Number 28 Winter 2007 BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT NOTES FROM THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF

BAKER INSTITUTE A SPONSORING ORGANIZATION OF STUDY GROUP

ISG REPORT #1 BEST SELLER • The was ranked number one on the Times best sellers list for paperback nonfiction for two weeks following its publication December 6. It remained ranked on the list through mid-January.

• In the first 10 days following publication of the report, the Baker Institute website Iraq Study Group co-chairmen James A. Baker, III, and Lee H. Hamilton testify before the Senate Armed received about 500,000 Services Committee in Washington the day after the bipartisan commission released their written report. hits to download the Photo: © Jonathan Ernst/epa/Corbis. report directly. The website itself received more than INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL POLICY 4,000,000 hits from the time of the report’s publication PARTNERSHIP WITH STATE OF QATAR through mid-January.

The Baker Institute announced world policies regarding embryonic • Nearly eight in 10 a major stem cell research partner- stem cell research. Americans supported the ISG’s proposal to shift the ship with the State of Qatar, estab- Qatar’s ambassador to U.S. mission in Iraq from lishing a significant new program the , Nasser bin direct combat to training as part of the institute’s existing Hamad M. Al Khalifa, and Baker Iraqi troops, according to a stem cell policy series, “Stem Cells: Institute Director Edward P. Washington Post-ABC News Saving Lives or Crossing Lines.” Djerejian signed an agreement in survey released December The State of Qatar Endowment Washington, D.C., November 28, 12; 74% supported reduc- for International Stem Cell Policy establishing the endowment and ing aid if Iraq fails to make was initiated with a $2.5 million formalizing the program. progress toward national grant from Qatar. It will support a “We welcome this opportunity unity and civil order; and major program focusing on inter- to build upon our long-term rela- six in 10 supported talk- national stem cell policies and the tionship with the leadership and ing with and to status of stem cell science. This resolve the conflict. program will study and analyze continued on page 17

1 Q&A WITH THE DIRECTOR

You served as forces in Iraq could be deployed “New Diplomatic Offensive.” It is senior advisor to only in units embedded with Iraqi evident that the policies and actions the Iraq Study forces, in rapid-reaction and special of Iraq’s neighbors greatly affect its Group (ISG), and operations teams, and in training, stability and prosperity. The report the Baker Institute equipping, advising, force protec- recommends that the United States was an organiz- tion, and search and rescue. The should launch immediately this ing sponsor. Does report recognizes that the Iraqi diplomatic initiative to build an the ISG have an government will need continued international consensus for stability Edward P. Djerejian ongoing role to assistance from the United States, in Iraq and the region and that this play in Iraq and the ? especially in the security field, but effort should include all of Iraq’s The Iraq Study Group (ISG) Report it also states clearly that the United neighbors. An Iraq International was presented to the president, States must not make an open- Support Group should be orga- the Congress, and the public on ended commitment to keep large nized as an instrument of this initia- December 6, 2006. At that point numbers of troops deployed in tive, consisting of Iraq’s neighbors the ISG accomplished its mission Iraq. and key states inside and outside and, since the ISG is not a statutory Second, the report recom- the region to reinforce security commission, ceased its activities as mends that the United States and national reconciliation inside a congressionally mandated group. should work closely with Iraq’s lead- Iraq. The report also recommends Nevertheless, The ISG Report speaks ers to support the achievement of that given the demonstrated abil- for itself and has been read widely milestones on three major issues: ity of Iran and Syria to influence here and abroad. The report has national reconciliation, security, events within Iraq and their inter- been studied and commented on and governance. In a key judg- est in avoiding long-term chaos in extensively since its publication. It ment, the report states that “If the Iraq, which can impact negatively has become an important part of Iraqi government demonstrates on their own security interests, the discussion and debate on U.S. political will and makes substantial the United States should try to policy toward Iraq and the broader progress toward the achievement of engage them constructively in a Middle East. milestones on national reconcilia- tough-minded diplomatic approach tion, security and governance, the involving incentives and disincen- What differentiates The ISG Report United States should make clear tives. Another important aspect of from past and current policy on Iraq? its willingness to continue training, the “New Diplomatic Offensive” There are three major elements assistance and support for Iraq’s is the assessment and recom- in The ISG Report. First, the pri- security forces and to continue mendation that the United States mary mission of the U.S. forces in political, military and economic cannot achieve its goals in the Iraq should evolve to support the support. If the Iraqi government Middle East unless it deals directly Iraqi army, which would take over does not make substantial prog- with the Arab-Israeli conflict and primary responsibility for combat ress toward the achievement of regional instability. Accordingly, it operations. The report states that milestones on national reconcilia- recommends that there must be by the first quarter of 2008, subject tion, security and governance, the a renewed and sustained commit- to unexpected developments in the United States should reduce its ment by the United States to a com- security situation on the ground, political, military or economic sup- prehensive Arab-Israeli peace on all all combat brigades not responsible port for the Iraqi government.” fronts: specifically, , Syria, for force protection could be out The third major component and President Bush’s June 2002 of Iraq. At that time, U.S. combat of the report is what is called the continued on page 20

2 LETTER FROM ISG SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS

The following letter, detailing the Senator Charles S. Robb, former who served as executive director; genesis and congressional mandate of Congressman and White House Christopher Kojm, advisor to the the bipartisan Iraq Study Group (ISG) chief of staff Leon E. Panetta, and Study Group; John Williams, Policy co-chaired by James A. Baker, III, and Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., advisor to Assistant to Mr. Baker; and Ben Lee H. Hamilton, is reprinted from President Bill Clinton. Republicans Rhodes, Special Assistant to Mr. the appendices to the ISG Report. The included former Associate Justice Hamilton. Baker Institute was one of four sposor- to the U.S. Supreme Court Sandra ing organizations of the ISG. Day O’Connor, former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson, former The initiative for a bipartisan, Attorney General Richard H. Solomon, President independent, forward-looking III, and former Secretary of State United States Institute of Peace “fresh-eyes” assessment of Iraq Lawrence S. Eagleburger. Former emerged from conversations U.S. CIA Director was Edward P. Djerejian, House Appropriations Committee an active member for a period of Founding Director Member Frank Wolf had with us. months until his nomination as James A. Baker III In late 2005, Congressman Wolf Secretary of Defense. Institute for Public Policy, asked the United States Institute The Iraq Study Group was Rice University of Peace, a bipartisan federal launched on March 15, 2006, in entity, to facilitate the assessment, a Capitol Hill meeting hosted by David M. Abshire, President in collaboration with the James A. U.S. Senator John Warner and Center for the Study of Baker III Institute for Public Policy attended by congressional lead- the Presidency at Rice University, the Center ers from both sides of the aisle. for the Study of the Presidency, To support the Study Group, the John J. Hamre, President and the Center for Strategic and sponsoring organizations cre- Center for Strategic and International Studies. ated four expert working groups International Studies Interested members of consisting of 44 leading foreign Congress, in consultation with policy analysts and specialists on the sponsoring organizations and Iraq. The working groups, led by the administration, agreed that staff of the United States Institute former Republican U.S. Secretary of Peace, focused on the Strategic of State James A. Baker, III and Environment, Military and Security former Democratic Congressman Issues, Political Development, and Lee H. Hamilton had the breadth the Economy and Reconstruction. of knowledge of foreign affairs Every effort was made to ensure required to co-chair this bipartisan the participation of experts across a effort. The co-chairs subsequently wide span of the political spectrum. selected the other members of Additionally, a panel of retired the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, military officers was consulted. all senior individuals with distin- We are grateful to all those who guished records of public ser- have assisted the Study Group, vice. Democrats included former especially the supporting experts Secretary of Defense William J. and staff. Our thanks go to Daniel Perry, former Governor and U.S. P. Serwer of the Institute of Peace,

