Troglofauna Survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project

Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

October 2014

Final Report Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd Final Report Author: E.S. Volschenk Reviewer: V.W. Framenau, K. Crews Date: 22 October 2014 Submitted to: Gay Bradley and Ray Gerrard (Piacentini & Son)

Chain of authorship and review

Name Task Version Date E.S. Volschenk Draft for technical review 1.0 29 July 2014 V.W. Framenau Technical review 1.1 3 August 2014 K. Crews Editorial review 1.2 4 August 2014 E.S. Volschenk Draft for client comments 1.3 4 August 2014 E.S. Volschenk Final submitted to client 2 22 October 2014

©Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2014 The use of this report is solely for the Client for the purpose in which it was prepared. Phoenix Environmental Sciences accepts no responsibility for use beyond this purpose. The validity of any third party data contained in this report has not been verified by Phoenix. All rights are reserved and no part of this report may be reproduced or copied in any form without the written permission of Phoenix Environmental Sciences or the Client.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1/511 Wanneroo Rd BALCATTA WA 6021 P: 08 9345 1608 F: 08 6313 0680 E: [email protected] Project code: 1049-WON-AR-SUB

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd i Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Contents CONTENTS ...... II LIST OF FIGURES ...... III LIST OF TABLES ...... III LIST OF APPENDICES ...... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... V 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Scope of work and survey objectives ...... 4 2 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT ...... 5 2.1 Commonwealth ...... 5 2.2 State ...... 5 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 7 3.1 Geology ...... 7 3.2 Climate and weather ...... 10 3.3 Biological context ...... 11 3.3.1 Troglofauna ...... 12 3.3.2 Identifying troglofauna ...... 12 3.3.3 Categories of short-range endemism ...... 13 3.3.4 Threatening processes ...... 14 4 METHODS ...... 16 4.1 Desktop review and database searches ...... 16 4.2 Field survey ...... 16 4.2.1 Bore scraping ...... 21 4.2.2 Troglofauna trapping ...... 21 4.2.3 Stygofauna netting ...... 22 4.2.4 Karaman-Chappuis sampling...... 22 4.3 Taxonomy ...... 22 4.3.1 Morphological species identification ...... 22 4.3.2 Genomic species identification ...... 23 4.4 Assessment of species richness ...... 25 4.5 Project personnel ...... 25 5 RESULTS ...... 26 5.1 Desktop review and database searches ...... 26 5.2 Field survey ...... 34 5.2.1 Species richness estimation ...... 44 5.2.2 Clitellata (clitellate worms) ...... 45 5.2.3 Arachnida (spiders and allies) ...... 45 5.2.4 Myriapoda (millipedes and allies) ...... 50 5.2.5 Collembola (springtails) ...... 53 5.2.6 Diplura (two-pronged bristletails) ...... 54

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd ii Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

5.2.7 Insecta (insects)...... 55 5.2.8 Crustacea (crabs and allies) ...... 58 6 DISCUSSION ...... 60 7 REFERENCES ...... 63

List of Figures Figure 1-1 Location of the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project ...... 2 Figure 1-2 Study area of the troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore project ...... 3 Figure 3-1 Surface geology of the study area ...... 9 Figure 3-2 Climate (average monthly temperatures and rainfall records) and weather data in the survey year of 2011 for Newman (BOM 2014) ...... 10 Figure 3-3 Climate (average monthly temperatures and rainfall records) and weather data for the 12 months terminating in the 2014 survey month for Newman (BOM 2014) ...... 11 Figure 4-1 Boreholes in the EMM and CMM deposits surveyed for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project ...... 17 Figure 4-2 Boreholes in the NMM deposit surveyed for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project ...... 18 Figure 4-3 Boreholes in the SMM deposit surveyed for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project...... 19 Figure 5-1 Troglofauna records identified from the desktop review ...... 33 Figure 5-2 Troglofauna survey bores and bores yielding troglofauna ...... 38 Figure 5-3 Representative troglofauna collected in the study area. a. Lechytia ‘w1’ (SMM, bore wnc362), b. Palpigradi sp. indet. (NMM, wnc385), c. Polyxenidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc388), d. Isopoda ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc666), e. Beierolpium ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc362), f. Symphyla ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc244), g. Troglarmadillo ‘w1’ (CMM, weeli wolli 4) ...... 39 Figure 5-4 Representative troglofauna collected in the study area. a. Meenoplidae ‘w1’ (SMM, bore wnc670), b. Nocticola ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc437), c. Projapygidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc407), d. Japygidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc390) ...... 40 Figure 5-5 Number of individuals (abundance) and site records for troglobitic species ...... 41 Figure 5-6 Distribution of SRE troglofauna species sampled from impact bores only ...... 42 Figure 5-7 Distribution of SRE troglofauna species sampled from two or more bores ...... 43 Figure 5-8 Observed troglofauna species richness as a percentage of extrapolated species richness ...... 44 Figure 6-1 Extent of Czr surface geology as potential habitat for troglofauna of the study area ..... 62

List of Tables Table 3-1 Surface geology of the study area including proportions within the mining pits ...... 8 Table 3-2 Phoenix SRE categories reflecting survey, taxonomic and identification uncertainties ... 14 Table 4-1 Summary of survey effort between the four survey areas ...... 20 Table 4-2 Summary of survey effort (number of samples) between impact and non-impact sites . 20 Table 4-3 Taxonomic specialists...... 23 Table 4-4 Project personnel ...... 25 Table 5-1 Short-range endemic troglofauna species identified through desktop review ...... 27 Table 5-2 Higher taxa troglofauna identified from desktop review ...... 31 Table 5-3 Troglofauna recorded during the field survey ...... 35 Table 5-4 Estimation of troglofauna richness using seven commonly used richness estimators .... 44

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iii Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

List of Appendices Appendix 1 List and locations of all bores surveyed Appendix 2 Sampling regime undertaken Appendix 3 Desktop survey results Appendix 4 Field survey results

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd iv Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd (WIO) is proposing to develop the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project (the Project) comprising seven mining pits and associated waste stockpiles and infrastructure. The study area surrounding this project is divided into three distinct areas representing rich Marra Mamba Iron ore deposits: northern deposit (NMM), central deposit (CMM) and southern deposit (SMM). Phoenix conducted a Level 2 troglofauna survey within the study area that also included survey bores from a site outside of the study area, referred to as the eastern deposit (EMM). Surveys were undertaken in 2011 (three trips) and a follow-up survey in 2014 (one trip). Four survey methods were used: bore scraping, troglofauna trapping, stygofauna netting and Karaman-Chappuis sampling. The latter two methods are usually reserved for stygofauna, but are included here because they also yielded troglofauna records. Stygofauna surveys were initially part of the survey scope but are not considered in this assessment as the Project does not intercept the groundwater table. A total of 511 samples were taken from 198 sample sites (including 192 survey bores and six Karaman-Chappuis sites). A total of 68 sites were surveyed in the NMM deposit, 53 sites in the SMM deposit and 46 and 31 sites in the CMM and EMM deposits respectively. In total, 45 sites were sampled in the direct impact area for troglofauna (mining pits) and 153 sites were reference bores. Survey design and effort fulfilled the regulatory requirements of the Environmental Protection Authority’s Guidance Statement 54a (Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia) and Environmental Assessment Guide 12 (Environmental assessment guideline for consideration of subterranean fauna in environmental impact assessment in Western Australia). No limitations with respect to these guidelines were identified in the survey. The desktop review did not return any records from the study area, but identified 289 putative troglofauna records within the review area based on the nominal ranges of short-range endemism. These represented at least 74 identified troglofauna species from 20 families in 16 orders. A further 28 higher taxa included unidentified species (‘sp. indet.’) from 16 families in 12 orders. The majority of the desktop review records were from north of the study area, i.e. from mining areas such as Area C, Hope Downs, Marillana Creek, Yandi; some are from the west, i.e. West Angelas and some from the east around Newman. The survey resulted in a total of 252 individuals representing 35 putative troglobitic species, and eight higher taxonomic ranks (sp. indet.). Overall, the survey was highly biased towards records of species from single boreholes. Twenty-two species were collected from one bore only, nineteen of these as single specimen. Nine short-range endemic (SRE) species were only recorded from impact bores:  the micro-whipscorpions Palpigradi ‘w2’ and ‘w3’  the centipede Cryptops ‘w1’  the pincushion millipede Polyxenidae ‘w1’  the glasshouse millipedes Symphyla ‘w1’ and ‘w3’  the dipluran Japygidae ‘w1’ and Projapygidae ‘w1’  the slater Isopoda ‘w1’.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd v Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

In contrast nine SRE species were sampled from more than one bore and five of these occurred in more than one deposit indicating some level of subterranean habitat connectivity between deposits. Surface geology data indicate that NMM CMM and SMM are part of the same formation. While EMM is in the same type of geology as the other three deposits, the absence of specimen records makes it difficult to comment on the connectivity of EMM with the other deposits. All of the troglobitic species were recorded from bores intersecting the Czr surface geology, which we redefine here as: Hematite-goethite including Marrra Mamba Iron Formation, therefore this geology appears to represent the matrix for their habitats. The proposed mining footprints occupy approximately 204 ha of Czr surface geology, which represents only 2.9% of the continuous Czr extent (6,934 ha) that intersects the study area. The level of impact is therefore relatively small with 97.1% of the potential habitat to remain.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd vi Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

1 INTRODUCTION

In April 2011, Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd (Phoenix) was commissioned to undertake a Level 2 troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project (‘the Project’), located approximately 70 km west-northwest of Newman on leases M47/1423, M47/1424 and M47/1425 (Figure 1-1). The proponent is a 100% subsidiary of Ascot Resources Ltd. This report documents the results of four field surveys which were conducted in 2011 and 2014.

1.1 BACKGROUND

Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd (WIO) is proposing to develop the Project which contains three distinct deposits of the Marra Mamba formation referred to as North (NMM), Central (CMM) and South (SMM) Marra Mamba deposits. The Project involves the extraction of high-grade iron ore from the three deposits. The study area encompasses the three deposits containing five proposed pits, associated waste dumps and supporting infrastructure. The Project is expected to produce 5 Mtpa iron ore for mainly export. Three operating iron ore mines, West Angelas, Area C and Hope Downs, are located within a 25 km radius of the Project. According to the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA) Environmental Assessment Guideline for consideration of subterranean fauna in Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2013), a Level 2 subterrenean fauna survey is required when subterranean habitat and fauna are present. If the proposal has a significant impact on subterranean fauna, it is considered a key environmental factor and the impact mitigation hierarchy applies (EPA 2012a, 2013). Mining operations are not expected to reach the groundwater table and therefore a stygofauna survey was not required. Level 2 troglofauna survey was conducted within the an area encompassing the three Project deposits and three small reference deposits to the east, here in combination referred to as East Mamba Mamba (EMM); all deposits together are referred to as the study area in this report (Figure 1-2).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1 MA RBL B E A R RO A D

Trigg-Abydos Homeward Anson-Wodgina Bound MARBLE BAR

Millstream Chichester National Park

R O E A B O OM RO D O EN URNE WITT Mungaroona Range Nature Reserve

Warrigal Golden Outcamp - Eagle Murrays Nullagine Firetail Hill CID

Kings

Mt Brockman Cloud Break Christmas Creek Nammuldi MUN D JIN Brockman 2 A A R RO OY M HIL O L R Roy Hill O OA TEN D IT Koodaideri Western W A NI E R I

Brockman 4 Turner KA IJ D RIV R R

Syncline A TOM Marandoo

T U PRICE Marillana AN Marillana N Creek Phils Creek Tom Nyidinghu Price Western 4 Iron Valley Area C Yandi/HI JSE Karijini Mindy National MAC-E MAC-C Mindy Park Hope Jinidi Downs 1

GREAT NORTH HI West E RN GH WAY We s te rn Paraburdoo Angelas Newman HD4 Aus t r a l ia Western Orebody Range PARABURDOO 24-25 Channar Paraburdoo PERTH Eastern Orebody 18 Range Mt Whaleback Wheelarra NEWMAN 3-4 Orebody 35 Coobina 705000 710000 715000 7442500 Camp NMM West Truck Dump Park Bay Road - Camp to Office Pit 1

Road - Haul ROM Pad Pit 7 Pit 6 Pit 5

Magazine Office NMM East Area Dump

Road -

Magazine 7440000

Road - CMM Dump CMM Haul

Pit 2

G R EMM 2 E A T E R N H I G H W N O R T H A Y SMM

East 7437500 SMM West Dump Dump Road EMM 1 Pit 3 Pit 4 SMM, EMM 3 CMM, NMM

We st er n A u s tr al ia

PERTH Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK AND SURVEY OBJECTIVES

The EPA’s objective for subterranean fauna is to maintain representation, diversity, viability and ecological function at the species, population and assemblage level (EPA 2013). Therefore, the key objectives of the study were to:  provide information on the presence of troglofauna in the study area.  characterise the likely troglofauna habitat and its extent within the study area  assess the impact of this project to troglofauna within the study area. The scope of work was to:  conduct a desktop review of databases and literature to determine the context for troglofauna species found within the study area  conduct a Level 2 troglofauna survey  undertake specimen identifications and data analysis  identify potential impacts on troglofauna and habitat and make recommendations to minimise or mitigate these impacts  prepare a technical report outlining survey methods, results, significant fauna habitat and species records, assessment of potential impacts on troglofauna from the Project and advice on management and mitigation of impacts. The survey adhered to the following guidelines:  EPA Guidance statement No. 45a: Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54) (EPA 2007)  EPA Environmental Assessment Guideline 12: Environmental assessment Guideline for the assessment of Subterranean fauna in environmental impact assessment in Western Australia (EPA 2013).

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2 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT

The protection of fauna in Western Australia is principally governed by three acts:  Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)  Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act)  Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).

2.1 COMMONWEALTH

Under the EPBC Act, actions that have, or are likely to have, a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance (NES), require approval from the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. The EPBC Act provides for the listing of threatened native fauna as matters of NES. Conservation categories applicable to threatened fauna species under the EPBC Act are as follows:  Extinct (EX)1 – there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died  Extinct in the Wild (EW) – taxa known to survive only in captivity  Critically Endangered (CR) – taxa facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future  Endangered (EN) – taxa facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future  Vulnerable (VU) – taxa facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term  Conservation Dependent1 – taxa whose survival depends upon ongoing conservation measures; without these measures, a conservation dependent taxon would be classified as Vulnerable or more severely threatened. Few subterranean taxa from WA are listed as matters of NES and include the Cape Range Remipede (Kumonga exlayi) (Vulnerable) (Department of the Environment 2014a).

