Initial Environmental Examination

January 2013

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Darakh-Sukhad Town Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 January 2013)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.01164 $1.00 = NPR85.8500

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) OF SUKHAD WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SUB - PROJECT (BATCH II, PACKAGE I)

Submitted To: Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted By:

Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Panipokhari, Kathmandu January 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS ...... vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (NEPALI) ...... viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English) ...... ix

A. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report ...... 1

a. Name of the Proposal ...... 1

b. Name and address of the proponent ...... 1

c. Consultant preparing the report ...... 1

2. Basis and Extent of the IEE study ...... 1

a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009) ...... 2

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 3

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 7

d. Relevancy of the Project ...... 8

e. Approach and Methodology ...... 12

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 14

1. Location and Accessibility of the Project Area ...... 14

2. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation Situation...... 14

a. Water Supply System ...... 14

b. Sanitation Facility ...... 15

c. Drainage Facility ...... 15

d. Solid Waste Management ...... 16

3. Type, category and need of the subproject ...... 16

4. Size or Magnitude of operation ...... 17

5. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 17

6. Project Requirements ...... 18

a. Materials Required for Constructions ...... 18

b. Human Resource ...... 19

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7. Description of the sub project ...... 19

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 25

1. Physical Resources ...... 25

a. Topography ...... 25

b. Geology and soils ...... 28

c. Climate and Rainfall ...... 29

d. Ecological resources ...... 29

2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 32

a. Demography ...... 32

b. Health and Sanitation ...... 33

c. Education Facilities ...... 35

d. Physical and Cultural Heritage ...... 35

e. Employment ...... 36

3. Economic Development and Prospects of Growth ...... 36

a. Land Use ...... 36

b. Infrastructure ...... 37

c. Economic Characteristics ...... 38

d. Development Organization ...... 39

e. Major Environmental Problems ...... 39

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 41

1. Beneficial Impacts ...... 41

a. Construction Phase ...... 41

b. Operation Phase ...... 42

2. Adverse Impact ...... 43

a. Pre-construction Phase...... 43

b. Construction Phase ...... 44

c. Operational Phase ...... 48

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 56

1. Design Alternative ...... 56

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2. Project Site/Location Alternative ...... 57

3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials ...... 57

4. No Project Option ...... 57

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 59

G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 62

H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 64

1. Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 64

2. Mitigation Costs ...... 76

3. Monitoring Costs ...... 76

4. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 77

5. Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 78

6. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 80

7. Reporting Procedures ...... 81

8. Work Plan ...... 82

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 84

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: National Policies, Acts, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 4

Table 2: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project ...... 10

Table 3: Total Water Demand ...... 17

Table 4: Materials Required ...... 19

Table 5: Salient Features Of Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project ...... 20

Table 6: Distribution of HHs by Ethnic Group ...... 33

Table 7: Distribution of HHs with Existing Latrines ...... 34

Table 8: Types of Latrines ...... 34

Table 9: VDC Wise Percentage Distribution of Population by Level of Education ...... 35

Table 10: Percentage Distribution of HHs by main Occupation and Source of Income ...... 36

Table 11: Overview of potential environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures/ Sukhad ...... 49

Table 12: Environmental Monitoring Schedule ...... 66

Table 13: Tentative Cost of Mitigation for Some Impacts ...... 76

Table 14: Monitoring Cost ...... 77

Table 15: Annual Cost for EMP ...... 77

Table 16: Institution Involved in the Proposed Project ...... 79

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Schematic Layout of Project Components in Darakh ...... 23

Figure 2: Schematic Layout of Project Components in Sandepani ...... 24

Figure 3: Location Map of Sukhad , Kailali District ...... 25

Figure 4: Design Layout of Project Components ...... 26

Figure 5: Design Layout of Waste Water ...... 27

Figure 6: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 63

Figure 7: Implementation schedule of the project ...... 83

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ANNEXES

Annex 1: Approved Terms of Reference

Annex 2: Rapid Environment Assessment

Annex 3: Public Notice

Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka)

Annex 5: Recommendation letters from concerned authorities

Annex 6: List of persons contacted

Annex 7: Water quality test report

Annex 8: Survey questionnaire

Annex 9: Focus group discussion

Annex 10:Photographs

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank asl above sea level

DDC District Development Committee

DSC Design and Supervision Consultant

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPR Environmental Protection Rules

GoN Government of Nepal

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

HH Household lpcd litres per capita per day

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard

NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation

PMO Project Management Office

REA Rapid Environmental Assessment

RP Resettlement Plan

STWSSSP Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

TDF Town Development Fund

WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee

VDC Village Development Committee

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (NEPALI)

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z k[i7e"ld of] kl/of]hgfsf] k|:tfjs vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu -DWSS) cGtu{t kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg sfo{no -PMO) xf] . of] kl/of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf - SSTWSSSP) xf] h;sf] d"n p2]Zo b]zsf ;fgf zx/x?df vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0FffnLsf] lgdf{0f÷j[l4, s'nf] / ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf lbg' tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;/;kmfO{ :jf:Yo lzIff k|bfg ug'{ xf] . of] kl/of]hgf ;d'bfosf] dfu nlIft b[li6sf]0fn] ag]sf] 5 / PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf z'? ePsf] xf] . o; sfo{qmdaf6 j8f g+= $, % / ^ b/v uf= lj= ; sf], tyf j8f g+= @,#,$ / j8f g+= % sf] ;fgf] efu ;f8]FkfgL uf=lj=;= sf hgtfnfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 . o; nufot klg /fd lzv/ emfnf uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= & sf hgtf klg nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ . k|f/lDes jftfj/0Lfo kl/If0fsf] p2]Zo, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] gLlt / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]g / lgod o; k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f ug{'sf] d"n p2]Zo jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f]; eGg] xf] / ;fy;fy} tL c;/x?sf] kl/If0f ug'{ xf] / tL c;/x?nfO{ lgd{{"n jf l:js[t l;dfdf Nofpg'sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg' xf] . b'j} g]kfn ;/sf/ / PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] gLlt cg';f/ s'g} klg ljsf;sf] of]hgf tyf lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf jftfj/0fLo c;/x?sf] Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg'gL k|lqmof cg';f/ of] k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfn] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f P]g@)%#, / jftfj/0f ;+If/0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ / -;+zf]wg_ sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . k|:tfljt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fn] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f lgodfjlnsf] cg';'rL !cGtu{t lgod # / ;'rL "P]" sf] kfngf ub{5 . To:t} u/L PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] jftfj/0fLo cWoog lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ of] kl/fof]hgf >]0fL "B” df kb{5 / PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] r]slni6 cg';f/ of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo c+zx? k|:tfljt ;'v8 zx/ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf ;/;kmfO{ kl/of]hgf, e"ldut hndf cfwfl/t Joj:yf xf] . o;sf b'O{j6f efux? 5g\ . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f / ;/;kmfO{ . kfgL ljt/0f efu cGtu{t b'O{j6f ulx/f] 6\o'aj]n b/v uf=lj=; df / ;f8]FkfgL uf=lj=;=df cjl:yt x'g]5 h;af6 e"ldut kfgL tflgG5 . o;} cGtu{t b'O{j6f uf=lj=;=df a]Unfa]Un} kfgL e08f/0f 6}+ÍL / kfgL ljt/0f Joj:yf 5 . bf];|f] efudf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd 5 h; cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno -# j6f_ / :nh ;'sfpg] :yfg klg agfOg]5 . o;df kmf]x/ kfgL Joj:yfkgsf] klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 / o;sf] sfo{Gjog lg0f{o rflx+ Tolx zx/n] ug]{5g\ . ljBdfg l:ylt xfn ;'vbsf] hg;+Vofn] vfg]kfgLsf] pkof]u ug{nfO{ w]/} b'Mv Joxf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt If]qdf cem} klg kfgLsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ clwsf+z dflg; xft] kDkaf6 cfpg] e"ldut kfgLdf lgwf{l/t 5g\ h;df cf/;lgs klg e]l6Psf] 5 . o; If]qdf kfOkaf6 kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ s'g} klg To:tf] ;'ljwf gePsf]n] klg of] ;d:of cfPsf] xf] . o;} If]q cGt{ut ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf klg ;fdfGo dfq b]lvG5 . w]/}h;f] 3/x?df z'ne zf}rfno, vfN8] rkL{ tyf e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{ kfOof] . Toxf 9Nf lgsf; / kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgfsf] cefj b]vf kl/of] . cfsf;sf] kfgL aUg] s'nf] klg s]jn ahf/sf] ;fgf] efudf dfq lyof] . ;f] If]qsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf dWod b]lvG5 . w]/} h;f] afl;Gbfsf cfDbflgsf] >f]t s[lif xf] / To;kl5 Jofkf/ / hflu/ /x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfodf hftLo ljljwtf /fd|f] 5 / ;a} hftsf dflg;x? ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . 3f]8f3f]8L tfn /fd;f/ l;d;f/ If]q leq kb{5 . o; If]qdf /x]sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] w]/} dxTj 5 .

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jftfj/0fLo k|efj, gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0f pkfox? / cg'udg s'g} vf;} dxTjk"0f{ gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj b]lvb}g / ;+efljt gsf/fTds k|efjx? klg :yfgLo / lgDg :t/sf] b]lvG5 . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf d'Vo jftfj/0fLo d'2f lgdf{0f;+u ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk h:t} e"ldut kfgL tfGg / ljt/0fsf] nflu vlgg] af]/xf]n / ;8ssf] ;tx v's'nf] x'bf x'g] e"IFfo h:tf 5g\ . ltgsf] gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;fjwfgL pkfox? h:t}M vlgPsf vfN8fx? /fd|/L k'g]{ / hlt ;Sbf] ?v tyf af]6 lj?jfx? sf6\g Go"g ul/Gf]5 . To:t} u/L ;/;kmfO{ ;DalGwt d'Vo d'2f ;+rfng r/0fsf s[ofsnfk h:t}M :nh -lxnf]_ ;'sfpg] :yfgaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofx? x'g]5g\ / To;nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ :nh ;'sfpg] 7fFpsf] lgoldt dd{t ;+ef/ / plrt lj;{hg ul/g]5 . kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo ;+/If0fsf :yfgsf] 5gf]6 pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj cg'?k ul/Psf 5g\ / To;sf] nflu s'g} klg 3/w'/L / hg ;d'bfonfO{ lj:yflkt jf k'g{:yfkgf ug{ gkg]{ b]lvG5 . oL ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf, k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfaf6 ;f] If]qsf h}ljs tyf cfly{s ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf s'g} uxg k|efjsf] ;Defjgf lgs} sd b]lvG5 . gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf] sfo{Gjog /fd|f];Fu ePsf] jf gePsf] hfFr ug{ cg'udg ug'{ h?/L 5 . To;}n] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng cjlwdf x'g] lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ Pp6f lj:t[t cg'udg sfo{qmd tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgf z'? ug'{ cufl8, kl/of]hgf Aoj:yfkg sfo{non] gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f pkfox?sf] sfo{Gjog ug{sf nflu lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgf / jftfj/0fLo of]hgf cg';f/sf] cg'udg of]hgf agfOg] 5 h;nfO{ lgdf{0f / ;+rfng sfo{sf] 7]Ssfk§f ;Fu} ;+nUg ul/g] 5 . lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? o; kl/of]hgsf k|s[lt, kl/of]hgf >f]tsf] jftfj/0f Pjd\ cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf / :ynut lgl/If0f Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Fusf] ;/;NnfxnfO{ dWo gh/ /fVbf o; kl/of]hgfaf6 To; >f]tdf Go"g gsf/fTds jftj/0fLo c;/ kg]{5 . ;+efljt k|efjx? w]/}h;f] :yfgLo 5g\ / ;xL Go"lgs/0f pkfo / lgoldt cg'udg ul/Pdf oL k|efjx?nfO{ ;lhn} Pjd\ sd vr{df Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o; kl/of]hfgfaf6 :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?n] ;'/lIft / k|z:t dfqfdf vfg]kfgL kfpg] 5g\ / ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g]5 h;n] ubf{ ;'v8sfafl;Gbfx?sf] lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ plrt tl/sfaf6 sfo{Gjog ul/Pdf / jftfj/0fLo d'2fx?nfO{ ;xL 9+un] JoQm ul/Pdf, :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf] :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'wf/ x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|f/lDes cWofog g} kof{Kt b]lvG5 / kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjogsf nflu plrt b]lvG5 .

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English)

Background

The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to

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construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide sanitary health education to the community in upcoming small urban towns of the country. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The proposed project will facilitate entire ward no. 4, ward no. 5 and ward no. 6 of Darakh VDC. Similarly, the project covers ward no. 2, ward no. 3 and 4 and part of ward no. 5, ward no. 9 of Sandepani VDC. A small part of ward no. 7 of Ram Shikhar Jhala is also included in the service area of the project.

Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication of proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide measures to remove or reduce those impacts into aacceptable limits.

Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.

The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments1999). The present IEE study fulfills the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the REA checklist suggested by ADB.

Components of the project

The proposed ‘Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is a ground water based water supply system. The project comprises of two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The water supply part comprises of a pumping scheme in which one test bore well and two new bore well each located at Darakh and Sandepani will be used to exploit ground water. The system also consists of two separate overhead tanks each located at Darakh and Sandepani respectively from where water will be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The second component is a sanitation service which includesconstructing Public toilets (3 nos) and sludge drying bed; and waste water management system conceptual plan has been prepared but the implementation has yet to be decided by the town.

Baseline information

The existing populations of Sukhad are facing a huge hardship in fulfilling their water needs. The people are although meeting their demand from shallow hand pumps, the quality of water availed by the consumers possess a high risk of arsenic. Since the proposed area does not haveany piped water supply system, the only option for the household is to resort to these hand pumps, which are often arsenic contaminated. The sanitary facilities are also quite basic in the project area. Majority of households have water seal, pit latrine and ventilated pit latrines. There is an absence of well managed sewerage and solid waste management systems. There is no proper surface drainage system except a small stretch along the core market area in the Bhajani road.

The socio-economic condition of the area is moderate. Majority of the people depend on agriculture, followed by business and service as their source of income. The community has good ethnic diversity, with people from various ethnic groups living together. Ghodaghodi Lake one of the Ramsar wetland has a good ecological diversity and is of great importance.

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Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring

No any significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are of local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is related to construction activities such as digging of boreholes for ground water intake and distribution line such as unsettling of street surfaces due to excavation and trenches which could lead to soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation. The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no of households or community have been displaced or resettled. Therefore there are very less possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio economical environment of the project area.

Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO should develop a detailed work plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the Environmental Management Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed project will have only minor negative impacts. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and adequate supply of drinking water and improved sanitary conditions thereby raising the living standard of the people of Sukhad. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people and their surrounding environment. It is proposed that the information suggested in the IEE report will be well utilized in the next phases of the work and monitoring plan followed up. Hence, IEE is sufficient and the proposed project is suitable for implementation.

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Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project A. INTRODUCTION

1. Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report

a. Name of the Proposal 1. The name of the proposal is "Initial Environmental Examination" of Sukhad Town water supply and sanitation project in Kailali District. The location map of the proposed proposal is given in Figure 3.

b. Name and address of the proponent 2. The project proponent Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will be the responsible agency for the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proponent is given below. Government of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Department of water Supply and Sewerage Second small towns water supply and sanitation sector project Project management office Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: ++977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: ++977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np

c. Consultant preparing the report 3. ERMC (P) Ltd. has worked on behalf of the proponent for conducting IEE studies and preparing IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and regulations. The name and address of the consultant is given below. Environment and resource management consultant (ERMC) Pvt. Ltd P.O. Box: 12419 Baneshwor, Kathmandu Tel.:++977-1-4483064, 4465863, Fax: ++977-1-483064 Email: [email protected]

2. Basisand Extent of the IEE study

4. The government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water supply and sanitation programs in emerging towns or

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 1 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

small towns in order to improve the health and the quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programs in the towns. The project follows the community managed demand responsive approach where the community will be involved from the very planning phase to the implementation phase for the operation and maintenance of the subprojects soon after it is completed. The project, ‘Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the outcome of that effort. The “Asian Development Bank” (ADB) has been providing financial assistance to implement the project in both the phases. The “Department of Water Supply and Sewerage” (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas the “Ministry of Urban Development” (MOUD) is the executing agency. 5. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.

a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009)

6. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), a consolidated policy, describes common objectives of ADB’s safeguards, lays out policy principles, and outlines the delivery process for ADB’s safeguard policy. The SPS is designed for application to current and future lending modalities and caters to the varying capacities and needs of DMC clients in both the public and private sectors and will supersede the three current safeguard policies. 7. ADB’s current safeguard policies are generally understood to be operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process. 8. ADB’s SPS highlights a number of areas that require attention in ADB's environmental assessment process. It addresses the need for more upstream environmental assessment at the level of country programming, the need for more structured consultation in the conduct of environmental assessments, the

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 2 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

need for greater emphasis on monitoring and compliance with environmental requirements during project implementation, and finally the need to view environmental assessment as an ongoing process rather than a one-time event 9. ADB requires environment assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations. The process of determining a project’s environment category is based on a screening checklist that considers the type, size, and location of the proposed project. Loans are classified into category A (with potentially significant environmental impacts); category B (with potentially less significant environmental impacts); category C (unlikely to have significant environmental impacts); and a new category, FI, (credit line for subprojects through a financial intermediary, or equity investment in a financial intermediary). A project’s environment assessment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including both direct and indirect impacts. An IEE is required for category B projects, and an EIA, requiring greater depth of analysis, for category A projects. No environmental assessment is required for category C projects although their environmental implications nevertheless need to be reviewed. 10. The proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as environment category B as per the ADB guidelines and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted. The IEE has been done based on the checklist completed to support the environmental classification of project under ADB (Refer Annex 2 for REA checklist).

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines 11. Most of the national policies and laws of the Government of Nepal (GoN) are in favor of environmentally sound economic development and growth. Following table summarizes the relevant policies, acts and regulations and guidelines that have been an integral part of the project and have been reviewed during the preparation of the IEE report.

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Table 1: National Policies, Acts, Regulations and Guidelines

Policies

Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007

The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’.

Second Three Year Interim Plan (2068 - 2071)

The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.

National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004

Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant t the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.

National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2009

Formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in accordance with national decentralization policy.

Acts and Regulations

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Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999 (and amendments)

EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that ‘a proponent who is desirous of implementing any proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report, Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects.

Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000

The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.

Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000

Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.

Drinking Water Regulations, 1998

Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers

Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act,2006

These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes.

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Water Tax Act, 1966

Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990

As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and maintain the water resource clean.

Land Acquisition Act, 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969

The Land Acquisition Act and the Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any private land paying reasonable compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process.

Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments)

Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.

Labor Act, 1992

The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapor and other waste materials, which adversely affect the health of workers.

Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001

The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work

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against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”

Town Development Act, 1988

The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.

Standards and Guidelines

National EIA Guidelines, 1993

In the process of implementing National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990, the government of Nepal in collaboration with The World Conservation Union - IUCN developed a locally suitable environmental assessment guideline. Although National EIA guidelines are procedural guidelines, it substantially encouraged the proponent to prepare an EIA report of the prescribed development projects and programmes and serves as the primary source of integrating environmental aspects in major development projects. The National EIA Guidelines contains objectives, methods of screening projects requiring the level of environmental assessment (IEE or EIA), scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing ensuring public participation during the preparation of the IEE/ EIA report.

National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005

Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.

Water Resource Strategy, 2002

Provides a systematic framework for water resource development and identifies action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts and achieve water related development objectives. It has identified the need to integrate and coordinate all the uses of natural resources within the catchment basis and has laid emphasis on the development and management of water resources in a holistic, systematic manner, relying on integrated water resources management.

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study 12. The main objective of the present IEE study for Water Supply and Sanitation purpose is to fulfill the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (including amendments 1999 and

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2007) and to ensure the environmental and social sustainability of the project. It aims to help the decision makers to make informed decision about the project. 13. The specific objectives of the IEE study are as follows.

• To identify, predict and evaluate the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economical resources in the project area

• To suggest enhancement measures to augment the benefits of the project and to propose suitable mitigation measures to avoid, minimize and compensate the adverse impacts of the project

• To prepare appropriate Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP)

• To inform public about the proposed project and its impact on their livelihood

• To prepare an IEE as per the EPR, 1997 14. Scope: The present IEE study for the water supply and sanitation project is proposed for SukhadTown ofDarakh VDC in Kailali district. The study focuses on the adverse environmental impacts and its mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation of all the project activities.

d. Relevancy of the Project 15. The proposed water supply and sanitation project is aneed to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Project is intended to serve entire ward no. 4, ward no. 5 and ward no. 6 of Darakh VDC. Similarly, the project covers ward no. 2, ward no. 3 and 4 and part of ward no. 5, ward no. 9 of Sadepani VDC. A small part of ward no. 7 of Ram Shikhar Jhala is also included in the service area of the project. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail from adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort the use of tube wells and arsenic content water to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall rely on the ground water sources. On the basis of information in Sukhad the general depths of the wells range from 100 to 125 meters and screen length

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of 30 m. And the safe yield from a well size 300/200 mm should be in the range of 20-25 liters per second. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project is expected to benefit a design population of about 32,469. The groundwater abstraction for the proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available groundwater resources of the aquifer. 16. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.