3 NEW TRANSNATIONAL CHINA PROJECT STUDY EXAMINES ADVERTISING IN URBAN PUBLIC SPACES

As China urbanizes and inte- grates into the global economy, prominent new public spaces are being formed in Chinese cities. Within these spaces, advertise- ments are used by governments, corporations, and social, political, and economic organizations alike to try to persuade the citizens pass- ing through to join local, national, and transnational groups. A recent study conducted by Transnational China Project (TCP) researchers, led by Steven Lewis, fellow in Asian Above: Subway poster illustrating the use of city studies, examined the competing skylines in advertising; advertising appeals by govern- right: another image from the archive illustrates the ments and commercial groups to pop graphics used to con- evoke the urban environment as a nect with commuters. unique, modern living and working space. A survey of advertisements from these cities reveals that both gov- ernments and commercial groups use images of the city and urban buildings to refer to urban life and cosmopolitan consumption lifestyles. Images of the city skyline mark structures, including Sydney’s by corporations and the national are also often used by corporations opera house, New York City’s for- government to establish the idea of (particularly real estate developers) mer World Trade Center, Paris’ the Chinese nation and its capital, and local governments to represent Eiffel Tower, and Kuala Lumpur’s with the municipal government the collective of the municipality. Petronas Tower are used by trans- relegated to using the Temple of Hong Kong’s Agency for Volunteer national corporations to establish Heaven as a symbol of the city. Service, for example, positions an the idea of a unique locality or Other cities, including Hong Kong image of the island’s skyscrapers urban location. Chinese local gov- and Taipei, do not seem to have a behind a diverse group of residents ernments and corporations seem “signature” architectural structure in order to establish the idea that to be presenting competing land- used by governments and corpora- volunteerism should be part of marks and vistas to “brand” cities in tions in subway advertisements. modern, cosmopolitan urban life the minds of commuters. Shanghai The study utilized a pioneer- in the Chinese city. has the colonial-era Bund, the ing image archive of more than At the same time, advertise- Pearl Television Tower, and the 4,000 images collected between ments in these cities also show that skyscrapers of Pudong. Beijing’s 1998 and 2004 from Beijing, Hong foreign vistas, skylines, and land- Forbidden City appears to be used continued on page 18

4 WHEN JOBS IN THE NATION CHANGE, SO DOES THE JOB OF THE SCIENTIST

The Science and Technology Policy Program inaugurated its Civic Scientist Lecture Series November 9 with a presentation by Arden Bement, director of the National Science Foundation. According to Neal Lane, senior fellow in science and technology policy, a civic scientist is “one who uses his or her special scientific knowledge and skills—and some- times fame—to influence public policy, and who engages the curi- ous public about the wondrous and importance of science and technol- ogy.” Bement exemplifies these characteristics through his career as a metallurgical engineer and Director of the National Science Foundation, Arden Bement, meets with students to discuss how the role of scientists can be expanded to include public policy and public education. materials scientist and his many contributions to public service. built on their insight and intel- series is to lend a voice to leading During his keynote lecture, lect.” Specifically, scientists should scientists who have had an impact “When the Jobs in the Nation be challenged to create a dialogue on public policy and to give the Change, So Does the Job of the with the public by educating Rice and communities the Scientist,” Bement discussed the them on science, and they should opportunity to interact with them. nation’s need for scientific and also learn to listen to the general Another aim is to promote science technical discoveries to promote public’s comments about science. and technology as a public service a healthy expanding economy. “It In addition, Bement underscored worthy of federal, state, and local is the educational training of your the role of scientists in advancing funding. workforce that in large part will science and math education. He Support for Bement’s Civic determine how successful you will urged scientists to help create and Scientist Lecture was generously be as a nation,” Bement argued. implement hands-on learning proj- provided by the Arch & Stella While there is an increasing need ects for K-12 students and teachers. Rowan Foundation, Inc. for an educated science and tech- Furthermore, he highlighted the nology workforce, the United importance of promoting innova- States is becoming less scientifically tion by encouraging risk taking and literate as time passes. unorthodox thinking in science Bement stressed that the role of and engineering. scientists should expand to include During his visit, Bement had involvement in public policy and a full day of meetings with Baker public education. He believed that Institute fellows and scholars as scientists should be “more broadly well as Rice University students involved in the society that was and faculty. The goal of the lecture

5 BIOMASS TO CHEMICALS AND FUELS: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PUBLIC POLICY

Recent crude oil price fluctua- and the Energy and Environmental what are the viable alternatives, tions and growing environmental Systems Institute (EESI), the con- which technologies offer the great- concerns tied to fossil fuels have ference assembled leading scien- est potential for advancement and prompted American policymakers tists, policy experts, and industry expansion, and what new infra- to reevaluate American depen- executives from around the world. structures must be developed to dence on oil and herald biofuels With the decline in domestic accommodate these supplemental as the domestically supplied, envi- oil production and continued energy sources. ronmentally friendly supplement strong increases in oil demand, the In his opening remarks, to the current U.S. transportation United States is more dependent Director Edward P. Djerejian set fuel supply system. on foreign oil than ever before. In the stage for the conference by To examine the potential role 2005, U.S. imports totaled about 11 outlining the central questions that of biofuels as an auxiliary energy million barrels per day, represent- must be investigated if biofuels are source for the 21st century and ing 60% of its daily oil consump- to contribute to U.S. energy secu- beyond, the Baker Institute’s tion. This percentage is expected rity and be integrated feasibly into Energy Forum co-sponsored a to reach close to 70% by 2020. The the American transportation infra- conference, “Biomass to Chemicals driving force behind the increasing structure. and Fuels: Science, Technology, demand is transportation; currently “The major obstacle to expand- and Public Policy,” September two-thirds of America’s total petro- ing the role of biofuels is lack of 25–26, 2006. Held in conjunc- leum use is dedicated to this sector. infrastructure,” Djerejian noted. tion with the Rice University If the United States is to combat “Current U.S. ethanol production Departments of Chemical and its “addiction to oil” by integrating is concentrated in the Midwest Biomolecular Engineering, Civil significant alternative fuels usage, region, and difficulties remain with and Environmental Engineering, then it is imperative to understand the ethanol distribution system in other parts of the country.” Keynote speaker Alexander Karsner, assistant secretary for renewable energy at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), emphasized the difference between our current technological move- ment toward alternative energies and past research and development (R&D) milestones such as the Manhattan Project or the Apollo space program. “What I worry about is that we tend to use them as our ana- logue—if we just put in enough dollars in any one laboratory at any one given time … they’ll emerge at a given moment, and ‘Voilà! It Alexander Karsner, assistant secretary for renewable energy at the U.S. Department of Energy, discusses the research and development challenges of transforming the largest industries in the world. continued on page 19