2.2 STATE

In Western Australia, the WC Act provides for the listing of native fauna (Threatened Fauna) species which are under identifiable threat of extinction. Threatened Fauna are assigned to one of four categories under the WC Act:  Schedule 1 (S1) – fauna that is rare or is likely to become extinct  Schedule 2 (S2) – fauna presumed to be extinct  Schedule 3 (S3) – Migratory birds protected under an international agreement  Schedule 4 (S4) – other specially protected fauna. Assessments for listing of fauna are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat categories.

1 Species listed as Extinct and Conservation Dependent are not matters of NES and therefore do not trigger the EPBC Act.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 5 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

The Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) administers the WC Act and also maintains a non- statutory list of Priority fauna species which is updated annually with the current version issued 18 September 2013 (DPaW 2013). Priority species are still considered to be of conservation significance – that is they may be rare or threatened – but cannot be considered for listing under the WC Act until there is adequate understanding of their threat levels. Species on the Priority fauna lists are assigned to one of five priority (P) categories, P1 (highest) – P5 (lowest), based on level of knowledge/concern. Any activities that are deemed to have a significant impact on listed fauna species can trigger referral to the EPA for assessment under the EP Act. Troglofauna species from the Pilbara that are currently listed on Schedule 1 (Western Australian Government 2013) include :  Paradraculoides anachoretus (Mesa A Paradraculoides) – VU  Paradraculoides bythius (Mesa B Paradraculoides) – VU  Paradraculoides gnophicola (Mesa G Paradraculoides) – VU  Paradraculoides kryptus (Mesa K Paradraculoides) – VU. No subterranean invertebrate species from the Pilbara region is listed on DPaW’s (2013) Priority fauna list. Any activities that are deemed to have a significant impact on listed fauna species can trigger referral to the EPA for assessment under the EP Act.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 6 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Subterranean fauna are organisms (almost exclusively invertebrates) that live beneath the surface of the ground. Surface-dwelling species are generally referred to as epigean (Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2000) and subterranean species are named to reflect their eco-physiological specialisation to subterranean habitat. Subterranean organisms can exist within a variety of subterranean void networks, including solution cavities within calcrete and karst; fractured rock and course sediments such as cobble or gravel strata (Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2008). The energy and nutrient resources for subterranean habitats are almost exclusively allochthonous, derived outside of the subterranean habitat (Poulson & Lavoie 2000). These usually enter the system in the form of dissolved or finely fragmented organic compounds. These are most usually carried into the subterranean system in rain water that percolates through soil and rock strata from the surface. Tree roots and water form the most important transport routes that move energy and nutrients into subterranean networks (Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2000; Poulson & Lavoie 2000).

3.1 GEOLOGY

The surface geology of the study area is comprised of six geology types (GSWA 1997) (Table 3-1; Figure 3-1):  Hematite-goethite (including Marrra Mamba Iron Formation), surficial hematite-goethite deposits on banded iron-formation, surface Marra Mamba Iron Formation, chert, ferruginous chert and banded iron-formation with minor shale: Czr. Based on surface geology data (GSWA 1997), Czr is the dominant surface geology type within the study area; however, in the study area Marra Mamba (target resource) is contained within and beneath the Hematite-goethite. We therefore refer to Czr with the inclusion of underlying Marra Mamba, which differs from the strict description of this surface geology given by the GSWA (1997). We also restrict the application of this definition to the Czr denoted within the study area as information on the strata beneath surface geologies was not available elsewhere.  Metadolerite sills intruded into Fortescue Group; medium- to coarse-grained, massive grey- green rock, usually foliated: Fd.  Metabasalt, pillows locally well developed: Fj.  Alluvium, unconsolidated silt, sand and gravel: Qa.  Eluvium, gilgai; swelling clay soils: Qw.  Marra Mamba Iron Formation, chert, ferruginous chert and banded iron-formation with minor shale: Hm. Geologies within the study area known to support troglofauna are Czr, Hm and Qa (EPA 2007, 2012b, 2013). The Czr represents the largest proportion of the surface geology of the study area (Table 3-1; Figure 3-1). The mining pits intersect three surface geologies. With 195.7 ha, Czr represents the largest proportion in addition to minor areas of Hm, Qw and Fj (Table 3-1; Figure 3-1).

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Table 3-1 Surface geology of the study area including proportions within the mining pits

Geology type Name Total area (ha) Area within pits Percentage of (ha) study area extent within pits Hematite-goethite (including Marra Czr 2,439.3 195.7 8% Mamba Iron Formation) Metadolerite sills, Fortescue Group Fd 310.2 - - Metabasalt Fj 455.7 4.5 <1% Alluvium Qa 28.9 - - Eluvium Qw 232.1 3.5 1.5% Marra Mamba Iron Formation Hm 2.2 - - Total 3,468.4 203.7 5.9%

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 8 705000 710000 715000

SMM, CMM & NMM Fj Fd Fd Fj 7442000

Fj Fd

Fd Fd Fj Fj Czr Fj Qw Fd 7440000

Qw Qw

Czr

Qw 7438000

Qw EMM 1 EMM 2

Qa Fd

Czr Fj

7436000 Fj EMM 3 Czr Fd

Surface Geology EMM 2 Other type of geology Czr: Laterite, includes surficial hematite-goethite deposits on banded iron-formation; forms Hamersley Surface EMM 1 Fd: Metadolerite sills intruded into Fortescue Group; medium- to coarse-grained, massive grey-green rock, usually foliated We st er n Fj: Jeerinha formation: interbedded mudstone, siltstone and chert with minorfelsic tuff, dolomite and sandstone A u st r al ia EMM 3 Hm: Marra Mamba Iron: chert, ferruginous chert and banded iron-formation with minor shale Qa: Alluvium - unconsolidated silt, sand and gravel PERTH Qw: Alluvium and colluvium - red-brown sandy and clayey soil SMM, CMM, NMM Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

3.2 CLIMATE AND WEATHER

The Pilbara bioregion has a semi-desert to tropical climate with highly variable, mostly summer rainfall (Leighton 2004; McKenzie et al. 2009). Rainfall is highly variable but is more prevalent in summer with cyclones and summer storms within the region. The average rainfall over the broader Pilbara region is about 290 mm, ranging from a monthly average of approximately 2 mm in September to 66 mm in February. Rainfall patterns are driven by highly variable year-to-year cyclonic activity that accounts for half of the yearly precipitation (McKenzie et al. 2009). The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather station nearest the study area is Newman Airport (no. 7176; 23.42°S 119.80°E) approx. 80 km east of the study area. Newman Airport has its highest mean maximum monthly temperature (39.1°C) in January and the lowest mean maximum temperature (23.0°C) in July (Figure 3-2) (BOM 2014). The highest mean minimum temperature is recorded for January (24.9°C) and the lowest mean minimum temperature for July (6.1°C). The area has an average annual rainfall of 320 mm and January and February are the wettest months. Average annual (pan) evaporation in the area is approximately 3600 mm per year (Department of Agriculture 2003), which greatly exceeds annual rainfall and consequently contributes to the arid environment. Temperature and rainfall before and during the 2011 field trips where about average with much higher than average rainfall in September (Figure 3-2). In the months preceding the field survey in 2014, rainfall was much higher than the average for January providing the prerequisite to replenish subterranean aquifers, but lower than the average in February, March and April. Temperatures in March 2014 exceeded the average for the months (Figure 3-3).

Figure 3-2 Climate (average monthly temperatures and rainfall records) and weather data in the survey year of 2011 for Newman (BOM 2014)

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Figure 3-3 Climate (average monthly temperatures and rainfall records) and weather data for the 12 months terminating in the 2014 survey month for Newman (BOM 2014)

3.3 BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Subterranean fauna live within air- or water-filled underground networks. They are predominantly invertebrates. Organisms specialised for living in air-filled subterranean networks are referred to as troglofauna, while those inhabiting water-filled subterranean networks are referred to as stygofauna (Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2000). Subterranean habitats are perpetually dark, are extremely constant in temperature and humidity (air-filled networks) and very low in nutrients and energy that are required to support organisms (Howarth 1993). Evolution under such conditions has resulted in highly specialised organisms that appear to be restricted to the void networks in which they are presumed to have evolved (Harvey 2002; Holsinger 2000; Howarth 1993; Ponder & Colgan 2002). Such species are obligated to living in subterranean networks and are usually incapable of living in epigean (surface) environments. For this reason, organisms specialised to live in subterranean networks are likely to represent short- range endemics (SREs) with extremely limited capabilities of dispersal (Harvey 2002; Ponder & Colgan 2002; Volschenk & Prendini 2008). Short-range endemics are species with naturally small distributions; nominally defined by Harvey as less than 10,000 km2. Species restricted to subterranean void systems may have considerably smaller distributions and therefore represent extreme SREs (Harvey 2002). It is these subterranean species that are considered to be of conservation significance because they are at greatest risk of impact from development projects (EPA 2013). In Western Australia, and particularly in the Pilbara region, there has been a recent renaissance in the study of subterranean biodiversity (Humphreys 2008) driven by the growth of the mineral resources industry and mining environmental impact assessment (EPA 2007, 2013). Despite the

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 11 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd extensive survey work undertaken in the Pilbara, relatively little knowledge on SRE diversity and biology has emerged from the primary literature. The biology, diversity and distributions of most of Western Australia’s subterranean fauna are still poorly understood.

3.3.1 Troglofauna

Troglofauna represent fauna living within the air-filled subterranean networks. They are typically divided into three categories of specialisation to subterranean life:  troglobites, that are restricted to subterranean habitats and usually perish on exposure to the surface environment (Barr 1968; Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2000)  troglophiles, which facultatively use subterranean habitats but are not reliant on them for survival (Barr 1968; Howarth 1983; Humphreys 2000)  trogloxenes, which use subterranean systems for specific purposes, such as roosts for reproduction (Bats and Swiftlets). Both troglobites and troglophiles may be SREs and therefore, conservation significant.

3.3.2 Identifying troglofauna

The characterisation of subterranean fauna into troglobites or stygobites is largely based on an understanding of species habitat requirements. The recognition and identification of these species are usually limited to the presence of troglomorphies:  lack or reduction of eyes  lack or reduction of wings (for species that are normally winged)  lack or reduction of body pigmentation  heightened chemosensory and mechano-sensory systems  loss of circadian rhythms  very low metabolic rate. Troglomorphies are used to infer a species that have become specialised to subterranean existence over many generations of confinement to subterranean habitats. These adaptations allow troglobites and stygobites to exploit the dark, humid, nutrient-poor subterranean void networks (Howarth 1983, 1993; Humphreys 2000; Poulson & Lavoie 2000). These adaptations also tend to result on very similar looking animals with convergent morphologies and in such cases; species delineation is often extremely difficult. In these instances, comparison of DNA sequences can be used is used to discriminate between different species. Troglophiles and stygophiles are species that can live and reproduce in subterranean networks, but are not restricted to them. These species are usually very tiny and exist within the soil. Some troglophiles appear to be widespread species, while others, like diplurans and cryptopids, are often SREs (Phoenix, unpublished data). This often limits any comments regarding species distribution outside of the Study Area. The use of troglomorphies may be justified when a species being identified belongs to a genus (or other higher taxonomic rank) in which epigean species do not exhibit troglomorphic characteristics. Some groups, such as diplurans, cryptopid centipedes and atelurine silverfish, are more difficult to assess since all members of these groups, whether subterranean or not, lack eyes and are generally pale.

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3.3.3 Categories of short-range endemism

Short-range endemic fauna are defined as animals that display restricted geographic distributions, nominally less than 10,000 km2, that may also be disjunct and highly localised (Harvey 2002; Ponder & Colgan 2002). Species restricted to subterranean void systems may have considerably smaller distributions and therefore represent extreme SREs (Eberhard et al. 2009; Harvey 2002). The most appropriate analogy is that of an island, where the movement of fauna is restricted by the surrounding marine waters, therefore isolating the fauna from other terrestrial populations. All subterranean short-range endemic species are thought be relictual (Harvey 2002). Relictual SREs are thought to have had wider distributions during more mesic geological periods. Australia’s aridification over the last 60 million years resulted in a contraction of the ranges of these species into relatively small habitat pockets where moist conditions persist (relictual Gondwanan habitats). Evolutionary processes over long periods of isolation result in each population developing into a distinctive species. Relictual SREs often inhabit areas with high rainfall or humidity, a feature of most subterranean habitats. In Australia, troglobites and stygobites are, largely thought to be relictual SREs that became ‘trapped’ in mesic subterranean habitats following the aridification of the continent. Currently, there is no accepted system to determine the likelihood that a species is an SRE. The WA Museum has recently introduced a three-tier ranking system (confirmed, potential and not SRE) (Western Australian Museum 2013). In contrast, Phoenix employs a system that differentiates an additional level of short-range endemism, ‘likely’ which, in comparison to the WA Museum, facilitates setting conservation or management priorities (Table 3-2). Any SRE categorisation of a taxon is based on the information available at the time. As new information emerges from additional surveys, the SRE status may change and therefore the SRE status is dynamic. Life stages of species that cannot be identified at the species level, e.g. females and juveniles, can be assessed based on the knowledge of the higher taxon they belong to, i.e. family or genus. For example, all juvenile or female schizomids are classified as ‘confirmed SRE’ as all of the known Western Australian subterranean species in this order are currently considered SREs (Harvey et al. 2008).