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Table 2: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project

Condition described in the Act and IEE Required as per the EIA Required as per the S. N Conditions in the project Regulations Regulation Annex 1 g Regulation Annex 3 h

1 River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA

Channeling Water from one Watershed to Applicable Applicable NA 2 Another

Rain Water Collection and Use of Spewing Up to 200 hectares More than 200 hectares NA 3 Wetland

Supply of Water in Dry Season from Up to 1 cusec and utilizing up More than 1 cusec and utilizing the NA 4 Surface Water Source with a safe yield of to 50 % of the available total available quantity quantity

5 Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total aquifer More than 50 % of aquifer NA

6 Water Treatment Up to 25 litre per sec More than 25 litre per sec Within the limit

Construction of Tunnel for Channelling Tunnel constructed Not constructed 7 Drinking Water

Water Resource Development which 25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done 8 Displaces People Permanent Residents)

Settlement of People Upstream of Water Settlement of up to 500 people Settlement of above 500 people Not done 9 Source

10 Supply of water to a population of 5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 The water supply system is

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Condition described in the Act and IEE Required as per the EIA Required as per the S. N Conditions in the project Regulations Regulation Annex 1 g Regulation Annex 3 h design for distribution of water to a total of 16056 population

Connection of New Source to Supply 10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, 000 the current population of the 11 Water to existing water supply system for a project is 16056 and the population of design population is 32469

Operation of a drinking water supply Installed Installed Sewage design system and system with inclusion of sewage disposal reed bed treatment plant has 12 system with sewage treatment system been proposed to install in the Sukhad bazaar itself.

Extraction of ground water from sources Not done Done No non point and point which are located at point and non-point sources of pollution is present 13 sources of biological and chemical in the vicinity of the water pollution and/or their influenced areas. source

Operation of water supply project included Not operated Operated This is not a multipurpose in a multipurpose project utilizing a source project and is solely for water 14 of 25 liter per sec water. (Construction of supply Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required)

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e. Approach and Methodology 17. The present initial environmental examination report has been prepared based on the terms of reference (TOR) approved by the ministry of urban development, of the government of Nepal. The studyhas followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below.

• Desk study 18. The available secondary data such as relevant information, documents, related maps, aerial photographs, newspaper etc. and the engineering report of the project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines relevant to the project were also referred to. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data for both bio-physical and socio-economic assessments.

• Field Work 19. A detail field investigation was carried out during April 2012 in order to collect the baseline information on the basis of physical, socio economic and cultural environment of the project area. The local communities were consulted to comprehend the existing social and physical nature of the area. A walkover survey was carried out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant baseline information. The details of the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio-economical) are as follows and the questionnaire used for socio economic survey of the project area is listed in Annex 8.

• Physical Assessment 20. Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical map and site observation, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews.

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• BiologicalAssessment 21. The ecological attributes of the area were gathered during the field survey. Information on vegetation pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild flora and fauna, rare and endangered species were done during field observation and by questionnaire survey. The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded using secondary data/references.

• Socio-economicAssessment 22. Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income, source of livelihood, and expected water users were obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders through public notices and public hearing process.

• Data Processing 23. The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts indentified during the study.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 13 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Location and Accessibility of the Project Area

24. The proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation project is located in the Darakh VDC of Kailali district in the far western region of Nepal. The project area lies about 50 km east from Attariya and 20 km west of Lamki. The nearest airport is located in Dhangadhi which is serviced by regular flights from Kathmandu. Sukhad is connected to Uttar Pradesh province of India through the border town of Bhajani, which is located 20 kms south wards. Historically, Sukhad village is the one that lies along the track joining Achham district to the Indian border point Bhajani .The road connecting Sukhad is MRM highway.

2. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation Situation

a. Water Supply System 25. There is an absence of improved drinking water supply system within the project area. The pipe water supply deficit has led the majority of population of the area to depend on the shallow hands pumps. The only source for the supply of water to the population of the service area is groundwater. At present people are fulfilling their need of water by drawing water from the shallow hand pumps.About 80% of the people living in the area depend on these hand pumps to meet their daily water demand. Although water needs are being fulfilled to an extent, the concerning issues is the presence of arsenic in the water. The locals have exclaimed the difficulty they are facing dealing with arsenic presence water, in the absence of safe drinking water. The shallow hand pumps have depth in the range of (10 to 70 feet) where the water is easily susceptible to contamination and pollution. 26. The desire to acquire clean and safe drinking water to the peoples of the project area has led to the initiation and acceptance of this project. The hardship of water has connected people to unite and work together to bring safe drinking water to their doors.The average water use is 220 liter per household per day in the dry day and 140 l/hh/d in the wet season. If average household size is estimated as 6.1 then about 36 lpcd in the dry season and 23 lpcd in the wet season is consumed.The service area being located in the Terai region, the

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climate is found warm and humid. This also adds in the higher percentage of water demand by the people especially for bathing as they tend to sweat a lot due to hot climate and washing of clothes for similar purpose. This is one of the main reasons for the greater amount of water consumption in the dry season as compared to wet season. 27. Warm places and puddles of muddy water are best hub for the growth of infectious mosquitoes and other disease causing agent. To avoid such incidence for the occurrence of any diseases water plays a major role. The availability of water will provide them with enough quantity for the cleaning, washing, bathing and also a provision to help prevent gastro intestinal diseases. It will also add a plus in preventing skin related disease.

b. Sanitation Facility 28. The sanitation facility in Sukhad is still in basic condition. The latrine coverage of the project area is poor. About 64% of the HHs have access to water seal latrines while 25% have pit latrine or ventilated pit latrine. Most of the houses were although having some kind of latrine in their area, they were not maintained properly. The hygiene and cleanliness were not maintained. In houses having water seal latrines they had a better hygienic condition than those houses having pit and ventilated pit latrines. Among 10% of the houses not having latrines is due to economical condition and some not knowing how to build latrines. They rather go for open defecation in the open space. This not only brings bad nuisance odor to people passing by but also acts as a vector for diseases. There are no public toilets in the market place or in the bus park. People have claimed the need of sanitation facility and toilets in the public places.

c. Drainage Facility 29. There are no proper surface drainage facilities available in the project area except approximately 500 m of surface drain is present in the market area (Bhajani road). Besides this there is no other surface drainage system. The project area is situated at flat terrain. Due to this, water logging takes place frequently in the rainy season. The size of existing drain system is also not adequate to carry all the discharged water to the particular system. The absence of proper drainage system within the project area has made people feel its

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necessity at least in the core market area and if possible within the community.Though the Sadepani Drinking Water and Sanitation Committee are initiating to construct some surface drainage system, the community claimed the necessity for the implementation of drainage improvement in the area within the project area at first.

d. Solid Waste Management 30. There is no defined agency to look after the solid waste management system within the project area. There is no system for collection and disposal. Most of the shopkeepers collect and throw the solid waste on the bank of Donda River. While majority of individuals collect and dispose solid waste themselves especially in their own premises.

3. Type, category and need of the subproject

31. The proposed "Sukhad town water supply and sanitation project" is a ground water based water supply system project covering entire ward no. 4, ward no. 5 and ward no. 6 of Darakh VDC. Similarly, the project covers ward no. 2, ward no. 3 and 4 and part of ward no. 5, ward no. 9 of Sadepani VDC. A small part of ward no. 7 of Ram Shikhar Jhala is also included in the service area of the project. The project comprises of two major components- water supply and sanitation. 32. The water supply part comprises of a pumping scheme. Two schemes have been proposed in Darak VDC and Sadepani VDC. In Darak VDC two new deep tube wells will be placed at Peepal Danda, ward no 5; along with one test borehole to exploit the groundwater. While another two new deep tube well will be placed in Chittalpur, ward no 3 of Sandepani VDC. The depth of the tube well will be in the range of 100 – 125 meters. As deep tube well is proposed for the project, the risk of arsenic contamination is not there. 33. The absence of piped water supply system has compelled the local people to depend on the hand pumps to fulfill their needs. These hand pumps are more prone to contamination resulting in many health issues. In addition, some hand pumps get dry up in summer seasons due to lowered water table. If water table depth goes beyond 7 m depth, the suction hand pumps could not deliver water.The Study of the project area indicates that the community people

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areaware of quality of water served for drinking purpose. As household that resort to hand pumps face high risk of contamination, in this scenario, to avoid poor quality of water and avail enough proper drinking water services, the consumers in Sukhad felt the need for a reliable and sustainable system. In light of this situation and desire for better and improved services, the consumers of Sukhad organized themselves to approach the Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project to assist them in their quest. As a result of their efforts, the government has given the consent and project has been undertaken through SSTWSSSP as per their rules and regulations.

4. Size or Magnitude of operation

34. The water supply system has been designed for a base year population of 17,574 (Darakh base year population 11,577 and Sandepani base year population 5997). The design year population for the year 2030 is 17,864 for Darakh VDC and 9684 for Sandepani VDC. The system has been designed to extract ground water from deep tube wells for a total design year population of 27548. The systems also consist of water treatment facility along with the twoRCC overhead tank of 200 m3 capacity each one in Darakh and the other in Sandepani. 35. The total water supply demand for these years has been presented in Table- 3 Table 3: Total Water Demand S.N. Type of Demand Demand (ltrs.) 2030 1 DomesticDemand/day 2754800.00 2 Non Domestic Demand/day 275480.00 3 Leakage and Wastage 335077.00 Total 3365357.00 Source: Socio-economic Survey, 2011

5. Proposed Schedule for Implementation

36. The exact schedule for implementation of the project will be known after the work has been assigned to the contractor. For the feasibility study, detailed engineering design study and construction, three years period has been assigned. Therefore the base year for the project has been as the year 2015 and the design year has been taken as the year 2030. 37. The main task associated with the project will be as follows. • Review of detailed engineering design • Preparation of working drawings

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• Preparation of quantity and cost estimates • Carrying out of economic and financial analysis and level of water tariff • Preparation of socio technical profile • Environmental study of the sub project area • Preparation of tender documents • Awarding of contract • Construction • Operation and Maintenance

38. The project has been designed with the principle of active community participation from the design stage itself. The implementation strategy of the project is based on the community management approach, which includes encouraging the financial responsibility towards the improved facility. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the total construction cost. Out of which 5% has to be deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash. Another 35% - 45% to be contributed taking the loan from TDF. The loan should be recovered within the time frame of 15 years with 5 years of grace period, along with the interest of 5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs plus. Tariff raised by the service has to support towards maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the initiator/coordinator for the purpose.

6. Project Requirements

a.MaterialsRequired for Constructions 39. The following Table 4shows the materials required during construction and operation of Sukhad town water supply and sanitation project.

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Table4: Materials Required Particulars Unit Quantity Source Adequacy Cement Bags 10417 Dhangadhi Sufficient Aggregate Cu m 875 Dhonda River Sufficient Sand Cu m 3850 Dhonda River Sufficient

b. Human Resource 40. The proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, entails both skilled and unskilled laborers for its construction and operation in the proposed site. As such for this work a total of 14800 skilled labors and 95670 unskilled labors are required. The laborers estimation was made on the basis of rate analysis and as far as possible they will be hired from the local market and adjoining areas of Dhangadhi and Mahendranagar and also from adjoining areas of India.

7. Description of the sub project

41. The Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been designed as a ground water based water supply system that will provide sufficient quantity and good quality of water to the residents of Darakh VDC, Sandepani VDC and a small part of Ram Shikhar Jhala. The water supply component of the project consists of following construction components. • Deep Tube Wells • Pumps and Pumping System • Electrical Facilities • Treatment Facilities • Overhead Reservoir • House (Private) Connection • System Appurtenances • Generator/ Pump Houses • Water Quality Testing Laboratory • Guard Quarter/Office Building • Boundary Wall

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42. The sanitation component of the project consists of a construction of a public toilet (3 Nos.). There is also procurement of tractor along with trolley for carrying of solid waste and septage carrying vehicle. There is also a construction of sludge drying bed to deal with all the sludge generated from the waste water. 43. The salient feature of the project is given in Table - 5 Table 5:Salient Features Of Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

S.N. Items Description

A Project Detail

1 Name of the Project Sukhad Water Supply and Sanitation Project 2 Type Pumping (Lifting) 3 Study Level Detail Engineering Study 4 Location Area Region FarWestern Development Region Zone Seti District Kailali VDC/Municipality Darakh, Ram Shikhar Jhala, Sandepani Darakh: 4, 5 & 6. Ram Shikhar Jhala: 7. Sandepani: 2, 3, Ward 4, 5 & 9. 5 Available Facilities Road East-West Highway Electricity Available Communication Available Health Services Available Banking Facilities Available

Detail of System & Design B Darakh Sandepani Component 1 Source Characteristics Source Type Ground Water Ground Water Source Location Peepal Danda,ward no.-5 Chittalpur, ward no.-3 Safe Yield (lps) 20 20 2 Type of Structures (a) BoreHole Drilling 2+1Test BH 2 Pumps 3 2 (b) Electricityline, 1 1 set Transformer and Generator

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(c) Water Storage Tank ( 200 OHT 200 OHT Capacity / Nos.) (d) ValveChamber 42Nos. 34 Nos. (e) Guard + Generator 1 1 House / Boundary Wall

(f) Household connection 2377

(g) Fire Hydrant 7Nos. 4 Nos. (h) Electro-Mechanical 1 set 1 Set Treatment Plant 3 Pipe Line HDPE Pipe (Km) 9.73 10.65 GI Pipe (Km) 11.94 17.11 DI Pipe (Km) 11.14 4.88 Total 32.80 32.64 4 Social Status Darakh Sadepani Total

Present Population (2012) 5,435 16,056 10,621

Base Year Population (2015) 5,997 17,574 11,577

Design Year Population (2030) 9,684 27,548 17,864 Growth Rate % 3.0% 3.0% 3.0%

Household Numbers (2012) 795 1,621 2,416

Total Cost of the Water 5 155,598,658.00 118,821,031.00 Supply Scheme Total Cost of the Water 6 Supply Scheme of Both Sub- NRs 274,419,689 Systems

7 Cost Sharing Arrangement GoNComponent (50 %) NRs 137,209,845 TDF Loan (35% ~ 45%) NRs 123,488,860 WUSC's Contribution for NRs 13,720,984 upfront (Cash 5 %) 8 Tariff Average Income : 651.00 Monthly bill (NRs / m) Minimum HH Income : 270.00 Monthly bill (NRs / m) 9 Economic Analysis FIRR 3.90%

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EIRR 17.86% 10 Environment B, Only IEE necessary B, Only IEE necessary No significantadverse ADB Category No significant adverse impact. impact. IEE finding 11 Cost Per Unit/Per Capita Cost For Base Year Population (water supply 15615.10 component) DesignYear Population 9961.51 Total Cost of Sanitation 12 Components Total Cost of Waste Water Management System of NRs 10,458,873 Immediate Needs GoN Component (85 %) NRs 8,890,042 Local Body contribution(15%) NRs 1,333,506 Total Cost of the Water Supply 13 Scheme excluding Sanitation NRs 274,419,689 Components

Total Cost of Project 14 including Immediate Needs NRs 284,878,562 Of Sanitation Components

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 22 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure 1: Schematic Layout of Project Components in Darakh

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 23 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure 2: Schematic Layout of Project Components in Sandepani

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 24 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Physical Resources

a. Topography 44. Topographically the town of Sukhad lies on a flat land in the Terai, south of the Siwalik, at elevations ranging below 500 m above mean sea level. The elevation of the town is about 172 m above mean sea level in Kailali district of the Seti Zone. Sukhad is an emerging town located along the MRM highway in Darakh VDC. It is located between 80o57'30" N latitude and 28o40'10" E longitude respectively 45. On the basis of the topography it lies on the southern part of Siwalik (Churia range of hills) which can be further divided into two major units i.e. Bhabhar zone and the Indo – Gangetic Plain. The location map of Sukhad is shown below in Figure- 3

Figure 3: Location Map of Sukhad , Kailali District

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 25 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure4: Design Layout of Project Components

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 26 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure5: Design Layout of Waste Water

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b. Geology and soils 46. Geographically Sukhad is situated in the Bhabar zone deposit. The material of this zone is derived principally from erosion of the rocks found in the Siwalik Hills. The Bhabar deposit is very poorly sorted and contains a large proportion of coarse- grained material ranging from sand to boulders. The coarser size fractions appear to be lenticular in lithological successions. The material is coarse in the north and comparatively fine in the central and southern parts. 47. There are intercalated finer sediments as well. Soil types vary from alluvial to clay. The thickness ranges from a few meters to more than hundred meters. 48. Also the Terai Plain extends southward from the Siwalik (Churia Range) and consists of Quarternary to Pleistocene aged unconsolidated sediments. It is a continuation of Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is covered by Recent and old alluviums. The thickness of alluvium is around 1500 m and the rocks of Churai Group (Siwalik) lies below the alluvium. The main structure around the area is MBT (Main Boundary Thrust). 49. Base on the nature of the sedimentation and geomorphology of the area, the Nepalese Terai lying south of Siwaliks can be sub-divided into two major units, the Bhabhar zone and the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

• Bhabhar Zone 50. Bhabhar Zone: Bhabhar zone extends southward from the Siwalik foot hill and is underlain by very coarse and highly permeable sediments, mostly pebbles, cobbles and boulders deposited in coalescing fans and as colluvium for the Siwaliks. These sediments are deposited as outward fans at the mountain front where the rivers enter the Terai Plain. The thickness of the sediment ranges from few meters to more than a hundred meters. The Bhabhar zone becomes narrow at the inter-stream area. This zone is considered as the major recharge zone for the aquifer lying in the further southwards became of the pourly sorted, highly permeable sediments.