6 BIOMASS DEFINED

Biomass refers to material generated by living organisms; typically the cellular structure of a plant or ani- mal or chemical products generated by the organism. Biofuel is the solid, gaseous, or liquid fuel produced from biomass. Biodiesel is a renewable energy fuel from vegetable- or animal- derived oil (triglyceride) that has been chemically modified to reduce its viscosity. It can be used in any concentration with - based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification.

(Source: The Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004, Volume 1)

ENERGY RESEARCHER PUBLISHES PAPER ON CHINESE OIL COMPANIES

In a newly published paper, The paper was published in Orbis: said, commenting on his research. “Chinese National Oil Companies A Journal of World Affairs (Winter Chen, a Rice University graduate and Human Rights,” Matthew 2007), which is distributed by the (2004), joined the Baker Institute’s Chen, a research assistant for Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy staff in August 2005. His research the Energy Forum, argues that Research Institute (FPRI).“I hope has focused on the connections it is important to remember that that the Chinese oil companies can between international relations, China’s oil companies are relative learn from the experience of their energy policy, and human rights. newcomers to the international U.S. and European counterparts The article can be found at the oil market and that similar to the and come to accept baseline norms FPRI’s website at: http://www.fpri. United States, China has legiti- that support best practices by com- org/orbis/. mate energy security concerns. panies in the energy sector,” Chen

ANNUAL FALL ROUNDTABLE RECEPTION WITH BAKER FELLOWS

On October 25, the Baker Institute hosted its annual Fall Roundtable Reception featur- ing the institute’s distinguished fellows and scholars. This recep- tion, one of the institute’s most popular events, provides an opportunity for Roundtable members to learn more about the various areas of research they support and enables them to engage in one-on-one dis- cussions about the nature and direction of the institute’s work.

Bill Martin, Harry and Hazel Chavanne Senior Fellow in Religion and Public Policy, discusses his research with members.

7 7 “WORK HARD, STUDY…AND KEEP OUT OF POLITICS!”

Institute hosts Baker book signing in Houston: James A. Baker, III, signs a copy of his book, “Work Hard, Study . . . and Keep Out of Politics! Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life,” for guest Mike Stude.

AUTHOR DA CHEN: FROM CHINA TO RANDOM HOUSE

Communicating the universal Province during the tumultuous since 1997 has included the writers experiences of suffering and politi- Cultural Revolution, and how he Wang Meng, Bai Xianyong, and cal persecution in an intimate man- journeyed to Beijing to study at Yu Hua, the poets Yu Guangzhong ner, and having a strong desire to the elite Beijing Languages and and Ya Hsien, as well as many who transmit knowledge about these Culture University, where he so have come to call the United States experiences across generations, excelled at the study of English their home, including the musician is important for those wishing to he subsequently became a profes- Liu Sola, the artist Xu Bing, and become successful in the transna- sor of English. He later came to Da Chen. A recording of his talk tional Chinese publishing world. the United States to study further, is available on the Rice Webcast Da Chen, New York Times bestselling eventually becoming an investment website: [http://webcast.rice.edu/ author, discussed these motivations lawyer, but turned to writing in webcast.php?action=details&event and skills in his talk, “From China order to teach his children about =778]. to Random House,” at the Baker the difficulties experienced by his Institute November 14. generation of Chinese. Da Chen described how he Da Chen spoke as part of the and his family struggled to sur- Transnational China Project’s dis- vive as landowners in rural Fujian tinguished lecture series, which

8 GREENWICH FORUM HOSTS BAKER BOOK SIGNING AND DISCUSSION ON IMMIGRATION REFORM

The Baker Institute hosted two prehensive immigration reform. ties outside Houston. Upcoming events in Greenwich, Connecticut, The event was hosted at the home Greenwich Forum events include this fall as part of its Greenwich of Mr. and Mrs. Kendall. a private briefing by Ambassador Forum. On October 11, the insti- The Greenwich Forum is the Edward P. Djerejian in spring 2007. tute hosted a special reception and institute’s first satellite member- book signing with Secretary James ship program and is intended to A. Baker, III. The signing, in honor increase awareness of and support of Secretary Baker’s new book, for the institute’s research proj- Work Hard, Study . . . and Keep Out ects and programs to communi- of Politics! Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life, was an outreach event on behalf of the forum. Introductions were made by institute supporter Donald M. Kendall, former chairman and CEO of PepsiCo Inc. Before the signing, Secretary Baker made brief remarks about his path to politics and his political career, and he answered questions from the audi- ence regarding his recent work as co-chair of the Iraq Study Group. More than 70 people attended the exclusive reception and event. Special guests included Mrs. Susan Baker, Mrs. Prescott Bush, the Honorable and Mrs. E. Pendleton James, the Honorable James Lash, Mr. Nicholas Gallucio, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Mitchell, Mr. Todd Goergen, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Dapuzzo, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Rawn, and Mr. Darrell Harvey. The event was hosted by Ted Kratovil. The institute hosted its fall discussion December 5. The Honorable Douglas B. Baker, spe- cial assistant to the U.S. president and senior director for border and transportation security, led the Clockwise from top left: James A. Baker, III, discusses his path to politics before signing copies of his new discussion and spoke about the book; Donald Kendall and Susan Baker; Scott Fossel and Nancy Burke pick up copies of the book after impact of border security on com- Secretary Baker’s remarks.

