...... Threskiornithidae ...... Giant ibis ...... Laos, Cambodia. C ...... 2 Phoenicopterus andinus ..... Phoenicopteridae ...... Andean flamingo ...... Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argen- tina. C ...... 2 Mergus octosetaceus ...... Anatidae ...... Brazilian merganser ...... Brazil. R ...... N/A Ortalis vetula Craciidae ...... Utila chachalaca ...... Utila Island, Honduras. deschauenseei. C ...... 2 Penelope perspicax ...... Craciidae ...... Cauca guan ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 Pauxi unicornis ...... Craciidae ...... Southern helmeted Bolivia, Peru. curassow. C ...... 2 Crax alberti ...... Craciidae ...... Blue-billed curassow ...... Colombia. C ...... 3 Tetrao urogallus Tetraonidae ...... Cantabrian capercaillie ...... Spain. cantabricus. C ...... 2 Odontophorus strophium .... Odontophoridae ...... Gorgeted wood-quail ...... Colombia. R ...... N/A Perdix perdix italica ...... Phasianidae ...... Italian grey partridge ...... Italy. C ...... 2 Laterallus tuerosi ...... Rallidae ...... Junin rail ...... Peru. R ...... N/A Nesocolpeus poecilopterus Rallidae ...... Bar-winged rail...... Fiji. C ...... 8 Rallus semiplumbeus ...... Rallidae ...... Bogota rail ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 Porphyrio mantelli ...... Rallidae ...... Takahe ...... New Zealand. C ...... 8 Haematopus chathamensis Haematopodidae ...... Chatham oystercatcher ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. L ...... 2 Himantopus Recurvirostridae ...... Black stilt ...... New Zealand. novaezelandiae. C ...... 2 Rhinoptilus bitorquatus ...... Glareolidae ...... Jerdon’s courser ...... India. C ...... 5 Numenius tenuirostris ...... Scolopacidae ...... Slender-billed curlew ...... Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hun- gary, Romania, Yugo- slavia, southern Europe, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Af- rica, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. C ...... 2 Ducula galeata ...... Columbidae ...... Marquesan imperial-pigeon Marquesas Islands. C ...... 2 Cacatua moluccensis ...... Cacatuidae ...... Salmon-crested cockatoo ... South Moluccas, Indonesia. C ...... 5 Cyanoramphus malherbi .... Psittacidae ...... Orange-fronted parakeet .... New Zealand. C ...... 8 Eunymphicus uvaensis ...... Psittacidae ...... Uvea parakeet ...... Uvea, New Caledonia. C ...... 8 Ara glaucogularis ...... Psittacidae ...... Blue-throated macaw ...... Bolivia. C ...... 3 Neomorphus geoffroyi Cuculidae ...... Southeastern rufous-vented Brazil. dulcis. ground cuckoo. R ...... N/A Otus elegans botelensis ..... Strigidae ...... Lanyu scops owl ...... Lanyu Island, Taiwan. R ...... N/A Glaucis hirsuta ...... Trochilidae ...... Hairy hermit ...... Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil. C ...... 3 Phaethornis malaris Trochilidae ...... Margaretta’s hermit ...... Brazil. margarettae. C ...... 2 Eriocnemis nigrivestis ...... Trochilidae ...... Black-breasted puffleg ...... Ecuador. C ...... 4 Eulidia yarrellii ...... Trochilidae ...... Chilean woodstar ...... Peru, Chile. C ...... 2 Acestrura berlepschi ...... Trochilidae ...... Esmeraldas woodstar ...... Equador. C ...... 8 Dryocopus galeatus ...... Picidae ...... Helmeted woodpecker ...... Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. C ...... 7 Sapheopipo noguchii ...... Picidae ...... Okinawa woodpecker ...... Okinawa Island, Japan. C ...... 11 Aulacorhynchus huallagae Ramphastidae ...... Yellow-browed toucanet ..... Peru. C ...... 2 Cinclodes aricomae ...... Furnariidae ...... Royal cinclodes ...... Peru, Bolivia. C ...... 2 Leptasthenura xenothorax Furnariidae ...... White-browed tit spinetail ... Peru. C ...... 2 Formicivora erythronotos .... Thamnophilidae ...... Black-hooded antwren ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Pyriglena atra ...... Thamnophilidae ...... Fringe-backed fire-eye ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Grallaria milleri ...... Formicariidae ...... Brown-banded antpitta ...... Colombia. R ...... N/A Merulaxis stresemanni ...... Rhinocryptidae ...... Stresemann’s bristlefront .... Brazil. R ...... N/A Tijuca condita ...... Cotingidae ...... Grey-winged cotinga ...... Brazil. C ...... 8 Scytalopus novacapitalis .... Conopophagidae ...... Brasilia tapaculo ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Hemitriccus kaempferi ...... Tyrannidae ...... Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Anairetes alpinus ...... Tyrannidae ...... Ash-breasted tit-tyrant ...... Peru, Bolivia. R ...... N/A Serpophaga araguayae ...... Tyrannidae ...... Bananal tyrannulet ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 Phytotoma raimondii ...... Phytotomidae ...... Peruvian plantcutter ...... Peru.

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TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE REVIEW—Continued [R=listing no longer warranted/removed; C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]

Status Scientific name Family Common name Historic range Category Priority

L ...... 2 Pitta gurneyi ...... Pittidae ...... Gurney’s pitta ...... Myanmar, Thailand. R ...... N/A Thryothorus nicefori ...... Troglodytidae ...... Niceforo’s wren ...... Colombia. L ...... 1 Mimodes graysoni ...... Mimidae ...... Socorro mockingbird ...... Revillagigedo Islands, Mex- ico. C ...... 3 Cichlherminia iherminieri Turdidae ...... St. Lucia forest thrush ...... St. Lucia Island, West In- sanctaeluciae. dies. R ...... N/A Turdus poliocephalus Turdidae ...... Grey-headed blackbird ...... Norfolk Island, South Pa- poliocephalus. cific R ...... N/A Acrocephalus caffer Sylviidae ...... Moorea reed-warbler ...... Moorea Island (Society Is- longirostris. lands), South Pacific. C ...... 3 Acrocephalus caffer Sylviidae ...... Eiao Polynesian warbler .... Marquesas Islands. aquilonis. C ...... 9 Bowdleria punctata wilsoni Sylviidae ...... Codfish Island fernbird ...... Codfish Island, New Zea- land. R ...... N/A Trichocichla rufa ...... Sylviidae ...... Long-legged thicketbird ...... Fiji. L ...... 1 Eutrichomyias rowleyi ...... Monarchidae ...... Caerulean paradise- Sangihe Island, Sulawesi, flycatcher. Indonesia. R ...... N/A Pomarea mendozae mira ... Monarchidae ...... Ua Pu flycatcher ...... Marquesas Islands, South Pacific. C ...... 8 Zosterops luteirostris ...... Zosteropidae ...... Ghizo white-eye ...... Solomon Islands. R ...... N/A Sporophila insulata ...... Thraupidae ...... Tumaco seedeater ...... Colombia. C ...... 11 Camarhynchus pauper ...... Thraupidae ...... Medium tree-finch ...... Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands. C ...... 2 Nemosia rourei ...... Thraupidae ...... Cherry-throated tanager ..... Brazil. C ...... 11 Tangara peruviana ...... Thraupidae ...... Black-backed tanager ...... Brazil. C ...... 12 Strepera graculina crissalis Cracticidae ...... Lord Howe pied currawong Lord Howe Islands, New South Wales.

Dated: May 7, 2004. Marshall Jones, Deputy Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 04–11374 Filed 5–20–04; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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