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Lista Sistematica De Especies De Peracaridos De Chile (Crustacea, Eumalacostraca)

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Lista Sistematica De Especies De Peracaridos De Chile (Crustacea, Eumalacostraca) Gayana 72(2): 157-177, 2008 ISSN 0717-652X LISTA SISTEMATICA DE ESPECIES DE PERACARIDOS DE CHILE (CRUSTACEA, EUMALACOSTRACA) SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES OF PERACARIDS FROM CHILE (CRUSTACEA, EUMALACOSTRACA) Exequiel R. González1, Pilar A. Haye2, 3, María-José Balanda2 & Martin Thiel2, 3 1Universidad Católica del Norte, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Coquimbo, Chile (Dirección actual, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile). [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Coquimbo, Chile. [email protected]; [email protected] 3Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile. RESUMEN Los crustáceos peracáridos comprenden un diverso grupo de invertebrados, comunes en ambientes terrestres, acuáticos dulceacuícolas y marinos. En este trabajo se revisa la diversidad de especies de los órdenes Amphipoda, Cumacea, Isopoda, y Tanaidacea, actualmente reportada para Chile. Otros grupos taxonómicos comúnmente incluidos en Peracarida no han sido citados aún para Chile. Presentamos en este trabajo una lista sistemática de los taxa de peracáridos y su distribución geográfica en Chile desde los 18ºS hasta los 56ºS, incluyendo el Archipiélago de Juan Fernández e Isla de Pascua. En un análisis preliminar, la distribución de las especies registradas para Chile sugiere que la diversidad de especies aumenta de norte a sur. El hecho que aún existen importantes areas geográficas con inusualmente bajos números de especies, y que muchas especies registradas para Chile tienen registros únicos, refuerza la necesidad de trabajos taxonómicos futuros, con el objeto de obtener un más adecuado conocimiento de la diversidad de especies de este importante grupo de invertebrados. PALABRAS CLAVES: Peracarida, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, Pacifico Sudoriental, Chile. ABSTRACT Crustacean peracarids are a diverse group of invertebrates, common in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. The present study examines the species diversity of the orders Amphipoda, Cumacea, Isopoda, and Tanaidacea, presently reported from Chile. Other peracarid groups have not been recorded from Chile. A systematic list of presently recorded peracarid species and their geographic distribution in Chile from 18ºS to 56ºS, including the Archipelago of Juan Fernández and Isla de Pascua is provided. A preliminary biogeographic analysis suggests that species diversity increases from North to South. The facts that there are still large areas with unusually low number of species, and that many species recorded for Chile are unique records underlines the need for future taxonomic efforts in order to gain a thorough overview of the diversity of this important and species-rich group of invertebrates. KEYWORDS: Peracarida, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, Southwest Pacific, Chile. 157 Gayana 72(2), 2008 INTRODUCCION los registros de la literatura), las latitudes han sido agrupadas cada 5 grados (18-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30- Los crustáceos peracáridos presentes en Chile 34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-56), el Archipiélago representan un grupo taxonómico importante en de Juan Fernández e Isla de Pascua son ambientes terrestres y acuáticos, tanto marinos considerados separadamente. como dulceacuícolas. Aproximadamente el 40% de El ordenamiento taxonómico presentado sigue un las especies de crustáceos registradas para Chile orden alfabético. Para los anfípodos hemos utilizado son peracáridos (Báez 1995). Aunque de pequeño la propuesta taxonómica de Barnard & Karaman tamaño y menos conspicuos que los crustáceos más (1991) y el ordenamiento taxonómico propuesto por grandes y de importancia económica (e.g. Myers & Lowry (2003). En el caso de los isópodos decápodos), los peracáridos son extremadamente utilizamos el ordenamiento propuesto en la lista abundantes en muchos hábitats. Los peracáridos, mundial de isópodos disponible en el sitio web del en ambientes marinos, frecuentemente exceden a Instituto Smithsoniano (http://rathbun.si.edu/iz/ todos los otros crustáceos (y a menudo a otros isopod/isolist/isolist). Para tanaidáceos usamos la grupos de invertebrados) en abundancia y página de Tanaidacea (http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/ diversidad de especies. Este grupo carece de estados tanaids) mantenida por Gary Anderson (The larvales pelágicos. Debido a esto, ellos exhiben bajas University of Southern Mississippi), Richard Heard tasas intrínsecas de dispersión autónoma, lo cual (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory), y Kim Larsen hace que sean un excelente candidato para estudios (Texas A & M University), y en el caso de cumáceos distribucionales y ecológicos. Esto