9 INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL CONFERENCE EXAMINES GLOBAL ADVANCES AND POLICIES

On October 24, the Baker ethical considerations with the professor of philosophy at the Institute Science and Technology advancement of stem cell research University of Turin in Italy; and Policy Program co-hosted a confer- policy development. Angela McNab from the Human ence with the Carnegie Institute The conference began with Fertilisation and Embryology of Washington to discuss interna- Michael Gazzaniga, a member Authority in the United Kingdom. tional advancements and policies of the President’s Council on In addition, Rosario Isasi, fellow in the field of human embryonic Bioethics and professor of psychol- at the Centre de Recherche en stem cell research. The confer- ogy at the University of California, Droit Public at the University of ence, “Avenues for Advancement,” Santa Barbara, who discussed how Montreal, reviewed policies and was the third conference in the different council members justified attitudes of developing countries Baker Institute series “Stem Cells: banning or supporting embryonic toward human embryonic stem cell Saving Lives or Crossing Lines.” stem cell research. Gazzaniga was research. While past events have focused on followed by Thomas Zwaka, assis- Overarching themes that were the current U.S. policy and state tant professor at Baylor College emphasized during the conference initiatives, this conference, held in of Medicine, who reviewed cur- included the need for truthful Washington, D.C., focused on pro- rent human embryonic stem cell dialogue about the potentials of posed models for regulation and research. LeRoy Walters, profes- embryonic stem cell research as international regulation policies. sor of philosophy at Georgetown well as the need for adequate over- Embryonic stem cell research University, and Mark Frankel, sight and regulation on the federal became the focus of world policy director of the scientific freedom, level to promote ethical and sound in 1998, when American scientists responsibility, and law program at research in the United States. isolated and extracted the first the American Association for the “The conference was a great human embryonic stem cells. Advancement of Science, examined opportunity to compare successes Recent advancements in this area the ethical concerns and U.S. stem and flaws found in regulatory sys- of science have made embryonic cell policies, respectively. tems from other countries and to stem cell research one of the most The afternoon session help determine the best course of explosive and problematic issues in focused on models for embry- action for the United States,” said U.S. science policy. As controversy onic stem cell research regulation. Kirstin Matthews, program man- surrounding this issue persists in Participants included speakers ager of the institute’s Science and the United States, scientific advanc- from the National Academies, the Technology Policy Program. es in embryonic stem cell research International Society for Stem The conference was sponsored continue around the world. These Cell Research, and the Hinxton by Tech Health Science advancements have often been group, a group of scientists, Center, the University of Texas accompanied by new regulation ethicists, lawyers, journal editors, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, policies in some countries that and policymakers. A discussion the University of Texas Medical could potentially guide U.S. deci- of how specific countries’ fed- Branch at Galveston, and the sion makers to create a regulatory eral policies and regulations were University of Texas Health Science system at home. Drawing from defined, how they came about, Center at Houston. Support for these experiences and the work and expected future changes this conference was generously done by private groups, the U.S. included Timothy Caulfield, pro- provided by the Richard Lounsbery government could more effectively fessor of law at the University of Foundation. combine scientific, medical, and Alberta in Canada; Maurizo Mori,

10 SALLY RIDE SCIENCE FESTIVAL FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL GIRLS DRAWS CROWD OF 1,000 TO RICE

On October 28, the Baker ing featured talk, encouraging the Institute along with Rice girls to “reach for the stars.” More 2006 SCIENCE AND University’s Space Institute and than 30 discovery workshops gave TECHNOLOGY POLICY the Schools of Engineering and students and adults a closer look at STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS Natural Sciences, sponsored the various aspects of scientific careers. The Baker Institute Sally Ride Science Festival at Rice. Kirstin Matthews, science and tech- Science and Technology Policy The festival was created to promote nology policy program manager Program awarded inaugural careers in math and science, spe- at the Baker Institute, partnered Science and Technology Policy cifically focusing on fifth through with Kimberly Matthews, a chemi- Student Travel Awards to eighth grade girls. At this age, cal engineer with ExxonMobil three Rice University under- graduate students to attend many girls lose interest in math Corp. to present a workshop for the “Stem Cells: Saving Lives and science. The festival was cre- the students titled, “What Chemical or Crossing Lines, Avenues ated to help bring the excitement Engineers Really Do.” Amy Jaffe, for Advancement” confer- back. the institute’s Wallace S. Wilson ence, which took place at the Carnegie Institute of The festival brought more than Fellow in Energy Studies, pre- Washington in Washington, 1,000 girls, teachers, and parents sented a workshop on a parent’s D.C. The students included to talk with female scientists and perspective of the college admis- two biochemistry majors, engineers from the Houston com- sions process. Other workshop Brad Colquitt and Philip munity. A street fair with booths, speakers included faculty from Rice Pauerstein, and a philoso- phy major, Kathryn Wheat. hands-on activities, food, and University, M.D. Anderson Cancer While in Washington, they music kicked off the festival. After Center, Baylor College of Medicine, helped Baker Institute staff lunch, the first American woman the University of Houston, and the with conference preparations in space, Sally Ride, gave an inspir- NASA space center. and attended all conference events. This gave the students a unique opportunity to learn about embryonic stem cell policy from some of the lead- ing experts in the field. Each student applied for the award by submitting an essay describing themselves, their interest in embryonic stem cell policy, and why they should be chosen. The winners were chosen based on an inde- pendent blind review from a committee, which included three Baker Institute scholars and one representative of the Baker Institute Student Forum. The Science and Technology Policy Program will continue to sponsor this new award pro- gram for future events hosted outside the Houston area. Former astronaut Sally Ride signs autographs after giving an inspirational speech to middle school girls about the possibilites of careers in math and science.

11 THE JAMES A. BAKER III PRIZE FOR EXCELLENCE IN LEADERSHIP HONORS CHARLES W. DUNCAN, JR.

The Baker Institute awarded the inaugural James A. Baker III Prize for Excellence in Leadership to the Honorable Charles W. Duncan, Jr., at a special presentation and dinner November 16. In awarding this prize, the institute paid tribute to Duncan’s distinguished accom- plishments in public service and civic life. Secretary James A. Baker, III, gave the award presentation. He recognized Duncan’s leading role, while chairman of Rice University’s Board of Trustees, in the creation, achievements, and success of the Baker Institute. He also spoke on Duncan’s distinguished achieve- Charles W. Duncan, Jr., and James A. Baker, III From left: James A. Baker, III, Susan Baker, Charles W. Duncan, Jr., Anne Duncan, Mary Anne Duncan-Dingus, Sarah Duncan, Annie ments in public service, private Duncan (in front), Leslie Duncan, Mariah Dingus (in front), Charles Duncan, III, Françoise Djerejian, Edward P. Djerejian enterprise, and philanthropy. “He’s been a leader all his life,” Baker said. “A Rice graduate and veteran of World War II, Duncan first made his mark in business, ris- ing to president of Duncan Foods in 1958 and president of Coca Cola in 1971. In recognition of his abili- ties, President Carter appointed him deputy secretary of defense and then, from 1979 to 1981, sec- Institute fellows: Joan Neuhaus, Sari Nusseibeh, and Vivian Ho Isaac Arnold, Toni Arnold, and Charles W. Duncan, Jr. retary of energy. As businessman, public servant, and philanthropist, Charles Duncan has demonstrated the very highest form of leader- ship.” The Baker Prize was established in 2006 to recognize nationally and internationally renowned lead- ers for their excellence in public service and civic life, be it through achievements in government, busi- ness, science, education, or philan- thropy. Pat Breen, Anne Brent Laurie Morian, Reed Morian

