Y11 Geography KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

Urban Issues and Challenges: A case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE

1 What’s in my knowledge Organiser?

1. Unit Sheets / Checklists This will help you know what is required at each stage of your learning.

2. Powerful Knowledge The key information you need to recall

3. Practice Pages Use the knowledge from section 2 to practise exam questions here. 4. Revision Tools Tasks to help you embed your knowledge.

2 1. Unit Sheets / Checklists This will help you know what is required at each stage of your learning.

3 Topic Check List

Section A: Urban issues and challenges

Key idea: A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in

The percentage of people living in cities is changing

The percentage of people living in cities is different in Low Income Countries compared to High Income Countries.

Urbanisation is where the percentage of people living in cities increases

Push and pull factors affect the speed of urbanisation

Natural increase has increased the speed of urbanisation The amount of megacities is increasing

Key idea: the growth of cities has created opportunities and challenges.

The location and importance of Rio, regionally, nationally and internationally

Natural increase and migration has increased the population of Rio The growth of Rio has created social opportunities. • Better to access to services (e.g. education) • Better access to healthcare and education • Better access to water supplies and energy The growth of Rio has created economic (job) opportunities in manufacturing.

The growth of Rio has created challenges for some. • Lack of clean water and sanitation in the • Lack of access to healthcare and education in the slums • High unemployment and crime • Lack of waste disposal • Air and water pollution • Traffic congestion.

The Bairro project has improved the life of people in Rio. This has improved the area socially, economically and environmentally. 4 2. Powerful Knowledge The key information you need to recall

5 Glossary of key terms

Economic Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment. Opportunity Inequalities Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples' wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur in housing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety and security. Integrated When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and therefore public transport more Transport Systems appealing. Better integration should result in more demand for public transport and should see people switching from private car use to public modes of transport, which should be more sustainable. It may also lead to a fall in congestion due to less road users. Mega-cities An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million people. Migration When people move from one area to another. In many LICS people move from rural to urban areas (rural-urban migration). Natural Increase The birth rate minus the death rate of a population. Air pollution The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects in the atmosphere. Sanitation Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste. Social Deprivation The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment. Social Opportunities Chances for people to improve their quality of life, for instance access to education and health care. Squatter An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops Settlement spontaneously and illegally in a city in an LIC. Traffic congestion Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with, so traffic jams form and traffic slows to a crawl. Urbanisation The process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of many LICs and NEEs. Urban planning Strategies aimed to improve the quality of life within the poorest parts of urban areas. project Primary Industry Extraction of raw materials from the land or sea Secondary Industry Manufacture of raw materials into products Tertiary Industry Provision of services Quaternary Highly specialised services Industry Formal economy Jobs which have contracts and pay tax to the government Informal economy Jobs which have no formal contracts and pay no tax to the government Pacification Police Pacifying units regain control of the from drug lords. 6 Urbanisation and megacities

Urbanisation: The percentage of worlds population living in cities.

Megacities: A city with a population of over 10 million people. Urbanisation occurs because of: 1. Natural increase: where birth rates are higher than death rates. 2. Rural to urban migration: young people move from the countryside to the cities.

Rates of urbanisation: • Highest rates in Asia due to industrialisation of newly emerging economies offering jobs. • High rates in Africa as countries are beginning to industrialise but still many low income countries and some newly emerging economies. • Low rates in North America/Oceania and Europe. Many countries are high income countries so have already industrialised. Many people are beginning to move out of cities (counter-urbanisation) as people have cars to commute to work.

Push Factor – the real or Pull Factor – the real or imagined disadvantage of imagined advantages of living living in an area. in an area 7

Rio is ’s second largest city with a Local (to Rio) National (Brazil) International (rest population of 6.5 million but including of the world) the wider areas it has 12.5 million (London has 8 million). Mountainous terrain Sport – Hosting 2014 Tourism hotspot of with the Famous football world cup, the southern Migration is responsible for 65% of Sugar Loaf Mountain and 2016 Olympics. hemisphere. growth of the city.

It has grown rapidly in the last 50 Squatter settlements Cultural capital of UNESCO World years due to: in the North zone. Brazil, with over 50 heritage site • Migration-both internationally museums, and its (UK/USA Skilled migrants as well famous annual as (former colony) and carnival. South Korea and China) and other parts of Brazil e.g. the Amazon Basin. Second largest city in • This is due to: Brazil – in 2014 ➢ Industry e.g. population 6.5 million. Manufacture in pharmaceuticals, clothing and Important industrial furniture. centre, producing 5% ➢ Commerce e.g. of Brazils GDP. Business, Banking, Finance and Third busiest port in Insurance. Brazil ➢ Tourism.