incluye algunas se usó el sitio de la University of Maine. http:// especies capaces de dispersión a largas distancias nature.umesci.maine.edu/cumacea.html. Esta como consecuencia de deriva en macroalgas, página es parte del proyecto PEET (Partnerships estructuras flotantes o como incrustantes (Thiel for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy) del 2003, Thiel et al. 2003a, Thiel & Gutow 2005a, 2005b). programa de Sistemática Biológica de la Fundación Los peracáridos juegan un relevante rol ecológico Nacional de Ciencias, USA, financiando a Les ya que están involucrados en la conversión de Watling e Irving Kornfield “Systematics, ecology, energía. Además, son una importante fuente de and biogeography of the cumaceans of the World”. alimento para peces y aves en ambientes marinos y Las 360 referencias bibliográficas que citan las para peces, aves, anfibios e insectos en ambientes especies presentes en Chile fueron recopiladas por dulceacuícolas. Son también ampliamente usados González & Thiel (2004), en el presente trabajo sólo como bioindicadores y en estudios toxicológicos. mencionaremos aquellas referencias más relevantes, Adicionalmente, por su diversidad específica y por razones de espacio. abundancia son buenos modelos para estudios El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar por primera biogeográficos y evolutivos. vez una compilación de la biodiversidad de un grupo Se incluyen en la lista que se acompaña, anfípodos, taxonómico muy abundante, y poco estudiado para cumáceos, isópodos, y tanaidáceos presentes en Chile, como son los peracáridos. Chile, tanto de ambientes terrestres, dulceacuícolas y marinos. Otros grupos que comúnmente forman BASE DE DATOS SOBRE BIODIVERSIDAD DE PERACÁRIDOS parte de los peracáridos (Spelaeogriphacea, CHILENOS Thermosbaenacea, Mictacea) no han sido Las primeras especies de peracáridos citadas para registrados para Chile aún. Tampoco hemos incluido Chile son el anfípodo Transorchestia chiliensis, y a miscidáceos por su probable exclusión de los los isópodos Amphoroidea typa y Ceratothoa peracáridos, ya que se ha propuesto en base a gaudichaudii, descritos por Milne-Edwards en caracteres moleculares y morfológicos, que éstos 1840. Estas especies son las primeras reconocidas formarían parte de Eucarida (Spears & Abele 1998, en que la localidad tipo es Chile. Las especies que Watling 1999, Spears et al. 2005). hoy encontramos en el territorio nacional y cuyas Esta lista sistemática incluye especies distribuidas fechas de descripción son anteriores a ésta fueron desde 18ºS hasta los 56°S del Pacífico Sur Oriental e registradas en Chile posteriormente a su descripción islas oceánicas chilenas. Con el objeto de registrar original para otra localidad tipo. A partir del trabajo la distribución geográfica de las especies (según de Milne Edwards una serie de esfuerzos puntuales, 158 Lista de Peracáridos de Chile: GONZÁLEZ, E. ET AL. y como resultado principalmente de expediciones de un número importante de las especies que extranjeras, resultaron en la descripción de la conocemos hoy. Entre las expediciones más mayoría de las especies registradas para Chile. En destacadas debemos mencionar la U.S. Exploring 1849 Claudio Gay en su obra, Historia Física y Expedition (1838-1842); la expedición del H.M.S Política de Chile, describe 29 especies nuevas de Challenger (1872-1876); la expedición “Hamburger” peracáridos (muchas de las cuales hoy no son a Magallanes (1892-1893); las expediciones suecas válidas), las muestras se originaron en las “Eugenie” (1851-1853), la expedición a Magallanes recolecciones que desde 1830 realizó Gay por (1895-1879), la expedición Sur-Polar (1901-1903), y mandato del Gobierno de Chile, el capítulo la expedición Lund (1948-1949). Producto de estas correspondiente a peracáridos fue escrito por el expediciones Dana (1853 & 1855), Schellenberg naturalista francés Hercule Nicolet. Numerosas (1931), y Menzies (1962), describieron 84 de las expediciones que visitaron nuestras costas 195 especies conocidas en que Chile es la localidad recolectaron material que permitió la descripción tipo (Figura 1). 50 40 30 20 Número de especies (Number of species) 10 0 1818-1840 1841-1860 1861-1880 1881-1900 1901-1920 1921-1940 1941-1960 1961-1980 1981-2000 2001-2003 Año (Year) FIGURA 1. Número de especies descritas en el período 1840 -2003. FIGURE 1. Number of species described in the year period, 1840 to 2003. 159 Gayana 72(2), 2008 En total se conocen para Chile 434 especies de distribución batimétrica ha sido discutida por Thiel peracáridos (Tabla I). Cuarenta y cinco de ellas aún et al. (2003b). tienen como registro geográfico sólo la cita “Chile”. La distribución latitudinal de peracáridos muestra un Estas especies no han sido reportadas nuevamente, incremento en número de especies de norte a sur por por lo que su distribución latitudinal en Chile no es rango de latitud (Figura 2). Se exceptúa la latitud 45°- conocida. Para Chile continental exclusivamente han
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