• Indo-Gangetic Plain 51. Indo-Gangetic Plain: Indo-Gangetic Plain lies southward or Bhabhar zone and consists of relatively sediments (gravel, sand, solid and clay). Because of their fluviatile origin and constant shifting of stream channels these deposits are

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cross-bedded, eroded reworked and redeposit. The Gangetic Sediments merge with the Bhabhar sediments in the north. 52. The thickness of the unconsolidated sediments increases southwards with the general decrease in sediment size. The Bhabhar zone and Indo-Gangetic Plain can be demarcated by spring line which is the result of change in grain size of the deposits as well as change in the elevation.

c. Climate and Rainfall 53. The average temperature ranges between 6.4oC (min) to 40o C (max) with annual daily average of 25o C. Average rainfall which is based on records of meteorological station at Dhangadhi airport is as 1804 mm. The mean annual relative humidity (average of years 1991-1994) ranges from 68 to 76% (Climatological Records of Nepal 1991-1994, May 1997, Godawari West Station). 54. The area has a monsoon climate (hot rainy summer and cool, dry winter). About 80% of annual rainfall occurs during monsoon period. Compared to the central and eastern parts of Nepal, the area experiences higher winter rainfalls. 55. The project area has a tropical and sub-tropical climate with temperatures ranging from 6°C to35°C and May is the hottest month throughout the year.

d. Ecological resources

a. Flora 56. Sukhad is characterized by its tropical vegetation type with the occurrence of Willow (Salix sp.) occurring at the lake shoreline. The terrestrial vegetation is dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta) forest. The prominent associate species include Black pulm (Syzygium cumini), Myrobalan (Terminalia alata), Silk Cotton (Bombax ceiba) and Haldu (Adina cordifolia). 57. Ghodaghodi lake area possesses rich biodiversity. The wetland vegetation consists of Sedge (Cyperus spp.), common reed (Phragmites karka) and morning glory (Ipomea carnea spp. Fistulosa). The aquatic vegetation is represented by extensive coverage of floating leafed species, mainly Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) followed by water cabbage (pistiastratiotes). The free floating species include water velvet (azolla imbricata) and Duckweed (Lemna spp.). The abundant submerged species include water Nymph (Naja

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minor),Hydrilla(hydrilla verticillata) and Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum). In general, the vegetation is in floating leaved succession stage. Reed swamp formations are found as floating islands and extensive marsh meadow conditions are found in the south- east corner. A total of over 450 species of plants have been recorded from the Ghodaghodi lake area. 58. The forests found in Sukhad are predominantly Sal (Shorea robusta). The main associates of the Sal are ashna (terminalia tomentosa), khair (acacia catechu), jamun (syzigium cumini), harro (terminalia chebula), Barro (terminalia belerica) and simal (salmalia malabarica).

b. Fauna 59. About 27 species of fish have been recorded in the Ghodaghodi lake area including species such as Cirhinia spp., and Notopterus notopterus,oxygaster bacailia, puntius spp., Chanda spp., chana spp., xentodon cancila, mystus spp. Clarius batrachus and hetropneustis fossils. 60. Ghodaghodi is renowned for the large turtles residing in this lake. A small population of Marsh Mugger crocodile also resides here. It is also an important habitat for the endangered golden monitor lizard (Varanus flavescens) and the Indian rock python(python morulus). There were number of snakes, frog and toad species found, including tree frogs. 61. About 140 species of birds, both migrant and resident, representing over 16 % of national avifauna has been reported from the Ghodaghodi lake area (Baral 1992). The lakes support nearly 1% of the SouthAsian cotton teal population. The floating vegetation provides as excellent habitat for waterhen and jacanas. The surrounding forest provides a good vantage point for birds of prey and kingfishers. Bird life around Ghodaghodi seems to be active expect for the absence of large waders (storks, ibises and egrets). Due to much of the fishing activity at the shoreline, the bird life in the lake seems a little disturbed. 62. Common bird species include house sparrow (passer domesticus), common mynah (acridotheres tristis), house crow (Corvus splendens), and Parrot (Psittacula sp.). 63. Most of the area has been turned into agricultural farmlands and so wildlife has decreased to an extent. Common mammals that exist nearby Sukhad town are the house rat (musmusculus) and common house rat (Rattus rattus). Other wild

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 30 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

animals found are rabbit (Lepus nigricollis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta), Deer (Cervus unicolor) and Nil Gai (Blue Bull). There are many types of snakes out of which the most common ones are Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Cobra (Naja naja). 64. Due to easy access fodder collection, land encroachment and hunting are common. Due to these activities there has been a loss of the large mammals that were once common in this forest e.g. the Royal Bengal Tiger and the spotted deer have disappeared from this forest, the smooth coated otter frequent the Ghodaghodi Lake for fishing. The most common mammals include the Rhesus Macaque, the Golden Jackal, the Jungle cat and the grey Mongoose.

c. Protected Area 65. The Ghodaghodi wetland is a protected area. The lake system is a cluster of 14 lakes, which are located in a rectangular area of 5.5 km by 1.5 km, the total area under water is about 258 ha. Ghodaghodi Lake possesses rich biodiversity. 66. Ghodaghodi Lake is one of the four Ramsar wetland sites which is of great importance. The lake is fed by surface flows from the watershed area, groundwater, springs and small streams. Ghodaghodi lake areas have been declared as a protected area. Although with the existence of the declaration as a conservation area, wetland biodiversity is under the peril from encroachment of wetland habitat, unsustainable harvesting of wetland resources threatened mostly by anthropogenic interventions rather than the natural phenomenon. According to EPR 1997 any action pertaining to loss or damage to the plant or animal etc. incorporated in the inventory or falling under conservation area is strictly prohibited. Since any anthropogenic and construction activities indulged in the proposed project is outside the vicinity of the lake and its surrounding. The sukhad town water supply and sanitation sector project is not expected to adversely affect the Ghodaghodi area since the proposed water intake, septage drying and solid waste management sites and most of the distribution area are located outside and mainly downstream the Ghodaghodi wetland.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 31 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project 2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

a. Demography

i. Population and Settlement Pattern 67. There are total 2,416 household in the project area. The service area covering three VDC are namely Darakh with ward no. 4, 5, 6 ;Ram Shikhar Jhala with ward no.7 and Sandepani with ward nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 as project beneficiaries. The total population enumerated of the project area is 16056 out of which there is 7936 male population and 7691 female population. The percentage of the male and female population is 50.78% and 49.21% respectively and the ratio of male population to the female is 1.03. The average HHs size is 6.5 and the average family size is above the national average (5.45, CBS, 2011). 68. The core area of Sukhad Bazaar and rural settlement area are densely populated except some of the outskirt areas within Darakh VDC of ward no. 6 and ward 2, 3, and 9 of Sadepani VDC which is still growing. Most of the households in the area such as Shivanagar, Janakpur, Loharpur, Sundarpur and Pipaldada of Darakh VDC, ward no. 5 and such areas have concrete houses and few rural households as well. 69. The major occupation of people living within the project area is mainly agriculture. This serves as a prominent source of income for majority of the family. The survey showed that 63.70% families rely on this occupation. The place is then replaced by people involved in business with only 15.89% of it. While among the rest of the population, few are involved in services, few in industry, some based on daily wages and only very little are jobless.

ii. Caste and Ethnicity 70. Kailali district is highly diverse in terms of caste and ethnicity. People belonging to different caste hold their individual customs, traditions, culture with which they acquaint their identity and nature of occupation with which they are associated. Chhetri and Brahmin hold the highest coverage in the project area with 59.19%. Among the other Janajati (tharu, chaudhary, magar,) include 809 HHs of the total HHs and Dalit follows 156 HHs. The total household of the project area distribution according to their caste is shown in table below.

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Table6: Distribution of HHs by Ethnic Group

Ethnicity Total HHs %

Brahman/Chhetri 1430 59.19 Janjati 809 33.49 Dalit 156 6.46 Other 21 0.87 Total 2416 100 Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

b. Health and Sanitation

i. Health 71. District hospital is located only in Dhangadhi which is 1.5 hrs driving from Sukhad bazzar. Whereas health post (government run) in Nimdi is located in Sukhad VDC. So, people (about 53%) visit the health post. The newly established private hospital named GhoraGhori Hospital Pvt. Ltd. located in ward no. 5 of Sukhad where majority of people (around 70%) are getting different curative and preventative health services from the hospital. Apart from the above, seven no. of private clinics are providing health services in the service area. People are becoming more conscious towards health and have been trying, avoiding practice of using poor drinking water in the service area. Of the total population, majority of respondents are not satisfied (96%) and only few (4%) respondent have reported satisfaction in the access of drinking water and both are aware about the poor quality water and its relation to health issues.

ii. Sanitation 72. The sanitation situation is poor in the entire area. Most of the houses in the Sukhad bazzar have pour flush latrines, where still many of the houses in its periphery are lacking such facility. In the rural areas very few houses have toilets. Most of the population in the areas still practices open defecation on the banks of the rivers. 73. At present about1731 HHs have latrine in the project area. Majority of the HHs have water seal 1115 HHs (64%) and ventilated 221HHs(12.07%), Khalde 211 HHs(12%), Cistern flush19 HHs and other types 165 HHs respectively. The families residing on the temporary dwelling in the project area are often found practicing the defecation haphazardly on the stream, jungle, roadside and open

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field those who do not have toilets. Also the main sanitation related problem in Sukhad is the handling of human waste from septic tanks. There are no sweepers in the area. Whenever required, they are hired from Dhangadi with relatively higher cost. Table 7: Distribution of HHs with Existing Latrines Latrine Ram Shikhar Darakh Sadepani Total % Jhala Exits

Yes 925 32 774 1731 71.65

No 598 48 39 685 28.35

Total 1523 80 813 2416 - Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

Table 8: Types of Latrines Ram Type of Darakh Shikhar Sadepani Total % Latrine Jhala Pit 159 8 44 211 12.19 Ventilated 25 1 195 221 12.77 Pit water 708 23 384 1115 64.41 Seal Cistern 19 0 0 19 1.10 flush Other 14 0 151 165 9.53 Total 925 32 774 1731 - Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

iii. Animal waste management 74. The common livestock reared in the project area includes cow, buffalo, goat, pig, and poultry. Most of the households are keeping their cattle, pigs, goat and chicken in separate shades outside their houses. Some HHs are still keeping such animal inside their houses. 75. The sanitary condition of the households who have been rearing livestock inside the houseare be comparatively poor than those houses rearing it outside and also keeping it outside. Similarly, a significant number of household have built sheds close to their houses, which has also affected the sanitary condition adversely.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 34 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

c. Education Facilities 76. The number of people being literate is on the verge of only half way through so far. The total number being hardly literate and the number being illiterate is almost colliding. Although literacy percentage is higher compared to illeterate ones, it still requires an effort to scale it to the utmost level. 77. About 21% of the total population of the project area is illiterate. They had no formal education and 22% reported are literate. The survey revealed that 18% of the total have completed primary level, 15% secondary Level and about 7.40% have completed the SLC level education. Nearly 7.64% had received intermediate level education and only 6.% had a bachelor’s level of education. About 1.5% has completed the Master level education. Of the total of below 5 years aged children, could be considered as non- school going children due to their tiny age. The table below shows the division of level of Education as per the VDC. Table 9: VDC Wise Percentage Distribution of Population by Level of Education Ram Education Darakh Sadepani Shikhar Total %

Jhala Illiterate 195 12 70 277 21.81 Just 190 13 79 282 22.20 Literate Primary 150 13 68 231 18.19 Secondary 116 8 66 190 14.96 SLC 64 1 29 94 7.40 I. A 65 3 29 97 7.64 B. A 53 2 22 77 6.06 M. A 12 - 7 19 1.50 Others 1 - 2 3 0.24 Total 846 52 372 1,270 Source: Socio-Economic Sample Survey, 2012

d. Physical and Cultural Heritage 78. Ghodaghodi lake area is the most important cultural and religious center in the area. The lake is of a great religious value and the shrine of the Ghodaghodi deity is worshipped by the Tharus in Agan Panchami in December and animals are sacrificed and the lake is used for bathing during the occasion. 79. Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Teej, Chatt are some of the festivals celebrated in the district.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 35 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

e. Employment 80. Agriculture is the main source of income in the project area as 63.70% people are involved in the agriculture. Apart from this profession 15.89 % of total HHs is engaged in business and third highest around 9.19% of total HHs are engaged in some kind of service related activities. Likewise, approximately 1% of the total are involve in industrial activities , some are based on daily wages that includes 5.2% HHs and occupation such as remittance and foreign job HHs accounted for approximately 4.72%. Similarly, not answered and no job holding HHs are nearly by 0.5% respectively. The table below defines detail of distribution of household by their occupation and their major source of income. Table10: Percentage Distribution of HHs by main Occupation and Source of Income Major Total % Occupation HHs Agriculture 1539 63.70 Business 384 15.89 Services 222 9.19 Industry 19 0.79 Foreign Jobs 114 4.72 Wages 126 5.22 Others 4 0.17 No Job 8 0.33 Total 2416 100 Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

3. Economic Development and Prospects of Growth

a. Land Use 81. The land use pattern of the Kailali district shows anticipation towards its transformation from rural areas to urbanization especially in Sandepani VDC and Darakh VDC. About 2.5% of the service areas covered by Darakh VDC ward no 5 and 4 and Sandepani VDC ward no 3 and 4 mostly cover the main bazaar area which is taken as close to saturation and remote/rural pattern settlements. Within the cultivation area, there are clusters of compact but most are spread out settlements on its periphery. The clusters are connected with earthen or graveled roads, and there is a huge inclination towards urbanization and increase in the settlement growth, particularly after the water supply project commencement. Sukhad bazaar has mostly expanded along the Bhajani road and it is still on its way to expansion to other areas.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 36 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

b. Infrastructure

i. Transportation 82. Sukhad is well linked to the East-West Highway, thereby to Attariya and Dhangadi. Dhangadhi being the headquarter of Kailali district is a main hub for the flow of transportation to other regions. It has the airway facility with regular flights to and fro from Kathmandu valley. Also Dhangadhi being only two hour drive from Sukhad is an easy access for market and other facility available at the core center. The most common means of transportation in Sukhad are are buses, trucks, cars, motor- cycles, tractors and bicycles. There is considerable length of black topped road on the eastern side along the Mechi Mahakali highway.

ii. Drinking Water Supply 83. The people of Sukhad are still deprived of pipe water supply system services. At present their needs are although being fulfilled by shallow hand pump but the threat of arsenic presence in those wells are still a matter to resolve. Thus the small town water supply project provides a privilege for the consumers to obtain safe drinking water at their house doors. Almost 80% people depending on these hand pumps are drinking unsafe water.

iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage. 84. The topography of most parts of the service area is flat land so the need of surface drain system is inevitable. Although a small surface drain is seen in the market area but these are not in proper condition and need rehabilitation. The size of existing drain is also not adequate and may result in water logging during the rainy season. In few areas the surface drain has been blocked by masonry materials, plastics and leaf litter as a result of which there is overflow in certain parts along the surface drain. The inner areas of the Sukhad bazaar also need a proper storm water drainage system. 85. The Sukhad bazaar does not have a solid waste collection and disposal service. The local shop owners have hired some individuals to collect and dispose the solid waste. The collected waste are dumped far from the residential site but still there consist of mixture of all kind of waste. There is no segregation carried out and even the hospital wastes are sometimes dumped along. Thus to avoid the immediate nuisance odor solid wastes are regularly collected from the bazaar

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areas and disposed off at different vacant lands and river banks. To add more improvement on the system of collection and disposal solid waste needs to be separated and the residues should be properly disposed. This requires areas for the separation of the solid waste and disposal. A proper landfill must be planned and constructed. 86. In the project area about 71.6% household have access to some kind of latrines where as the rest 28.4% household do not have any types of latrine in their premises. This absence of latrine has brought them to an excuse for open defecation. Nevertheless the lack of sanitation in the proposed service area also includes absence of any public toilets. This has made it more difficult for people to practice hygienic sanitation throughout the project area. The effort towards the initiation to adopt proper sanitation system can still be found because children at school are being made to practice it, since every school and college has at least one toilet.

iv. Electricity 87. The project area has electricity facility. Almost 80% of the houses in Sukhad are supplied with electricity.

v. Communication 88. Sukhad has good communication facilities including telephone lines and a post office. They have been facilitated with mobile phone services which include GSM, CDMA, NCELL, NTC mobile, etc. Most of the organizations in the district have telephone as well as internet facilities. There are also some cyber centers where they have internet, printing, scanning and fax sending facility.

c. Economic Characteristics

i. Industries 89. Industries are almost non-existing in the service area. Ghodaghodi Lake presents itself as a very good potential for the tourism industry. Presently, on an average around 50 tourists, mostly from Nepal and India visit the place every day. As transportation and communication facilities are already available at Sukhad, provision of adequate tourism infrastructure and other facilities should not be too difficult. The hotels and lodges at Sukhad only cater to the needs of local people and do not offer comforts like attached toilets or running water required

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for the tourists. Due to this most tourist prefer to stay overnight at Dhangadhi, which is acquainted with much better and comfortable, standard hotel. The steep increase in land prices in Ghodaghodi village along the highway indicates that the local inhabitants are aware of tourism potentials, and are willing to invest.

ii. Agricultural Development 90. As agriculture being one of the major sources of income generation for the people of the project area, it has aided in contributing in totality to the agricultural sector of the nation. The agricultural products mostly grown here include rice, wheat, maize, oil seeds, lentils and sugar cane. Vegetables products including potatoes, cauliflower, peas are mostly consumed locally. Mangoes and bananas are also grown here.

iii. Mineral Development 91. Mineral exploitation activities are non-existent and there are no mineral based industries in the project area. The project area comprises of small business enterprises. Big industries involving in the extraction of minerals from the surrounding project area are not in existence and project related activities will not bring anydevastating changes to the original state.

iv. Tourism Industry 92. Sukhad has tremendous potential of being a good tourist destination for both internal as well as external traveler. Although the airport is only in Dhangadhi, it is not very far from Sukhad. The major attraction for tourist here is the Ghodaghodi Lake.

d. Development Organization 93. Apart from educational institutions there are few NGO, CBOs and project and private offices in the service area. Banking services are available within the VDC. There is one semi governmental bank that is Agriculture Development Bank. It is also in action with other private banks such as Sunrise Bank Limited, Navjeeban Bank and other 3 cooperatives providing financial service delivery and also carries out financial transaction.

e. Major Environmental Problems 94. Some of the major environmental problems prevalent to Sukhad are as follows

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• Lack of landfill site for solid waste management. • Lack of proper management of sewage within the project area • Lack of proper toilet facility in public places

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 40 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

1. Beneficial Impacts

95. The development of water and sanitation facilities will have numerous beneficial impacts to individuals as well as to the entire community. Availability of clean and adequate drinking water and sanitary facility are basic human needs. Also any development efforts aimed at improving water and sanitation needs of an area will significantly contribute towards improving the quality of life of that area. 96. Some of the major beneficial impacts of the project and their maximization measures are described below.

a. Construction Phase

i. Employment Generation 97. The project will generate direct employment opportunities to the local people of the area. As the project involves construction work it will offer a grand opportunity for various skilled and non-skilled work forces.As the work involves construction of two OHT, about a total of hundred locals will have the opportunity to work and earn. The amount of money earned by the local people will directly affect the local economy thereby reducing the chances of seasonal migration of the local people. The project will provide short term direct employment benefit to majority of the construction workers and even long term employment to few workers during the operation of the project. In order to augment such benefits, priority will be given to employ local laborers as far as possible

ii. Skill Enhancement 98. The construction of the project will not only provide direct employment opportunities but also ensure the transfer of skills and technical proficiency to the local workforce. The project activities such as drilling, constructing tanks, drains, slope stabilization methods will provide transferable skills. In future these skills will be a plus point for the locals in any relevant work as such. Such

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benefit will be augmented by making a proper work plan and code of conduct during the construction period

iii. Local trade and business opportunity 99. The proposedSukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will directly add in building business opportunity with in the area. As construction work involves a lot of manpower, a number of shops pertaining to food items and,agriculture and livestock product will gain a momentum around the vicinity of the construction site. This will boost on local trade and business sector.

b. Operation Phase

i. Improved health and hygiene 100. Deteriorating water quality and unsanitary conditions are often the causes of water borne communicable diseases. The survey report showed that the people in the project area are mostly dependent on water drawn from shallow hand pumps, which have high chances of contamination and have high risk of Arsenic presence. After the implementation of the project; the health and hygiene of the local people will improve and will help to reduce the occurrence of water borne communicable diseases in the area. As the water served to the community will be better in quality and in quantifiable amount the risk of water borne disease will be reduced to 80% from present state. This will also help them in bringing a decrease in their medical expenses by 90% from a value of NRs 10000 per year to NRs 1000 Per annum for a person suffering from such diseases 4 to 5 times every year. In order to enhance such benefit regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation components should be done so that the project operates smoothly and the benefits are intact.

ii. Increased economic opportunity 101. After the completion of the project there is a possibility of migration of people from rural areas towards the town due to better facilities and transcend opportunities. The increased economic level will add a great value to the land uplifting their economic status. These benefits can be maximized by ensuring regular maintenance of water supply and sanitation components and by promoting land development activities in the area.

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iii. Women empowerment 102. Women and girls are mainly responsible for household activities such as fetching water and cleanliness. Improved water supply and sanitation will contribute towards better health and hygiene of women, girls and the entire household members. The time they save from fetching water from distant location, which is almost 2 hours for a single fetch, and cleanliness can be utilized in other economic activities. The beneficial impacts to women and girls can be enhanced by conducting health and awareness programs to the local community.

