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Isolation, Characterization of Phytopathogenic Fungi Alternaria Sp, and Physico-Chemical Study

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Isolation, Characterization of Phytopathogenic Fungi Alternaria Sp, and Physico-Chemical Study PEOPLES ‘DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFICRESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF –MOSTAGHANEM جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس FACULTY OF NATURAL AND LIFE مستغانم SCIENCE DEPARTEMENT OF كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة BIOLOGIE MASTER IN FONDAMENTAL MICRIOBIOLOGIE Isolation, characterization of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria sp, and physico-chemical study. Submitted by: Kadari Khadidja Members of the board: - President: Mrs Chougrani Fadela. - Framer: Mr Cheriguene Abderrahim. - Co-framer: Mr Zabouri Younes. - Examiner: Mrs Maghnia Djamila. Academic year: 2019/2020 Acknowledgement First of all, I thank our Great Almighty God who gave me enough strength to complete this work. I express my deep gratitude to my promoters Mr Cheriguene Abderrahim and Mr Zabouri Younes for having guided, advising and assisting me throughout my work. I also extend my appreciation and gratitude to Mrs Maghnia Djamila and Mrs Chougrani Fadela who have given me the honor of accepting to review this work. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the teachers of the biology department, especially the teachers of the fundamental microbiology specialty, specifically Mrs. Chougrani. I will especially not forget to thank the members of the laboratory, for all their advice during the short traineeship period, I also thank all those who participated directly or indirectly in the realization of this work. Dedication I cannot begin without mentioning the name of the Almighty God who gave me the strength and the patience to accomplish this work; I thank him for giving me the opportunity to dedicate it: To my mother Fatima who with her love and affection has always supported me. To my father Lakhder who gave me everything I needed at any time. To my sisters Meriem, Nadia, Assia, and Assma and to my dear Brother Mohamed. To Yasser for his moral and psychological support throughout the period of my studies. To my friends: Zehour, Fatiha, Ilhem,Aicha and Amina I also dedicate this memory to all those who have, from near or far, contributed to the realization of this modest work. Summary: Acknowledgement Dedication List of Figures List of tables Abreviations list Abstract ملخص Résumé Introduction: .......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Tomatoes ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Origin: ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2. The botanical description: ........................................................................................................ 3 3. Tomato taxonomic classification .............................................................................................. 4 4. nutritional value of tomato: ...................................................................................................... 4 5. Tomato growing conditions: ..................................................................................................... 5 6. Harvest time for tomatoes: ....................................................................................................... 5 a) Early Blight: ......................................................................................................................... 6 b) Late Blight: ............................................................................................................................ 6 c) Septoria Leaf Spot: ............................................................................................................. 7 d) Leaf Mold: .............................................................................................................................. 8 e) Buckeye Rot: .......................................................................................................................... 9 II. The carrot : .............................................................................................................................. 11 1. Origin: ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Botanical description : ............................................................................................................ 11 3. Classification : .......................................................................................................................... 12 4. Nutritional value of carrot :.................................................................................................... 13 5. Carrots growing conditions : .................................................................................................. 13 6. Carrot harvesting time: .......................................................................................................... 14 7. Carrot fungal diseases:............................................................................................................ 14 a) Cavity spot disease : ............................................................................................................ 14 b) Leaf blight: ........................................................................................................................... 15 c) Black root rot : ..................................................................................................................... 15 d) Fusarium Dry Rot: .............................................................................................................. 16 III. The parasite: ............................................................................................................................ 18 1. Definition:................................................................................................................................. 18 2. Characteristics of Genus Alternaria: ..................................................................................... 18 3. Classification : .......................................................................................................................... 18 4. Infectious cycle: ....................................................................................................................... 19 a) Conservation, source of inoculum: .................................................................................... 19 b) Penetration and invasion: ................................................................................................... 19 c) Sporulation and dissemination:.......................................................................................... 19 5. Major species of Alternaria: ................................................................................................... 20 a) Alternaria solani: .................................................................................................................. 20 b) Alternaria alternata: ............................................................................................................. 21 c) Alternaria dauci: .................................................................................................................. 21 6. Mycotoxins: .............................................................................................................................. 21 a) Alternariol : .......................................................................................................................... 22 b) Alternariol monomethyl ether: .......................................................................................... 22 IV. Means of control: ..................................................................................................................... 24 1. Chemical control: .................................................................................................................... 24 2. Biological control of Alternaria: ............................................................................................ 24 a) Bacteria: ............................................................................................................................... 24 b) Fungi: .................................................................................................................................... 24 3. Genetic control: ................................................................................................................... 24 4. Plant extracts: ...................................................................................................................... 24 Material and Methods: ....................................................................................................................... 26 I. Sampling process: ........................................................................................................................ 26 II. Isolation of the parasite: ......................................................................................................... 26 III. Successive transplanting process: .......................................................................................... 28 IV. Monosporic culture: ................................................................................................................ 29 V. Evaluation ofmacroscopic morphological characters .............................................................. 30 VI. Microscopic
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