8 Social and economic challenges

Example jobs: Taxes are not paid street vendors, to the government labourers, street markets

Informal Economy characteristics Pay is poor. Less than 60 a month Lack of insurance and employment benefit

Pay is irregular Solutions

Social • Encouraging volunteers in local schools Problems • (favela) opened first university • Grants to poor families to encourage children to stay in school. • Between 1998-2014 300km new pipelines laid providing 95% access to clean water. • 60km new pipelines • New nuclear reactor • Hydroelectricity built to provide 30% • In Santa Marta, the Saude Presente 3.5 million work in Unemployment the informal program has ensured healthcare after the recession economy professionals provide diagnosis and medi kits to target elderly and pregnant. Home visits are also carried out. • Police Pacification Units (PPU’s) to drive Economic out drug gangs such as the Red Command. Challenges Economic • Schools of Tomorrow programme aimed to problems reduce youth unemployment. • Improve education for young people in the Richest 1% of the 20% unemployment population earns poorest and most violent areas. rates in favelas 12% of total • Courses for adults with free child care for income young people with children.

9 Environmental challenges and solutions: air pollution, waste pollution, water Waste pollution pollution Rio generates about 3.5 million tonnes of solid waste annually. Most waste is Urbanisation and industrialisation has created a large number of environmental taken to a vast landfill site While full waste collection takes place in the city, challenges and problems which is affecting the quality of life of people living in collection in favelas is inadequate. Many are built on steep slopes and few proper Rio. roads, making it difficult for waste collection lorries. Air pollution Most waste there is dumped and pollutes Heavy pollution due to the water system. This encourages rats industrialisation. and diseases like Cholera. It is estimated to cause 5,000 Solutions deaths per year in Rio. City is often covered in Smog caused by fumes Recycling is increasingly being from the heavy road traffic and encouraged and ’pickers’ operate on the pollutants from factories mixing landfill sites to sort and recover with mist from Atlantic Ocean. materials for reuse. Rio is one of the most congested A power plant has been set near the cities in South America. The number University of Rio using methane gas of cars in Rio has grown 40% in the (biogas) from rotting rubbish. It last 10 years, as the country consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and develops. produces enough electricity for 1000 homes. Solutions Water pollution Guanabara Bay is highly polluted, causing threat to wildlife. • New toll roads (must pay to use Commercial fishing has declined 90% in the last 20 years. It the road) into city centre to could also damage tourism at Copacabana and Ipanema beaches. reduce congestion. There are a number of sources of pollution. • Making coast roads one-way Over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day. during rush hours, to improve Ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay because there are no flow. facilities to dispose of the fuel properly. • Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara bay, to south zone and Barra da Tijuca. Solutions: • 12 new sewage works have been built since 2004 at a cost of $68mn. • Ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay.

10 Managing Rio’s Urban Problems: education, jobs, crime, health, water and energy

Improving Crime

Improving Water and Energy Supply Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault occur regularly. Street crime is a problem, especially Water -Between 1998 and 2014, the city authorities at night. Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in constructed seven new water treatments plants and laid many favelas. Crime rates are high in the favelas, 300km of new pipes to improve water supply. By 2014 at least especially drug trafficking, murder kidnapping and 95% have a mains water supply in the Favela of Santa Marta robbery. The police have taken steps to control crime. In 2013 Energy - Brazil has two nuclear reactors generating 3% of its Pacifying Police Units were established to address electricity, and a third under construction. the problem of drug gangs and reclaim the favelas for Its first commercial nuclear power reactor began operating in the local community. Police have taken control of 1982. crime-dominated Complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller Four more large reactors are proposed to come on line in the favelas. As result crime rates have been lowered, 2020s. there has been an increase in property values and growing tourism Improving Health Care Improving Education and job opportunities Rio de Janeiro have launched the Saudé Presente program in 2009 to expand health services to areas previously neglected by healthcare Rio has the country’s largest municipal school system – even management in areas such as the Santa Marta favela. More than 30 though it is not the largest city – with the Municipality clinics are already operating under this program. responsible for 1,064 elementary schools and 300 nursery schools. The aims and features of Saudé Presente include: • Ensuring that all citizens have access to healthcare professionals who The Schools of Tomorrow programme aims to improve provide guidelines for disease prevention through early diagnosis. education for young people in the poor and violent areas of the city, teaching practical skills to young people to • Improving maternal and child mortality indicators, and reducing encourage them to seek formal employment. There are also hospital costs by decreasing hospitalizations, consultations and practical skills-based courses. examinations. The Department of Education’s Schools of Tomorrow program has recently been expanded and has successfully • Integrated primary care health units: the gateway to these is the enrolled 16,000 children living in slums in the heart of Rio de Clinica da Familia (Family Clinic), where patients can obtain laboratory Janeiro into primary school. tests, x-rays, ultrasounds, consultations and other basic procedures. Free child care is provided for teenage parents to enable them to return to education • Access to a professional medical staff at the Family Clinics. Free child care is provided by young parents so they can go back to school.