2. Adverse Impact

103. The potential impacts of the proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project may be physical, biological and socio-cultural in nature and can occur at various phases of the project such as the design phase, construction phase and operation and maintenance phase. The magnitude of the impacts can be small, moderate or high depending upon its severity and can be temporary or last permanently. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts are positive as well. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures. The summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and the mitigation measures are given in Table - 10.

a. Pre-construction Phase

i. Environmental Impacts due to Project Location and Design 104. Before the commencement of the actual construction work, it is necessary to identify the impacts that could alter the present environmental state and also cause delay in the construction work. Such impacts are mostly related to the location and design of the project and its components. It is important to consider such impacts as they are permanent in nature and can considerably affect the activities in later phases of the project. 105. One of the pre-construction impacts is related to the location of major structures of the system such as boreholes, OHT, treatment plant and sludge drying bed etc. There are chances of conflict with the locals during the selection of the above structures. Legal obstruction may result in delay of work and create

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unnecessary disputes. Such issues will be mitigated by the, involvement of the local people and concerned agencies for selecting the appropriate location of the structures, by forming user committees that can own and manage the utility; by conducting awareness programs and by obtaining necessary letters of approval and agreement for acquisition of sites and properties. 106. There could be risks associated with the abstraction of the ground water such as chances of inadequate yield of the aquifer and excessive abstraction which could affect the discharge of existing shallow hand pumps and eventually lead to land subsidence. To mitigate such impacts, the design will consider a yield monitoring program especially to measure the abstraction percentage during the dry season. The project will be redesigned with alternative water sources if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield. There will be a gap on the extraction of water and the boreholes which are to be used alternatively to avoid excessive withdrawal. The arsenic amount present in ground water is decreased as the depth of well is increased. The water quality test in shallow well showed the presence of arsenic beyond NDWQS. The water quality test results areshown in Annex 7. 107. There is a risk of water contamination especially in those areas where water storage tanks are located. To avoid such risks, a properly protected intake and storage tanks need to be designed and distribution pipes are to be located away from drains to avoid infiltration of drain water.

b. Construction Phase

I. Physical Environment

i. Disturbance of Land System and Soil Erosion 108. Construction related activities such as drilling of boreholes, vibration and trench excavation during lying of pipes and during construction of sludge drying bed system, can affect the local land system and cause soil erosion and silt run off. The unsettled street surfaces could bring about ponding of water and create disposal problems. Since the proposed area is flat terrain, the chances of slope disturbances and landslides are minimal. However the land disturbances and soil erosion will be minimized by taking precautionary measures such as applying bioengineering techniques, gabion walls etc. A proper care will be taken while

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 44 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

drilling boreholes so that there is minimal vibration; excavated soil will be reused and proper backfilling of the trenches will be done and the excavated soil will be placed properly against erosion.

ii. Surface and Ground Water Quality 109. The Ghodaghodi Lake (one of the Ramsar Wetlands) has an area of 2563 ha and is a natural freshwater oxbow lake. It is fed by the monsoon rains and by surface flows, groundwater springs and small streams. There are 13 or more associated lakes and ponds and some streams separated by hillocks around the lake. It is 1- 2 meters deep during the dry season and 3-4 meters during the monsoons. The seasonal rivers Kandra and Donda are adjacent to the lake. However, no surface water sources either pumping or for gravitational scheme is available for the project. The only alternative available is extraction of ground water form deep tube well. The majority of people in Sukhad area depend on hand tube well for water. 110. The excavated soil from the construction of the project, if not properly managed, will eventually find its way to the surface water and may increase the turbidity, sometimes causing reduction in the dissolved oxygen of such water bodies. As far as possible, construction work will be avoided during the rainy season so that the impact will be minimal. 111. The risk of Ghodaghodi lake being affected by the implementation of the project is very rare and minimal. The lake although lies on the track of project area, its surrounding habitat and the lake itself will remain unaffected. All the activities are significantly far from the lake site and it does not involve any courses to bring any negative impact on the lake area. To bring more concern towards Ghodaghodi lake preservation the activities will not be implemented near to its premises. The excavated soil will be managed on the other side of the lake and no activities towards bringing any pollution will be strictly monitored 112. There is a possibility of ground water pollution from the waste water generated during drilling of boreholes and tube well construction. Proper protection such as construction of impervious borehole platform etc will be adopted to ensure there is no contamination from the released waste water.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 45 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

iii. Impact from Quarrying of Raw Materials 113. The construction of borehole, sludge drying bed, overhead tank and other structures of the project will require river bed materials, boulders, and other construction materials. The extraction of these materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amount will cause damage to the local environment and accelerate erosion, landslide, disturb drainage pattern and cause water logging and water pollution. To mitigate such impacts unstable and erosion prone sites will be avoided for quarrying and only approved quarries will be used. After the extraction is complete, the quarry site will be properly leveled to suit the local landscape.

iv. Air and Noise Pollution 114. The vehicles used for loading, unloading and transportation of the construction materials create nuisance noise and release gases that are harmful to the atmosphere. Apart from this the excavation activities will release dust and particulate matters, and the drilling machine will emit some dust and smoke and create noise. All these effects are temporary and will last during the construction period only. Use of old and worn out equipment and vehicles and low quality fuel will be prohibited to minimize noise and air pollution. The equipment will be checked by technicians before the commencement of work and the equipment producing lofty noise will be prohibited at night as far as practical. To minimize dust and particulate matters, water will be sprinkled and the construction materials will be covered with tarpaulin during transportation to avoid dust generation.

II. Biological Environment

i. Degradation of Cultivated Land and Vegetation 115. Among the two OHT, one will be constructed in Peepal Danda and the other will be constructed in Chitalpur. The land chosen for construction in Sandepani belongs to Dasarath higher Secondary School and for Darakh it belongs to Shiva Shakti Community forest users group. Both the organization has given the consent and approval for the use of land for construction. There will be some disturbance of vegetation in the project area especially in Darakh, which requires clearance of vegetation. Some of the topsoil and vegetation will be lost

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 46 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

during pipe laying works. Minimization of vegetation clearing and careful cutting of ground vegetation will be done. Trees and shrubs will be planted wherever possible. About 20 – 30 numbers of trees will be planted in the overhead tank site along the border to act as a buffer zone.

III. Socio-Economic Environment

i. Impact to Local Residents 116. The construction related activities that generate dust, noise and impede access could disturb the local residents. To minimize the disturbances, construction work will be conducted as quickly as possible. The local residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance. Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians.

ii. Problems from Outside Work Force 117. Haphazard disposal of solid waste and improper sanitary conditions generated by the construction workers may cause pollution of surrounding environment and affect the health of local people. A mechanism for the safe disposal of waste will be developed in the project site and a labor camp will be constructed before the actual commencement of work and unwanted littering and discharge of waste will be prohibited. 118. Some social problems will arise due to irresponsible behavior of the work force such as gambling, alcoholism and disrespect to local people and their culture. The contractor should give proper instructions to the workers for them to act responsibly and prohibit activities such as alcohol uptake and gambling in the work site. Given that local people are engaged in the work, this will minimize the chances of cultural discrepancy and conflict due to increased labor from outside.

iii. Occupational Health and Safety 119. During the construction work, the laborers involved in the construction activities may be exposed to different level of health risks and are prone to accidents. A site health and safety plan will be prepared encouraging use of safety measures such as mask, helmet, hand gloves and rubber boots. The laborers will be insured for their health and safety. Workers working at a certain height above the ground especially during the construction of the OHT will be provided with

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 47 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

the safety belts and other safety gears as required. First aid box will be kept at a proper and easily accessible place. The general public will be excluded from all the construction sites.

c. Operational Phase

i. Contamination of distributed water 120. Improper operation and management could lead to contamination of distributed water increasing the chances of water related diseases in the consumers. Regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system will be carried out and the staff will be trained and supervised.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 48 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Table 11: Overview of potential environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures/ Sukhad S.N. Project Potential Duration Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsible Mitigation Activity Environmental Institution Cost (NRs.) Impact Water supply component Location and Design Phase Impacts 1. Location of Permanent Moderate • Public consultation and awareness DSC, DWSS Site belongs boreholes and 1.1 Dispute in intake program to WUSC OHT and selection • Formation of users committee treatment plant 121. Review of 1.2Riskof insufficient yield in the chosen design, estimates and area specifications 1.3 Conflict with local people

2. Ground water 2.1 Risk of inadequate Permanent Small • A continuous yield monitoring DSC,DWSS Cost pumping yield of aquifer (during dry program, will be designed especially incorporated (abstraction) 2.2 Excessive season) for the abstraction percentage during in the abstraction could dry season flow contract affect the deep tube • Redesigning project with alternative amount wells aquifer water source if the proposed 2.3 Excessive abstraction rate exceeds sustainable abstraction could yield. lead to land • The water is proposed to be drawn subsidence from a depth of over 120m, below 2.4 Risk of arsenic the impervious level which would contamination have insignificant effect to the existing shallow hand pumps. Furthermore, the boreholes are to be used alternatively to avoid excessive with drawl and pump only required amount of ground water • Water quality analysis will be done

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 49 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

• Testing of arsenic in water as soon as possible. Redesign with an alternative borehole source if arsenic occurs. • Contingency plan in case arsenic occurs during operation. 3. Design of 3.1 Risk of Permanent Significant • Properly protected intake and DSC Cost Water storage contamination of storage tanks will be designed and incorporated tank and distributed water distribution pipe will be located in the distribution away from drains (to avoid Contract system 3.2 Spread of infiltration of drain water epidemics • Adequate source and intake protection measures shall take place. • A program for yield monitoring shall be designed and implemented.

Construction phase Impact 4. Drilling of 4.1 Generation of waste Temporary Moderate • Reuse of water by the consumers in WUSC, Cost boreholes water the nearby settlements to irrigate contractors incorporated 4.2 Surface runoff and their farmland and vegetable in the transportation of gardens contract excavated • Care will be taken while drilling materials to nearby boreholes so that there is minimal bodies vibration and disturbances 4.3 Disturbance of the • Proper protection during and after land system drilling and cleaning of the well 4.4 Contamination of after drilling ground water

5. Quarrying of 5.1 Disturbance of land Temporary Moderate • Unstable and erosion prone sites DSC, contractors Cost raw materials system, erosion and will be avoided and only approved incorporated landslide quarrying sites will be used in the 5.2 Changes in • Quarry site will be leveled to suit contract morphology of the local landscape after extraction water system is complete

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 50 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

6. Trucks and 6.1 Noise pollution Temporary Small • Use of old and worn out equipments Contractor Cost tractors used and vehicles, low quality fuel will incorporated for the 6.2 Air pollution due be prohibited to reduce the noise in the transportation to release of and air pollution. contract of construction emissions • The equipments will be checked by material and technicians before the noise during commencement of work and construction working in night shift with activity equipments producing high noise will be prohibited. • The construction material will be covered during transportation to avoid dust generation • The residents will be consulted and informed about the work in advance. 7. Excavation 7.1 Unorganized Temporary Moderate • Precautionary measures will be Contractor Cost and digging of disposal of taken during construction to avoid incorporated trenches excavated earth caving in the during drilling • Excavated soil will be placed safely contract and other 7.2 Soil erosion, silt against erosion construction runoff • Reuse of excavated soil and work backfilling of trenches will be done 7.3 Possible pollution • Safe disposal of excavated soil of surface water • As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the 7.4 Deterioration of air rainy season. quality due to dust • Sprinkling of water to avoid dust • Temporary diversions and 7.5 Disturbance to the signboards will be provided for the pedestrians pedestrians 8. Waste 8.1 Generation of Temporary Moderate • Mechanism of safe disposal of Contractor Cost management excess grease, solid waste will be developed in the incorporated and disposal waste and other project site before the actual in the construction waste commencement of work contract

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 51 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

• Prohibition of unwanted littering 8.2 Pollution of nearby and discharge of waste irrigation canals and water bodies 9. Distribution 9.1 Obstruction in Permanent Moderate • Care will be taken while excavating Contractors Cost pipes along the pedestrian and and laying pipes so that there is incorporated roadside traffic movement minimal vibration and slope in the 9.2 Removal of disturbances contract excavated material • Excavated soil will be dumped in can affect the local outer side of trench opposite to land system roadside and backfilling will be (erosion and soil done properly instability) • Excavated soil will be placed safely against erosion 10. Clearing of 10.1 Loss of vegetation Permanent Small • Provision of minimization of Contractor, Cost natural and habitat vegetation clearing and careful WUSC incorporated vegetation cutting of ground vegetation in the (cultivated • Plantation of tree and shrub where contract land, ever possible. agricultural land) 11. Construction 11.1 Local residents Temporary Small • Work to be conducted as quickly as Contractor Cost activity could be disturbed possible to minimize disturbance incorporated by noise, dust and • Residents will be consulted and in the impeded access informed about the disturbances in contract advance 12. Influx of 12.1 Problems due to Temporary Moderate • All the workers will be instructed to Contractor Cost outside irresponsible act in a responsible manner incorporated workforce behavior of work • Prohibition of alcohol, gambling in the force (e.g. • Local people will be employed as contract gambling, far as possible disrespect to the local area and people)

13. Occupational 13.1 Risk of accidents Temporary Significant • A site health and safety plan Contractor Cost

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 52 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

and to the workers and including safety measures such as incorporated Community public provision of (personal protective in the Health and equipment, PPE) will be prepared contract Safety and implemented • First aid will be kept at hand in working area • General public will be excluded from all the construction sites • Insurance will be provided to the workers. • Conduct campaigns to raise awareness of health and sanitation. Operation and Maintenance Phase Impact 14. Distribution of 14.1 Risk of Permanent Significant • Regular water quality monitoring of WUSC, Cost water contamination of water of the distribution system PMO covered by water in • System staff will be trained and WUSC distribution system supervised

Sanitation Location Impact 15. Location of 15.1 Public health Permanent Moderate • Sludge drying bed will be located at DSC,WUSC Cost included sludge drying hazard a place only after consulting all the in the bed 15.2 Rejection of the stakeholders contract location by locals 16. Seepage from 16.1Pollution of ground Permanent Moderate • Sludge drying bed will be properly DSC Cost included the sludge water from designed to avoid possibility of in the drying bed seepage due to ground water pollution and public contract sludge drying bed health hazard. The effluent will be discharged near to the Donda Khola. • Provide clay liner and geo membrane at the bed to prevent from the seepage reaching the ground water. Construction Phase Impact

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 53 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

17. Excavation of 17.1 Unorganized Temporary Moderate • Safe disposal and re-use of Contractors Cost soil (during disposal of excavated soil incorporated construction of excavated earth • Sprinkling of water to avoid dust in the sludge drying 17.2 Surface runoff, • Temporary diversions and contract bed and pollution of water signboards will be provided to the latrines) ways pedestrians 17.3 Nuisance to pedestrians 17.4 Deterioration of air quality due to dust

18. Clearing of 18.1 Loss of vegetation Permanent Small • Provision of minimization of Contractor Cost natural and habitat vegetation clearing and careful WUSC incorporated vegetation cutting of ground vegetation will be in the (cultivated done contract land, • Trees and shrubs will be planted agricultural wherever possible land) 19. Occupational 19.1 Risk of accidents Temporary Significant • A site health and safety plan will be Contractor Cost and to the workers and prepared and implemented incorporated Community public in the Health and contract Safety Operation and Maintenance Phase Impact 20. Operation of 20.1 Nuisance due to Permanent Moderate • Regular O&M of the sludge beds WUSC, PMO Cost sludge drying odor and vectors (Lime spreading on the beds) will covered by bed 20.2 Nuisance to the be done WUSC neighboring areas • Vector breeding sites and resting due to sites will be modified (e.g using transportation of appropriate chemicals, spray) sludge • Providing buffer zone around the 20.3 Flooding of bed area and planting trees in the buffer during rainy zone to cover sludge drying area season and bed • Properly covered transportation clogging systems will be provided

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 54 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

20.4 Pollution of • Quality of effluent and river water nearby stream due will be regularly monitored to discharge of effluents 21. Operation of 21.1 Pollution of Permanent Significant • The latrines/soak pits will be kept WUSC Nominal latrines (public shallow ground away(more than 50 m) from tube toilets) water used for wells domestic purpose • Proper maintenance and regular 21.2 Nuisance due to emptying odor, insects and rodents 22. Solid waste 22.1 Pollution of river Permanent Moderate • Waste sorting and disposal will be WUSC Cost management water due to waste properly done PMO covered by disposal • Waste will be transported via truck WUSC 22.2 Nuisance to or tractor (waste to be properly neighboring areas covered in the vehicle) to an due to appropriate site selected by WUSC transportation of waste

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 55 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE WITH AND WITHOUT

PROJECT SITUATIONS

122. The aim of the project is to provide safe and sufficient water supply to the residents of Sukhad in Kailali district. The various alternatives to achieve the objectives of the project with minimum impact to the environment are presented in the following sub-sections.

1. Design Alternative

123. The proposed project has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area. In order to achieve that, a new system needed to be designed with additional sources of water, increased distribution network and enhanced storage facilities. Although Ghodaghodi Lake lies on the project area its usage for water supply is socially not accepted. It is declared as a Ramsar wetland. Seasonal river such as Kandra and Donda are present adjacent to Ghodaghodi lake. But in the project area no surface water source both for pumping and gravitational source is not available. Thus theonly potential source of water for the proposed water supply system Sukhad is groundwater.The project has been designed to exploit ground water from deep tube well. Two deep tube well each placed in Darakh and Sandepani are allocated for the extraction of ground water. The depth of the tube well being in the range of 100 to 125 m, there is hardly any risk of arsenic contamination. The water quality test gives affirmation of its safety as its parameters are within the NDWQS standards. At 70 feet deep water tested from test bore hole at Sandepani showed 0.022 mg/l presence of arsenic. As the depth increases the arsenic content also decreases. However the arsenic is reduced by aeration or by sand filter employing iron nails. Nails will promote adsorption of arsenic consequently arsenic is reduced. Therefore the proposed project has been envisaged to streamline the various systems and develop a reliable and sustainable system. The present project is designed with due consideration of these aspects and thus the proposed design has no alternative.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 56 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project 2. Project Site/Location Alternative

124. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of the project. The location of the sludge drying bed is finalized after consultation with the local community (i.e Land near Dhonda Khola) and distribution lines are fixed with minimum impacts on the environment. The location of major structures especially the overhead tank, borehole, and distribution pipe line will be retained as decided during interaction with WUSC and beneficiaries. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives.

3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials

125. The technologies proposed in the project are reliable. The source of water, being ground water exploited from a deep aquifer, is a reliable one. Its yield is found to be at the same range during all seasons. The yield of the proposed tube well is expected to adequately serve the consumers of the project area. Altogether 4 deep boreholes have been proposed (include one test borehole), which will be used alternately to avoid unnecessary wear and tear, excessive drawdown and reliability. For ground water, it has to be pumped against the static head of about 25 m from the borehole by mechanical and electrical equipments. The proposed sources are found technically viable for the proposed system. 126. The work involved is labor intensive and minimum use of mechanical equipment is involved. Most of the construction work will be done manually, avoiding heavy equipment which will produce minimum environmental impacts. Trained human resources will be employed. 127. The working procedures proposed are participatory one and the beneficiaries will be actively participating in all the phases of the project. Except from some mechanical equipment for drilling of boreholes, most of the raw materials used will be local in nature. Similarly, as far as possible, local people will be employed for the project so that the chances of conflict are minimal.

4. No Project Option

128. The No-project alternative prevents the implementation of the project. Such action will impede the local people of the area from having the facility of safe

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 57 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

and sufficient drinking water and also living in sanitary environment. If the project is not implemented, the people will have to continue depending upon the existing shallow hand pumps which are not safe for drinking purpose as there is a high risk of arsenic contamination. It also limits the chances of socio- economic development of the area. Even areas such as bus parkdon't have toilets where there is so much rush of people. 129. On the other hand, if the project is implemented, the people of the area will not only benefit from the supply of safe and sufficient drinking water but also improve their health and hygiene conditions. The project implementation will create job opportunities, thereby improving the socio-economic condition of the local people and help in improving their quality of life. . The Implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts. The do-nothing option will be able to avoid some minor environmental impacts; however, difficulty of having safe and reliable water supply; remoteness and poverty of the area will remain intact. It will also improve the sanitation condition of children and people in the area providing better hygienic state.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 58 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION ANDPARTICIPATION

130. One of the important objectives of IEE is to facilitate the participation of all the stakeholders and general public right from pre-construction phase of the project to its operation. Several consultations were held with the locals in the project area to understand their views of the project and to get their consensus. 131. The project has involved a variety of concerned groups, including non- governmental organizations, line agencies, community based organizations and local people while preparing the IEE report. After the TOR was approved from the MoUD, a public notice was published in Rajdhani Daily on 3rd November, 2012 informing the local people and stakeholders about the project and to obtain suggestions about the possible environmental impacts and likely mitigation measures during the implementation of the project. A copy of the notice was also displayed at concerned VDC office, local school, health posts and other public places. (Annex 3) 132. During the field survey Focused Group Discussion were held with the local people and public meetings were held in local area to understand the public attitude and views and to get consensus of the project. Written forms of suggestions were collected during the meeting and from relevant government agencies. The recommendation letters from the concerned agency has been attached in Annex 5. During the public consultation, the project objectives were explained and people were requested to give their opinions and suggestions. The lists of key people contacted are given in Annex 6. 133. The main issues raised during the public consultation were regarding-

• Information dissemination of the project (SSTWSSSP)

• Roles and responsibilities of WUSC, community and other stakeholders

• Required cash contribution and the modality of the project: WUSC and community were fully aware of it and they are ready to co-operate with the team during implementation of the project. They had even already collected the upfront cash required to start the project. They also wanted to know what

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 59 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

the responsibilities of WUSC, community and the government would be after the completion of the project.

• Choice among alternative systems: During the feasibility study, three option alternatives were proposed by the consultant. Between these alternatives, the WUSC and the beneficiaries preferred to choose the first alternative with two separate schemes for Darakh and Sandepani and accordingly they acquired the required land for it.

• Inclusion of some left out areas: If any area is found left during the time of feasibility study, it would be included during the final survey.

• Water Quality Assessment: It is assumed that there might be a possibility of presence of traces of Arsenic. However the real problem will be known only when the test drilling will be done and water will be tested. The type of treatment required will be decided only after observing the water quality test report.

• Drainage and Sewage System: Due to lack of fund these components could not be constructed at present but would be considered in near future. Currently, septic tanks are in use in the urbanized area and in the rural areas, pit latrines are in practice.