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Table 3-2 Phoenix SRE categories reflecting survey, taxonomic and identification uncertainties SRE category Criteria Typical subterranean representative Confirmed Confirmed or almost certainly SRE; taxonomy Troglofauna: Schizomida; troglobitic of the group is well known (but not necessarily Pseudoscorpiones, Araneae and published); group well represented in Isopoda collections, in particular from the region in question; high levels of endemism in documented species; inference is often possible from immature specimens Likely Taxonomically poorly resolved group; unusual Troglofauna: Symphyla, Palpigradi, morphology for the group (i.e. some form of Diplura, Chilopoda (Cryptopidae) troglomorphism); often singleton in survey and few, if any, regional records Potential Taxonomically poorly resolved group; often Troglofauna: Species within the common in certain microhabitats in SRE genus Nocticola (Blattaria) and surveys (i.e. litter dwellers), but no other representatives of the families regional records; congeners often widespread Meenoplidae and Cixiidae (Hemiptera) and representatives of the order Polyxenida (Diplopoda) Widespread Taxonomically well resolved (but often not published) and demonstrated wide distribution (i.e. > 10,000 km2)

3.3.4 Threatening processes

Impacts to subterranean fauna can be classed as:  primary impacts – impacts that physically destroy the subterranean void networks  secondary impacts – impacts that change the subterranean habitat without physically destroying the void networks. Primary impacts are obvious, whereas secondary impacts tend to be cumulative and may affect a far greater area than that being developed (Hamilton-Smith & Eberhard 2000). The principal threatening processes from mining activities that impact subterranean fauna is direct loss of habitat through the development of the mine. The most obvious primary impact to subterranean habitats occurs as a result of their physical removal during mining. Troglofauna require air-filled void networks that can be hosted within the mineral ore deposits or (where applicable) the sedimentary overburden. These habitats are destroyed in the immediate vicinity of the mining pit during the construction/excavation process. Similarly, direct loss of stygofauna habitat may be caused by the removal of geological formations hosting aquifers. Secondary impacts are those that affect the physicochemical properties of subterranean habitats. The nature of these changes can be difficult to measure and there is limited empirical evidence to support or refute these putative impacts. There are four secondary impacts that may be relevant to the Project:

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 14 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

 depletion of an aquifer leading to altered relative humidity – Troglofauna are dependent on high relative humidity (Barr 1968; Humphreys 1991; Humphreys 2000). Dewatering may impact troglofauna habitat in unsaturated strata above the water table by lowering relative humidity.  nutrient starvation – Surface vegetation is the primary source of nutrients entering subterranean systems. Large-scale clearing of vegetation may result in the localised nutrient starvation of underlying subterranean habitat. Smothering of these nutrient sources on which subterranean systems depend, in the form of waste and overburden stockpiles and tailings ponds, may reduce inflow of nutrients to subterranean systems and lead to nutrient deficient habitats.  vibration – Propagation of shock waves through subterranean strata from blasting or heavy vehicle traffic may result in the collapse of less-consolidated void spaces and also impact physically on subterranean fauna.  contamination – Contamination of subterranean habitats from spills, such as diesel fuel, may degrade the quality of subterranean habitats. Such impacts would generally be highly localised and minor in scale.

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4 METHODS

4.1 DESKTOP REVIEW AND DATABASE SEARCHES

A literature review of relevant unpublished reports and publications were undertaken prior to the field survey. Data were sourced from Phoenix projects, proponent’s websites or the website of the EPA. The following database searches were undertaken in 2011 and updated in June 2014 for currency within a rectangle determined by the proposed maximum range of short-range endemism, i.e. 100 km x 100 km (Harvey 2002) (NW corner 22°40'S/118°32"E and SE corner 23°35'S/119°31’E):  WA Museum Arachnology and Myriapodology, WA Museum Mollusca and WA Museum Crustacea databases  EPBC Act Protected Matters database (Department of the Environment 2014b)  DPaW/WAM NatureMap (DPaW 2014).

4.2 FIELD SURVEY

Bores were selected from a list provided by the client. All bores sampled were greater than six months old. Bores were spread across the full extent of the study area to maximise coverage. In the field, all bores found to contain oil were rejected for sampling. A total of 511 samples were taken from 198 sample sites (including 192 survey bores and six Karaman-Chappuis sites) (Appendix 1). A total of 31 and 46 (19 impact) boreholes were surveyed in the EMM and CMM deposits respectively (Figure 4-1), 68 boreholes (16 impact) in the NMM deposit (Figure 4-2) and 53 boreholes (10 impact) in the SMM deposit (Figure 4-3). Fieldwork was conducted over four separate trips in 2011 and 2012:  trip 1 (T1): 19 – 27 July 2011  trip 2 (T2): 23 – 29 September 2011  trip 3 (T3): 23 November – 01 December 2011  trip 4 (T4): 14 – 21 May 2014.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 16 719000 720000 721000 kar01-02

erc002

erc006 erc004

erc008 7441250

erc017 kar01-01

erc039 erc009 erc033 erc031 erc035 erc037 erc011 erc016 erc041 erc042 erc019 erc028 erc013 erc026 erc027

erc021 erc025 7441000 erc022

wnc268 wnc687 wnc267

wnc685 wnc683 7440750

wnc262 wnc266

wnc265

704000 705000 706000

wnc278

crc132 crc103 crc095 crc088 crc137 crc087 crc078 crc023 crc111 crc086 crc054 wnc728 crc094 crc091 crc042 crc041 crc003

crc113 7439200 crc124 wnc763 crc133 wnc738 wnc749 wnc760 wnc727 crc001 wnc745 wnc750 wnc755 crc134 ak18 wnc719 wnc744 ac8 wnc735 wnc752 wnc734

wnc723 wnc765 ap13 wnc722 wnc766 7438800 weeli wolli 4

EMM We st er n A u st r al ia CMM PERTH 710000 712000 714000

wnc045 7442000

nrc137 nrc116 nrc413 nrc195 nrc136 nrc115 nrc191 wnc315 nrc412 wnc226 ac11 nrc198 nrc411 nrc189 weeli wolli 3 wnc108 ac10 nrc410 ac9 nrc409 weeli wolli 5 nrc614 nrc632 nrc615 wnc437 wnc307 wnc533 nrc604 nrc633 nrc405 nrc625 nrc612 nrc042 nrc603 nrc617 nrc618 nrc622 nrc602 ac12 wnnd0006 nrc034 nrc610 nrc620 nrc606 nrc347 nrc601 nrc608

nrc607 wnc385 7441000 nrc600 wnc387 wnc388 nrc351 wnc181 nrc088 wnc407 wnc390 wnc401 wnc195 nrc056 wnc392 wnc299 wnc175

weeli wolli 2 7440000

We st er n A u st r al ia NMM PERTH 702000 704000 706000 7438000

wnc639 wnc647 wnc618 wnc604 wnc591 wnc381 wnc589 wnc379 wnc370 wnc670 ac5 wnc380 wnc660 wnc577 wnc658 ap17 wnc362 ac7 wnc579 wnc361 wnc374 wnc679 wnc677 wnc348 wnc607 wnc682 wnc662 wnc363 wnc573 wnc373

wnc651 7437000 wnc244 wndd0010 wnc653 wnc575 wnc571 wnc665 ap16 ak19 ac3 wnc347 wnc585 wnc666 wnc367 ac4 ac6 ap15 wnc586 ac1 wnc368 wnc576 wnc645 ac2 7436000

We st er n A u st r al ia SMM PERTH Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Troglofauna were sampled using four methods:  bore scraping (see 4.2.1)  troglofauna trapping (see 4.2.2).  stygofauna netting (see 4.2.3)  Karaman-Chappuis samples (see 4.2.4). The latter two methods do not specifically target troglofauna; however, since they often capture troglofauna, they are included here. Stygofauna sampling was initially part of the scope of work but as the proposed mine does not intercept the groundwater table is not considered here. For convenience, all sample sites are here termed ‘bore holes’ or ‘bores’ although it is recognised that Karaman-Chappuis samples are from alluvial gravel. A total of 511 troglofauna samples were taken within the four deposits; the majority were bore scrapes (Table 4-1). Although impact sites only represented about 25% of all sites, A detailed break- up of methods for each borehole is provided in Appendix 2.

Table 4-1 Summary of survey effort between the four survey areas Survey area Troglofauna Karaman- Stygofauna Total Bore scrape trapping Chappuis haul CMM 70 24 1 6 101 EMM 34 14 4 52 NMM 97 43 9 22 171 SMM 108 48 31 187 Total 309 129 10 63 511

Table 4-2 Summary of survey effort (number of samples) between impact and non-impact sites Impact sites Sample type Reference Total (mine pits) Bore scrape 114 195 309 Troglofauna trapping 72 57 129

Karaman-Chappuis 10 10 Stygofauna haul 37 26 63 Total 223 288 511

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4.2.1 Bore scraping

Troglofauna were sampled using a modified bore scraping method. Guidance Statement 45a (EPA 2007) does not provide specific guidance on this survey method; however, this method has been shown to significantly outperform troglofauna trapping (Halse & Pearson 2014) and its use is encouraged by the EPA. Samples were collected using a 150 µm plankton net, with a ‘tickler device’ positioned ca. 40 cm above the net. The assembly of net and ‘tickler’ is referred to as a ‘scraper’. The tickler device was comprised of numerous strands of heavy gauge nylon fishing line threaded through a fishing burley cage. The effect of the ‘tickler’ was to gently agitate the sides of the bore and dislodge any fauna clinging to the sides of the bore. Dislodged troglofauna are likely to drop into the net on either lowering or retrieval of the scraper. Scrape samples were obtained using the following procedure:  Each bore was scraped four times along four sides: north, south, east and west. For the first scrape, the scraper was lowered and retrieved along one side of the bore, but subsequent scrapes were lowered along the side previously scraped and retrieved along the side intended for sampling.  Where the bore intercepted the water table, the scraper was allowed to sink into the water to a depth of approximately 1 m before being retrieved, in an attempt to net any troglofauna that may have missed the net after being dislodged. In dry bores, the scraper was lowered to the bottom of the bore prior to retrieval.  Between each scrape, the sample contents were emptied into a jug of clean water.  After four scrapes were collected, the combined net samples were elutriated to consolidate fauna and remove sediment. Samples were then cold-fixed. Cold fixing involved the following methodology: o Each sample was fixed with cold (approximately 0°C) 95+% ethanol and was maintained at a constant temperature within a cooler bag or cooler box filled with ice. o The sample was stored in the same ice bag as the ethanol for the remainder of the day. o At the end of the day, samples were transferred and stored in a refrigerator (ca 2°C) for at least 48 hours prior to transport to the laboratory for processing.

4.2.2 Troglofauna trapping

The methodology employed for troglofauna trapping closely followed that recommended by the EPA (2007) for the surveying of troglofauna. The traps were comprised of PVC cylinders of dimensions 20 cm long and 5 cm diameter. The top end of each trap was left open to allow access by troglobites. The bottom of each trap was capped with a PVC end-cap, with a small drain hole to allow water to drain out. Traps were filled with aged and wetted spinifex litter. Approximately three days prior to deployment, the ‘litter loaded’ traps were flooded with boiling water, and left in the water until cooled (approximately 3 hours), in order to kill any potentially-contaminating arthropods, and to saturate the samples. After cooling, the traps were drained and packed for shipping. At deployments, each trap was lowered into its bore until it reached the bottom of the bore, or the water table. The trap was then lifted and tied off at approximately 2–3 m above the water table or bottom of the bore.

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Traps were retrieved from their bores approximately four weeks after initial trap placement. Each trap was placed directly into a brown paper bag, and then sealed in plastic snap lock bags prior to being placed into cooler boxes. Samples were transported to Perth in the same boxes. Traps were placed into Phoenix’s custom Tullgren extractors with a programmed temperature ramp-up from 25°C to 50°C over 12 hours and were then maintained at 50°C for an additional 12 hours.

4.2.3 Stygofauna netting

The methodology employed for stygofauna netting closely followed the EPA’s (2007) recommendations for the surveying of stygofauna. Six net hauls were collected from each bore using a 150 µm plankton net (three hauls), followed by a 50 µm plankton net (three hauls). Each netting assembly was fitted with a tickler device (section 4.2.2) placed approximately 40 cm above the sampling net to dislodge crawling taxa from the sides of the bore. Each haul sampled the entire water column of the bore. The six samples were elutriated in a 2 L jug to consolidate fauna and to remove excess sediments, producing a single sample for each bore. Excess water was removed from the sample and samples were cold-fixed (section 4.2.2) to maximize DNA yields from tissues, should sequencing be required.

4.2.4 Karaman-Chappuis sampling

The Karaman-Chappuis sampling method was used to provide regional data for interstitial fauna in accessible creeks. These samples help to evaluate the habitat constraints of fauna that were collected from bores in the ‘impact area’, and therefore provide regional context. The method targets interstitial fauna beneath gravel banks of rivers and streams. Some of these fauna are also likely to be present within the superficial aquifer and therefore appear in bore samples. A hole was dug into the gravel bank of a creek until the water table was reached. Then, as water flowed into the hole, it was scooped out and filtered through a 50 µm stygofauna net. Approximately 60 L of water was sampled per site. After filtering through the stygofauna net, the samples were elutriated and preserved following the cold fixing method (section 4.2.1).

4.3 TAXONOMY

4.3.1 Morphological species identification

The majority of troglobitic invertebrate species are currently unnamed and therefore requiring morphospecies designation as listed in this report. In designating morphospecies, Phoenix applies a phylogenetic species approach, whereby morphospecies are defined by the presence of consistent morphological characteristics (Cracraft 1983). Specialist taxonomists were consulted for groups that were targeted in the survey (Table 4-3).

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Table 4-3 Taxonomic specialists Personnel Taxonomic group/s Dr Erich S. Volschenk1 Arachnida (non-spiders), Hexapoda, Myriapoda, Annelida Dr Volker W. Framenau1 Arachnida, Myriapoda Ms Anna Leung1 Pseudoscorpiones, Amphipoda Dr Mark Harvey2 Arachnida, Myriapoda Dr Simon Judd1 Isopoda M. Scanlon3 Annelida 1 Phoenix Environmental Sciences; 2 Western Australian Museum, 3 Bennelongia

4.3.2 Genomic species identification

A taxonomic framework based on morphology is lacking for many subterranean invertebrates. In addition, some life stages of many invertebrates, for examples juveniles or females, lack morphological characters for species identifications. In this case, genomic species identification provides a valuable tool to assess species-level boundaries. The gene COI contains variation that is widely accepted at being able to distinguish different species from one another (Hebert et al. 2003a; Hebert et al. 2003b). Hebert et al. (2003a) found that members of the same species rarely differed by more than 2% sequence divergence. Hebert et al. (2003b) compared COI sequences from over 13,000 taxa and found that:  on average, species differed from each other by about 11.1%  species pairs diverged from each other by more than 8% sequence divergence in approximately 80% of pairwise comparisons. A grey area therefore lies between 2% and 8% sequence divergence. Genetic divergences between 2% and 8% may indicate:  allopatric populations in the process of speciation  sympatric populations with narrow genetic exchange, or  specimens from widely separated populations of the same species. Identification based on morphological and genomic information is the ideal approach when assessing species boundaries, since these data sets are largely complimentary (Prendini 2005). Strengths of the genomic approach permits assessment of species boundaries where morphological information is either limited or absent:  Discrimination between cryptic species – Obligate subterranean organisms, troglofauna in air filled voids and stygofauna in water filled voids (Humphreys 2000), frequently exhibit highly convergent, morphologies (Finston et al. 2004; Finston & Johnson 2004; Finston et al. 2007). Such species are extremely difficult to identify on the basis of morphology alone. Similarly, recently isolated species populations may appear identical (Finston et al. 2004; Finston & Johnson 2004; Finston et al. 2007). The implementation of DNA barcoding has emerged as powerful technique to overcome these identification problems (Finston et al. 2004; Phoenix 2011; Subterranean Ecology 2010).

