Emergency Management – Slaughter for Disease Control and Animal Welfare Considerations in Pig Production Systems

Ian Dacre Regional Animal Health Emergency Officer 12 November, 2019 Bali

CHAPTER 7.6.

KILLING OF ANIMALS FOR DISEASE CONTROL PURPOSES

•Table summarising killing methods described in Articles 7.6.6.-7.6.18. The methods are described in the order of mechanical, electrical and gaseous, not in an order of desirability from an animal welfare viewpoint. Species Age range Procedure Restraint Animal welfare Article necessary concerns with referenc inappropriate application Pigs all free bullet no non-lethal wounding Article 7.6.6. all except neonates penetrating captive bolt, yes ineffective stunning, non- Article 7.6.7. followed by pithing or lethal wounding, regaining bleeding of consciousness before death neonates only non-penetrating captive yes non-lethal wounding Article 7.6.8. bolt all electrical, two-stage yes pain associated with cardiac Article 7.6.10. application arrest after ineffective stunning; design of the stunning tongs not appropriate for the small head or body of neonates all electrical, single application yes ineffective stunning Article 7.6.11. (method 1)

neonates only CO2/ air mixture yes slow induction of Article 7.6.12. unconsciousness, aversiveness of induction neonates only nitrogen or inert gas mixed yes slow induction of Article 7.6.13.

with CO2 unconsciousness, aversiveness of induction neonates only nitrogen or inert gases yes slow induction of Article 7.6.14. unconsciousness all injection with barbiturates yes non-lethal dose, pain Article 7.6.15. and other associated with injection site CHAPTER 7.5

SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS

CHAPTER 7.13.

ANIMAL WELFARE AND PIG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS The methods are described in the order of mechanical, electrical and gaseous, not in an order of desirability from an animal welfare viewpoint. Species Age range Procedure Restraint Animal welfare Article necessary concerns with referenc inappropriate application Pigs all free bullet no non-lethal wounding Article 7.6.6. all except neonates penetrating captive bolt, yes ineffective stunning, non- Article 7.6.7. followed by pithing or lethal wounding, regaining bleeding of consciousness before death neonates only non-penetrating captive yes non-lethal wounding Article 7.6.8. bolt all electrical, two-stage yes pain associated with cardiac Article 7.6.10. application arrest after ineffective stunning; design of the stunning tongs not appropriate for the small head or body of neonates all electrical, single application yes ineffective stunning Article 7.6.11. (method 1)

neonates only CO2/ air mixture yes slow induction of Article 7.6.12. unconsciousness, aversiveness of induction neonates only nitrogen or inert gas mixed yes slow induction of Article 7.6.13.

• free bullet • penetrating captive bolt, followed by pithing or bleeding • non-penetrating captive bolt • electrical, two-stage application • electrical, single application (method 1) • CO2/ air mixture • nitrogen or inert gas mixed with CO2 • nitrogen or inert gases • injection with barbiturates and other https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/ region/##### ASF Current Situation (in Asia-Pacific)

[Name Surname] [Date] [Title] The emergency regional consultation on African swine fever risk reduction and preparedness

5 - 7 September 2018, Bangkok, Thailand

Live pigs Live pigs Pork/pig Pork/pig Contaminated Wild boars Ticks (Off.) (Unoff.) products products fomites (Ornithodoros (Off.) (Unoff.) spp.) China Mongolia Lao PDR Myanmar Viet Nam Cambodia Thailand Philippines ROK Japan

= High = Moderate = Low The 4th Multilateral Cross-Border Meeting in the Upper Mekong Sub-region to Strengthen Collaboration of Transboundary Animal Disease Control China – Lao PDR – Myanmar – Viet Nam

22 to 24 November 2018, Beijing, China

UPDATED RISK PROFILES

Live pigs Live pigs Pork/pig products Pork/pig products Contaminated (Off.) (Unoff.) (Off.) (Unoff.) fomites

Lao PDR Myanmar Vietnam

= High = Moderate = Low As of 30 Sep 2019, total of 10 countries were infected by ASF in Asia: • China (Aug 2018) • Mongolia (Jan 2019) • Vietnam (Feb 2019) • Cambodia (Apr 2019) • DPRK (May 2019) • Lao PDR (Jun 2019) • Myanmar (Aug 2019) • Philippines (Sep 2019) • ROK (Sep 2019) • Timor-Leste (Sep 2019) The 20th FAVA and The 18th IVMA Congress, 30 Oct-4 Nov 2018 ,Bali, Indonesia

Not easy to differentiate from other swine diseases

Virus is relatively stable and resistant so can survive long time in environment and contaminated pork products

African Swine No effective treatment or vaccine Fever

No public health or food safety concerns High Risk Pathways for ASF

1. Illegal entry of and swine and pork products across land borders 2. Illegal entry of pork products through airplane passenger luggage/cargo 3. Spread through the feeding of swill contaminated with ASF virus 4. Spread of ASF through free-ranging and scavenging swine 5. Spread of ASF through poor biosecurity practices on farms and through value chains

CHINA

• The first ASF outbreak ---3 Aug. 2018.