• Overhead tank:Each overhead tank of 200 m3capacity will be placed in Darakh and Sandepani respective located area. The OHT will be circular RCC tank. The base of the overhead reservoir tank is proposed at an elevation of at least 20 meters above the ground. This will insure adequate pressure at the pipe line of the system. 134. The draft IEE will be sent to DWSS and ADB for review and comments. After incorporating the comments and suggestions from all the concerned stakeholders, final IEE report will be prepared and sent to MoUD for approval. 135. The information about the project is disclosed not just by active participation of stakeholders during the public consultation process but also formally by making related materials available in a form and at a location that is easily accessible to the stakeholders. This normally involves making the draft reports available (in

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 60 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism to obtain the comments and suggestions back from the community. ADB encourages governments to upload all the documents into their website. The Executive Summary of the IEE study is made public through depository library system and ADB websites. The full IEE of the proposed project is posted on DWSS website also made available to the interested parties upon request.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 61 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

136. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concerns of the community who are affected by the project activities. The proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle disputes. 137. The process requires a GRM committee to be established at the local level to assure accessibility to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting within the very week. 138. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts will resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the VDC and district DWSS. The grievance is required to be solved within 2 weeks by VDC but if it cannot be resolved even by VDC and DWSS, the case will be referred to the court of law to adjudicate the matter.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 62 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure 6: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Affected Person

Grievance/ Complaint

GRMCom mittee

RedressG rievances PMO

Environmen WUSC talSpecialist

VDC

DWSS

Court of Law

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 63 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

1. Mitigation and Monitoring

139. Environmental Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of environmental measures in a manner that had been prescribed earlier and to ensure that the project activity complies with the environmental protection standards. Monitoring can be done before the project construction begins (Baseline Monitoring); during the construction and operation phase (Impact Monitoring) and periodically even after completion of the project activity (Compliance Monitoring).Construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigation measures will mainly consider the following impacts. 140. Construction phase: Soil erosion; sedimentation and slope stabilization; vegetation clearing; change in hydrology of surface waters; water, air and noise pollution; solid waste; land intake ac compensation; health, safety and sanitation of the work force; and traffic management 141. Operation phase: Drinking water treatment operations; discharge of waste water into surface waters ; sludge disposal; and quality of drinking water supplies 142. Some of the baseline monitoring that needs to be done before the start of the construction activities so as to compare the results before and after the construction works are as follows: 143. Monitoring of air quality and noise levels (vibration) before and during the construction work 144. Water quality analysis of the nearby streams (Kandra and Donda stream) in order to examine the physical, chemical and biological quality of the water. 145. Water quality analysis of the shallow water hand pumps and wells at various places used by the local people 146. The Monitoring Plan is designed in a way that it has been approved and monitored by the contractor who ensures that the mitigation measures are followed during the construction period. It also requires regular and periodic monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during the project operation over the years following project completion. A detailed monitoring plan giving

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 64 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

the mechanisms of monitoring for the environmental impact and the mitigation measures are given in the Table 12.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 65 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Table 12: Environmental Monitoring Schedule Responsible Parameters to be Location Frequency for S.N Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitored Monitoring

WATER SUPPLY COMPONENT Location and Design Impacts

1. 1.1 Dispute in intake selection Public consultation and awareness Meeting workshop, group Project area One time DWSS, DSC, program (for location of boreholes) discussions WUSC

1.2 Risk of insufficient yield in Presence and composition of user the chosen area committee Formation of users committee Project area One time DWSS, DSC

Review of design, estimates and Technical design and specification PMO office After submission DWSS, DSC specifications reports of design reports

2. 2.1 Risk of inadequate yield of A continuous yield monitoring Source discharge (especially Abstraction site One time (before DWSS, DSC aquifer program, will be designed especially during the dry season) final design and for the abstraction percentage during construction for 2.2Excessive abstraction could dry season flow source affect the existing shallow discharge) tube Monthly for 2.3 Excessive abstraction could excessive lead to land subsidence abstraction

Redesigning project with alternative Technical design PMO office After submission DWSS, DSC water source if the proposed of design reports abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 66 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

The water is proposed to be drawn from a depth of 100 to 120m, below the impervious level which would have insignificant effect to existing shallow tube wells. Furthermore, Technical design Abstraction site Monthly DWSS, DSC boreholes are to be used alternatively to avoid excessive withdrawal and pump only required amount of ground water

3. 3.1 Risk of contamination of Properly protected intake and Technical design and specification PMO office, One time (before DWSS, distributed water storage tanks will be designed and reports distribution site final design and distribution pipe will be located construction) 3.2 Spread of water epidemics away from drains (to avoid infiltration of drain water)

4. 4.1 Conflict with local people Public consultation and awareness Meeting workshop, group Project area One time DWSS, DSC program(for location of treatment discussions WUSC plant)

CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS

5. 5.1 Generation of waste water Reuse of water by the consumers in Reuse of water Construction sites As needed WUSC the nearby settlements to irrigate their farmland and vegetable gardens 5.2Surface runoff and transportation of excavated materials to nearby bodies Care will be taken while drilling contractor records As needed DSC boreholes so that there is minimal 5.3 Disturbance of the land vibration and disturbances

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system Proper protection during and after contractor records As needed DSC 5.4 Contamination of ground drilling will be done water

6. 6.1 Disturbance of land system, Unstable and erosion prone sites Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC erosion and landslide will be avoided and only approved quarrying sites will be used

6.2Changes in morphology of Quarrying activities from Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC water system rivers/streams will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles

Quarry site will be leveled to suit Contractor records Quarry areas One time DSC, WUSC the local landscape after the extraction is complete Local aesthetics

7. 7.1 Noise pollution Use of old and worn out equipments Contractor records Construction site As needed DSC and vehicles, low quality fuel will be prohibited to reduce the noise and air pollution. 7.2 Air pollution due to release of emissions The equipments will be checked by technicians before the commencement of work and Contractor records Daily and as needed DSC working in night shift with equipments producing high noise will be prohibited.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 68 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

The construction materials will be Contractor records As needed DSC covered during transportation to avoid dust generation

8. 8.1 Unorganized disposal of Precautionary measures will be Contractor records Construction sites DSC excavated earth taken during construction to avoid caving

8.2 Soil erosion, silt runoff Excavated soil will be placed safely Stacking of soil Daily Contractor against erosion

8.3 Possible pollution of Reuse of excavated soil backfilling Quantity of soil remained Daily Contractor surface water of trenches will be done

8.4 Deterioration of air quality due to dust Safe disposal of excavated soil Disposal site Daily Contractor, DWSS 8.5 Disturbance to the pedestrians As far as possible construction Contractor records As needed Contractor, activities will be avoided in the DSC rainy season.

Sprinkling of water to avoid dust Dust in the Air At the time of Daily Contractor trench digging

Temporary diversions and Signboards Construction site Daily Contractor, signboards will be provided for the DWSS pedestrians

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 69 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

9. 9.1Generation of excess grease, Mechanism of safe disposal such as Contractor records Construction site Daily DSC, DWSS solid waste and other grease interceptor of waste will be construction waste developed in the project site before the actual commencement of work

9.2 Pollution of nearby Prohibition of unwanted littering Amount and disposal of solid Monthly VDC, and irrigation canals and water and discharge of waste waste WUSC bodies

10. 10.1 Obstruction in pedestrian Care will be taken while excavating Contractor records Construction sites Daily Contractor, and traffic movement and laying pipes so that there is DSC minimal vibration and slope Uneven surfaces disturbances

10.2 Removal of excavated material can affect the local land Excavated soil will be dumped in Pavement demolition Roadside Daily Contractor system (erosion and soil outer side of trench opposite to instability) roadside and backfilling should be done properly

Excavated soil will be placed safely Stacking of soil Construction site Daily Contractor, against erosion DWSS

11. 11.1 Loss of vegetation and Provision of minimization of Cleared area Construction site weekly Contractor habitat vegetation clearing and careful cutting of ground vegetation

Plantation of tree and shrub where Afforested area, numbers of trees Project area Yearly WUSC ever possible planted

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 70 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

12. 12.1 Local residents could be Work to be conducted as quickly as Contractor records Construction site Monthly DSC, DWSS disturbed by noise, dust and possible to minimize disturbance impeded access

Residents will be consulted and Communication with local people Project area As needed Contractor, informed about the disturbances in DWSS advance

13. 13.1 Problems due to All the workers will be instructed to Behavior of workers Construction camp Weekly Contractor, irresponsible behavior of work act in a responsible manner WUSC force (e.g. gambling, disrespect to the local area and people) Prohibition of alcohol, gambling Uses of alcohol, records of fights Weekly WUSC, Contractor

Local people will be employed as Local survey As needed Contractor far as possible

14. 14.1 Risk of accidents to the A site health and safety plan Use of helmet, mask, gloves, Construction site Daily Contractor, workers and public including safety measures such as boots etc. DWSS provision of mask, helmet, hand globes and rubber boots to workers will be prepared and implemented

First aid will be kept at hand in First aid box Monthly Contractor, working area DWSS

General public will be excluded Signboards Monthly Contractor, from all construction sites DWSS

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 71 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Insurance will be provided to the Health and safety insurance One time Contractor, workers DWSS

O&M Phase Impacts

15. 15.1 Risk of contamination of Regular testing will be done on a Periodic maintenance record Distribution Weekly WUSC,DW water in distribution system routine basis and recorded system SS

Regular water quality monitoring of Water quality test in accordance to Distribution Weekly WUSC, water of the distribution system National Drinking Water Quality system DWSS Standard

System staff will be trained and Contractor records Distribution site As needed WUSC, supervised DWSS

16. 16.1 Health hazard to workers First aid measures will be provided First aid box Construction site Monthly Contractor, and public in emergencies DWSS

17. 17.1 Connection conflict in Public consultation and awareness Public meetings/discussions Project Area Monthly WUSC users

SANITATION COMPONENT Location and Design Impacts

18. 18.1 Public health hazard Sludge drying bed will be properly Meeting workshop, group Project Area One time DWSS, located after consultationto all the discussions DSC, WUSC 18.2 Rejection of the location by stakeholders people

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 72 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

19. 19.1 Pollution of ground water Sludge drying bed will be properly Technical design and specification PMO office One time DWSS, DSC from seepage due to sludge designed to avoid possibility of reports drying bed pollution (Use clay liner or geo- membrane liner at the bed)

CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACT

20. 20.1 Unorganized disposal of Safe disposal and re-use of Stacking of soil, quantity of soil Construction site Daily Contractor excavated earth excavated soil remained

20.2 Surface runoff, pollution of water ways Sprinkling of water to avoid dust Dust in the air Daily Contractor

20.3 Deterioration of air quality due to dust Temporary diversions and Signboards Daily Contractor, signboards will be provide to DWSS 20.4 Nuisance to pedestrians pedestrians

21. 21.1 Loss of vegetation and Provision of minimization of Cleared area Construction site Weekly Contractor habitat vegetation clearing and careful cutting of ground vegetation will be done

Trees and shrubs will be planted Afforested area, number of trees Project area Yearly WUSC wherever possible planted

22. 22.1 Risk of accidents to the A site health and safety plan will be Use of safety gears Construction site Daily Contractor, workers and public prepared and implemented DWSS

O&M Phase Impacts

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 73 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

23. 23.1 Nuisance due to odor and Regular O&M of the sludge beds Frequency of cleaning Sludge drying bed Periodically WUSC, vectors (lime spreading on beds) will be DWSS done Sprinkling of lime power

23.2 Flooding of bed during Vector breeding sites and resting Vector breeding and resting sites Sludge drying bed Periodically WUSC rainy season and bed clogging sites will be modified (e.g. using appropriate chemicals, spray)

23.3 Nuisance to the Providing buffer zone around the Buffer area Around sludge One time (during DSC, WUSC neighboring areas due to area and planting trees in the buffer drying bed design) transportation of sludge zones to cover sludge drying area Trees planted

23.4 Pollution of nearby stream Properly covered transportation Transport truck Project Area As needed WUSC, due to discharge of effluents systems will be provided PMO

Quality of effluent and river water Checking of effluent parameters River water near Monthly WUSC, will be regularly monitored the drain disposal DWSS site

24. 24.1 Pollution of shallow The latrines will be kept away Contractor records Households, One time (before DSC , ground water used for domestic from tube wells Public area construction) WUSC purpose

24.2 Nuisance due to odor, Proper maintenance and regular Frequency of cleaning Weekly WUSC insects and rodents cleaning of the latrines

25. 25.1 Pollution of river water due Waste sorting and disposal will be O&M guidelines Project area Weekly WUSC to waste disposal properly done

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 74 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

25.2 Nuisance to neighboring areas due to transportation of Proper transportation systems will Transport truck Project area As needed WUSC, waste be provided (waste to be properly PMO covered in the vehicle)

26. 26.1 Impact on aquatic life Strong monitoring unit will be set Effluent parameters River water Monthly WUSC, up DWSS

27. 27.1 Communicable disease A health and safety plan will be Occurrence of health problems Maintenance site Weekly WUSC, hazard to workers prepared and implemented DWSS Use of safety gears

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 75 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project 2. Mitigation Costs

147. Most of the costs related to the mitigation and monitoring activities are either included in the construction cost estimation in accordance with the contract specification or covered in the Operational and Maintenance costs and thus are not detailed here. 148. Further funds are needed mainly for developing the capacity and facilities of the WUSC for environmental monitoring and for conducting environmental training and awareness campaigns. Also to maintain greenery in the surrounding project area trees are required to be planted accordingly. It can be with the choice of heavy trunk tree along with some flowering plants to give better scenery. The estimation is presented in the following table. Table 13: Tentative Cost of Mitigation for Some Impacts S.N Activities Estimated Remarks (NRs)

1. Training for WUSC staff During operation period 20,000

Environmental During construction and 2. 30,000 Awareness Campaigns operation periods

During construction period 3. Tree implantation 25,000

75,000 Total

3. Monitoring Costs

149. Most of the monitoring costs for the proposed project is related to the expenses for experts for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases of the project. The following monitoring costs are to be incurred by the project.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 76 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Table 14: Monitoring Cost

Expert Team Monitoring Cost MD Rate Amount

Environmental Management 1 150,000 150,000 Specialist Sociologists 1 75,000 75,000 Support Staff 2 20,000 40,000 Cost for monitoring by LS 2,00000 MUD/DWWS Transportation and others LS 50,000 Total 5,15,000

4. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

150. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in Table 13 and Table 14. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project. Table 15: Annual Cost for EMP S.N. Item Cost 1. Mitigation Budget Training for WUSC staff 20,000 Environmental Awareness Campaigns 30,000 2. Monitoring Budget

Environmental Management Specialist 1,50,000 Sociologists 75,000 Support Staff 40,000 Cost for monitoring by MoUD/DWWS 2,00,000 Transportation and others 40,000 Total 5,55,000

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 77 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project 5. Environmental Procedures and Institutions

151. Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) is in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MoUD. 152. The different agencies involved in the Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are as explained in the following table.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 78 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Table 16: Institution Involved in the Proposed Project

S.N Organization Roles and Responsibilities

1. Ministry of Urban Development It is the executive agency for the implementation of (MoUD) Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project. It is responsible for monitoring of project design, construction and operation activities according to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the IEE and approving the IEE studies.

2. Department of Water Supply and DWSS is the implementing agency for the Sewerage (DWSS) SSTWSSP. It is responsible for ensuring that all the environmental measures to be adopted during different phases of project implementation and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible for water quality monitoring.

3. Project Management Office PMO under DWSS implements the project. It (PMO) ensures that all the mitigation measures prescribed by approved IEE have been fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project construction and assists WUSC on source registration and transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities of other stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements.

4. Town Development Fund (TDF) TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary environmental screening and assessments have been carried out during the funding decisions.

5. Water User and Sanitation WUSC is responsible for forming member based Committee (WUSC) water user group and registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental measures recommended especially during the construction and operation phase. Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and maintaining record of the water quality data are some of its responsibilities.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 79 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

6. Design and Supervision DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility Consultant (DSC) study and detailed design. It ensures that all the mitigation measures are incorporated in the final design of the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met by the construction contractor.

7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are specified during the construction

153. Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as Village Development Committees of Darakh, Sandepani and Ram Shikhar Jhala help in disseminating information about the project to local people and related stakeholders and in giving permits to conduct the IEE studies.

6. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

154. In parallel to the suggested mitigation measure, it is important to encourage opportunities to enhance the project and its elements so as to have minimal environmental disturbance. The proposed project has both positive and negative impacts and the present stage gives an opportunity to enhance these positive features through innovative measures. Some of such potential environmental measures include:

• Ensuring resource mobilization and participation of the local community to develop a sense of ownership and empowerment of the project

• Determining roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders and institutions to promote effective coordinated action

• Providing training and awareness program in health and sanitation issues; water cost and usage; environmental pollution and waste management

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 80 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

• The local youth clubs and NGO within the VDC should be mobilized to monitor the environment in areas affected by project activity and report back the problems to PMO.

7. Reporting Procedures

155. For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan is required, it is necessary to have a mechanism in order to put together the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of everymitigation conducted. 156. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor will develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC. 157. The DSC then has the responsibility of ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC has the responsibility to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verification whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not. 158. DSC then has the responsibility to prepare an environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report of the contractor. DSC has to report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its review. PMO should then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PMO every month, which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly. 159. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The report should contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 81 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of reporting will be conducted and based on the results of monitoring; the Environmental Management Plan will be adjusted accordingly.

8. Work Plan

160. Before operation, PMO/DSC, with the help of its Environmental Specialists will develop detailed work plans for implementing mitigation measure and monitoring plans based on EMP. These plans will be incorporated into the project contracts. 161. Before construction, PMO will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in construction contracts 162. Before operation, PMO will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP which will be submitted to the concerned persons to help them supervise implementation 163. The EMP implementation schedule is given in the following figure for a period of 2 years

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 82 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

Figure7: Implementation schedule of the project

Months Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tendering + Award of Contract

Presentation of Security Performances

c o n tr a c t Field Mobilization Approval of Tendering +

Procurement of Materials

Transportation of Materials

Structural Works

Installation Works

Piping Works

Mechanical + Electrical Works

Construction / Procurem ent Finishing Works

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 83 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

164. Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. 165. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Sukhad of Kailali district. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of portable drinking water and improved sanitation. All this will significantly raise the living standards of the people in the Sukhad 166. From this IEE study it can be seen that the beneficial impacts of the proposed project outweighs the negative impacts and thus a full scale EIA is not required. 167. The present IEE study with recommended environmental mitigation and monitoring plan becomes a complete EIA.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 84 Initial Environmental Examinationon Sukhad Town Water Supply And Sanitation Project

REFERENCES

ADB (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Asian Development Bank

HMG/N (1996). Environmental Protection Act (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of Nepal.

HMG/N (1997). Environmental Protection Rules (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of Nepal.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1 Approved Terms of Reference

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Urban Development

Depepartment of Water Supply and Sewerage

Second Smallll Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sectoror Project

Project Management Office

Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu

InitialEnvnvironmentalExamimination for Sukhad Waater Supply and Sanitationn Project Kailali District

TETERMS OF REFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 1

2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 1

2. 1 Relevancy of the Project ...... 1

2. 2 Project Background ...... 5

2. 2.1 Existing Water Supply System ...... 5

2.2.2 Existing Sanitation Situation ...... 5

2. 2.3 Community participation ...... 5

2. 2.4 Components of the Sub Project ...... 10

2.2.5 Sanitation Improvement ...... 11

2. 3 Base Line Condition of the Project Area ...... 11

2.3.1 Physical Environment ...... 11

2.3.2 Geo Physical Profile ...... 12

2.3.3 Ecological Profile...... 13

2.3.4 Human and Economic Development ...... 14

2.3.5 Infrastructural Facilities ...... 16

2.3.6 Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue ...... 18

3 METHODOLGY ...... 18

3.1 Physical Environment Assessment ...... 19

3.2 Biological Environmental Assessment ...... 19

3. 4 Environment Assessment ...... 20

3. 5 Public Participation ...... 20

4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES ...... 21

5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 22

5. 1. Time ...... 22

5. 2 Estimated Budget ...... 22

5. 3 Resource Persons ...... 23

6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 23

7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 24

8 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 24

9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 25

9. 1 Environmental Management Plan ...... 25

9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 26

9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation ...... 26

9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 27

10 REPORT ...... 27

11 RELEVANT INFORMATION ...... 27

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 Schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project ...... 3

Table 2.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF SUKHAD TOWN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT ...... 6

Table 2.3: VDC Wise Distribution of Population by Age Group ...... 14

Table 2.4: Percentage Distribution of HHs by main Occupation and Source of Income ...... 15

Table 2.5: Proposed work schedule ...... 22

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

CAD Computer Aided Design

CAP Community Action Plan

DDC District Development Committee

DWSO District Water Supply Office

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan

EMP Environment Management Plan

EPA Environment Protection Act

EPR Environment Protection Regulation

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FIDIC Federation Internationale Des Ingenerus Conseils

GoN Government of Nepal

HH (s) Household (s)

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited

LPCD/lpcd Liter per capita per day lpd Liter per day lps Liter per second

MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment

MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

NGO Non Government Organization

PMO Project Management Office

PWD Public Work Directories

QOL Quality of Life

RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program

S.N Serial Number

STWSSSP Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

TDF Town Development Fund

ToR Terms of Reference

TPO Town Project Office

VDC Village Development Committee

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

WSST Water Supply and Sanitation Technician

WUC Water Users' Committee

WUG Water User's Group

WUSC Water User's and Sanitation Committee

Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

INITIAL ENVIRONMENT EXAMINATION

Terms of Reference for the

Sukhad Town Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation Project

1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE

The Environment Protection regulation 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required.

This ToR is prepared in order to carry out the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Kailali District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry of Urban Development, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.