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 Discrimination between different life stages of different species – Barcoding methods may also be helpful in resolving species level identification where specimens represent taxonomically uninformative life stages or sexes. Most arthropods can only be identified from adult individuals and often, from only one sex. The application of DNA barcoding can confirm species level identity between any life stages of any sex (Hebert et al. 2003a; Hebert et al. 2003b). In instances where COI sequences could not be obtained, the ribosomal genes 12S were targeted and used in a similar way. The mitochondrial gene 12S has been used as a surrogate for COI in insect systematics (Caterino et al. 2000; Simon et al. 2006). Fewer broad scale comparative studies have been undertaken for 12S than for COI; however, 12s has proven useful for establishing phylogenetic relationships in many insect groups (Caterino et al. 2000). The 12S gene evolves 1.5-3 times more slowly than COI, (Hebert et al. 2003a; Mueller 2006) more slowly than COI; therefore species delineation thresholds are also lower than COI: with most species having less than 0.7% sequence divergence, and the grey zone of species delineation between 0.7% and 1.3% sequence divergence. Where available, specimens from Phoenix’ DNA database were included in the analysis. Additional sequences for comparison were also sourced from GenBank (Benson et al. 2012) using the megablast search function in Geneious. For each sequence, the most similar 10 matches were retrieved. In cases where the retrieved sequences represented a species more than twice, then the two longest sequences were retained and the shorter conspecific sequences discarded. Where megablast results yielded families differing from the morphological assessment, then additional sequences were obtained from GenBank, representing the morphological taxonomic assessment. If all of the resulting blast sequences represented organisms from a different taxonomic class, sequences were discarded as likely contamination. Outgroups were selected from GenBank from more basal (plesiomorphic) representative of the class under study. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW (Larkin et al. 2007) implemented in Geneious using Clastal cost matrix. The optimal model for sequence evolution and base substitution for each data set was determined using jModeltest2 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon & Gascuel 2003). Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MrBayes (Ronquist et al. 2012) as implemented in Geneious. Analyses were performed using the following parameters:  6 gamma categories  chain length 10,000,000  subsampling frequency 10,000  heated chains 4  burn-in length 500,000  heated chain temperature 0.2  priors set to exponential 1 unconstrained branch lengths. Molecular analyses for the 2011 samples were conducted by Helix Molecular Solutions (Helix 2012a, b). Sample collected in 2014 were analysed by Phoenix utilising the molecular laboratory of the University of Western Australia.

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4.4 ASSESSMENT OF SPECIES RICHNESS

The efficiency of the survey effort was evaluated by comparing the observed species richness of both troglofauna against the predicted species richness of seven widely used species richness estimators. Species richness estimations were calculated with EstimateS (v9.1.0) using the default settings, with the following exceptions:  species accumulation curves were smoothed using 10,000 repetitions rather than the default setting of 50 to provide greater accuracy to extrapolations  the coverage estimator value was set to two rather than 10, so as to more reliably treat rare taxa, since troglobites are often sampled in very low numbers. Extrapolations were performed on the abundance data; however, both incidence and abundance extrapolations were used:  Incidence extrapolations (ICE, Chao2 and Jack 2) treat the presence or absence of species from samples.  Abundance extrapolations (ACE, Chao1, Jack 1 and Bootstrap) attempt to account for the number of specimens, rather than just their presence.

4.5 PROJECT PERSONNEL

The survey personnel involved in the troglofauna survey are presented (Table 4-4). Table 4-4 Project personnel Name Role/s Dr Erich S. Volschenk Project Manager, field work, taxonomy, report writing, barcoding analyses, GIS Ms Anna Leung Field work, taxonomy Mr Nicolas Dight Field work, taxonomy Dr Simon Judd Field work, taxonomy Mr Guillaume Bouteloup GIS Dr Volker Framenau Taxonomy, technical report review Mrs Karen Crews Editorial report review

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5 RESULTS

5.1 DESKTOP REVIEW AND DATABASE SEARCHES

Many troglofauna surveys have been undertaken in the vicinity of the study area (for example at West Angelas, Area C, Hope Downs and Jinayri), but most reports on these are not available publicly for comparison with this survey (e.g. Bennelongia 2008a; Bennelongia 2008b; Biota 2006; Subterranean Ecology 2008a, b, c, d, 2009). However, if specimens from these surveys were deposited at the WA Museum, their records were accessed as part of the desktop study. The only troglofauna report that we could source in the public domain (i.e. proponent or EPA website) recorded two species of beetle and a single species of harvestmen (Opiliones) from the proposed Jinidi mine area (Bennelongia 2011) (Table 5-1). Phoenix (2014a) conducted a troglofauna survey at Marillana North, ca. 50 km north of the study area and the results of that survey are included here (Table 5-1). The desktop review did not return any records from the study area, but identified 289 putative and confirmed troglobite records from the desktop review area, almost all resulted from the WA Museum database searches (Appendix 3). These represented at least 74 identified troglofauna species from 20 families in 16 orders (Table 5-1). A further 28 higher taxa including unidentified species (‘sp. indet.’) from 16 families in 12 orders were identified through the desktop review (Table 5-2). The majority of the desktop review records were from north of the study area, i.e. from mining areas such as Area C, Hope Downs, Marillana Creek, Yandi; some are from the west, i.e. West Angelas and some from the east from mine sites near Newman (Figure 5-1; see Figure 1-1 for neighbouring mine sites). The desktop review returned only three described species, the goblin spiders (Oonopidae) in the genus Prethopalpus (Baehr et al. 2012) suggesting poor taxonomic coverage of Pilbara troglofauna. A further record from a troglofauna trap at Hope Downs Station represented the described pauropods Decapauropus tenuis, but it is not included here as it is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Africa, southern Asia and Australia (Scheller 2011). Species-level identified troglofauna from the desktop review included three confirmed SREs, the three described goblin spiders in the genus Prethopalpus due to their well-resolved taxonomy. Five species represented potential SREs and all other species are considered likely SREs (Table 5-1). The higher taxon records included 20 likely SREs and the remaining eight are potential SREs due to lower taxonomic certainty (Table 5-2). The database search did not include insects as the WA Museum was unable to provide those data. Insect records are solely from unpublished reports. Troglobitic insects represent a significant proportion of troglofauna found in the Pilbara and include representatives of the orders Diplura (diplurans), Thysanura (silverfish), Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (bugs), Blattodea (cockroaches) and Entomobryomorpha (springtails) (e.g. Phoenix 2009, 2014a, b).

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Table 5-1 Short-range endemic troglofauna species identified through desktop review

Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status Clitellata (clitellate worms)

Haplotaxida (oligochaete Enchytraeidae Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Potential worms) Arachnida (spiders and allies) Gnaphosidae nr Encoptarthria sp. B01 Orebody 41 Likely Prethopalpus julianneae Area C; also Baehr et al. (2012) Confirmed Prethopalpus maini Area C; also Baehr et al. (2012) Confirmed Araneae (spiders) Oonopidae Prethopalpus pearsoni Area C, R; also Baehr et al. (2012) Confirmed Prethopalpus sp. B27 Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Prethopalpus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Likely unknown Opilionida sp. B3 Jinidi (Bennelongia 2011) Likely Opiliones (harvestmen) Dampetrus sp. B1 (= ?isolatus on WAM Assamiidae Area C (Bennelongia 2008b; cited in Bennelongia (2011)) Likely database)

Palpigradi (micro- unknown Palpigradi `sp. B01` Orebody 15, ca. 60 km NW. Newman Likely whipscorpions) Lagynochthonius `PSE039` Deposits B, F, Southern Flank Likely Lagynochthonius `PSE041` Alligator Jaws, ca. 118 km WNW. Newman Likely Lagynochthonius `PSE043` Iron Valley, ca. 83 km NNW. Newman Likely Lagynochthonius `PSE045` Packsaddle P4 Likely Lagynochthonius `PSE046` Packsaddle P4 Likely Pseudoscorpiones Chthoniidae Lagynochthonius `sp. B02` Orebody 16 Likely (pseudoscorpions) Lagynochthonius `sp. Packsaddle` Area C Likely Lagynochthonius `yandi` Yandi, 85 km NW. of Newman Likely Tyrannochthonius `PSE050` Packsaddle P4 Likely Tyrannochthonius `PSE055` Deposit A Likely Hyidae Indohya `PSE005` Deposits B, C, Packsaddle deposit 6, Packsaddle P4, Southern Likely Flank

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Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status

Draculoides `SCH002` Ministers North, 100 km NW. of Newman, Pilbara Likely Draculoides `SCH012` Packsaddle P2, Packsaddle Range, Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH013` Packsaddle P4, ca. 93 km WNW. Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH018` Deposit R, ca. 85 km WNW. Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH020` Iron Valley Likely Draculoides `SCH021` Phil`s Creek, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH022` Southern Flank East, ca. 87 km WNW. Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH023` Southern Flank, ca. 100 km WNW. Newman Likely Draculoides `SCH024` Upper Weeli Wolli, ca. 75 km NW. Newman Likely Schizomida (short-tailed Draculoides `SCH025` Packsaddle East, ca. 80 km NW. Newman Likely Hubbardiidae whipscorpions) Draculoides `SCH029` Marillana Creek, Likely Yandi, ca. 91 km NW. Newman; Marillana North Marillana Draculoides `SCH030` Likely North (Phoenix 2014a) Draculoides `SCH034` Orebody 13, ca. 66 km NW. Newman Likely Draculoides `sp. 01` Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman Likely Draculoides `sp. 03` Packsaddle Range Likely Draculoides `sp. B50` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely Draculoides `sp. B51` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely Draculoides `sp. B52` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely Draculoides `sp. SPB2` Packsaddle Range Likely Myriapoda (millipedes and allies)

Geophilomorpha (soil Geophilidae Ribautia `sp. B02` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely centipedes)

1 Scolopendromorpha Cormocephalus `CHI003` Greater West Angelas, Packsaddle P4 mine lease Likely Scolopendridae (tropical centipedes) Genus unknown `sp. B02` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely

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Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status

Unknown Genus indet. ‘sp. B15’ Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely Allopauropus `sp. B11` Mudlark, Southern Flank Likely Pauropodidae `sp. B01` Deposits C, R, Southern Flank East Likely Pauropodidae `sp. B04` Deposit R, Packsaddle P4 Likely Pauropoda (pauropodans) Pauropodidae `sp. B06` Likely Pauropodidae Pauropodidae `sp. B07` Likely

Pauropodidae `sp. B14` Southern Flank Likely Pauropodidae `sp. B15` Packsaddle P4 Likely Polypauropus `sp. B01` Mudlark Likely

Symphyla (glasshouse Scutigerellidae Hanseniella `sp. B21` Not given (see Appendix 3 for geographic coordinates) Likely millipedes)

Crustacea (crabs and allies) Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposits A, D, F, Mindy Likely Armadillidae sp. B06 Phil`s Creek Likely Armadillidae sp. B13 Southern Flank Likely Armadillidae sp. B14 Southern Flank Likely Armadillidae Armadillidae sp. B4 Iron Valley Likely Armadillidae sp. B6 Southern Flank Likely Isopoda (slaters) Armadillidae ‘ISO001’ Marillana Creek Likely Troglarmadillo A Rhodes Ridge Likely Southern Flank Likely Philosciidae sp. B03 Southern Flank Likely Philosciidae sp. B04 Philosciidae Phil’s Creek Likely Philosciidae sp. B10 Southern Flank Likely Philosciidae sp. B15 Philosciidae sp. B16 Southern Flank Likely

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 29 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status

Collembola (springtails)

Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Potential Entomobryomorpha Isotomidae Isotomidae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Potential

Insecta (insects)

Atelurinae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Thysanura (silverfish) Nicoletiidae Trinemura ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Potential Carabidae Carabidae sp. B1 Jinidi (Bennelongia 2011) Likely Coleoptera (beetles) Pselaphidae Pselaphinae sp. B5 Jinidi (Bennelongia 2011) Likely Blattodea (cockroaches) Nocticolidae Nocticola ‘marillana’ Potential

Crustacea (crabs and allies)

Isopoda (slaters) Stenoniscidae Stenoniscidae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Likely

1- unpublished DNA sequence data from Phoenix indicates that at least three different species exist within Cormocephalus `CHI003`

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Table 5-2 Higher taxa troglofauna identified from desktop review

Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status

Arachnida (spiders and allies) Encoptarthria? sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman Likely Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae sp. indet. Greater West Angelas, Area C, Marillana Creek Likely Oonopidae sp. indet. Area C Likely Araneae (spiders) Oonopidae Opopea sp. indet. Hope Downs Likely Prethopalpus sp. indet. Greater West Angelas, Area C, Southern Flank Likely Unknown Genus and sp. indet. West Angelas Likely Eukoeneniidae Eukoeneniidae sp. indet. Hope Downs Likely Palpigradi (micro- Packsaddle deposits 5 and 6, Hamersley Range N, W and NE of The whipscorpions) Unknown Palpigradi sp. indet. Likely Governor, Hope Downs, Area C; Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) Deposit A, F, R, Packsaddle deposits 4 and 6, Lower Weeli Wolli, Chthoniidae Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Likely Pseudoscorpiones Southern Flank (pseudoscorpions) Olpiidae Indolpium sp. indet. Hope Downs, West Angelas Likely Schizomida (short- Area C, Hope Downs, Extensions, NW Newman, Packsaddle Range, Hubbardiidae Draculoides sp. indet. Likely tailed whipscorpions) Phil’s Creek

Myriapoda (millipedes and allies)

Geophilomorpha Geophilidae Geophilidae sp. indet. Marillana Creek Likely (soil centipedes) Unknown Geophilomorpha sp. indet. West Angelas Likely

Scolopendromorpha Cryptopidae Cryptopidae sp. indet. 55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse, Hope Downs Likely (tropical centipedes)

Polydesmida (keeled Dalodesmidae Dalodesmidae sp. indet. Marillana Likely millipedes) Unknown Polydesmida sp. indet. Phil’s Creek Likely

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 31 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Order Family Species Location and source (if not WAM database) SRE status Lophoproctidae Lophoproctidae sp. indet. Greater West Angelas, Yandi, Hope Downs Potential

Unixenus sp. indet. (incl. mjobergi- Yandi, Hope Downs Potential Polyxenida complex) (pincushion Polyxenidae millipedes) Polyxenidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, Yandi, Iron Valley, Area C, NW Newman Potential

55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse, Hope Downs, West Angelas, NW Unknown Polyxenida sp. indet. Potential Newman

Spirostreptida (spirostreptidan Iulomorphidae Iulomorphidae sp. indet. Marillana, Phil’s Creek Potential millipedes)