11 Challenge and opportunities in Rio An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor New nuclear Steep mountains New jobs in tourism Favela Bairro Project: (Site and service schemes) are a more formal way generator is being create severe in shops, bars and of helping squatter settlements’ residents. Favela‐Bairro’s objective was built to improve traffic congestion. restaurants to integrate them into the formal city. Land is identified for the scheme. electricity supply following the World The infrastructure is laid in advance of settlements, so that water, as well as a Cup in 2014 and sanitation and electricity are properly supplied to individually marked hydroelectric dam. Challenge Olympics in 2016. plots. People then build their homes using whatever materials they can OPP OPP afford at the time) An example is Complexo de Alemao in the north of Rio with 26,000 people. Discovery of oil had Private university Social issues such led to oil refineries for residents in as crime and drugs Evidence it has improved the Quality of Life. and petrochemical Rocinha. in favelas. industries. • Paved and formally named roads Challenge OPP OPP • Access to a water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation New jobs in the Several sources of New cable car with • Hillsides contained to prevent landslides, or people relocated where construction water pollution with one free return necessary industry over 200 tonnes of ticket a day. • Building of new health, leisure and education facilities particularly since sewage pouring into • Installation of a cable car to the commercial centre Ipanema – the Olympics in Guanabara Bay. 2016. residents given one free return ticket a day. Challenge OPP • Access to credit to allow inhabitants to buy materials to improve OPP their homes. • 100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes. Urban sprawl has Shortage of Rio is a major created many teachers and poor trading port, with Evidence not everyone has benefitted. squatter education-only the Headquarters settlements with compulsory of major industries large social between 6-14. being located here, The budget did not cover all of the favelas 140 of the 600. inequalities. including Petrobras (energy company), The newly-built infrastructure is not being maintained and residents lack Vale (mining the skills and resources to make repairs. company) and Grupo Globa More training is needed to improve literacy and employment. (telecommunication s). Challenge Challenge Rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even 12 OPP worse off. 3. Practice Pages Use the knowledge from section 2 to practise exam questions here.

13 Describe the pattern of reasons for migration shown in the figure above. {2 marks] ______

14 To what extent has urban change created environmental challenges in a city in a NEE or LIC you have studied? (9)

______15 Using an example of a city in a LIC/NEE, assess the challenge of providing services to the city’s population. [6 marks]

Outline how rapid urbanisation in an LIC or NEE can increase air pollution [3 marks]

16 Suggest one opportunity for people shown in Figure 3. [2 marks]

Suggest reasons for the different rates of urbanisation between the rich and poor world. [3 marks] For a named city in an LIC/NEE you have studied. Outline how one feature of an urban planning project you have studied helped to improve quality of life. [2 marks]

Name of city in LIC/NEE:

Name of urban planning project:

17 Suggest why there is such a low rate of urbanisation in rich Using a named example of a city in a LIC or NEE, to what extent are there countries and why some show evidence of counter- challenges created by urban growth (9) urbanisation. (6 marks)

18 Explain how the quality of life for the people in a named city in a LIC or NEE Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban planning strategy in helping to improve can be improved (6) the quality of life for the urban poor. Use an example of a city in a LIC or NEE. (9+3)

19 Explain how urban areas in LIC’s and NEE’s provide opportunities for Explain why people move from rural to urban areas in LIC’s and NEE’s (4) economic development (6)

Study the figure below, a report of an interview with a resident of a squatter settlement in Manila, a city in the .

Marina Lupina and her two children live in Apelo, one of Manila’s largest squatter settlements. She lives in a shack built from wood and cardboard with a rusty piece of corrugated iron for a roof, next to a canal blocked with rubbish. Marina has no running water, no electricity and not much furniture – a bed where all three sleep, a table and three chairs.

By selling recycled cloth, Marina earns just enough to buy rice, fish and clothing. Marina believes that she and her children have more opportunities in the city than if they had stayed in the countryside.

“I can earn two to three dollars a day selling recycled cloth,” she says with a big smile. “In the rural village I come from, I would be lucky to earn fifty cents a day as a farm labourer.”

State one positive effect and one negative effect on Marina’s life of living in a squatter settlement (2) Positive effect ______Negative effect 20 ______To what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly To what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly emerging economies (NEEs) provide social and economic opportunities for emerging economies (NEEs) effectively manage hyper-urbanisation (9) people? (9)

21 4.Revision Tools Tasks to help you embed your knowledge.

22 • GCSE the patterns and trends for the graph and map

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23 • Complete key term graphic organisers

24 • Complete key term graphic organisers

25 • Write the causes of Rio being an important city on the arrows. • Add key information in bullet points next to it.

Why is Rio a major city?

26 Biggest Challenges Biggest opportunities

• Select the three biggest opportunities and challenges-plan your BTA 27 • Colour code as social, environmental and economic • So many people have rapidly migrated to Rio. • Add some place specific effects of this e.g. growth of favelas. • Colour code as social, economic and environmental

Hyper- urbanisation (rapid rural to urban migration)

28 The Schools of Saudé Presente Program Police pacification Tomorrow programme (improving health)

• Colour your thermometer to decide how successful the strategy has been

• Outline the advantages and disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

29 Improving Water Improving energy Improving waste

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

30 Urban planning strategies help to improve the quality of life for the urban poor are successful

Positives about the Favela Negatives about the Bairro Project Favela Bairro Project

• Select 5 pieces of place specific evidence in for both sides of the argument 31 • Colour code each as social, environmental or economic. 32