Name of the Proponent:

Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent:

Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np

2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2. 1 Relevancy of the Project

As per the TOR issued to the DSC, it is stated that the Project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Project is intended to serve entire ward no. 4, ward no. 5 and ward no. 6 of Darakh VDC. Similarly, the project covers ward no. 2, ward no. 3 and 4 and part of ward no. 5, ward no. 9 of Sadepani VDC. A small part of ward no. 7 of Ram Shikhar Jhala is also included in the service area of the project. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail from adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort the use of tube wells and arsenic content water to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall rely on the ground water sources. On the basis of information in Sukhad the general depths of the wells range from 100 to 125 meters and screen length of 30 m. And the safe yield from a well size 300/200 mm should be in the range of 20-25 liters per second. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project is expected to benefit a design population of about 27,548. The groundwater abstraction for the proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available groundwater resources of the aquifer.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 1 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2.1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 2 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 3 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 4 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

2. 2 Project Background

2. 2.1 Existing Water Supply System

With the absence of piped water supply system, the majority of populations in Sukhad were dependent on shallow hand pumps. As per the WUSC discussion, the concerning issues that came forward was for the water quality and arsenic presence. For an average water use of 220 liter per household per day in the dry day and 140 l/hh/d in the wet season approximately 36 lpcd in the dry season and 23 lpcd in the wet season are consumed. The higher percentage is occupied in the dry season, as the project area belongs to Terai region, which has very hot and dry climate. The extracted ground water from the hand pumps is not significant so the supply of water does not vary according to seasonal variation as vivid in surface and spring source.

2.2.2 Existing Sanitation Situation

The existing sanitation facility is quite basic in the project area. Although drainage facility is not far from the sanitation state, approximately 500m of surface drain mainly in market area (Bhajani Road) exist. There is no other drainage system. A few households in the project area have water seal and pit latrines. About 64% HHs have access to water seal toilet whereas 25% have either pit latrine or ventilated pit latrines. Apart from this the periphery of the project area lacks adequate sanitation facility.

2. 2.3 Community participation

The project is designed in the principle of active community participation from the design stage itself. The implementation strategy of this sub-project is based on the community management approach, which includes encouraging the financial responsibility towards the improved facility. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the capital cost. Out of that 5% have to be deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash. Another 35% - 45% to be contributed taking the loan from TDF. The loan should be recovered within the time frame of 15 years with 5 years of grace period, along with the interest of 5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs plus. Tariff raised by the service has to support towards maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the initiator/coordinator.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 5 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Table 2.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF SUKHAD TOWN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

S.N. Items Description

A Project Detail

1 Name of the Project Sukhad Water Supply and Sanitation Project 2 Type Pumping (Lifting) 3 Study Level Detail Engineerring Study 4 Location Area Region Far Western Development Region Zone Seti District Kailali VDC/Municipality Darakh, Ram Shikhar Jhala, Sandepani

Ward Darakh: 4, 5 & 6. Ram Shikhar Jhala: 7. Sandepani: 2, 3, 4, 5 & 9.

5 Available Facilities

Road East-West Highway Electricity Available Communication Available

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 6 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Health Services Available Banking Facilities Available

B Detail of System & Design Component Darakh Sandepani 1 Source Characteristics Source Type Ground Water Ground Water

Source Location Peepal Danda,ward no.-5 Chittalpur, ward no.-3

Safe Yield (lps) 20 20 2 Type of Structures (a) Bore Hole Drilling 2+1Test BH 2 Pumps 3 2 (b) Electricity line, Transfermer and 1 1 set Generator (c) Water Storage Tank ( Capacity / Nos.) 200 OHT 200 OHT (d) Valve Chamber 42Nos. 34 Nos. (e) Guard + Generator House / Boundary 1 1 Wall (f) Household connection 2377 (g) Fire Hydrant 7Nos. 4 Nos. (h) Electro-Mechanical Treatment Plant 1 set 1 Set 3 Pipe Line HDPE Pipe (Km) 9.73 10.65

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 7 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

GI Pipe (Km) 11.94 17.11 DI Pipe (Km) 11.14 4.88 Total 32.80 32.64 4 Social Status Darakh Sadepani Total Present Population (2012) 10,621 5,435 16,056 Base Year Population (2015) 11,577 5,997 17,574

Design Year Population (2030) 17,864 9,684 27,548

Growth Rate % 3.0% 3.0% 3.0% Household Numbers (2012) 1,621 795 2,416

5 Total Cost of the Water Supply Scheme 155,598,658.00 118,821,031.00

Total Cost of the Water Supply Scheme of Both 6 NRs 274,419,689 Sub-Systems

7 Cost Sharing Arrangement GoN Component (50 %) NRs 137,209,845 TDF Loan (35% ~ 45%) NRs 123,488,860 WUSC's Contribution for upfront (Cash 5 %) NRs 13,720,984 8 Tariff Average Income : Monthly bill (NRs / 651.00 m) Minimum HH Income : Monthly bill 270.00 (NRs / m)

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 8 Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

9 Economic Analysis FIRR 3.90% EIRR 17.86% 10 Environment B, Only IEE necessary B, Only IEE necessary

ADB Category No significant adverse impact. No significant adverse impact.

IEE finding 11 Cost Per Unit/Per Capita Cost

For Base Year Population (water supply 15615.10 component) DesignYear Population 9961.51 12 Total Cost of Sanitation Components Total Cost of Waste Water Management System NRs 10,458,873 of Immediate Needs

GoN Component (85 %) NRs 8,890,042 Local Body contribution(15%) NRs 1,333,506

Total Cost of the Water Supply Scheme 13 NRs 274,419,689 excluding Sanitation Components

Total Cost of Project including Immediate 14 NRs 284,878,562 Needs Of Sanitation Components

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

2. 2.4 Components of the Sub Project

a. Source: Tube Wells/Boreholes

The source of water tube wells/boreholes for the system is ground water and therefore, deep tube wells will be drilled in places with good potential for ground water yield. The tube well of average depth of about 120 meters is envisaged. The initial casing shall be of 300 mm diameter and nearly 30 meters deep from the ground level. The screen and other tube well pipes shall be 200 mm in diameter. All the tube well casing will be of mild steel. The screen sizes will be designed to ensure 15% opening.

Considering a static water level of artesian below ground level and draw down of 20-25 m for 20-30 lps yield, the pumping level below ground will be about 30-40 meters. Therefore, a submersible pump will be placed at 30-40 meters below ground level. It is proposed for all the alternatives boreholes of expected yield capacity about 20 lps shall be drilled. The boreholes shall be used alternatively to avoid unnecessary wear and tear, excessive draw down reliability.

b. Pump

Submersible pumps with the required capacity have been recommended to be installed in the boreholes. Submersible pumps of various capacities ranging from 30-35 HP shall be installed in the boreholes to pump water to ground water reservoir via the water treatment plant. Similarly, from the ground clean water reservoir to the overhead RCC tank, submersible pumps of 20-25 HP capacity will be installed to pump clean water to the overhead tank for distribution. The pumps will be connected to the control board by flat submersible cable. Each borehole shall have pumps installed and one pump will be provided as standby.

c. Electrical Facilities

The 11 KV transmission line through an 11/0.4 KV-100 KVA step down transformer to the pump house, will supply electrical power. A three phase power line will connect the control panel to the pump.

d. Ground water reservoir

A ground reservoir to store the treated water and an overhead RCC tank to distribute water effectively is required. The ground clean water reservoir shall be circular RCC tank with a capacity of 300cu.m and the distribution overhead tank shall also be 450cu.m in size. This shall optimize the system and also regulate the supply in a reliable manner. The base of the overhead reservoir tank is proposed at an elevation of at least 20 meters above the ground. This will insure adequate pressure at the pipe line of the system.

e. Treatment Facility

Ground water source is characterized by nuisance odor due to hydrogen sulfide, higher concentration of dissolved iron and manganese, low pH and suspected bacterial quality. In some places the total hardness is also high and scales the water carrying pipe line and damages the water meters. The water treatment plant will be designed considering the above parameters. The water quality testing of the existing irrigation deep tube well is within all parameters of the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. Based on this no special treatment is foreseen.

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f. Distribution Main

The distribution system comprises of a pipe network, which are looped in certain cases and branched in other. The pipe material includes GI, DI and HDPE, respectively in order to carry out water network analysis. The entire system has been designed using GI, HDPE and DI pipes. The DI pipes are proposed for pipe size of 150 mm and above. The total pipe length of the proposed distribution system works out to be 50.09 Km for Option I, for 49.83 Km for Option II and 49.40 Km for Option III.

g. House Connection

The system has been signed predominantly as a house connection with a very few shared community stand posts. The system will have a design capacity of providing for more than 4894 house connections. The house connection shall comprise of about 18 meters of pipe connection and water meter with proper casing.

h. Community Stand Posts

Ten numbers of community stand posts has been provided as per the desire and requirement of the community. These stand posts will be made of brick masonry with proper facilities for washing, drainage and placing vessels for water.

i. Appurtenances

These shall primarily comprise of valve chambers to house flow control valves, control valves for controlling flow etc. Altogether 58 valve chambers are expected in the system.

j. Guard Quarter and Boundary Wall

Guard quarters with optimum space have been proposed to safeguard storage tanks from vandalism as well as contamination.

2.2.5 Sanitation Improvement

The sanitation condition within the project area is in very basic state . Thus to aid in the sanitation state, one public toilet is proposed for the project area at the bus park.

2. 3 Base Line Condition of the Project Area

The proposed Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been proposed to serve ward no. 4, 5 ,6 of Darakh VDC, ward no. 2, 3 , 4, 5 , 9 of Sadepani VDC and ward no. 7 of Ram Shikhar Jhala .

2.3.1 Physical Environment

Sukhad is an emerging town located along the MRM highway in Darakh VDC of Kailali district in far-western region of Nepal. It is about 50 km east of Attariya and 20 km west of Lamki. Dhangadhi is the headquarter of Kailali district which is about 1.5 hrs drive away. The nearest airport is located in Dhangadhi which is serviced by regular flights from Kathmandu. It is connected to Uttar Pradesh province of India through the border town of Bhajani, which is located 20 kms south wards. As the project area is linked with National Highway, day and

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night bus services to Kathmandu are available. Its locational advantages of being at the junction, links to Indian border town i.e. Bhajani and EW highway.

168.

2.3.2 Geo Physical Profile

• Topography and Location

Topographically, the town of Sukhad lies on a flat land in the Terai, towards the south of the Siwalik, at elevations ranging below 500m above mean sea level. The elevation of the town is about 172m above mean sea level.

• Geology and Soils

Geographically Sukhad is situated in the Bhabar zone deposit. The material of this zone is derived principally from erosion of the rocks found in the Siwalik Hills. The Bhabar deposit is very poorly sorted and contains a large proportion of coarse- grained material ranging from sand to boulders. The coarser size fractions appear to be lenticular in lithological successions. The material is coarse in the north and comparatively fine in the central and southern parts.

There are intercalated finer sediments as well. Soil types vary from alluvial to clay. The thickness ranges from a few meters to more than hundred meters.

Also the Terai Plain extends southward from the Siwalik (Churia Range) and consists of Quarternary to Pleistocene aged unconsolidated sediments. It is a continuation of Indo- Gangetic Plain. It is covered by Recent and old alluviums. The thickness of alluvium is around 1500 m and the rocks of Churai Group (Siwalik) lies below the alluvium. The main structure around the area is MBT (Main Boundary Thrust).

• Climate

The average temperature ranges between 6.4o C (min) to 40o C (max) with annual daily average of 25o C. Average rainfall which is based on records of meteorological station at Dhangadhi airport is as 1804 mm. The mean annual relative humidity (average of years 1991- 1994) ranges from 68 to 76% (Climatological Records of Nepal 1991-1994, May 1997, Godawari West Station).

The area has a monsoon climate (hot rainy summer and cool, dry winter). Compared to the central and eastern parts of Nepal, the area experiences higher winter rainfalls.

• Surface and Ground Water

The Ghodaghodi Lake (one of the Ramsar Wetlands) has an area of 2563 ha and is a natural freshwater oxbow lake. It is fed by the monsoon rains and by surface flows, groundwater springs and small streams. There are 13 or more associated lakes and ponds and some streams separated by hillocks around the lake. It is 1-2 meters deep during the dry season and 3-4

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meters during the monsoons. The seasonal rivers Kandra and Donda are adjacent to the lake. However, no surface water sources either pumping or for gravitational scheme is available for the project. The only alternative available is extraction of ground water form deep tube well. The majority of people in Sukhad area depend on hand tube well for water.

A number of streams originating in the hilly areas in the north emerge from the Siwalik Mountain that deposits coarser materials as fan deposits along the foothills and the grain size of the deposits becomes finer southwards. Thus, the thick unconsolidated sediments consisting of boulder, cobble, pebble, sand, silt and clay particles forms the wider Gangetic Plain including fans, channels, flood plains of numerous rivers flowing from the Siwalik range and across the Terai Plain.

2.3.3 Ecological Profile

The project area was found mostly dominated by Sal (Shorea Robusta) trees. Majority of it was on the either side of the road along the MRM highway. Although other many species of plants were also seen around the project area. The high number was governed by Sal, Sisoo etc

Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas

a. Flora

Sukhad is characterized by its tropical vegetation type with the occurrence of Willow (Salix Sp.) occurring on the lake shoreline. The terrestrial vegetation is dominated by Sal (Shorea Robusta) forest. The prominent associate species include Black plum (Syzgium cumini), Myrobalan (Terminalia alata), Silk Cotton (Bombax ceiba) and haldu (Adina cordifolia).

Ghodaghodi lake area possesses rich biodiversity the wetland vegetation consist of sedge (Cyperus spp.), Common Reed (Phragmites karka) and Morning Glory (Ipomea carnea sssp. Fistulosa). The aquatic vegetation is represented by extensive coverage of floating leafed species, mainly Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) followed by Water Cabbage (Pistiastratiotes). The free floating species include Water Velvet (Azolla imbricata) and Duckweed (Lemna spp.). The abundant submerged species include Water Nymph (Naja minor), Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum). In general, the vegetation is in floating leaved succession stage. Reed swamp formations are found as floating islands and extensive marsh meadow conditions are found in the south-east corner. A total of over 450 species of plants have been recorded from the Ghodaghodi lake area.

b. Fauna

About 27 species of fish have been recorded in the Ghodaghodi lake area including species such as Cirhinia app, and Notopterus notopterus, Oxygaster bacaila, Puntius spp, Chanda spp, Chana spp, Xenotodom cancila, Mystus spp.

Ghodaghodi is renowned for the large turtles residing in this lake. A small population of Marsh Mugger crocodile also resides here. It is also an important habitat for the endangered

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Golden Monitor Lizard (Varanus flavescens) and the Indian Rock Python (Python morulus). There were also numbers of snakes, frog and toad species found, including tree frogs.

About 140 species of bird with most common bird species such as House sparrow (Passer domesticus), Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis), House Crow (Corvus splendens) and Parrot (Pasittacula sp.).

Most of the area has been turned into agricultural farmlands and so wildlife has decreased to an extent. Common mammals that exist nearby Sukhad town are the House Rat (Musmusculus) and Common House rat (Rattus rattus). Other wild animals found are Rabbit (Lepus nigricollis), Wild boar (Sus scrofa), Deer (Cervus unicolor) and Nil Gai (Blue Bull). There are many types of snakes out of which the most common ones are common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Cobra (Naja naja).

c. Protected Areas

The Ghodaghodi wetland is a protected area. The lake system is a cluster of 14 lakes, which are located in a rectangular area of 5.5 km by 1.5 km, the total area under water is about 258 ha. Ghodaghodi Lake possesses rich biodiversity.

The Sukhad town water supply and sanitation sector Project is not expected to adversely affect the Ghodaghodi area, since the proposed project construction activities are located outside and mainly down-stream of the Ghodaghodi wetland.

2.3.4 Human and Economic Development

a. Socio Economic Profile

Population, Communities and Occupation

The settlement pattern of the project area namely the core area of Sukhad Bazaar and rural settlement area are densely populated except of some outskirt areas within Darakh VDC of ward no. 6 and ward 2, 3, and 9 of Sadepani VDC which are still growing. The major source of income to most of the HHs in the project area is agriculture. It includes agriculture exports also. The age wise population distribution for different VDC is as follows:

Table 2.3: VDC Wise Distribution of Population by Age Group

Ram Shikhar Age Group Darakh Sadepani Total % Jhala <5 106 4 21 131 9.35 6 to 9 72 9 16 97 6.92 10 to 15 173 13 44 230 16.42 16 to 39 522 22 112 656 46.82 40 to 59 191 8 46 245 17.49 60+ 33 - 9 42 3.00 Total 1,097 56 248 1,401

Source: Socio-Economic Sample Survey, 2012

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Table 2.4: Percentage Distribution of HHs by main Occupation and Source of Income

Major Occupation Total HHs %

Agriculture 1539 63.70

Business 384 15.89

Services 222 9.19

Industry 19 0.79

Foreign Jobs 114 4.72

Wages 126 5.22

Others 4 0.17

No Job 8 0.33

Total 2416 100

Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

b. Health and Sanitation

Health

The district hospital is located only in Dhangadhi which is 1.5 hrs driving from Sukhad bazzar. Whereas the health post (government run) in Nimdi is located in Sukhad VDC. So, people (about 53%) visit the health post. The newly established private hospital named GhodaGhodi Hospital Pvt. Ltd. is located in ward no. 5 of Sukhad where majority of people (around 70%) are getting different curative and preventative health services from the hospital. Apart from the above, seven no. of private clinics are providing health services in the service area.

Sanitation

The sanitation situation is poor in the entire area. Most of the houses in the Sukhad bazar have pour flush latrines, where still many of the houses, in its periphery are lacking such facility. In the rural areas very few houses have toilets. Most of the population in the areas still practices open defecation on the banks of the rivers.

The main sanitation related problem in Sukhad is the handling of human waste from septic tanks. There are no sweepers in the area. Whenever required, they are hired from Dhangadi with relatively high cost.

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c. Economic Characteristics

Industries

Industries are almost non-existing in the service area. Ghodaghodi Lake presents itself as a very good potential for the tourism industry. Presently, on an average around 50 tourists, mostly from Nepal and India visit the place every day. As transportation and communication facilities are already available at Sukhad, provision of adequate tourism infrastructure and other facilities should not be too difficult.

Agricultural Development

As agriculture being one of the major sources of income generation for the people of the area, it has aided in contributing in totality to the agricultural sector of the nation. The agricultural products mostly include rice, wheat, maize, oil seeds, lentils and sugar cane. Vegetables including potatoes, cauliflower, peas are mostly consumed locally. Mangoes and bananas are also grown here.

Mineral Development

Mineral exploitation activities are nonexistent in the project area.

2.3.5 Infrastructural Facilities

Water Supply and Drainage

The project area does not have piped water supply system. The majority of people in Sukhad area are dependent on hand tube well for water. About 80% of households have their own tube well. They draw water from the tubewell and use it for all the purpose including drinking, washing, cleaning and others. Hand pumps have the advantage of providing water close by the home all year round. The average water use is 220 liter per household per day in the dry day and 140 l/hh/d in the wet season. If average household size is estimated as 6.1 then about 36 lpcd in the dry season and 23 lpcd in the wet season is consumed.

There are no proper surface drainage facilities available in the sub-project area except approximately 500 m of surface drain in the market area (Bhajani road). Besides this there is no other surface drainage system. The project area is situated at flat terrain. Due to this, water logging takes place frequently in the rainy season. There are no systematic drainage facilities within the project area. Though the Sadepani Drinking Water and Sanitation Committee are initiating to construct some surface drainage, the DSC team had discussed with the WUSC about the area within the project area where the drainage facilities are urgently needed. They have a positive attitude regarding the drainage installment.

Communication

Sukhad has good communication facilities including telephone lines and a post office. The mobile network facility is also good in the region itself.

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Electricity

Most of the houses in Sukhad are supplied with electricity. Although few cluster are deprived of electricity facility, this divest is slowly decreasing.

Institutions

Infrastructure facilities in the project area are relatively better. Sukhad bazaar comprises of health posts, primary schools, secondary schools, high schools, Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal, finance companies, cooperatives, post office and police station. The infrastructure facilities available in the project area are summarized and described as follows:

VDC Office:

The Sukhad area has three VDCs fully or partially covered by the service area for the proposed water and sanitation project: Darakh, Sadepani and Ramshikhar Jhala.

Darakh VDC is located in between Sadepani VDC and Ramshikhar Jhala VDC. The VDC drinking water and sanitation sector is still in the primary phase. But the newly formed user's committee is strongly committed to bring the project in the area. The VDC has four staff to look after the day to day administrative work. Sandepani VDC is suffering from the problem of arsenic in the shallow ground water (also seen in some areas of adjacent Darakh VDC). The VDC is currently working with Finish Aid Project to mitigate the problem including sharing cost of the arsenic filters for tube wells. It has four staff to work for daily administrative works.