12 THE JAMES A. BAKER III PRIZE FOR EXCELLENCE IN LEADERSHIP HONORS CHARLES W. DUNCAN, JR.

From left: James A. Baker, III, Susan Baker, Charles W. Duncan, Jr., Anne Duncan, Mary Anne Duncan-Dingus, Sarah Duncan, Annie Janice McNair, Bob McNair Duncan (in front), Leslie Duncan, Mariah Dingus (in front), Charles Duncan, III, Françoise Djerejian, Edward P. Djerejian

Isaac Arnold, Toni Arnold, and Charles W. Duncan, Jr. Malcolm Gillis, Fairfax Randall, Risher Randall Bill Hobby, Diana Hobby

Patty Hubbard, Lan Bentsen, B.A. Bentsen Becky Gorham, Ralph O’Connor Ellen Randall, Edward Randall

13 ACTIVIST SAMANTHA POWER CHALLENGES AMERICAN POLICYMAKERS’ RECORD ON GENOCIDE

Samantha Power, author of A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide, criticized U.S. lead- ership for failing to respond to major genocides of the 20th cen- tury, and she urged public activism to force policymakers to address genocide more proactively. Power, whose book won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction and the National Book Critics Circle Award, spoke October 26 about her quest to answer the evocative question, Why do American leaders who vow Author and activist Samantha Power urges the public to pressure policymakers to address genocide. “never again” repeatedly fail to stop genocide? sacre of the Armenians?’” ended with the current situation in More than 250 high-school and It was this massacre by the Turk Iraq. college students, faculty, and com- regime of more than 1,000,000 Utilizing exclusive inter- munity members packed the Doré Armenians that led to the coining views with top policymakers in Commons to hear the journalist, of the term “genocide.” But more- Washington, access to newly classi- professor, and human rights activ- over, it is the “forgetting” of the fied documents, and observations ist offer her own scholarly analysis atrocity that haunts activists like from her own reporting from the of America’s policy toward geno- Power and policymakers alike. present-day massacre fields, Power cide in the 20th century. “Forgetting the tragic lessons of stipulated that the fundamental “Samantha Power’s contribution history is a formula for repeating failure concerning America’s to our knowledge could not be them,” Djerejian warned. Up to response to genocide stemmed [timelier]; our policymakers must today, when we are faced with the from a lack of “signaling” by the take heed,” said Director Edward hell of genocide in Darfur, what U.S. president that genocide is a P. Djerejian in his introductory more evidence do we need that matter of national concern. remarks. this problem from hell is with us?” “No president has announced Djerejian noted that in her Power detailed the pattern to his bureaucracy that this is a book, Power discusses the origins of U.S. response to major geno- priority, the bureaucracy responds of the term “genocide,” and spe- cides of the 20th century, begin- accordingly. In other words, the fix cifically, how Hitler instructed his ning with the Turk’s slaughter is in before the violence starts…. military chiefs that victors write of the Armenians, through the Signals are sent to people about history: “‘The aim of war is not to Holocaust, Saddam Hussein’s gas- what matters to a president…. No reach definite lines, but to anni- sing and massacre of the Kurds, American president entering the hilate the enemy physically. It is the ethnic cleansings in former 21st century ever signaled to his by this means that we shall obtain Yugoslavia, the Hutus’ genocide of foreign policy team or system as a the vital living space that we need. the Tutsi in Rwanda, the mass kill- whole that this was a priority.” Who today still speaks of the mas- ings in Sudan’s Darfur region, and continued on page 20

14 BISF FALL EVENTS: PANEL ON THE LEGALITY OF TORTURE PROMPTS DEMONSTRATIONS

A panel discussion and debate Poverty and the Politics of Population Liberation Organization (PLO) on the legality of torture orga- in Haiti (New Jersey: Rutgers and his founding of the People’s nized by the Baker Institute University Press, 2006), and Voice initiative. Student Forum (BISF) drew recounted her experiences in The BISF also organized student protestors to the Baker Haiti. a November 8 tour of Rice Institute November 3. The event, On November 17 members of University’s biodiesel facilities. Led “Interrogation and Detention the BISF met with Sari Nusseibeh, by civil and environmental engi- in Wartime: Legal and Military president of the Al-Quds University neer Guytan Dirnin, the tour dem- Perspectives,” prompted protests in East Jerusalem, who was recently onstrated how Rice converts waste because of the controversial stance appointed the Diana Tamari oils from its dining facilities into that one of the speakers, John Sabbagh Fellow in Middle Eastern fuel, which will soon be used by Choon Yoo, has taken in support Studies at the Baker Institute. Rice shuttles and campus catering of torture’s constitutional justifi- Nusseibeh is working under the vans. The tour also provided infor- cation. Yoo is currently a profes- auspices of the institute’s Conflict mation on the possible expansion sor of law at the University of Resolution Program. He discussed of biofuel usage in society at large, California, Berkeley, and formerly the sensitive issues surrounding offering students a valuable public was a deputy assistant attorney the Middle East and his past work policy perspective. general at the U.S. Department of as a representative of the Palestine Justice. The other panel partici- pants were Donald Goldstein, an Right: Rice students demonstrate against international security and intel- the constitutional justification of torture by ligence expert who is a professor a member of the panel at a Baker Institute Student Forum event; below: panel par- of public and international affairs ticipants, from left to right, Jordan Paust, Donald Goldstein, and John Choon at the University of Pittsburgh, and Yoo engage in a lively discussion about Jordan Paust, an international law “Interrogation and Detention in Wartime.” expert who is a law professor at the University of Houston. As part of its lineup of fall events, the BISF tackled the topic of demography and pov- erty with a November 29 lecture, “Reproducing Inequalities: Poverty and the Politics of Population in Haiti,” which featured M. Catherine Maternowska, an assis- tant professor at the Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy at the University of California, San Francisco. Maternowska presented the research gathered for her new book, Reproducing Inequalities:

15 HISTORIAN DOUGLAS BRINKLEY OFFERS EDITOR’S INSIGHT INTO THE REAGAN DIARIES

Prominent presidential histo- on President Jimmy Carter and of writing Reagan accomplished. rian Douglas Brinkley discussed President Reagan. In his lecture, He wrote a journal entry every his role as the editor of President he recounted tales of Reagan single day of his two-term adminis- Ronald Reagan’s diaries and his throughout his eight-year admin- tration, except for four days—the aim to firmly establish Reagan’s istration, unearthing lesser-known days he remained in the hospital views so critics, historians, and the details by quoting Reagan himself. recovering from John Hinckley’s public finally would “get his image Brinkley recounted the back- assassination attempt. The diaries, in line.” Brinkley’s presentation ground behind the famous “The all hand-written, big, bound books, October 27 was the first and only Boys of Pointe du Hoc” address have been kept until now by Nancy talk he planned to give concerning given by Reagan in 1984, which not Reagan. the Reagan diaries before the first only launched the president’s rat- Brinkley found that despite annotated volume is released in ings domestically, but also cement- rumors that Reagan suffered from spring 2007. ed his role as model spokesperson Alzheimer’s during his presidency, Brinkley, director of the for “the Greatest Generation.” the diary entries demonstrated that Theodore Roosevelt Center for In extracting the most histori- he thought, wrote, and acted with a American Civilization and profes- cally interesting parts from the dia- clear mind through the end of his sor of history at Tulane University, ries, Brinkley concluded that the administration. has written numerous New York most shocking aspect of this proj- Times bestsellers, including works ect was the overwhelming amount