➢ 158 outbreaks ➢ 31 Provinces / Autonomous Regions / Municipalities + HK SAR(3) ➢ more than 1,190,000 of pigs have been culled.

22 Herd contraction in China Vietnam

• 1st outbreak -- 19 February 2019 • A total of 63 provinces/cities reported outbreaks, more than Newly affected communes/week in 5,000,000 pigs Vietnam including estimated number of have been communes affected in the past culled (calculated figure)

24 Mongolia

• The 1st ASF outbreak in domestic pigs Bulgan Province on 15 January,2019; • 11ASF outbreaks in 6 provinces (aimags); • The outbreaks were in backyard setting; the authority culled all pigs and disinfected the affected areas. 31,870 pigs, backyard farms, local consumption The last ASF outbreak was reported in February 13 Cambodia

The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries confirmed the first ASF outbreak in Ratanakiri Province on 2 April 2019,.

ASF outbreaks were detected in 5 Provinces DPRK

The Ministry of Agriculture, Anti- Epizootic Department confirmed its first ASF outbreak in Chagang-Do occurred on 23 May 2019. 77 of 99 pigs in the Buksang cooperative farm, Ri, Usi County, became sick and died from the disease. Laos

The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry confirmed the first ASF outbreak in Toumlan District, Salavane Province on 20 June 2019.

A total of 94 ASF outbreaks were reported, in 15 out of its 18 Provinces/city. More than 25,000 pigs have died or been destroyed due to the ASF. Province. Myanmar

The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation confirmed the first ASF outbreak occurred in Mongla Township, Kengtung District, Shan State on 1 August 2019. A total of 4 ASF outbreaks were reported in Shan State, with the latest in Mong Hpayak, Tachileik, Shan State occurred on 13 September

The Philippines

• Since the first ASF outbreak started on 25 July 2019, more than 15 outbreaks in 5 provinces/cities on Luzon Island have been confirmed; more than 20,000 pigs have been culled.

How to respond? To report or not to report? !

Field veterinary officer

Central government Disincentive 1 – economic/financial loss

I do not inform officials about unusual mortality events because they would kill my animals and those of my neighbor

Field veterinary • No compensation scheme in place officer

• Community discontent

Central government Disincentive 2 – additional work

If I inform my supervisors about an unusual event, I will have extra work to do (outbreak investigation)

Field veterinary • No support for field staff to deal officer with an outbreak

• Supervisors’ discontent Central government Disincentive 3 – trade barriers and reputational risk

If I inform OIE, countries will ban our products from entering their market, bringing huge economic losses

• No agreements in place to reduce Field veterinary officer the impact on international trade

• Challenges to regain trust of commercial partners and public Central government A possible strategy – pen-side PCRs

• One portable ‘lab’ per site • 1 extractor : 8 extractions in 25 min. • 4 pockits : test 16 samples in 42 min. • Pool 5 samples • Total samples: 5 x 16 = 80 per site

At least 60% of the world’s domestic pig population is concentrated in east and southeast Asia.

High impacts on economic losses and food security Market disruptions in China

2019: +96% *10.7 Y/kg (+ 436%)

2 Y/kg

* As of 6 September 2019 Source: China Pig Network Market disruptions in China - spillovers

Changes in prices of meat products in China (2019; Yuan/Kg) 12.9

38.2 22.8 74.5 72.5

+65% +12% +9% +6%

As of 4th week of Aug 2019 Source: MARA Market disruptions in China - spillovers

Re-stocking costs on the rise (YoY)

+80%

+44%

* As of 4th week of August Source: MARA

The Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS)

1st Edition 2009 SPHERE Companion 2011 2nd Edition 2014 EMC-AH (Emergency Management Center for Animal Health)

• EMC (previously CMC) was first launched in 2006 at FAO HQ, Rome, in partnership with the OIE • EMC-AH identifies needs to be addressed and provides a platform, tools and support to countries’, regional and international emergency preparedness (including prevention, detection, response and recovery) • Missions will be deployed only by a • GEMP: Good Emergency request from governments Management Practice

ASF for Asia-Pacific EMC Missions Emergency Preparedness Missions Encourage and assist countries to take early action by conducting outreach and deploying missions to countries facing an imminent animal health risk, including a founded rumor or suspicion. Emergency Response Missions Deploy rapid response missions to assist countries who are responding to outbreaks. http://www.fao.org/3/I9564EN/i9564en.pdf

ASF for Asia - Pacific Response - February 2019

Prep – May 2019 Prep TCP - 2014

Prep - March 2019 Response - March 2019 Prep - June 2019 Response – July 2019

Response - May 2019 Prep – October 2019 GEMP and EOC Manual Relationship

The diagram to the left shows how the various projects work together with the GEMP revision and workshops Adverse event!!! leading the overall Emergency GEMP Management work with Bio-terrorism / Agro-crime / Nuclear / subsequent pieces supporting Complex disasters (Canadian Interpol project) Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) Natural disaster Manual (OFDA project) LEGS: 1. Early offtake Animal disease outbreak Local 2. Shelter 3. Food National Regional 4. Water 5. Veterinary services Veterinary 6. Restocking /early recovery Services Global