Ramshikhar Jhala VDC falls within the service area of the sub-project. Most of the settlements of the VDCs are in rural areas.

School

There are altogether 1 campus 2 higher secondary schools and 12 secondary lower secondary and primary schools in the project.

Health Post/Centers

In Sukhad private clinics are mainly providing the health services. Although after establishment of the Ghodaghodi hospital Pvt. Ltd. majority of the population of the area and its periphery are getting the health service privilege. The dominance is govern by the seven no of private clinics.

Bank/Finance Institutions

There is one semi Government Bank of Agriculture Development bank and private commercial bank, Sunrise Bank Ltd., Navjeeban Bank and other 3 cooperatives providing financial service delivery and which carry out financial transaction also.

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Other facilities

Apart from the above infrastructures facilities and institutions, there are governments, NGOs, Projects and Private offices in the project area.

Transportation

Sukhad is an emerging town located along the MRM highway. There is considerable length of black topped road on the eastern side along the Mechi Mahakali highway. In Sukhad the means of transportation are buses, trucks, cars, motor- cycles, tractors and bicycles. Dhangadhi is the headquarters of Kailali district which is about 1.5 hrs drive away. The nearest airport located in Dhangadhi, is serviced by regular flights from Kathmandu to Sukhad is connected to Uttar Pradesh province of India through the border town of Bhajani, which are located 20 kms south wards. The rest of the network comprises of gravel and dirt roads.

Cultural and Religious Sites

Ghodaghodi lake area is the most important cultural and religious center in the area. The lake is of a great religious value and the shrine of the Ghodaghodi deity is worshipped by the Tharus in Agan Panchami in December and animals are sacrificed and the lake is used for bathing during the occasion.

Quality of Life Values

The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to the improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and community health.

2.3.6 Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue

The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The system network has tried to follow public property line and hence the issue of resettlement or relocation is not evident. However, during the environmental assessment process this will be thoroughly assessed and verified in line with the ADB and Nepal Government environmental guidelines and regulations.

There shall be the need to compensate, if private land is required for locating the overhead reservoirs and the tube wells within the service area. Compensation amount shall be as per the local prevailing rates for such land.

3 METHODOLGY

The IEE study will focus on the impact identification, prediction and finally evaluating the extent and weight of the impact.

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Impact Identification

In order to identify the impact a preliminary exercise to solicit information from planners, policy makers, project components, concerned authorities and the user community will be conducted.

Similarly, the reports on hydrology, meteorology, geology and others related to the environment will also be reviewed.

Impact Prediction

The consultant shall address the impact details by furnishing information on environmental Physical, Biological, Socio-economic and Cultural Environments. A description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photographs, where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment, alternatives, design, standards, pre-construction, construction and post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services shall be determined.

Impact evaluation

To evaluate the occurrence of the impact, information on mitigation; costs associated with construction activities (during design construction, and operation and maintenance activities) shall be included

3.1 Physical Environment Assessment

Existing environment constraints and potential impacts in the project area will be studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with some of government officials, schools and representative of the local bodies.

3.2 Biological Environmental Assessment

The information on biological environment shall be gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surrounding area. Due attention will be paid on Vegetation, Wildlife, and aquatic life of the project area and surroundings. The methods used for the collection of biological information are as follow.

• Collection of ethno-botanical information on socio-economically important plant species through consultation with local informants.

• Ethno zoological data to be obtained by conducting interviews and discussion with local informants

Information on local uses of aquatic biota, fish spawning site, migration pattern, weedy aquatic plants etc shall be obtained holding interview / discussion with local peoples.

Socio economic Assessment

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Social assessment of the project tries to determine the social implication (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction, and operation. Preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area. Primary data shall be obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with communities, along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data shall be collected from various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, Community groups, etc) through which the respective pipe alignment pass. The Consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the pipe routes and its corridor of influence, along with the following information. Population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, government services, demography, employment, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, goods and services produced, water supply, public health, education, extension services, cultural sites and heritage, tribal people, customs, aspirations and attitudes, expected water users and those benefitting from it, different needs and demands of VDCs, and the present quality of life (QOL), etc

3. 4 Environment Assessment

The consultant shall study the existingenvironmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area through filed surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGO and international organizations (IO) supported projects and researchers.

The consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information:

Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate, and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality

Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks and reserves)

3. 5 Public Participation

The project has decided to involve a variety of concerned groups, including non- governmental organizations, line agencies, community based organizations local leaders and social workers while preparing the IEE report. A notice will be published in a daily newspaper only after the approval of the TOR to inform the local people and stakeholders about the project and to obtain suggestion about the possible environmental impacts and likely mitigation measures during implementation of the project. A copy of the notice shall also be displayed at the concerned VDC office, local school, and health posts and public places in the project area, as per the EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007).

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES

The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations Standards and Guidelines:

Law

• Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)

Policies

• Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.) • Three Year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) • Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) • ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)” 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

Acts and Regulations

• Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1978 A.D.) • Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Acts 2044 (1987) • Solid waste (management& resource mobilization), Rules,2047 (1990) • Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Water Tax Act 2023 (1966) • Water Resources Regulations 2050 B.S. (1993) • Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) • Forest Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.) • Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) • Environmental Protection Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.) with Amendment • Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) • Local Self Governance Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) • Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) • Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) • Town Development Act 2045 (1988 A.D.)

Standards and Guidelines

• National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.) • National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S (2005 A.D.) • Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED

5. 1. Time

After the approval of the TOR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks. The Proposed work schedule is as follows: Table 2.5: Proposed work schedule

S. N. Activity / Work 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Approval of IEE TOR 2. Public Notification 3. Desk Study 4. Field Work 4.1 Physical Environmental Assessment 4.2 Biological Environment Assessment 4.3 Socio economic and Cultural Assessment 5. Analysis of Field information and Impact Evaluation 5.1 Alternative Assessment 5.2 Development of Mitigative Measures 5.3 Development of Environmental Auditing Process 5.4 Preparation Environmental Monitoring Plan 6. Preparation of Draft report and submission 7. Final Submission after incorporation of comments

5. 2 Estimated Budget

The total estimated cost for the IEE study of Sukhad Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is NRs. 27,25,19,715.00inclusive of all taxes.

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

5. 3 Resource Persons

As the IEE requires different personnel for specific tasks, the following inter- disciplinary manpower will be required. A team leader will be required to co-ordinate the different tasks of the personnel involved. The Team will be consisting of:

1. Water Supply and Sanitation Engineer 2. Environmentalist 3. Sociologist 4. Geo-hydrologist 5. Botanist/Forrester

6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

A distinction shall be made between the potentially significant positive and adverse impacts and immediate and long term impacts. Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible shall be identified. Wherever possible, the significant impacts shall be quantified in terms of environment costs and benefits. The potential impacts of the project are physical, biological and socio-cultural in nature. They can occur at various stages of the project. The impacts other than those mentioned below which is caused during different stages of project (pre construction, construction and operation and maintenance) will be mitigated at the project cost.

• Physical Impact

The impact coverage will mostly be demonstrated on the physical attributes such as project location, forest land and its periphery, agricultural land and others. It will also bring along impacts such as air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, land pollution and other forms of disturbance during various stages of the project implementation.

• Biological impact

The possibility of land destruction and trading of forest product especially NTFP should be taken into concern to avoid such issues to come in action. There is also a possibility of adverse effect on the health of the workers and technicians involved in the construction activities of the project. Under suboptimal operation of the Project creates hazards in term of overall delivery of the outputs and safety of the personnel. The very existence of the Project will be at risk.

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

• Socio economic and cultural impact

Lack of good quality water supply system has been a handicap for such service such as education, health, government offices, saving and credits. The improvement of the situation by the installation of a reliable drinking water and sanitation system in this area can also be expected to enhance the activities in this aspect as well. The land price would increase due to the availability of reliable safe drinking water and sanitation system. Pollution of air on agricultural land, vegetation, houses and humans due to dust and vehicular emissions may arise during the project implementation. Due to generation of noise and vibrations and power horns and access due to excavations and vehicle movements disturbance to community activities, the public/social/cultural important sites/schools and festivals and social events may be affected.

7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Alternative alignments to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives shall be described (siting, design, technology choice, construction techniques, operation and maintenance). Alternatives in terms of potential environmental issue, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements shall be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative shall be quantified (wherever possible), incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures.

The project specific impacts are listed below:

Arsenic problem

One of the main issues in Sukhad is the arsenic content in water from shallow well. Being located in the Terai region, due to the hot climate during dry season people consume more water for drinking, bathing, washing and other activities. In an area where there is no piped water supply system and arsenic free water is very difficult to get, to provide arsenic free water and also microbiologically accepted water to people of Sukhad is a challenge.

Risk of pollution of raw water supply

Safe intake site with minimum risk of outside pollution shall be selected. The deep well bored shall be well protected with a concrete platform so that surface water does not enter the well and shallow water shall be protected from arsenic by feeding it with cement slurry by grouting. In the distribution system regular operation and maintenance of chlorinators and supervision shall be done.

8 MITIGATION MEASURES

Various mitigation measures are adopted at different stages of the project. The mitigation option for the upcoming impacts shall be listed as per the occurrence stages. They may correspond as per the design phase, construction phase and operation and maintenance phase.

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

Project design phase

The project shall take into consideration, of not bringing disturbance to any physical or social infrastructure in the area. It shall be scrutinized to see that it does not damage or obstruct any government and private buildings, social and cultural establishments, schools, colleges, medical service establishments that exist in the service area. Structures of the project have been designed to avoid electric poles and power supply structures, any storm drains along the roads. Permissions from concerned authorities will be obtained and agreements shall be done. The concerned locals and other peoples shall be notified, ahead of the construction time.The design will be taking care to avoid the main forest and to follow the existing trail for the transmission line from the intake to the storage tank/treatment plant as far as possible.

Project Construction phase

During construction proper backfilling of excavated trenches shall be done and construction activities shall be, as far as possible, avoided during the rainy season. Mitigation measures for soil erosion will be taken. Work shall be planned carefully to keep shutdown to a minimum, providing alternative water to affected residents; and liaising with the affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance. To avoid risks from on site accidents due to the movement of public and workers, health and safety measures will be strongly implicated. Cutting or damaging trees and shrubs shall be avoided as far as possible.

Project operation and maintenance phase

Regular monitoring and maintenance of the water distribution system, chlorinator shall be done to avoid any disturbance or leakage. The risks of contaminated water in the distribution system will be mitigated by regular O&M of chlorinators; regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system; immediate action in case of water quality problems; and training and operational supervision of system staff. The drainage facilities and septage pumping facilities shall be improved to meet the new requirements.

9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

9. 1 Environmental Management Plan

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor’s work during the project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with the specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following the completion of the works, and to compare these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal.

The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and in planning of other projects. Feasible and cost effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts shall be recommended in the Environment Monitoring Management Plan, outlining construction, post-construction

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Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

measures. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures shall be detailed. Issues related to compensation of affected parties for impacts that cannot be mitigated shall be considered. The EMP shall include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing, and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating measures. A detailed Resettlement Action Plan (covering compensation and/or resettlement) for the Project affected Persons shall be prepared in addressing the socio-economic impacts.

9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The environment monitoring plan (EMP) should be designed in such a way that the contractor should monitor during the construction phase (to see if work is being done according to the contract documents where mitigation measures were specified). The EMP also requires regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operations over the years following project completion. It provides timely warning of the potential environmental damage and also to check the implementation of mitigation measures to see whether it confirms to the approved plan. The monitoring plan shall include the following critical contents:

i. Identification of environmental parameters/indicators ii. Development of general monitoring program for assessing the impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. iii. Outline a monitoring program for public health in the project camps and surrounding communities during the construction phase

9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation

Public consultations will be held in the entire process of IEE study. Stakeholders should be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the subproject and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.

Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely. The full IEE (B-sensitive) is also made available to interested parties upon request. For other category B projects, the environmental analysis is posted on the ADB website. The full IEE reports are also made available to the interested parties upon request.

Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.

Public consultation program in the project area will be organized to inform the broader communities and to collect the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the issues. This program

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 26

Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

mainly focus on the awareness about the project plans and programs, building of mutual consensus about the implementation of the project, identification of the key issues to be considered during IEE study and project design.

In this regard, a 15 days’ public notice shall be issued in a national daily newspaper as well as in the VDC offices covered by the project to inform the concerned and affected stakeholders about the project and receive the related comments and feedback from them.

9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism

A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be suggested. This will assist the project management in handling of grievances/ complaints raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation issues during implementation of the project. This mechanism will incorporate procedure to redress grievances such as collection of grievances/ complaints from the affected community and to resolve them. This procedure will describe the mechanism through planning, implementation and management stages. The agencies, which will be responsible for conducting the above activities, will also be defined.

10 REPORT

The format for the IEE report shall include the following:

• Executive Summary (in English and Nepali) • Table of Contents • List of Tables • List of Figures/Photographs • Appendices • List of Abbreviations • Acknowledgements • Introduction • Description of the Project • Description of the Environment • Anticipated environment impacts and mitigation measures • Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations • Information disclosure, consultation and participation • Grievance and redress mechanism • Environment Management Plan • Conclusions and Recommendations • References • Annexes

11 RELEVANT INFORMATION

Tables, figures, maps photographs and references shall be included in the IEE Report.

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 27

Sukhad Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project TOR for IEE

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: Location Map of Sukhad

ANNEX2:BaseMapofSukhad

ERMC Pvt. Ltd 28

169.

Annex 2 Rapid Environmental Assessment

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director,RSESand for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Nepal / Sukhad Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Sector Division: Water Supply and Sanitation

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A.PROJECT SITING IS THE PROJECT AREA

° DENSELY POPULATED? √ Densely populated in market area and others are scattered and rural in character ° HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES? √ Only small developmental activities like

building construction and so are going on ° ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ° Ghodaghodi Lake one of the Ramsar Wetland lies on ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE √ AREAS?

° No cultural heritage site within or nearby the project area • CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE √

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

° Ghodaghodi Lake lies nearby the project area • PROTECTED AREA √

° No wetland area within or nearby the project area • WETLAND √

° No mangrove area within or nearby the project area • MANGROVE √

° No estuarine area within or nearby the project area • ESTUARINE √

• BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED ° No buffer zone within or nearby the project area AREA √

• SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING ° No special area for protecting diversity within or nearby the BIODIVERSITY √ project area

° No any bay within or nearby the project area • BAY √

B.POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Will the Project cause…

° Pollution of raw water supply from upstream ° Since ground water being abstracted in the system, possibility wastewater discharge from communities, √ of pollution of raw water supply is not possible. People have industries, agriculture, and soil erosion their own toilet and not connected to drain and there are no runoff? big industries

° Impairment of historical/cultural ° All pipes will pass through road side and no any monuments/areas and loss/damage to these √ industrial/cultural monuments/area will be damage by the sites? project within the project area.

° Hazard of land subsidence caused by ° Only required amount of water will be pumped excessive ground water pumping? √

° Social conflicts arising from displacement of ° Communities will not be displaced communities? √

° Conflicts in abstraction of raw water for ° Since raw water being ground water possibility of conflict do water supply with other beneficial water uses √ not exist for surface and ground waters?

° Unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. ° Water quality after treatment, meeting with NDWQS excessive pathogens or mineral √ standard will be supplied constituents)?

° Delivery of unsafe water to distribution ° Precaution will be taken to ensure quality of supplied water system? √

° Inadequate protection of intake works or ° Boundary wall has been provided wells, leading to pollution of water supply? √

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

° Over pumping of ground water, leading to ° Only required quantity will be pumped salinization and ground subsidence? √

° Excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? ° There will be proper cleaning and maintenance of OHT. √

° Increase in production of sewage beyond ° Most of the household have their own toilet and not capabilities of community facilities? √ connected to drain. Conceptual design of waste water management has been prepared ° Inadequate disposal of sludge from water ° As water quality is as per NDWQS standard only minor treatment plants? √ sludge will be produced

° Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and ° Pumps have very minimal noise and treatment plant will not treatment plants to alleviate noise and other √ make noise and other nuisance. About 10 m of buffer zone possible nuisances and protect facilities? with trees around will be provided

° Impairments associated with transmission ° Transmission line passes through existing road sides lines and access roads? √

° Health hazards arising from inadequate ° Trained manpower will be used. Adequate measures will be design of facilities for receiving, storing, and √ taken for proper handling. handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.

° Health and safety hazards to workers from ° Required training will be provided to handle it properly and handling and management of chlorine used √ trained manpower will be deployed. Therefore health and for disinfection, other contaminants, and safety hazard to workers will not arise biological and physical hazards during project construction and operation?

° Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of ° No settlement of people required people? √

° Disproportionate impacts on the poor, ° All households will have their own private tap. Besides this, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or √ these people will get opportunity to work and earn during other vulnerable groups? project implementation.

° Noise and dust from construction activities? ° During construction some noise may be created and some √ dust may be produced but will be managed to minimized construction practices mentioned in EMP ° Increased road traffic due to interference of ° During excavation and back filling of pipe trench traffic construction activities? √ interference may occur for short period. Traffic management will be taken care as mentioned in EMP ° Continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from ° Flat terrain and no big amount of earthwork in one place construction operations? √

° Delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M ° Regular monitoring of plant operation will be carried out. treatment processes (especially mud √ Trained manpower will be deployed through users committee accumulations in filters) and inadequate for O&M of the project. One well equipped lab will be chlorination due to lack of adequate established to check water quality on regular basis. Hence monitoring of chlorine residuals in these types of problem do not arise. distribution systems?

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

° Delivery of water to distribution system, ° Regular monitoring of plant operation will be carried out. which is corrosive due to inadequate √ Trained manpower will be deployed through users committee attention to feeding of corrective chemicals? for O&M of the project. One well equipped lab will be established to check water quality on regular basis. Hence these type of problem do not arise ° Accidental leakage of chlorine gas? ° Chlorine gas is not being used √

° Excessive abstraction of water affecting ° Only required quantity of water will be abstracted downstream water users? √

° Competing uses of water? ° No such possibilities exist. All will get water for all time √ since system is continuous

° Increased sewage flow due to increased ° Most of HHs have their own toilet and conceptual design of water supply √ structures for waste water management has been done

° Increased volume of sullage (wastewater ° Volume of sullage and sludge may increase in small quantity. from cooking and washing) and sludge from √ It may not cause serious problems wastewater treatment plant

° Large population influx during project ° Population will be increased as per the anticipated population construction and operation that causes √ growth rate. No need to hire people from outside during increased burden on social infrastructure and construction period. Local people will be used as far as services (such as water supply and sanitation possible. Skilled manpower if not available locally may be systems)? hired from outside.

° Social conflicts if workers from other ° Since local people will be used for the implementation of the regions or countries are hired? √ project as far as possible, such conflict may not arise

• Risks to community health and safety due to ° No need to use explosive and other danger chemicals. Fuel the transport, storage, and use and/or √ will be properly stored. disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction?

° Community safety risks due to both ° Proper safety measures and precaution will be adopted during accidental and natural hazards, especially √ construction period. The project structures will be made where the structural elements or components inaccessible providing compound wall and fencing or few of the project are accessible to members of structure underground the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

° °

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Yes No Remarks Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

• Is the Project areasubject to hazards such as The project area does not lie in the verge of any natural earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical √ hazard threatening state. The area is a flat land having no cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or possible future consequences of such hazards or climate volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see change victim. Appendix I)?

° Could changes in temperature, precipitation, The project area has a rich groundwater aquifer and the or extreme events patterns over the Project √ groundwater recharge is also sufficient So at this state and lifespan affect technical or financial with the prediction for the design year population, the sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall acquired quantity is enough. Thus it will not affect the patterns disrupt reliability of water supply; liability and lifespan of the project with climate change. sea level rise creates salinity intrusion into proposed water supply source)?