COOK DISCUSSES POLICY ON SUICIDE BOMB ATTACKS

David Cook, assistant profes- carried out by Sri Lanka’s Tamil motivations for Muslim suicide sor of religious studies at Rice Tiger rebels (who are Hindu), the bombers are difficult to ascertain, University, rejected profiling as a attacks by Muslim extremist groups even in cases when the bomber way to deter suicide bomb attacks have received the lion’s share of leaves behind a “martyrdom video.” in an October 19 lecture. Cook, attention in the U.S. and European Experts cite religious obligation, who is an authority on Muslim media. nationalism, revenge, a sense of apocalyptic literature and move- Cook detailed the use of sui- community, group identification— ments, argued that efforts to dis- cide attacks as a tactic in Lebanon, even “romantic suicides” involving cern a profile for likely suicide Israel, Pakistan, Indonesia, husband-and-wife teams. But this bombers have all failed. Kashmir, and other parts of the very disparity highlights the prob- Cook’s lecture, “Policy world, culminating in Iraq, where lems with determining a psycho- Responses to Suicide Attacks by it has exceeded “any other theater logical profile for potential suicide Radical Muslims,” examined the in terms of technical innovation, bombers, Cook argued. recent history and geography of number of attacks and number of Nevertheless, given what he suicide bombings as well as recom- people killed.” He estimated the called the “widespread cult of mendations for policymakers trying number of suicide bomb attacks in martyrdom,” Cook said, “it is only to prevent them. Iraq at 540, and put the death toll a matter of time before we see sui- While the greatest number of at between 16,000 and 18,000. cide attacks in the United States.” suicide bomb attacks have been Cook emphasized that the

16 national and international stem January 2001. He was director of QATAR cell policy development, workshops the National Science Foundation continued from page 1 to bring together scholars and sci- (NSF) and member (ex officio) of people of Qatar through the estab- entists from the international com- the National Science Board from lishment of the International Stem munity, a new program website, October 1993 to August 1998. Cell Program,” Djerejian said. “We and major publications based on “The Science and Technology look forward to our collaboration conference and workshop findings. Policy Program has been interested with Qatar on this significant pub- To encourage stem cell research in in stem cell research and policies lic policy initiative in the field of the Middle East, the program will for several years,” Lane said. “This biomedical research.” also feature an annual award to a endowment will help us expand The International Stem Cell promising young scientist from the our program and do more research Program is being established as region. Certain of the program’s on international policies.” part of a long-term relationship international activities will be in The goal of the Baker Institute between the Baker Institute and direct partnership with the Qatar stem cell program is to connect Qatar. The Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Foundation for Education, Science policy and science in an interna- Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, is and Community Development and tional context and promote stron- working to establish Qatar as a organized at Education City in the ger avenues for cooperation and leader in innovative education and Qatari capital, Doha. advancement of medical science research. The new program will be head- and policy. Because of the con- Ambassador Al Khalifa stated, ed by Neal Lane, senior fellow in troversy surrounding embryonic “We are pleased to be involved in science and technology policy at research, the program seeks to a project that will promote discus- the Baker Institute. Lane formerly develop policies that account for sions on the ethical and policy con- served in the U.S. federal govern- cultural and religious factors that siderations that are facing embry- ment as assistant to President influence science policy around onic stem cell research throughout Clinton for science and technology the world. the world.” and director of the White House Embryonic stem cells are The program will include a Office of Science and Technology unique because they have the abil- series of major conferences on Policy from August 1998 to ity to transform into any cell in the human body. Scientists believe they can eventually use embryonic stem cells to replace tissues and special- ized cells that have been injured or destroyed by disease. Although more research is necessary before stem cells can be used in therapy, experts believe that embryonic stem cells have the potential to cure or treat debilitating injuries or diseases such as spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s, and diabetes. The Baker Institute’s Science and Technology Policy Program held a conference on embryonic stem cells in November 2004 that included presentations by interna- Edward P. Djerejian and Nasser bin Hamad M. Al Khalifa, Qatar’s ambassador to the United States, sign the agreement establishing the endowment. continued on page 18

17 AMERICANS AND RUSSIANS WORKING TOGTHER IN SPACE

NASA Astronaut Michael Foale Foale related his experi- in addition to providing alternate gave a presentation November 2 on ences working and flying with the access to the Space Station, with “Americans and Russians Working Russians and the benefits of the their Mission Control Center in Together in Space.” Foale, who relationship. Without their involve- Korolev and their modules and has flown on both the American ment, the United States and the their separate systems, brought Space Shuttle and the Russian other international partners would a redundancy that has proven its Soyuz spacecraft, holds the U.S. not have been able to man and importance on numerous occa- record for time in space—logging operate the International Space sions. more than 374 days, including four Station after the tragic loss of Space Foale related the benefits of space walks totaling more than 22 Shuttle Columbia and its crew. working together based on real-life hours. He also has had more expe- Foale and his family lived experiences and problems. He felt rience working and flying with the in Russia for more than two it is important, as we look beyond Russians than any other American. years before his MIR flight, and the International Space Station to Foale has flown on six Space he speaks Russian fluently. On leaving Earth’s orbit, to continue Shuttle flights and served as a his flight as Commander of to work together and build on our flight engineer for four-and-a-half the Expedition 8 crew of the relationships. months on the MIR 23 and MIR 24 International Space Station in missions. While serving as a mem- 2003-2004, he flew on the Russian ber of the MIR 23 crew in 1997, Soyuz spacecraft for his launch Foale helped reestablish the MIR and for his return from the after it experienced a collision and International Space Station. depressurization. He noted that the Russians have,

China Project will work with archive, and analyze advertise- TCP Horizon Survey Research in Beijing ments from the subways of Tokyo, continued from page 4 to conduct surveys of subway Seoul, London, Mexico City, and Kong, Shanghai, Singapore, and commuters in Beijing, Shanghai, Washington, D.C. Taipei, with support provided by Nanjing, and Guangzhou to reveal the Henry Luce Foundation of the influence of advertisements in New York. Preliminary results were these important new urban public presented at the annual meeting of spaces. In future years, the TCP the New England Association for plans to do more comparative Asian Studies in November 2006. research, working with research- In early 2007, the Transnational ers around the world to collect,

ference was held March 6, 2006, collaboration with the Carnegie QATAR at the institute that focused on Institute of Washington. (For more continued from page 17 state-level stem cell policies. The information about the conference, tional and national scientists, ethi- program’s first international policy see article on page 10.) cists, journalists, advocacy groups, conference took place October and policy experts. A second con- 24, 2006, in Washington, D.C., in