Pauropoda Pauropodidae Pauropodidae sp. indet. Phil’s Creek Likely (pauropods)

Symphyla Scutigerellidae Symphyella sp. indet. Iron Valley, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman Likely (glasshouse Unknown Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs Likely millipedes))

Crustacea (crabs and allies) Buddelundia sp. indet. Area C Potential Armadillidae Armadillidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, Mindy, Yandi Potential Isopoda Philosciidae ?Andricophiloscia sp. indet. Iron Valley Likely Unknown Isopoda sp. indet. Yandicoogina mine, West Angelas, Marillana Station Potential

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 32 670000 720000 770000

MUNJINA ROY HILL ROAD 7480000

Troglofauna records

AT NO GRE RTHERN HIG HW AY 7440000

We s te r n Aus t r a l ia

PERTH 7400000 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

5.2 FIELD SURVEY

The survey resulted in a total of 252 individuals representing 35 putative troglobite species, and eight higher taxonomic ranks (sp. indet.) (Table 5-3); the latter may represent specimens of the other 35 species but morphological identification remained inconclusive and DNA analyses may not have been conducted or was unsuccessful. Of 198 surveyed bores a total of 61 (=31 %) yielded troglofauna (Figure 5-2). The troglobites from the study area, including all higher taxonomic ranks, included 31 likely SRE (all only known from the study area), seven potential SREs and five widespread taxa (Table 5-3). The cockroach Nocticola ‘w1’ (Figure 5-4b) was the most commonly collected and widespread (14 bores) species followed by the springtail Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ (ten bores), and the pseudoscorpion Lechytia ‘w1’ (Figure 5-3a) and the oligochaete worm Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’ (five bores each) (Figure 5-5). Overall, the survey was highly biased towards single records of species from single boreholes. Twenty-two species were collected from a single bore only, nineteen as singletons, two specimens of one species were collected in a single bore four times and the bug Meenoplidae ‘w1’ (Figure 5-4a) was collected by ten specimens from a single bore (Figure 5-5). Of the SRE species that can be subjected to a species-level impact assessment, nine were only recorded from impact bores. Six of these were only found at NMM, two at SMM and one at CMM (Table 5-3; Figure 5-6):  the micro-wipscorpion Palpigradi ‘w2’ and Palpigradi ‘w3’  the centipede Cryptops ‘w1’  the pincushion millipede Polyxenidae ‘w1’ (Figure 5-3c)  the glasshouse millipedes Symphyla ‘w1’ (Figure 5-3f) and Symphyla ‘w3’  the dipluran Japygidae ‘w1’ (Figure 5-4d) and Projapygidae ‘w1’ (Figure 5-4c)  the slater Isopoda ‘w1’ (Figure 5-3d).

In contrast, eleven species were sampled from two or more bores, including 9 SREs (Figure 5-5; Figure 5-7). Three species were collected in three deposits (Polyxenidae ‘pilbara 1’, Cyphoderus ‘marillana’, Nocticola ‘w1’) and four species in two deposits (Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’, Symphyla ‘w2’, Atelurinae ‘w2’, Troglarmadillo ‘w1’ (Figure 5-3g) (Table 5-3). Most of these are SREs indicating some level of habitat connectivity between the deposits.

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 34 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Table 5-3 Troglofauna recorded during the field survey

Impact (pits) Reference Total Total Order Family Species SRE status number Abundance NMM CMM SMM NMM CMM SMM EMM of sites Clitellata (clitellate worms) Haplotaxida Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’ widespread 3 1 1 5 23 (oligochaete Enchytraeidae TP worms) Enchytraeidae sp. indet. widespread 1 1 1 Arachnida (spiders and allies) Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae 'w1'(DNA) likely 2 2 3 Prethopalpus 'w1' likely 1 1 1 Araneae (spiders) Prethopalpus 'w2' DNA likely 1 1 2 2 Oonopidae Prethopalpus sp. indet. (DNA) likely 1 1 1

Palpigradi 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 Palpigradi 'w2' DNA likely 1 1 1 Palpigradi (micro- Unknown Palpigradi 'w3' DNA likely 1 1 1 whipscorpions) Palpigradi 'w4' DNA likely 1 1 1 Palpigradi sp. indet. likely 1 1 1 1 5 5 Chthoniidae Tyrannochthonius 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 DNA Pseudoscorpiones Lechytiidae Lechytia 'w1' potential 4 1 5 27 (pseudoscorpions) Beierolpium 'w1' DNA (DNA) likely 1 1 2 Olpiidae Linnaeolpium 'w1' likely 1 1 1

Myriapoda (millipedes and allies)

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Impact (pits) Reference Total Total Order Family Species SRE status number Abundance NMM CMM SMM NMM CMM SMM EMM of sites

Scolopendromorpha Cryptopidae Cryptops 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 (tropical centipedes

DNA Polyxenida Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' widespread 1 1 1 3 3

(pincushion Polyxenidae DNA millipedes) Polyxenidae 'w1' potential 1 1 1 DNA Pauropoda Pauropoda 'w1' likely 1 1 1 Unknown (pauropodans) Pauropoda sp. indet. likely 1 1 2 12 Symphyla 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 Symphyla Symphyla 'w2' DNA likely 1 2 3 4 (glasshouse Unknown DNA millipedes) Symphyla 'w3' likely 1 1 2 Symphyla sp. indet. likely 1 4 1 6 7 Hexapoda (insects and allies) Collembola (springtails) Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus 'marillana' DNA potential 2 2 6 10 39 Entomobryidae 'w1' TP, DNA likely 1 1 2 Entomobryomorpha Entomobryidae Entomobryidae 'w2' TP, DNA likely 1 1 1 Unknown Collembola sp. indet. potential 1 1 2 Diplura (two-pronged bristletails) Japygidae 'w1'DNA likely 2 2 2 Japygidae Japygidae 'w2' DNA likely 1 1 1 Diplura Projapygidae 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 Projapygidae Projapygidae 'w2' DNA likely 1 1 1

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 36 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Impact (pits) Reference Total Total Order Family Species SRE status number Abundance NMM CMM SMM NMM CMM SMM EMM of sites Insecta (insects)

Blattodea DNA Nocticolidae Nocticola 'w1' likely 2 7 3 2 14 69 (cockroaches) Cixiidae 'pilbara 1' DNA widespread 1 1 2 Cixiidae Cixiidae 'w1' DNA potential 1 1 1 Meenoplidae 'w1' DNA potential 1 1 10 Hemiptera (bugs) Meenoplidae 'widespread' Meenoplidae widespread 1 1 1 DNA Meenoplidae sp. indet. potential 2 6 DNA Thysanura Atelurinae 'w1' likely 1 1 1 Nicoletiidae (silverfish) Atelurinae 'w2' DNA likely 1 1 1 3 4

Crustacea (crabs and allies)

Troglarmadillo 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 2 4 Armadillidae Troglarmadillo sp. indet. Isopoda (slaters) likely 1 1 1 (DNA) Unknown Isopoda 'w1' DNA likely 1 1 1 Total 252 TP – troglophiles, all other are considered troglobites DNA – identified using molecular analyses (DNA) – molecular analysis unsuccessful

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SMM, CMM & NMM 7442000 7440000 7438000

EMM 1 EMM 2

7436000

EMM 3

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Figure 5-3 Representative troglofauna collected in the study area. a. Lechytia ‘w1’ (SMM, bore wnc362), b. Palpigradi sp. indet. (NMM, wnc385), c. Polyxenidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc388), d. Isopoda ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc666), e. Beierolpium ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc362), f. Symphyla ‘w1’ (SMM, wnc244), g. Troglarmadillo ‘w1’ (CMM, weeli wolli 4)

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 39 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Figure 5-4 Representative troglofauna collected in the study area. a. Meenoplidae ‘w1’ (SMM, bore wnc670), b. Nocticola ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc437), c. Projapygidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc407), d. Japygidae ‘w1’ (NMM, wnc390)

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 40 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Figure 5-5 Number of individuals (abundance) and site records for troglobitic species

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Species Palpigradi 'w3' Cryptops 'w1' Polyxenidae 'w1' Isopoda 'w1' Projapygidae 'w1' Japygidae 'w1' Symphyla 'w1' We st er n A u st r al ia Palpigradi 'w2' Symphyla 'w3' PERTH 705000 710000 715000 7442000 7440000 7438000 7436000

Species Atelurinae 'w2' Cyphoderus 'marillana' Nocticola 'w1' Gnaphosidae 'w1' Symphyla 'w2' We st er n A u st r al ia Japygidae 'w1' Troglarmadillo 'w1' Lechytia 'w1' PERTH Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

5.2.1 Species richness estimation

The troglofauna richness estimation indicates that between 44.5 and 119 species were predicted to occur at the time of the survey in the bores sampled (Table 5-4). With 35 troglofauna species recorded from this survey, the percentage of species sampled relative to extrapolated species richness ranges from 29% to 79% (Figure 5-8).

Table 5-4 Estimation of troglofauna richness using seven commonly used richness estimators Observed ACE ICE1 Chao 1 Chao 21 Jack 1 Jack 21 Bootstrap species mean mean mean mean mean mean mean richness

35 74.58 119 65.08 107 58.95 78.88 44.51

1 Incidence based species richness estimators

Figure 5-8 Observed troglofauna species richness as a percentage of extrapolated species richness

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5.2.2 Clitellata (clitellate worms)

Clitellata are annelid worms (Annelida) that possess a clitellum, an organ that they use to produce cocoons into which their eggs are laid and in which part of their development occurs (Kaygorodova & Sherbakov 2006; McHugh 2000).

5.2.2.1 Haplotaxida (oligochaete worms)

The order Haplotaxida is synonymous with Oligochaeta (Pinder 2010). Most subterranean oligochaetes are considered stygofauna; however, the preferred habitats of many enchytraeids are poorly known as they are frequently sampled from air-filled voids, thus qualifying as troglobites or troglophiles.

5.2.2.1.1 Enchytraeidae

Enchytraeidae is a large and complex family of worms. They are characterised by the placement of the clitellum between segments XII–XIII and have all chaetae single pointed (Pinder 2010). Their diversity and taxonomy are poorly known in Western Australia. Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’ Identification Specimens were identified on the basis of morphology (M. Scanlon pers. comm.). One specimen of enchytraeid could not be clearly identified and is referred to as Enchytraeidae sp. indet. It may also represent Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’. Distribution Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’ were sampled from impact and reference bores at CMM and NMM. Enchytraeidae sp. indet. was sampled from a bore in the impact area of CMM (Table 5-3). Enchytraeidae were not reported from the desktop review as no respective database could be queried at the WAM. Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’ is widespread (M. Scanlon pers. comm.) and the same rating is here applied to Enchytraeidae sp. indet.

5.2.3 Arachnida (spiders and allies)

5.2.3.1 Araneae (spiders)

The Araneae (spiders) are characterised by a number of unique characters, including abdominal appendages modified as spinnerets, silk glands and associated spigots, cheliceral venom glands and male pedipalp tarsi modified as secondary genitalia from sperm transfer (Coddington & Levi 1991). Spiders are one of the largest and most diverse orders of arachnids with more than 40,000 described species worldwide (Platnick 2014), and approximately 3,600 species named from Australia (Framenau 2014). A small proportion of the Australian spiders are subterranean and those that are appear to have close affinities to epigean taxa, for example in the families Oonopidae, Symphytognathidae, Tetrablemmidae and Trochanteriidae (Burger et al. 2010; Harvey 1998; Paquin & Dupérré 2009; Platnick 2008). The epigean relatives are often associated with wetter, tropical climates, suggesting

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 45 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd that they have evolved from these to live underground and escape desiccation in an aridifying environment (Cardoso & Scharff 2009).

5.2.3.1.1 Gnaphosidae (ground spiders)

The Gnaphosidae are characterised in particular by their spinneret morphology, with cylindrical anterior lateral spinnerets with noticeably enlarged pyriform gland spigots (Framenau et al. 2014). The family belongs to one of the most common and diverse spider families in Australia. However, the taxonomy of the group is poorly resolved and few genera have been reviewed or revised (Ovtsharenko & Platnick 1995; Platnick 1975; Platnick 1978, 1985, 1988). The family includes some 60 species in Australia in 15 genera (Framenau 2013) but the fauna is much more diverse. It is currently under revision by V. Ovtsharenko (New York). Terrestrial gnaphosid spiders disperse very well and most species are therefore expected to be widespread. Gnaphosid spiders have been collected in subterranean surveys but a comprehensive overview of their tendency for troglomorphism has not been conducted for Australia. Closely related families, such as the Trochanteriidae, have troglobitic, blind members (Platnick 2008). Gnaphosidae 'w1' Identification Morphological identification was not possible as all specimens were juvenile; however, all three specimens yielded DNA. Less than 0.43% COI sequence divergence indicated that they belong to the same species, Gnaphosidae ‘w1’. Distribution Gnaphosidae ‘w1’ was recorded from two reference bores at SMM (Table 5-3). Within the limits of the desktop review, unidentified gnaphosid spiders were collected from Orebody 41, Area C, the Greater West Angelas and Marillana Creek (Table 5-2), but it was not possible to compare the their COI sequences with Gnaphosidae ‘w1’. Distribution patterns of subterranean Gnaphosidae are poorly resolved. Current limited morphological and molecular evidence suggest high localisation (Phoenix unpublished data). We therefore consider Gnaphosidae ‘w1’, which is currently only known from the study area, a likely SRE.

5.2.3.1.2 Oonopidae (goblin spiders)

The name goblin spiders for the family Oonopidae refers to the somewhat peculiar appearance of these small spiders that measure up to 9 mm in body length. They are often hard-bodied with strong sclerotised abdominal plates and orange-brown in colour (Framenau et al. 2014; Platnick 2013). At a global scale, goblin spiders are known for some unusual morphological features, such as bizarre spines on the head, horny extensions on the chelicerae, strange-looking mouthparts, sternal pouches, and hand-like extensions on the posterior coxae. Goblin Spiders have a worldwide distribution but are most common in the tropics and subtropics. The Australian fauna currently includes 142 named species in 13 genera, some of which have been treated in extensive recent revisions, e.g. Cavisternum , Prethopalpus, Opopaea and Ischnothyreus (Baehr et al. 2012; Baehr et al. 2010; Baehr et al. 2013; Edward & Harvey 2014); others represent the legacy of historical taxonomic work and still require revision (e.g. Gamasomorpha, Oonops and Orchestina (e. g. Eichenberger et al. 2012).