° Are there any demographic or socio- No there isn't any vulnerable population within the project economic aspects of the Project area that are √ area that has been ignored or left out. already vulnerable (e.g.,high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

° Could the Project potentially increase the Water supply project has a very least environmental climate or disaster vulnerability of the √ impact. Thus not leading towards any drastic change in surrounding area (e.g., by using water from a the climate or its surroundings. vulnerable source that is relied upon by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

*

Annex 3 Public Notice

Annex 4 Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka)

Annex 5 Recommendation Letter

Annex 6 List of persons contacted

S. N. NAME DESIGNATION ADDRESS

Sukhad 1. Nanda ram acharya WUSC President 2. Kamala devi WUSC member Sukhad

3. Shyam Prasad Local Sukhad 10 sapkpta 4. Bhanju Pant Local Sukhad

170. Indra Bam Local Jurepani 171. Kashiram joshi Local Narayanpur

172. Bishnu bhandari Local Sandepani-3 173. Sarpe Adhikari Local Sandepani – 3 174. Shyam bhandari Local Sandepani -2 175. Ram Prasad sapkota Local Ram shikhar Jhala 176. Lal Prasad neupane Local Laxmipur Darakh 177. Pavitra sankyal Local Darakh

Annex 7 Water Quality Test Report

Annex 8 Survey Questionnaire

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kfgLsf] >f]t kl/df0f vr{g' kg]{ ;do -306f_ b}lgs Yfk vr{ dfl;s

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v_ sDkfp08leq lghL wf/f

u_ ;fd'bflos wf/f

#=# olb tkfOsf] 3/df lghL wf/f h8fg ePsf] 5}g eg], lsg h8fg gu/]sf] < s_ vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] v_ h8fg z'Ns w]/} kg]{ ePsf]n] u_ dfl;s kfgL lan w]/} cfpg] ePsf]n] 3_ kfgLsf] dfqf kof{Kt gePsf]n] ª_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt gePsf]n] r_ o; If]qdf kfOknfOg h8fg ug{] Joj:yf pknAw gePsf]n] 5_ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePsf]n] h_ cGo sf/0f pNn]v ug]{ em_ yfxf 5}g #=$ xfn tkfO{n] kfghL wf/f afkt uPsf] dlxgfdf kfgLsf] dxz'n slt ltg'{ eof] < ? #=% uPsf] dlxgfdf lt/]sf] lan b]vfpg ;Sg' x'G5 < -lan pknJw eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg]{_

s_ lt/]sf] /sd ? v_ vkt ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf ln6/

#=^ kfgLsf] lan s'g cfwf/df ltg'{x'G5

s_ dfl;s lglZrt tf]lsPsf] /sd

v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë adf]lhd

u_ vfg]kfgL sfof{non] eg] hlt

3_ ltg'{ kb]{g

ª_ cGo

r_ yfxf 5}g

#=& tkfO{nfO{ kfgLsf] lan ltg{ s'g tl/sf dg k5{ <

s_ lglZrt tf]lsPsf] dfl;s z'Ns

v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë lan cg';f/

#=* 3/sf] wf/fdf kfgL gcfpFbf klg kfgL dxz'n ltg'{ k5{ < k5{ kb}{g #=( lghL wf/fsf] kfgL afx]s tkfO{n] slxn] yk kfgL lsGg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 <

jiff{ofddf ln6/ ;'Vvfofddf ln6/ kb}{g

#=!) lghL:t/sf kfgL laqm]tfaf6 lsGbf slt kl/df0f s'g b/df kfgL lsGg' ePsf] 5<

ln6/ ?= ÷k|lt ln6/sf] b/ ?=

#=!! tkfOsf] 3/sf] wf/f slt e/kbf]{ 5 <

s_ kfgL lg/Gt/ cfp5

v_ kfgL slxn] cfpF5 / slxn] cfpFb}g

u_ kfgL Ps lbg la/fP/ cfpF5

3_ kfgL k|To]s lbg s]xL 306f cfpF5

#=!@ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL cj?4 x'bf dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ nfUg] vr{ Joxf]g]{ lhDdf s;sf] xf] < s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ v_ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;/;kmfO ;ldlt u_ ;d'bfo ÷ 5/ l5d]sL 3_ cGo pNn]v ug]{ ======#=!# vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk÷wf/f dd{t ;'wf/sf] nflu jflif{s slt /sd vr{ ug'{x'G5 < u5'{ ulb{g #=!$ ;fj{hlgs wf/f k|of]u u/] jfkt kfgL kf]t ltg'{ k5{< kb}{g k5{ , k5{ eg] slt < /sd dfl;s÷jflif{s #=!% kfgLsf] u'0f:t/M tkfO{n] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb 5}g eg], kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;d:of s:tf 5g < c_ kfgL uGxfpF5 cf_ :jfb g/fd|f] 5 O_ kfgL k|b"lift÷wldnf] 5 O{_ cGo s]lx ;d:of eP pNn]v ug]{ ======

#=!^ o;/L k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ s] ug'{ x'G5

kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf 3/]n' ljlw Yfk vr{ dfl;s

pdfNg]

lkmN6/ ug]{

5fGg]

Snf]l/g -lko';_, cfnd, kf]6f;

o'/f] uf8{

;f]l8;

;x–nufgL cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL k|fyldstf

$=! olb tkfO{sf] gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;= df ljleGg of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /sd pknAw 5 eg] lgDglnlvt dWo] s'g s'g @ of]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'x'G5 < s_ ;8s aQL v_ sfnf]kq] ;8s u_ ljBfno 3_ c:ktfn ª_ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL r_ k}bnofqL ;8s 5_ ljB't h_ ;+rf/ em_ ;/;kmfO{÷;'ljwf `_ l;rfO{

6_ kf6Lkf}jf wd{zfnf

7_ cGo ======

$=@ olb tkfO{ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg' x'G5 eg], s:tf] lsl;dsf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] rfxgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 < s_ 3/÷ sDkfp08leq} JolQmut÷lghL wf/f h8fg u_ z'Ns ;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f h8fg 3_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, x\of08kDk hl8t ª_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, ljB'tLo oGq hl8t

r_ xfn pknJw ;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5}g 5_ cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];\_======

$=# olb tkfO{sf] 3/df wf/f 5}g / lghL wf/f /fVg OR5's x'g'x'G5 eg], slt /sd ;x–nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s[kof tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf lglh wf/f /fVg slt /sd ;Dd nufgL ug'{x'G5 nufgLsf] /sdsf] ;Ldfdf XlrGx nufpg'xf]; .

nufgLsf] ljj/0f X lrGx nufpg]

!%))) eGbf dfyL

())! b]lv !%))) ;Dd

^))! b]lv ())) ;Dd

#))! b]lv ^))) ;Dd

!%)! b]lv #))) ;Dd

!%)) eGbf sd

$=$ lghL wf/f h8fg afkt nfUg] z'Ns Joxf]g'{ kg]{5< dGh'/ 5 dGh'/ 5}g $=% gofF vfg]kfgL of]hgf z'? ePdf / ;f] of]hgfaf6 rf}lj;} 306f kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgL pknJw ePsf] v08df s]

tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5's x'g' x'G5< 5' 5}g

olb OR5's eP gofF lgodfg';f/ dfl;s kfgL dxz'n lgoldt a'´fpg' x'G5<

5' 5}g olb OR5's x'g' x'G5 eg] tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf kfgL dxz'nsf] ;Ldfdf X lrGx nufP/ cfkm\gf] O{R5f JoQm ug'{xf]; .

178.

qm=;+= Dffl;s kfgL dxz'n X lrGx nufpg]

!= ? %)) eGbf dfyL

@= ? $%! b]lv %))

#= ? $)! b]lv $%)

$= ? #%! b]lv $))

%= ? #)! b]lv #%)

^= ? @%! b]lv #))

^= ? @)! b]lv @%)

&= ? !%! b]lv @))

$=^ gofF vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g tkfO{sf] kl/jf/af6 klg k|ltj4tf :j?k clu|d /sd of]ubfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, oxfFsf] ljrf/df slt k|ltzt of]ubfg x'g ;S5< nfutsf] %Ü !)Ü !%Ü

$=& gofF ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf -;fd'bflos zf}rfno tyf ;txL 9n_ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;x nufgL :j?k !%Ü :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]Qmfn] ;xnufgL ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g

olb rfxg'x'G5 eg], slt ;Dd<

$=* oxfFnfO{ geO gx'g] tyf eP /fd|f] x'g] k|fylds cfjZostf s'g xf]<

lghL wf/f h8fg lghL rkL{ lgdf{0f b'j}

%=n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf

-cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu dfq ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?_ s_ dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ylt / ;xefuLtf

%=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ s'g} a}7s af]nfO{Psf] lyof] <

lyof] lyPg

%=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] <

lyof] lyPg

olb lyof] eg] dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] lyof] <

;'Gg] dfq cGtlqm{ofTds lg0ff{os

%=# cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ s] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf tyf ;/;kmfO{

;ldlt÷;+:yf u7g ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g

%=$ vf=kf=p=;=;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slt dlxnf ;b:ox? 5g\< -cGtjf{tf lng] JolQmn] vf=kf=p=;=;=l;t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tyf tnlj sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f dfu u/L pknJw u/fpg] _

v_ n}lËstfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg

%=% tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sfdx? cS;/ s:n] ug]{ ub{5<(√)lrGx nufpg';\

b}lgs 306fdf

qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do

! Vffg]kfgL eg]{, af]Sg], e08f/0f / k|of]u ug]{

@ efG5f tof/ ug]{, ef8fF dfem\g

# Affnaflnsf / j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/

$ n'uf w'g] 3/ ;kmf ug]{

% vfBfGg e08f/0f tyf tof/L

^ cGo

u_ kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg, cfo >f]t / cGo ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0f / kx'Fr

%=^ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kfl/jf/Ls ljifo jf If]qx?df lg0f{o ubf{ oxfFsf] 3/ kl/jf/df dlxnf÷k'?ifsf] egfO{sf] ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 < pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\

qm=;+ ljifo jf sfo{If]qx? x'G5 (√) x'b}g (√)

! cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx?

@ s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff lbIff

# s]6fs]6L / j[4j[4fsf] :jf:Yo / :ofxf/

$ crn ;Dklt lsgj]r -3/ hUuf_

% b}lgs lqmofsnfkx?

^ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/, ljjfx, at{jGw, rf8kj{ tyf ;fdflhs÷kfl/jf/Ls ;';DjGwg cflb

& cGo

%=& oxfFsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jf/Ls ;Dkltsf lgDg ljifodf dlxnfsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 5}g tnsf] tflnsfdf pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\

qm ;+ ljj/0f kx'Fr :jfldTj

! hUuf hldg

@ 3/ tyf cGo ;+/rgfx?

# rn ;Dklt÷;l+rt k};f

$ B}lgs lqmofsnfkx?

% cGo

3_ vf=kf=p=;=;= tyf ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :t/ -x}l;ot_ -lgDg a'Fbfx? cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/ x'g]5 _

qm;+ ljifo pRr dWod lgDg

! cfTd;Ddfgaf]w

@ cfTdljZjf; g]t[Tj zLk

# bfloTjaf]w / Ifdtf

$ Nofst, ts{ ;+ut, w}o{ / d]xgt

% cGo

^= ;d ljsf;df kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf

-cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{sf,] cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;f]Wg] k|Zgx?_

s_ cfof]hgf lqmofsnfkdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{x?, hfthflt, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt

^=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{] s'g} e]nf÷a}7sdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] af]nfO{Psf] lyof] <

lyof] lyPg

^=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof]< lyof] lyPg

^=# s] vf=kf=p=;=;=sf] u7gdf ;dfj]zLtf c+uLsf/ ePsf] lyof]< lyof] lyPg

v_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zL k|s[of ckgfPsf] lyof] <

^=$ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug{ hfthfltx?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] <

pRr dWod lgDg

^=% ;fgf ;x/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cfwf/df pkef]Qmfx?sf] kl/rfng ug{ ePsf] k|of; s:tf] lyof]<

/fd|f] dWod lgDg

&= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO

s= vfg]kfgL

! tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|f] -v/fa_ ePdf s] ;d:ofx? b]lvg ;S5 <

-Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! b'u{Gw cfpg] ÷ gld7f] :jfb

!=@ bfFt ljlu|g]÷/+uLg]

!=# la/fdL agfpg]

!=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======

@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ kfgL eg]{ / /fVg] efF8f] kfgL eg'{ / e08f/ ug'{ k"j{ ;kmf ug'{k5{ eGg]

yfxf 5 < 5 5}g

olb 5 eg], kfgL /fVg] efF8f] s;/L ;kmf ug'{ x'G5 <

vfnL kfgL dfqn] v/fgL kfgLn] e';÷lk7f] / kfgLn]

;fa'g kfgLn] cGo -pNn]v ug'{;\_ ======

#= tkfO{ 3/df kfgL s;/L /fVg' x'G5 <

-Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

#=! kfgL eg'{ klxn] efF8f ;kmf ug]{

#=@ af;L kfgL km\ofFSg]

#=# kfgL /fVg] efF8f] /fd|f];Fu 9fs]/÷5f]k]/ /fVg]

#=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======

$= tkfO{ ufu|f] jf 3}+6f]af6 kfgL s;/L lgsfNg'x'G5 <

$=! kfgL ;fg'{ cl3 cDvf]/f, nf}6f, s?jf, du wf]P/

$=@ lunf;, du, sk ufu|Ldf 8'afP/

$=# ufu|f]af6 nf]6f, c+Dvf]/f, s?jf, lunf;df kfgL ;f/]/

$=$= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======

v= rkL{

!= rkL{ k|of]usf kmfO{bfx? s] s] 5g\ < -PseGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! a'9f, afns tyf la/fdLnfO{ ;'ljwf

!=@ 3/ tyf jftfj/0f ;kmf x'g]

!=# uf]Kotf x'g]

!=$ /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'g]

!=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======

@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ lb;faf6 /f]u ;5{ eGg] nfU5 < nfU5 nfUb}g

olb nfU5 eg], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?sf] gfd eGg'xf];\ < ======

#= s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df rkL{ 5 < 5 5}g

#=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] rkL{ 5 <

! vfN8] rkL{

@ e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{

# jf6/ l;n÷kf]/ km\n;

$ l;:6g{ km\n;

% cGo ======

=@ olb 5 eg], tkfOF{sf] 3/df rkL{ s;s;n] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <

-!= ;a}n], @= aRrf afx]s ;a}n] #= jo:s / k|f}9n] dfq} $= lj/fdL dfq}n]_

#=# olb 5}g eg], lsg rkL{ gagfpg' ePsf] xf] <

-s= agfpg] tl/sf yfxf geP/, v= nufgL ug{ g;s]/, u= v'Nnf d}bfgdf lb;f ug]{ afgL eP/, 3= hUufsf] cefjn] ª cGo - pNn]v ug]{+_======_

#=$ olb 5}g eg,] lb;f ug{ sxfF hfg'x'G5 <

-s= Vff]nf÷hËn÷lsgf/ v= v'Nnf d}bfg÷7fpF u= 3/÷;8s 5]p 3= hxfF ;lhnf] x'G5_ #=% olb 5}g eg], rkL{ agfpg slt nufgL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < ?= u= vfg]s'/fsf] ;/;kmfO != vfBkbfy{ b"lift x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg'x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg;Sg]_ !=! ksfPsf] vfgf 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg] !=@ af;L aRg] u/L w]/} gksfP/ !=# sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ wf]P/ dfq vfg] !=$ xft uf]8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq efG;fdf k;]/ !=% ;kmf xftn] vfgf k:sg] !=^ 8f8' kGo', yfn÷efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq vfgf k:sg]÷vfg]

!=& r'nf] rf}sL ksfpg] ef8f, 9sgx? ;kmf /fVg] !=* w]/} af;L jf ;8] un]sf kmnkm'n t/sf/L gvfg] @= s] tkfO{ vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg'x'G5 < /fV5' /flVbg olb /fVg'x'G5 eg], To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx? 5g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! w'nf] d}nf], lem+uf, ;fËnf, ls/f, tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5Laf6 arfj6 @=@ d";f÷5'r'Gb|f]÷dfp;'ln÷la/fnf]af6 aRg @=# vfB k|b'if0faf6 x'g] /f]uaf6 aRg @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======

n agfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 5}g ;f]Wg], olb yfxf ePdf ;lx tl/sfn] hLjghn agfpg] . hLjghn agfpg] ;lx tl/sf lgDgcg';f/sf] 5 . != klxnf ;fa'g kflgn] xft ;kmf ug]{, @= lrof lunf;sf] ^ lunf; -Ps ln6/_ kfgL Pp6f ;kmf efF8f]df xfNg] -olb kfgL pdfn]sf] ePdf ;]nfpg lbg]_, #=hLjghnsf] Ps Kofs]6leq ePsf] w'nf] k"/} kfgLdf xfnL kfgLnfO{ /fd|/L rnfP/ w'nf]nfO{ 3'Ng lbg] .

3= JolQmut ;/;kmfO

!= tkfO{F / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] / s] u/]kl5 xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g] eP o:tf] -V_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

% jif{ d'lgsf

qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_

! vfgf vfg' cl3

@ vfgf vfPkl5

# lb;f uPkl5

$ kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5

% sfdaf6 kms]{kl5

^ s]6fs]6LnfO{ lb;f lk;fj u/fO ;s]kl5

& cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

@= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] s] n] xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]df o:tf] -V_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g]df o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; .

% jif{ d'lgsf

lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -V_ gw'g] -×_

!= kfgL dfq}

@= v/fgL kfgL

#= e';÷lk7f] kfgL

$= ;fa'g kfgL

%= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

hDdf

#= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] slxn] g'xfpg'x'G5 <

g'xfpg] eP o:tf] -V_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gg'xfpg] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; .

qm=;+= k|lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

-V_ -×_ -V_ -×_ -V_ -×_

!= k|To]s lbg

@= Ps lbg la/fP/

#= xKtfdf @ k6s

$= xKtfdf ! k6s

%= @ xKtfdf ! k6s

^= dlxgfdf Ps k6s

hDdf

ª= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg != tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < !=! 3/ glhs vfN8f]df

!=@ lghL kmf]x/ ;+sngstf{nfO{ lbg]

!=# uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfN8f] jf Sofgdf

!=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======

@= 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ j:t'nfO{ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{g ugf{n] x'g] g/fd|f c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg; Sg]_

@=! kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0fdf j[l4 @=@ nfdv'§], lem+uf, ls/fx?sf] j[l4 @=# /f]u ;g]{df j[l4 @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgL sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < #=! vfN8f]df(Soak pit) #=@ t/sf/L af/Ldf÷s/];f af/Ldf #=# ;fj{hlgs 9ndf #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======r= j:t'efpsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg != s] tkfO{n] a:t'efp kfNg' ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g -olb 5}g eg] kfgL hGo ;?jf /f]udf hfg]_ olb 5 eg] s'g s'g k|sf/sf 5g\ / ltgLx?nfO{ sxfF /fVg' x'G5 < qm= a:t'efpsf] k|sf/ 3/leq} /fVg] aflx/ 5'§} uf]7df /fVg] ;+=

! ufO{÷e}+;L

@ a+u'/÷;+u'/

# afv|f

$ s'v'/f÷xfF;

% cGo

@= a:t'efpaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ sxfF / s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < @=! dnvfbdf @=@ cfuf] afNg]÷u'OF{7f agfpg] @=# uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6df k|of]u ug]{ @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= j:t'efpsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] hyfeflj cJojl:yt tj/n] lj;h{g ubf{ x'g] v/fj c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ #=! jftfj/0fL kmf]xf]/df j[l4 x'g] #=@ nfdv'§,] lem+uf, ls/fx?s]f j[l4 x'g] #=# /f]uAoflw j9\g] tyf ;g]{ #=$ ufFp, 5/l5d]s tyf gu/ czf]elgo b]lvg] #=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======5= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]ux?

!= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]usf] sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! b"lift kfgL k|of]u ubf{

!=@ b"lift vfgf vfFbf

!=# 3/ tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]x/ a9\gfn]

!=$ dflg;sf] dnd"q hyfefjL km\ofSg] ubf{

!=% kmf]xf]/ d}nf hyfefjL km\ofFSg] ubf{

!=^ :jf:Yo lzIff tyf :j:y afgLsf] cefj

!=& ;/;kmfO{ / :jf:Yo ;DjGwL 1fg / r]tgfsf] cefjn]

!=* cGo ======

@= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/]df s] ug'{x'G5 <-k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_

@=! 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{

@=@ wfdL, emfFqmL, k'hf/L sxfF nfg]

@=# cf}iflw k;ndf hfg]

@=$ :Jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg]

@=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

#= olb kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]df s] ug'{x'G5 < -k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ #=! hLjghn v'jfpg] #=@ 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ #=# wfdL, emf+qmL jf k'hf/L sxfF hfg] #=$ cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] #=% :jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg] #=^ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= ut Ps jif{leq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? tnsf /f]ux? dWo] s'g s'g /f]uaf6 lj/fdL eP< -df]la{l8l6 sf] l:ylt_

%= tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df kfgLhGo lgDglnlvt ;?jf /f]uaf6 sf]lx lj/fdL k/]sf] lyof]< tnsf] tflnsfdf ;+Vof pNn]v ug'{;\ .

% jif{ d'lgsf jflif{s qm= ;+= /f]u dlxnf k'?if afnaflnsf vr{ ?=

! emf8fkvfnf

@ cfpF

# h'sf

$ 6fO{kmfO{8

% x}hf

^ 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u

& cf}nf]/f]u -dn]l/of_

* sdnlkQ -h08L;_

( cGo

hDdf

^= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{sf kl/jf/df sf]xL emf8f kvfnf tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?af6 d[To' ePsf] 5 < -d[To' cj:yf_

/f]u % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if emf8f kvfnf cfpF kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf

&= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ emf8fkvfnf / kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?sf] pkrf/df slt /sd vr{ ug'{ eof] <

Vfr{ /sd -?=df_ /f]u @))) ;Dd @))!—#))) #))!—%))) %))) eGbf dfly emf8fkvfnf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf

;xof]usf nfuL wGojfb!

Annex 9 Focus group discussion

Annex10 Photographs

Photo 1. Interaction with the WUSC

Photo 2. OHT location 1