18 Addis raised critical ques- scientists and engineers whose pre- BIOMASS tions surrounding the collision of sentations focused on feedstocks, continued from page 6 energy and agriculture markets. genomics, and refinery processes. works!’” However, he added, “We Specifically, he asked, “With three Applied genomics has the potential are fundamentally talking about robust centers of demand for to increase feedstock yields, intro- market transformation of the larg- grains and oilseeds, specifically duce or improve upon environ- est industries in the world. This feed for our livestock, edible oils, mental condition tolerances, and is not a single in-use, point-of-sale and energy, what happens if we optimize biomass composition for captive customer like the federal have a grain supply shock, spe- conversion. Advancements in pre- government.” cifically a drought in the United treatment processes for the starting Karsner said the role of the States? Such an event would have a biomass are critical to lowering DOE is to be “iterative and cata- far greater impact on our livestock production costs. Scientists are lytic with the private sector” rather industry and our grocery bills than trying to develop enhanced pre- than be solely promoting in-house on our energy industry and our treatment processes that use less advancement. He noted that the gasoline prices.” energy, require a smaller volume of department has targeted biofuels, Spence cited the need for expensive chemicals, and produce which currently constitute 3% of industry standards to ensure fuel a higher yield of sugar per biowaste U.S. petroleum consumption, to quality, especially considering that bushel to convert to alcohol fuel. be increased to 30% of total petro- biodiesels created from different Amy Myers Jaffe, the Wallace S. leum use by 2030. feedstocks have varying flow char- Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at During the plenary session acteristics and co-flow properties. the Baker Institute, said the confer- on biomass, energy policy, and The final panel discussed the ence provided valuable insight into societal impact, Susan Cischke, politics of biofuels in the United the interworkings of the biofuels vice president of environmental States. Margie Kriz, a correspon- industry and raised the pivotal and safety engineering for Ford dent for the National Journal, questions that must be considered Motor Company, Paul Addis, chief explained that the overlap of if biofuels are to play an indispens- executive officer of Louis Dreyfus agriculture and energy in biofuels able role in the U.S. energy sector. Energy, and William Spence, chief lends itself to jurisdictional dis- “One impression I was left with executive officer of Galveston Bay putes in Congress, as the commit- is that it would be highly compli- Biodiesel, presented industry per- tee origin of a bill will have a direct cated to manage the logistics of spectives on the logistics of biofuel impact on ultimately what gets a major push for biofuels from integration and implementation. passed in this area. Gal Luft, execu- different feedstock sources,” she In her discussion of Ford’s R&D tive director of the Institute for the said. “One of the reasons [biofuel of biofuel-compatible automobile Analysis of Global Security, empha- implementation] has worked in technologies, Cischke noted that sized the need for diversity among Brazil is that sugar is the only input the greatest obstacle lies in devel- alcohols and chided the American material. Once you go to multiple oping a calibration system that political system for its wholesale sources (grasses, corn, woodchips, allows cars to operate on any mix- adoption of ethanol. Luft also waste oil, etc.) you are talking ture of ethanol and gasoline. Such pointed out that the United States about different fuels with different a system does not exist at present. should model its biofuel implemen- properties; therefore it is hard to Biodiesels from various biomass tation after Brazil, which gradually respond with car technology and sources further complicate the raised the ethanol content of its with standardized fuel standards implementation of a universal cali- gasoline to work up to its current to implement a comprehensive bration system as each input mate- E85 and E95 blends. national campaign of the order of rial will create a fuel of a differing The plenary session on biomass magnitude targeted by the DOE.” formulation. science and technology featured

19 nexus of national interest.” The event, which was generously GENOCIDE Power concluded by encour- underwritten by the Bridgeway continued from page 14 aging all to continue making Charitable Foundation, was also Only in the late 1990s did “noise,” forcing our leaders and co-hosted by the HMH. norms and popular perceptions of policymakers to address genocide atrocities and human rights begin proactively: “Take leaders to task. to change, with policies slowly A much more efficient way to see following. Power discussed the genocide intervention advance is increasing domestic awareness “we actually for us to elect somebody now have [because] of the conse- who makes genocide intervention quences of ignoring foreign life in a priority….” our foreign policy.” Policymakers’ Power’s visit to Houston coin- fear of generating more “noise” cided with the Holocaust Museum from the public at home looms of Houston’s (HMH) genocide greater than their fear of aggres- exhibit, “Through the Eyes of sively getting involved “without a Children: The Rwanda Project.”

can end the sectarian violence and the Iraqi government’s ability to Q & A secure their people.” They under- meet benchmarks. Within the continued from page 2 scored the president’s statement region, the president did not commitment to a two-state solution that “the essential U.S. security announce an international support for Israel and Palestine. mission” in Iraq is the training of group for Iraq, including all of Iraqi forces, and they said that they Iraq’s neighbors, nor mention mea- What key elements of The ISG Report’s support increasing the number of sures the ISG suggested to reach a recommendations did the president American advisers embedded in comprehensive Arab-Israeli settle- embrace, and what did he not accept in Iraqi army units with the goal that ment. the address to the nation he made on the Iraqi government will assume Iraq on January 10, 2007? control of security in all provinces What is the ISG’s position on the surge The co-chairs of the ISG issued in Iraq by November 2007. They of troops in Baghdad? a statement January 11, 2007, on also noted that the ISG recom- The ISG indicated that it could the president’s speech that basically mended many of the benchmarks “support a short-term redeployment addressed what was accepted and President Bush outlined for Iraq, or surge of American combat forces not in The ISG Report. First, they and they agreed with the president to stabilize Baghdad” comple- stated that they are pleased that the that now is the time for the Iraqi mented by comprehensive political, president reviewed the report of government to act. economic, and diplomatic efforts. the ISG carefully and seriously and At the same time, they expressed Questions, of course, remain about that some of the ISG recommen- the hope that the president and his the nature of the surge. The co- dations are reflected in the new administration will further consider chairs stated that they are encour- approach that the president out- other recommendations of the ISG. aged by the president’s statement lined, while others have not been They pointed out that the president that “America’s commitment is not adopted. did not suggest the possibility of a open-ended” and Secretary Gates’ They agreed with President transition that could enable U.S. statement that the addition of Bush that, “the situation in Iraq combat forces to begin to leave 21,000 troops would be viewed as a is unacceptable to the American Iraq, and he did not state that polit- temporary surge. They also empha- people,” the consequences of fail- ical, military, or economic support ure are severe, and “only the Iraqis for Iraq would be conditional on continued on page 21