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The goblin spiders include a considerable subterranean element; for example in the genera Opopaea and Prethopalpus (Baehr et al. 2012; Harvey & Edward 2007). Many of these species are only known from single bore holes qualifying as SREs. Prethopalpus 'w1' and Prethopalpus 'w2' Males of Prethopalpus are characterised by the swollen pedipalp patella, which is one to two times the size of the femur. They resemble species in Opopaea but most males can be easily distinguished by the separate cymbium and bulb; females and males lack a pair of small dorsolateral, triangular extensions on the pedicel as well as the paired curved scutal ridges on the scutopedicel region (Baehr et al. 2012). Prethopalpus is restricted to the Australasian tropics. Most species are recorded from single locations in Australia, demonstrating high local endemicity. Of 20 Australian species, 14 are troglobitic and only known from subterranean ecosystems in the northern half of Western Australia. Identification An adult male from the northern deposit was compared with the described species (Baehr et al. 2012) and possesses different morphological features and is here considered a species not previously recorded, Prethopalpus 'w1'. Attempts were made to sequence all of the specimens collected in order determine if they belonged to the same species; however, the adult male and an adult female failed to yield DNA sequences. Two juvenile specimens differed by 0.33% COI sequence divergence, indicating that they belong to the same species. As they were collected at a different deposit, they are here conservatively considered different to the male, Prethopalpus ‘w2’. As the female could not be matched with either male or juveniles it is here considered Prethopalpus sp. indet. All specimens may eventually be shown to belong to the same species. Distribution Prethopalpus were collected in all mining deposits, mostly at reference sites; Prethopalpus ‘w2’ was found at impact and reference sites at CMM (Table 5-3). Three described species from Area C returned in the desktop review (Table 5-1) did not match the male Prethopalpus ‘w1’. Further undescribed and unidentified species of the genus from the desktop review (Table 5-2) could also not be matched, but maybe conspecific. Most troglobitic species of Prethopalpus exhibit very high incidence of short-range endemism (Baehr et al. 2012). We therefore consider Prethopalpus 'w1', Prethopalpus 'w2' and Prethopalpus sp. indet. likely SREs.

5.2.3.2 Palpigradi (palpigrades, micro-whipscorpions)

Palpigrades are related to spiders and scorpions; however, their position within the Arachnida is enigmatic with no clear relationship to the other arachnid orders (Giribet et al. 2014; Shultz 1990; Wheeler & Hayashi 1998). They are very small (usually only a few millimetres long), pale and possess a distinctively long articulated tail. The tail is very fragile and typically broken off during the sampling process. Palpigrades inhabit moist soils and leaf litter (Barranco & Harvey 2008). The order is distributed worldwide including Australia; however, despite the presence of several species in Western Australia, only one native Western Australian palpigrade has been described, Eukoenenia guzikae, from subterranean environments of the Yilgarn (Barranco & Harvey 2008). Species delineation of Pilbara species using COI data has revealed high levels of sequence divergence and local endemism within Pilbara palpigrades (Phoenix 2011, 2012, 2014c).

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 47 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Palpigradi 'w1', Palpigradi 'w2', Palpigradi 'w3' and Palpigradi 'w4', Palpigradi sp. indet. Identification Morphological identification is extremely difficult due to the small size and fragility of the animals and therefore molecular analyses were conducted. Four specimens were sequenced for DNA and differed from each other by more than 20.7% COI sequence divergence, indicating that they belong to four distinct species. An additional five specimens, here referred to Palpigradi sp. indet., were not sequenced, but may belong to one of the four species. Distribution The four species were recorded from two deposits, SMM and NMM; Palpigradi ‘w2’ and Palpigradi ‘w3’ are only known from impact bores (Table 5-3). Palpigradi sp. indet. were collected at all three mining deposits, including impact bores at NMM and CMM (Table 5-3). Palpigrades were collected throughout the desktop review area (Table 5-1; Table 5-2), but it is currently impossible to ascertain if they represent any of the species from the study area. Palpigradi have shown very high levels of sequence divergence over quite short distances and therefore appear to be characterised by high local endemicity (Phoenix 2011, 2012). If a wider distribution cannot be demonstrated, they are considered likely SREs.

5.2.3.3 Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)

Pseudoscorpions resemble scorpions in that they possess a pair of long pedipalps with pincers which are directed anteriorly of the body; however, they do not possess the tail or a sting of scorpions. Most species are small to very small in size (most species are less than 1 cm long). Pseudoscorpions can be found inhabiting a wide variety of habitats including subterranean communities (Harvey 2011). In Western Australia, 17 families of pseudoscorpions have been recorded to date. Pseudoscorpions from the families Hyidae (Harvey 1993; Harvey & Volschenk 2007b), Olpiidae (Harvey 2011), Chernetidae (Harvey & Volschenk 2007a) and Chthoniidae (Edward & Harvey 2008), are also often encountered in subterranean surveys and are nearly always SREs.

5.2.3.3.1 Chthoniidae

The family Chthoniidae has a global distribution and is represented by 27 genera (Harvey 2011). Chthoniidae are characterised by large chelicerae, squarish carapace shape, the absence of venom apparatus in the chela fingers and a diagnostic arrangement of trichobothria (mechano-sensory setae) (Harvey 1992a). Tyrannochthonius 'w1' Several species of Tyrannochthonius have been described from the Pilbara from epigean and subterranean habitats (Edward & Harvey 2008). Genomic investigation of some of these species indicates that they may represent multiple species and a more thorough assessment of species boundaries relies on genomic assessments (Phoenix unpublished data). Identification A single adult male was sampled and compared against other species described from the Pilbara (Edward & Harvey 2008). The male differed by the number and form of chela teeth. This species differed from all other species included in the analysis by more than 17.4% COI sequence divergence indicating that it does not belong to any of those species included in the analysis.

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Distribution Tyrannochthonius 'w1' was recorded from a non-impact bore at NMM (Table 5-3). Four species of Tyrannochthonius were reported from the desktop review but represent different species based on morphology (Table 5-1). Multiple unidentified specimens of the genus were also collected and may be the same species as Tyrannochthonius ‘w1’ (Table 5-2). We consider Tyrannochthonius 'w1' to be a likely SRE owing to the high incidence of short-range endemism exhibited by troglobitic species of Tyrannochthonius in the Pilbara (Edward & Harvey 2008).

5.2.3.3.2 Lechytiidae

The family Lechytiidae is related to Chthoniidae and can be diagnosed from the latter family by the placement of two specific trichobothria on the chela manus (Harvey 2006). The family contains the single genus, Lechytia. In Western Australia, one species is known, however it is not described (M.S. Harvey, E.S. Volschenk & K. Abrams unpublished data). Lechytia 'w1' Identification Subterranean Lechytia appear to be rare in the Pilbara. Other than this study, species of Lechytia have only been found at Orebody 35 (5 km N of Newman), and Western Ridge, 15 km E Newman just outside the desktop review area. These specimens are lodged in the WAM (registration nos. T111718 and T111720) and were examined for identification. No obvious features could be found on which to distinguish Lechytia 'w1' from the specimens lodged in the WA Museum. Despite appearing morphologically similar to other specimens collected from the Pilbara, the large distances between those localities prompted a genetic investigation to test species-level resolution and assessment of regional context. Tissues from two voucher specimens from Wonmunna and three specimens from the Pilbara (incl. those mentioned above) were submitted to Helix Solutions in order to determine whether they are conspecific (Helix 2012b). Both Lechytia from Wonmunna differed by 0.7% sequence divergence showing them to be the same species, Lechytia ‘w1’. Only one Pilbara reference specimen from Wheelarra Hill yielded usable DNA and it differed from the Wonmunna species by 15.7% COI divergence. Distribution Lechytia 'w1' was sampled from impact and reference bores at SMM (Table 5-3). This species may be conspecific with WAM specimens T111718 and T111720 as they appear to be morphologically indistinguishable. Lechytia 'w1' is a potential SRE since its relationship to the two WA Museum specimens could not be defined through molecular techniques. While it appears identical to the WA Museum specimens, the distances between these localities is greater than that of any species of subterranean chthonioids (superfamily Chthonioidea) known from the Pilbara.

5.2.3.3.3 Olpiidae

Systematically, the Olpiidae are poorly defined and lack any uniting characters (Harvey 1992b; Murienne et al. 2008). In Australia, six genera in the family are listed with valid species, Austrohorus, Beierolpium, Euryolpium, Linnaeolpium, Olpium and Xenolpium. While several olpiid species in five genera are known from epigean samples from the Pilbara, subterranean species appear much rarer. All of the subterranean species appear to be SRE’s. Despite the presence of local expertise on olpiids,

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 49 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd there is still very poor understanding of the subterranean Pilbara species therefore species-level resolution and assessment of regional context (i.e. comparison with regional records) is largely dependent on genomic analyses. Beierolpium 'w1' The genus Beierolpium is characterised by a unique arrangement of trichobothria on the chela (Harvey & Leng 2008). This genus is widespread, but poorly studied in the Pilbara. Different species in the genus are often characterised by the absence of specific trichobothria in the fixed and moveable fingers however none of the Pilbara species appears to have been formally described. Identification Only one of the two tissue samples processed yielded DNA but both specimens are considered the same species based on morphological features, Beierolpium 'w1'. It differed from all others in the analysis by more than 26.3% COI sequence divergence. Distribution Beierolpium 'w1' was recorded from two reference bores in NMM and SMM (Table 5-3). Beierolpium 'w1' is not known from elsewhere in the Pilbara. Troglobitic Beierolpium were not returned in the desktop review. Beierolpium 'w1' is a likely SRE due to isolated occurrence of the genus in subterranean samples in the Pilbara. Linnaeolpium 'w1' The genus Linnaeolpium is known from a single troglobitic species from Mesa K, near Pannawonica, WA (Harvey & Leng 2008). The genus is defined by a unique arrangement of trichobothria (mechano- sensory hairs) on the chela fixed finger two blades on the rallum of the chelicerae. Identification The specimen sampled in this study is an adult female and differs morphologically from Linnaeolpium linneai (Harvey & Leng 2008) by its complete lack of eyes, in comparison to reduced eyes in Linnaeolpium linneai. It is here designated as Linnaeolpium ‘w1’. Distribution Linnaeolpium 'w1' was recorded from one reference at SMM (Table 5-3). No Linnaeolpium was recorded from the desktop review. Linnaeolpium 'w1' is a likely SRE based on the known distribution of species within the genus.

5.2.4 Myriapoda (millipedes and allies)

5.2.4.1 Scolopendromorpha (tropical millipedes)

The order Scolopendromorpha represents the typical centipedes and adults have 21 or 23 pairs of legs and are dorso-ventrally flattened (Edgecombe & Giribet 2007). Two scolopendromorph families are represented in the Pilbara subterranean fauna: Cryptopidae and Scolopendridae.

5.2.4.1.1 Cryptopidae

Representatives of the family Cryptopidae, differ from the family Scolopendridae by the morphology of the mouth parts and number of leg segments. Cryptopid centipedes are frequently found in subterranean surveys in the Pilbara. The taxonomy and systematics of the Pilbara Cryptopidae is very poorly understood, epigean or subterranean. There is no local expertise on the Pilbara species

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 50 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd therefore species-level resolution and assessment of regional context (i.e. comparison with regional records) is currently dependent on genomic analyses. Cryptops 'w1' Identification The single from the survey differed by more than 19% COI sequence divergence from all other species included in the analysis and is therefore considered a different species, Cryptops ‘w1’. Distribution Cryptops 'w1' is known from a single specimen collected in an impact bore at CMM (Table 5-3). A single unidentified Cryptops was reported from the desktop review (Table 5-2), but it is currently not possible to determine if it is Cryptops ‘w1’. Cryptops 'w1' is a likely SRE due to the localised distribution patterns of species in the genus, including epigean representatives (Phoenix unpublished data).

5.2.4.2 Polyxenida (pincushion millipedes)

Polyxenida differ from all other millipede orders by their soft bodies and characteristic tufts or rows of setae. The order is comprised of four families: Polyxenidae, Synxenidae, Lophoproctidae and Hypogexenidae (Shelley 2003). He subterranean polyxenidans of WA are poorly known and species level identification relies heavily on molecular analyses. Studies of the Pilbara troglobitic polyxenidans (Phoenix unpublished data) indicates that at least one species is very widespread throughout the Pilbara; however, there are also several locally endemic species. For this reason we treat troglomorphic polyxenidans as potential SREs unless a wider distribution can be demonstrated.

5.2.4.2.1 Polyxenidae

The family Polyxenidae can be readily identified by the arrangement of setae on each body segments into clusters or groups, and by the terminally expanded morphology of those setae. Polyxenidae 'w1' and Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' Identification Four samples, one from each locality, were sequenced for the gene COI. Barcoding analysis revealed two species. Three specimens differed from each other by between 0.0% and 3.4% genetic divergence and grouped with representatives of Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1'. The remaining specimen was more closely related to Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' than all other polyxenids in the analysis; however, it differed from that species by between 10.2% and 12.4% and is considered a different species, Polyxenidae 'w1'. Distribution Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' was recorded from and impact bore at CMM and reference bores at EMM, and SMM; Polyxenidae ‘w1’ was only collected from an impact bore at NMM (Table 5-3). Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' is widespread and has been recorded from numerous localities across the Hamersley Range. Polyxenidae 'w1' is considered a potential SRE owing to the presence of troglomorphic features and our current understanding of distribution patterns of subterranean pincushion millipedes in the Pilbara (Phoenix unpublished data).

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5.2.4.3 Pauropoda (pauropods)

Pauropodans are tiny myriapods, distantly related to centipedes and millipedes. Like centipedes, they are characterised by multi-segmented and elongated bodies with 9–11 pairs of legs, one pair of legs per body segment. They are characterised by branching antennae and many species also possess conspicuous pairs of long setae on the sides of the body segments (Scheller 2008).Very little is known about the Pauropoda of Western Australia. Nineteen described species of pauropodans are known from Australia (Scheller 2011), of which approximately half are endemic. In Western Australia, species have been described from the south- west (Postle et al. 1991; Remy 1957) and the Pilbara (Scheller 2011). Pauropodans do not appear to be uncommon but there has been little taxonomic research on this group in Australia. There are no local experts on this group so identification relies on genomic analysis. Genomic studies undertaken by Phoenix (unpublished data) indicate that the presence of several species in the Pilbara and all appear to be SRE's. We therefore consider representatives of this order likely SRE's unless a wider distribution can be demonstrated. Pauropoda 'w1' Identification Three specimens of Pauropoda were sampled during this survey, however only one specimen was retrieved from a survey bore, the other two specimens were obtained from Karaman-Chappuis samples. The bore specimen was sequenced for the gene COI and it differed from all other species in the analysis by more than 23% sequence divergence; therefore, this specimen does not belong to any of the species included in the analysis. The two unsequenced pauropodans were not placed into defined morphospecies and are here referred to as Pauropoda sp. indet. Distribution Pauropoda 'w1' was sampled from a reference bore at NMM. Pauropoda sp. indet. were recorded from the Karaman-Chappuis sample sites at SMM and NMM (Table 5-3). Pauropoda 'w1' is considered to be a likely SRE owing the presence of several SRE species in the Pilbara (Phoenix unpublished data).