20 current and prospective situation in Q & A Iraq? RAWS ILLIONS continued from page 20 ISG D M The trip by the ISG members to TO BAKER INSTITUTE sized the critical point that the Baghdad was absolutely essential WEBSITE violence in Baghdad will not end in that it gave the ISG members a without a political solution; namely, firsthand assessment of the situa- Of the more than national reconciliation. tion on the ground and enabled 4,000,000 visitors to the Baker them to meet with a wide range of Institute’s website between What do you think are the prospects Iraqi and United States civilian and the December 6 publication for the administration and Congress military officials, Iraqi political and of The Iraq Study Group Report to implement ISG recommendations in religious leaders, as well as with and mid-January, the major- the comprehensive way that the group nongovernmental organizations, ity of the users who came stressed is necessary in order to achieve foreign diplomats, and interna- to download the report— progress? tional organizations’ representatives 500,000 in the first 10 days— The ISG Report has great value in on the scene. There is no substitute stayed on the website and being a bipartisan effort and con- for direct contact of this nature. spent time researching and sensus on Iraq. It provides the pres- The discussions the ISG had in gathering background infor- ident and the Congress a vehicle to Baghdad played an important part mation about the institute. find common ground on the way in the drafting of The ISG Report. On December 6, at 10:00 forward in Iraq. Therefore, it pres- One can sense the complexity of a.m. (CST) when the report ents an opportunity to bring our the challenges we face in Iraq as was released, 23,000 people country together. I hope it will be reflected in the very first two sen- downloaded the report in viewed in this light in the months tences of the executive summary one hour. Users continued ahead. As the co-chairs stated, of The ISG Report: “The situation to download the report at “America’s political leaders have a in Iraq is grave and deteriorating. the rate of 200 times per responsibility to seek a There is no path that can guaran- minute during this peak bipartisan consensus on issues of tee success, but the prospects can period. Activity on the website war and peace. We want to be help- be improved.” remained significantly high ful in forging that unity of effort. around the clock in the days We welcome President Bush’s com- following the report’s release, mitment to form a working group reflecting the international with congressional leaders that will audiences visiting the website work across party lines in pursuit of from Europe, Asia, and the a common policy.” Hopefully, the Middle East. report will be considered as com- As of mid-January, the prehensively as possible. As pointed institute’s website averaged out in the report, the ISG’s recom- about 83,000 hits per day or mendations should not be carried about 2,500,000 per month. out in isolation, especially since the More than 5,000 people sub- dynamics in the Middle East region scribe daily to the institute’s are as important to Iraq as events news feed, which provides within Iraq. them with automatically updated content from the How did your experience traveling to website. Iraq with the ISG in late August and early September affect your view of the

21 NEW PUBLICATIONS

“Does Reducing College Costs “Bridging the Gap Between “Americas Project 2006: Freedom Improve Educational Outcomes Science and Society: The of Expression in the 21st for Undocumented Relationship Between Century in the Americas” Immigrants?” Policy and Research in National Policy Report #34 Research Paper Laboratories, Universities, December 2006 January 2007 Government and Industry” Americas Project (Baker Institute) Amiee Chin, PhD (University of Monograph Houston), Chinhui Juhn, PhD November 2006 To download the complete text of these (University of Houston) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy publications and others, please visit our (Rice University), Science and website at http://bakerinstitute.org and “Should Electronic Commerce Technology Policy Program look under Publications. Receive Preferential Tax (Baker Institute), Los Alamos Treatment?” National Laboratory, National Research Paper Science Foundation January 2007 George Zodrow, PhD (Baker “Vertical Integration of Hospitals: Institute/Rice University) Patient Steering or Integrated Delivery Care?” “The Property Tax as a Capital Research Paper Tax: A Room with Three Views” November 2006 Research Paper Sayaka Nakamura, PhD January 2007 (Baker Institute) George Zodrow, PhD (Baker Institute/Rice University) “Iraq’s Oil Sector: Issues and Opportunities” Research Paper December 2006 Amy Myers Jaffe (Baker Institute)

ZODROW NAMED EDITOR OF NATIONAL TAX JOURNAL

George Zodrow, Baker government, and the private sector, Institute Rice Scholar and a prin- that will be celebrating its 100th cipal contributor to the Tax and birthday in 2007. Zodrow has also Expenditure Policy Program, has served on the Board of Directors been named editor of the National of the National Tax Association, Tax Journal, effective January 1, on the Editorial Advisory Board of 2007. Zodrow is also a professor the National Tax Journal, and as edi- of economics at Rice University. tor of the Policy Watch section of The National Tax Journal is the top International Tax and Public Finance. academic journal specializing in applied tax policy issues. It is the flagship journal of the National Tax Association, an organization of tax policy experts in academia, the

22 BAKER INSTITUTE FELLOWS, SCHOLARS, AND PROGRAM MANAGERS Edward P. Djerejian Neal Lane, PhD Founding Director Senior Fellow in Science and BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT Janice and Robert McNair Technology Policy Chair in Public Policy Editor - Hillary Durgin Harmon Edward A. and Hermena Steven W. Lewis, PhD Graphic Design - Sonja D. Hancock Kelly University Fellow in Asian Studies Fulbright Chair for Senior Scholars Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer Intern Program Photographers - Katy Anderson, Allen Matusow, PhD Coordinator Kathy DiGiovanna, Jeff Associate Director for Academic Fitlow, Tommy LaVergne, Programs William Martin, PhD Mattox Photography, James E. Rippie Harry and Hazel Chavanne George Abbey Senior Fellow in Religion and Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Public Policy ©2007 by the Baker Institute for Space Policy Public Policy of Rice University. This material may be quoted Kirstin Matthews, PhD or reproduced without prior Joe Barnes Program Manager, Science and permission, provided appropri- Bonner Means Baker Fellow Technology Policy Program ate credit is given. For further information about the Baker Christopher Bronk, PhD Kenneth B. Medlock III, PhD Institute, please visit our website Fellow in Technology, Society, Fellow in Energy Studies at http://bakerinstitute.org. and Public Policy Sayaka Nakamura, PhD For further inquiries and Erika de la Garza Sid Richardson Scholar in address changes, we may be Program Director, Latin Health Economics reached by phone, 713-348- American Initiative 4683; fax, 713-348-5993; or Joan T. Neuhaus e-mail, [email protected]. John W. Diamond, PhD Fellow in Homeland Security Edward A. and Hermena and Terrorism Hancock Kelly Fellow in Tax The Baker Institute Report is printed on recycled Policy Sari Nusseibeh, PhD paper with funds pro- Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow vided by The Cullen Foundation Yair Hirschfeld, PhD in Middle Eastern Studies Publication Endowment. Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in Middle East Peace Peter Pedroni, PhD and Security in Honor of Will Clayton Nonresident To enquire about program Yitzhak Rabin Scholar in International support at the Baker Institute, please contact Molly H. Economics Hubbard, director of develop- Vivian Ho, PhD ment, at 713-348-4737. James A. Baker III Institute Yossi Yakhin, PhD Chair in Health Economics Will Clayton Fellow in To enquire about Roundtable International Economics membership at the Baker Amy Myers Jaffe Institute, please contact Nancy Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Granahan, development assis- tant, at 713-348-4200. Energy Studies

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