5.2.4.4 Symphyla (glasshouse millipedes)

Symphylans somewhat resemble centipedes, but are only up to 4 mm long. They are generally without pigment and blind. Symphylans are at large soil-dwellers, but are also frequently found in subterranean surveys in the Pilbara and here considered part of the troglofauna. Taxonomy and systematics of the Pilbara symphylans is poorly understood. There is no local expertise on the Pilbara species therefore species-level resolution and assessment of regional context is currently dependent on genomic analyses. Symphyla 'w1', Symphyla 'w2', and Symphyla 'w3' Identification COI barcoding analysis revealed three species: Symphyla 'w1’ differed from all others in the analysis by more than 18.4% sequence divergence; Symphyla 'w2' represented three specimens that differed from each other by less than 2.5% sequence divergence but from the remaining species by more than 18.4% sequence divergence; and Symphyla 'w3' representing a single specimen differed from all others by more than 15.7% sequence divergence. An additional seven specimens were not sequenced and are here referred to as Symphyla sp. indet.

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Distribution Symphyla 'w1' and Symphyla ‘w3’ were only recorded from impact bore at SMM and NMM respectively and Symphyla 'w2' was collected at NMM (impact bore) and SMM (reference) (Table 5-3). Symphyla sp. indet. were recorded at all mining deposits (Table 5-3). Unpublished studies by Phoenix has indicates that Symphylans have often restricted ranges. For this reason we consider these three species to be likely SRE’s.

5.2.5 Collembola (springtails)

Collembola are small terrestrial arthropods closely related to insects. Like insects, they possess three pairs of legs and a single pair of antennae; however, they differ from insects by the absence of wings, possession of internal mouthparts, and by a furca: an abdominal organ that they use to ‘jump’ with and which gives the group their common name springtails (Greenslade 1991).

5.2.5.1 Entomobryomorpha

The Entomobryomorpha is the largest and most diverse of three orders of springtails and members of this order are generally recognised by their slender abdomen, long antennae, short legs and well developed furca (Christiansen & Bullion 1978; Christiansen 1961; Greenslade 1991).

5.2.5.1.1 Cyphoderidae

Collembolans in the family Cyphoderidae are blind, pale and possess distinctive scale-like setae on the dens (Greenslade 1991). Representatives of this family inhabit subterranean habitats including caves (Jantarit et al. 2014) and nests of ants and termites (Greenslade 1991). Little is known about the representatives of this family in Australia and approximately 30 species have been described (Greenslade 1991). Cyphoderus 'marillana' The genus Cyphoderus can be identified by the shape of the head and a specific arrangement of seta types on the dorsum of the furca dens, acuminate setae between large scale-setae (Bellinger et al. 1996–2014). The taxonomy of Pilbara Cyphoderus is poorly known and species level assessments are verified using DNA barcode analyses (Greenslade 1991). Identification Sequence fragments of the gene COI were amplified from four specimens and differed from each other by less than 1.64% sequence divergence. These specimens also differed by less than 2.8% sequence divergence from Cyphoderus 'marillana', indicating that they belong to that species. Distribution Within the study area, 39 specimens were sampled from all three mining deposits (Table 5-3). Cyphoderus 'marillana' is also known from records approximately 49 km N of the study area (Table 5-1). This species is considered to be a potential SRE because due to its currently limited distribution.

5.2.5.1.2 Entomobryidae

Entomobryidae is a large and diverse family of collembolans. Most species possess elongated abdomens with segment four much longer than segment three and have antennae that are shorter than the abdomen length but longer than the head length. The jumping organ is usually well developed and does not possess scale-like setae, and the mouth is anterior to the base of the

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 53 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd antenna (Christiansen & Bullion 1978; Christiansen 1961; Greenslade 1991). Unlike Cyphoderidae, most Entomobryidae possess well developed eyes, therefore troglobitic forms can be distinguishing from their absence of eyes. Entomobryidae 'w1' and Entomobryidae 'w2' Identification Two specimens differed from each other by 11.5% COI sequence divergence, indicating that they are not the same species, Entomobryidae 'w1' and Entomobryidae 'w2'. Both species were more similar to each than to any others in the analysis. Two specimens were in too poor condition to enable identification to family or to be considered suitable for DNA sequencing and are here considered unidentified springtails, Collembola sp. indet. Both specimens are pale, however both are headless so the absence of eyes cannot be determined. Distribution Entomobryidae 'w1' and Entomobryidae 'w2' were recorded from reference sites at NMM and the Collembola sp. indet. from a reference bore at SMM (Table 5-3). Entomobryidae 'w1' and Entomobryidae 'w2' are here considered to be likely SRE’s based on the current distribution knowledge of troglobitic forms in the family. Collembola sp. indet. are considered potential SREs.

5.2.6 Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)

Diplurans are an ancient group of hexapods, distantly related to the insects and sharing many features with them including three pairs of legs, antennae and a body plan divided into three regions; head, thorax and abdomen. They differ from most insects by the possession of internal mouthparts and possess short abdominal appendages (styles). Diplurans are characterised by the absence of eyes, and body pigment, making it impossible to discern the level of troglobitic specialisation from most specimens (Condé & Pagés 1991). The most notable feature of diplurans is their possession of two pairs of posteriorly directed appendages (cerci) on the last abdominal segment. The cerci can be either filamentous and multi segmented, or they can be heavily sclerotized, forcipulate (tweezer-like) morphology (Condé & Pagés 1991). The ecology of diplurans is poorly known and the limited data on species distribution based on genetics, indicates that they are both diverse and likely SREs (Phoenix 2011).

5.2.6.1 Japygidae

The family Japygidae is characterised by the presence of single segmented and heavily sclerotized, pincer-like, cerci and possess trichobothria on antenna segments 4–6 (Condé & Pagés 1991). The Australian fauna is poorly known and several undescribed species are known from the Pilbara (Phoenix unpublished data). Species level assessment of the Pilbara fauna is heavily reliant DNA sequence data and most of these species appear to be SRE’s (Phoenix unpublished data). Japygidae 'w1' and Japygidae 'w2' Identification The gene COI was sequenced for all three specimens. Two specimens differed from each other by only 0.3% sequence divergence, indicating that they belong to the same species: Japygidae 'w1'. The third specimen differed from Japygidae 'w1' by 7.8% sequence divergence and at the upper limits of the species delineation using COI. While this species appears to be closely to Japygidae 'w1', we believe that it is likely that this specimen represents a different species, Japygidae 'w2', owing to the extremely close relationship between the two specimens of Japygidae 'w1', and the relatively short

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 54 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd distance between the sample localities of Japygidae 'w1' and Japygidae 'w2'. Japygidae 'w1' and Japygidae 'w2' differed from all other diplurans in the analysis by at least 14.3% and 14.8% sequence divergence respectively. Distribution Distribution Japygidae 'w1' was sampled two impact bores at NMM and Japygidae 'w2' from a reference bore at SMM (Table 5-3). We consider both Japygidae 'w1' and Japygidae 'w2' to be likely SRE’s given the high incidence of short-range endemism in members of the family in the Pilbara (Phoenix unpublished data).

5.2.6.2 Projapygidae

The family Projapygidae is the presence of multi-segmented and unsclerotised cerci and possess trichobothria on antenna segments 4–22 (Condé & Pagés 1991). Like Japygidae, the Australian fauna is very poorly known and species level assessment of the Pilbara fauna is heavily reliant DNA sequence data. Most of these species appear to be SRE’s (Phoenix unpublished data). Projapygidae 'w1' and Projapygidae 'w2' Identification The gene COI was sequenced for two specimens and they differed from each other by 16.4% sequence divergence, indicating that they are different species. Projapygidae 'w1' and Projapygidae 'w2' differed from all other diplurans in the analysis by at least 14.0% and 11.8% sequence divergence respectively. Distribution Projapygidae 'w1' was sample from an impact bore at NMM only and Projapygidae 'w2' collected at a reference bore at SMM (Table 5-3). We consider both species likely SRE’s given the high incidence of short-range endemism in Pilbara Projapygidae (Phoenix unpublished data).

5.2.7 Insecta (insects)

5.2.7.1 Blattodea (cockroaches)

Blattodea are extremely widespread and its pest species Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Periplaneta australasiae (Australian cockroach) and Blattella germanica (German cockroach) are infamous. While about 30 species are associates with human habitation, there are more than 4,000 species of cockroach globally (Rentz 2014; Roth 1991).

5.2.7.1.1 Nocticolidae

Troglobitic forms of several cockroach families are known; however the most common family of cockroaches in the Pilbara is Nocticolidae. In Australia, this family is represented by the single genus Nocticola which are sometimes referred to as ‘delicate cockroaches’ because of their long slender legs and tiny size (Rentz 2014). Nocticola are primitive cockroaches and are characterised by wingless females, and males that possess soft membranous wings. Epigean Nocticola species are known from the tropics of Queensland (Nocticola australiensis) and some species have also been recorded living with termites (Roth 1991). In Australia, Nocticola are most often troglobitic and these species have reduced eyes or lack them, and the males often have much reduced wings.

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Identification of the Australian Nocticola species is complicated by the description of only a hand full of species and only one species, Nocticola flabella, is described from Western Australia, from Cape Range (Rentz 2014). Species level identification of Nocticola is dependent on characteristics of the adult males; however, adult males can be scarce in populations and are often not present in samples. There are no published keys to enable unambiguous identification of Pilbara Nocticola species. For this reason, species level identification often relies on DNA barcoding. Genetic studies on the Pilbara Nocticola species (Phoenix unpublished data) indicate the presence of two undescribed Nocticola species with widespread distributions, as well as some species that are considered SREs. Nocticola 'w1' Identification Eight specimens of Nocticola were sequenced throughout the study area. These specimens differed from each other by less than 1.6% COI sequence divergence, indicating that they belong to the same species. This species was compared with Nocticola ‘pilbara 1’, which is widespread in the Pilbara, and was found to differ by more than 15.93% sequence divergence, therefore this is not that species. Distribution Sixty-nine specimens were sampled from all mining deposit (Table 5-3). Blattodea were not returned in the desktop review. Based on distribution patterns of most Nocticola in the Pilbara, Nocticola ‘w1’ is considered a likely SRE also consistent with its distinctive COI sequence profile.

5.2.7.2 Hemiptera (bugs)

Hemiptera are true bugs. The order is characterised by the presence of mouthparts characteristically modified into a tube (rostrum), through which they feed. Hemiptera is a diverse order with between 50,000 and 80,000 species. They are globally distributed and both predatory and non-predatory species are known (Carver et al. 1991). Subterranean Hemiptera include members of the families Meenoplidae, Cixiidae and Reduviidae, and most species are likely SREs based genetic comparisons (Carver et al. 1991). Two species of Hemiptera were recorded from this survey.

5.2.7.2.1 Cixiidae

Pilbara Cixiidae can usually be recognised on the basis of a single median-longitudinal carina on the head, with numerous small punctuations on the ventro-lateral surfaces. Species delineation heavily reliant on assessment of DNA sequence data. Cixiidae 'w1' and Cixiidae 'pilbara 1' Identification The two collected specimens differed from each other by 12.92% COI sequence divergence, indicating that they belong to two different species. One species, Cixiidae 'w1', could not be matched to any other species in the analysis. The second species Cixiidae 'Pilbara 1' was matched to a species from the Robe Valley by between 4.5% and 4.6% sequence divergence. While this variation is within COI’s ‘grey zone’ for species delineation, the relatively large distance between these populations (approximately 355 km) is sufficient to explain this level of divergence in one species.

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Distribution Cixiidae 'pilbara 1' was recorded from an impact bore at NMM and Cixiidae 'w1' was found in a reference bore at SMM (Table 5-3). Cixiidae 'pilbara 1' is apparently widespread, whereas Cixiidae 'w1' is only known from a single subadult specimen in the study area. We consider this species a potential SRE based on known distribution patterns within the family.

5.2.7.2.2 Meenoplidae

Pilbara Meenoplidae are usually recognised by the presence of two pairs of longitudinal carina on the head and the lack of punctuations. While more specific diagnoses are available (Carver et al. 1991; Fletcher 2009 (and updates)) the rarity of adult specimens in subterranean samples makes these resources difficult. Species delineation therefore heavily reliant on assessment of DNA sequence data. Meenoplidae 'w1' and Meenoplidae 'widespread' (Meenoplidae) Identification Three specimens were submitted for sequencing; however, only two yielded DNA sequences. These specimens differed from one another by 10.3% genetic divergence, indicating that they belong to different species. One of these specimens was closely matched to Meenoplidae 'widespread' by between 0.2% and 3.8% genetic divergence. The other specimen differed from all other Meenoplidae in the analysis by more than 10.3% genetic divergences. Specimens without sequence data are referred to Meenoplidae sp. indet., they may belong to one of the species above. Distribution Meenoplidae 'w1' and Meenoplidae 'widespread' were recorded from reference bores at SMM and NMM respectively; Meenoplidae sp. indet. were recorded from reference bores at SMM (Table 5-3). Desktop data for Meenoplidae are not available. Meenoplidae 'widespread' is known from numerous specimens recorded throughout much of the Hamersley Range and is therefore not an SRE. Meenoplidae 'w1' is considered to be a potential SRE based on distribution patterns of known species in the family in the Pilbara.

5.2.7.3 Thysanura (silverfish)

Thysanurans are an order of insects, sometimes also referred to as Zygentoma (Smith & Watson 1991). They are characterised by external mouth parts, absence of wings and possess short abdominal appendages (styles); however, their most noteworthy feature are the three circi that protrude from the last abdominal segment (Smith & Watson 1991). The most commonly encountered thysanuran is Ctenolepisma longicaudata (silverfish), a pest species in the family Lepismatidae (Smith & Watson 1991).

5.2.7.3.1 Nicoletiidae

The family Nicoletiidae comprises all of the known SRE thysanurans and can be identified by the absence of eyes and pale and scale-less bodies (Naumann 2000). Although all species in this family are pale and blind, not all are troglobitic, and litter dwelling species are common in mesic environments. Species in the family Nicoletiidae (comprising the subfamilies Nicoletiinae and Atelurinae) are often encountered in subterranean surveys and are likely SREs (Phoenix 2011). Nicoletiinae possess elongated bodies while Ateluriinae have relatively short bodies.

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Atelurinae 'w1' and Atelurinae 'w2' Atelurinae are poorly known in Western Australia. Genetic data indicate that this subfamily is moderately diverse in the Pilbara, despite none of its Pilbara representatives being formally described and many show strong local endemism. Identification Genomic assessment indicated that the four specimens sequenced, represent two different species, which differed from each other by more than species differed from each other by more than 9.7% sequence divergence using the 12S gene. Distribution Atelurinae 'w1' was recorded from a single reference bore at SMM and Atelurinae 'w2' was recorded from CMM (impact and reference bores) and NMM (reference) (Table 5-3). These species are considered to be a likely SRE’s because most Pilbara Atelurinae assessed by Phoenix (unpublished data) to date have been found to have very restricted distributions.

5.2.8 Crustacea (crabs and allies)

5.2.8.1 Isopoda (slaters)

Almost 200 described species of Oniscidea, a suborder of the Isopoda containing the supralittoral, terrestrial and secondarily aquatic slaters (or woodlice), have been recorded from Australia (Green et al. 2010). The WA fauna is comparatively poorly known with many undescribed species (Judd & Horwitz 2003). Slaters are an ideal biological model for faunistic and biogeographical studies, due to their reduced dispersal ability and narrow habitat preferences (Taiti & Argano 2009). Consequently, they belong to one of the target groups of SRE and troglofauna surveys. Terrestrial isopods have been collected from the families Armadillidae and Philosciidae, but undescribed families appear to be present in the Western Australian fauna (Phoenix unpublished data). Troglobitic isopods are rarely collected, so very little is known about their biology and distribution patterns; however, genomic data suggest that they are moderately diverse and species are usually locally endemic in Western Australia (Phoenix unpublished data). Identification to species relies on genomic analysis. Isopoda 'w1' Identification This isopod could not be clearly identified to family or genus. The specimen was extensively damaged and the head and anterior abdominal segments are crushed. The head possesses no eyes and the body lacks pigmentation, indicating that this is a troglobite. The abdominal segments are elongated and possess distinctive nodules or tubercles, suggesting that it might represent a species of Stenoniscidae or Acanthodillo (Armadillidae). The nodular processes on the abdomen are very unusual in Pilbara Isopods and on this basis we recognise this as a distinct morphospecies, Isopoda ‘w1’. This morphology was not present in the other isopods sampled in this survey. An attempt was made to obtain DNA sequences from this specimen, however this was unsuccessful. Distribution Isopoda ‘w1’ was collected in an impact bore in the SMM deposit (Table 5-3). This species is considered to be a likely SRE due to the high incidence of short-range endemism in subterranean representatives of the order (Phoenix, unpublished data).

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5.2.8.1.1 Armadillidae

Armadillidae typically have a convex dorsal surface and the animal can roll up into a ball. The family is diverse in Australia, currently 24 genera are described; many species live in litter or under wood and stones in forest or woodland or near the coast. Troglarmadillo 'w1’ The genus Troglarmadillo can be recognised by the presence of a conspicuous longitudinal groove on the lateral margin of the first pereomere. Pilbara species of Troglarmadillo are very poorly known and based on molecular evidence, Phoenix’s considers Pilbara Troglarmadillo likely SRE’s unless a wider distribution is demonstrated. Identification Three samples of Troglarmadillo were processed for sequencing; however only two samples yielded COI sequences. These samples differed from each other by 3.5% sequence divergence. This difference is at the lower end of the species discrimination ‘grey zone’ and it is therefore likely that these two specimens belong to the same species. These specimens differed from all other isopods in the analysis by more than 20.4% sequence divergence, indicating that it does not belong with any other species included in the analysis. It is here referred to Troglarmadillo 'w1'. Distribution Troglarmadillo 'w1' were sampled from reference bores at CMM and SMM and Troglarmadillo sp. indet. was sampled from an impact bore at CMM. (Table 5-3). Troglarmadillo 'w1' is considered a likely SRE owing to the high incidence of short-range endemism in other species of Troglarmadillo in the Pilbara.

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6 DISCUSSION

The surveys of the study area recovered a high diversity of troglofauna when compared with similar studies in the eastern Hamersley Range, although few studies are available for comparison. For example, troglofauna sampling at Jinidi, approximately 30 km north-east of the study area, yielded 24 species in 14 orders in 108 samples (Bennelongia 2011), and a recent survey at Marillana North approximately 50 km to the north-east of the study area recovered ten species in eight orders in 31 samples (Phoenix 2014a). At higher taxonomic level, the troglofauna community is representative of the eastern Pilbara when compared with the desktop review results (Table 5-1; Table 5-2), although notably absent are the short-tailed whipscorpions (Schizomida), which are very diverse throughout the region (Table 5-1). The recorded species richness of 35 putative troglobites represents between 29% and 79% of the extrapolated species richness present during the surveys, based on both incidence (presence- absence data) and abundance (numbers of specimens) estimators (Figure 5-8). The high number of singleton records may indicate that the data represent largely an incidence data set therefore incidence-based extrapolations may be more representative for this study. The high incidence of singletons despite the very large survey effort over four sampling events indicates a population of low abundance, rather than habitat isolation. Most of the troglobitic species have not been recorded previously and 38 (including ‘sp. indet.’) are considered likely or potential SREs. This high regionalisation is typical for troglofauna surveys in the Pilbara and reflects the often limited extent and high isolation of subterranean habitat (Guzik et al. 2011; Halse & Pearson 2014; Humphreys et al. 2013). However, a number of species, such as Enchytraeidae ‘pilbara 1’, Polyxenidae ‘pilbara 1’, Cixiidae ‘pilbara 1’ and Meenoplidae ‘widespread’ are widespread suggesting surface dispersal capability, and are therefore not suitable for an impact assessment to show subterranean habitat connectivity. All of the troglobitic species were recorded from bores intersecting the Czr surface geology and it therefore appears to represent the matrix of their habitats (Figure 6-1), although it is noted that little sampling was conducted outside of this habitat to demonstrate wider distributions of species. Surface geology data indicate that the mining deposits NMM, CMM and SMM all form part of the same formation (Figure 6-1). While some of EMM represents the same type of geology as the other three deposits, the surface geology indicates that it may be discontinuous with that formation; however the limited records from EMM make it difficult to comment further on this area. Eleven of the troglofauna species were recorded from two or more bores and nine of these represent SREs enabling some interpretation of distribution patterns. Amongst these, two species, Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ (10 bores) and Nocticola ‘w1’ (14 bores), were collected from all three mining deposits (NMM, CMM and SMM) and three species, Symphyla ‘w2’ (3 bores), Atelurinae ‘w2’ (3 bores) and Troglarmadillo ‘w1’ (2 bores), were collected from two deposits in different combinations (Table 5-3). The remaining four species were recorded from multiple bores in one deposit. The broader distributions of five SRE species from more than one deposit indicate the presence of connectivity between NMM, CMM and SMM. The troglofauna from the three deposits are therefore considered to be part of the same community. Nine species were recorded only from within proposed impact areas, and with one exception, all of these species were sampled from single bores. The single exception (Japygidae 'w1') was sampled from two bores at NMM. In comparison, 14 species were sampled from single bores outside of proposed impact areas. Considering these overall low abundances recorded, it is likely that these records represent a sampling artefact and unlikely that any species would be restricted to within

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 60 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd proposed impact areas only. Their distribution may extend at least throughout the Czr surface geology (Figure 6-1). The proposed direct impact area (mining pits) occupies 203.6 ha of the continuous extend of the Czr geology (6,933.6 ha), which is here considered the extrapolated habitat extent for the Wonmunna troglofauna community (Figure 6-1). Therefore the percentage of direct habitat loss equates to 2.98% of extrapolated habitat extent. Given the extent of the habitat comprising the Czr geology and the relatively small proportion proposed for disturbance, it is unlikely that the Project would cause significant impact on the resident troglofauna community.

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7 REFERENCES

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D. (ed.) Conservation of Australia’s first fauna. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 193–203. Poulson, T. L. & Lavoie, K. H. 2000. The trophic basis of subsurface ecosystems. In: Wilkens, H., Culver, D. C. & Humphreys, W. F. (eds) Ecosystems of the World Vol. 30 - Subterranean ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 231–250. Prendini, L. 2005. Comments on "Identifying spiders through DNA Barcodes". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 498–504. Remy, P. A. 1957. Pauropodes d’Australie occidentale. Bulletin Société Entomologique de France 62: 136-144. Rentz, D. 2014. A guide to the cockroaches of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. & Teslenko, M. 2012. MrBayes: Bayesian Inference for Phylogeny v. 3.2.1. http://sourceforge.net/projects/mrbayes/files/mrbayes/3.2.1 Roth, L. M. 1991. Blattodea. In: CSIRO (Division of Entomology) (ed.) The insects of Australia, second edition. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Vic, pp. 320–329. Scheller, U. 2008. A reclassification of the Pauropoda (Myriapoda). International Journal of Myriapodology 1: 1–38. Scheller, U. 2011. Pauropods (Myriapoda: Pauropoda) from Western Australia, with descriptions of a new family, a new genus and three new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26: 1–10. Shelley, R. M. 2003. A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11: 187–207. Shultz, J. W. 1990. Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics 6: 1–38. Simon, C., Buckley, T. R., Frati, F., Stewart, J. B. & Beckenbach, A. T. 2006. Incorporating molecular evolution into phylogenetic analysis, and a new compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers for animal mitochondrial DNA. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 37: 545-579. Smith, G. B. & Watson, J. A. L. 1991. Thysanura. In: CSIRO (Division of Entomology) (ed.) The insects of Australia, second edition. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Vic, pp. 275–278. Subterranean Ecology. 2008a. Area C mining operations: boundary ridge troglofauna survey interim report, Project No. 65. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Subterranean Ecology. 2008b. Mining Area C Packsaddle 1-3 deposits: Subterranean fauna survey phase 1 and 2 results. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Subterranean Ecology. 2008c. Mining Area C Packsaddle 1-3 deposits: Subterranean fauna survey phase 1 and 2 results. Project No. 57. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Subterranean Ecology. 2008d. Subterranean fauna survey Area C - Packsaddle 1 - 3 deposits. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Subterranean Ecology. 2009. Area C mining operation: Boundary Ridge troglofauna survey final report. Project No. 2009/7. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for BHP Billiton Iron Ore. Subterranean Ecology. 2010. Fortescue Metals Group Solomon Project: Kings Deposits subterranean fauna survey and assessment. Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Stirling, WA. Unpublished report prepared for Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. Taiti, S. & Argano, R. 2009. New species of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Sardinia. Zootaxa 2318: 38–55.

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Volschenk, E. S. & Prendini, L. 2008. Aops oncodactylus, gen. et sp. nov., the first troglobitic urodacid (Urodacidae: Scorpiones), with a re-assessment of cavernicolous, troglobitic and troglomorphic scorpions. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 235–257. Western Australian Government. 2013. Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, Wildlife Conservation (Specially Protected Fauna) Notice 2013. Western Australian Government Gazette 204: 4320–4331. Western Australian Museum. 2013. WAM short-range endemic categories. Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA. Wheeler, W. C. & Hayashi, C. Y. 1998. The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders. Cladistics 14: 173–192.

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Appendix 1 List and locations of all bores surveyed

Area name Site code UTM Easting UTM Northing Surface Geology (see Impact area [Zone 50] [Zone 50] section 3.1) (mine pit) SMM ac1 7436751 702799 Czr Yes NMM ac10 7441546 709900 Czr Yes NMM ac11 7441653 709901 Czr NMM ac12 7441252 712104 Czr SMM ac2 7436705 702804 Czr SMM ac3 7436850 702799 Czr Yes SMM ac4 7436803 702803 Czr Yes SMM ac5 7437303 703007 Czr SMM ac6 7436805 702999 Czr SMM ac7 7437153 703201 Czr CMM ac8 7439043 706000 Czr Yes NMM ac9 7441547 709698 Czr Yes CMM ak18 7439053 704401 Czr SMM ak19 7436899 704796 Czr CMM ap13 7438901 704600 Czr Yes SMM ap15 7436807 703202 Czr SMM ap16 7436850 703009 Czr SMM ap17 7437197 703199 Czr Weeli Wolli KC-1.1 7442700 717915 Fd Weeli Wolli KC-1.2 7442825 717955 Fd NMM KC-2 7440210 709981 Fd NMM KC-3 7441586 712463 Czr CMM KC-4 7438751 704458 Czr NMM KC-5 7441495 711192 Czr NMM wnc042 7441402 707997 Fj NMM wnc045 7442064 708802 Fj NMM wnc108 7441612 709546 Czr Yes NMM wnc175 7440602 713298 Czr Yes NMM wnc181 7440807 712902 Czr Yes NMM wnc195 7440700 712501 Czr Yes NMM wnc226 7441699 709705 Czr SMM wnc244 7436955 702394 Czr Yes EMM wnc262 7440677 720603 Fj EMM wnc265 7440601 720718 Fj EMM wnc266 7440663 720626 Fj EMM wnc267 7440898 720206 Czr EMM wnc268 7440924 720167 Czr CMM wnc278 7439401 705019 Czr NMM wnc299 7440658 713904 Czr Yes NMM wnc307 7441345 710510 Czr NMM wnc315 7441749 710504 Czr SMM wnc348 7437053 703602 Czr Yes SMM wnc361 7437099 704803 Czr

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Area name Site code UTM Easting UTM Northing Surface Geology (see Impact area [Zone 50] [Zone 50] section 3.1) (mine pit) SMM wnc362 7437165 704797 Czr SMM wnc367 7436848 704801 Czr SMM wnc370 7437352 705196 Qw SMM wnc373 7437010 705210 Czr SMM wnc374 7437099 705606 Czr SMM wnc379 7437373 705999 Czr SMM wnc380 7437299 706006 Czr SMM wnc381 7437404 706000 Czr NMM wnc385 7440954 713098 Czr Yes NMM wnc387 7440898 713101 Czr Yes NMM wnc388 7440848 713097 Czr Yes NMM wnc390 7440751 713100 Czr Yes NMM wnc392 7440649 713097 Czr Yes NMM wnc401 7440747 713892 Czr Yes NMM wnc407 7440808 712698 Czr Yes NMM wnc437 7441397 709904 Czr Yes SMM wnc577 7437252 704603 Czr SMM wnc586 7436801 704599 Czr SMM wnc607 7437102 703801 Czr Yes SMM wnc662 7436995 702603 Czr Yes SMM wnc665 7436898 702605 Czr Yes SMM wnc666 7436850 702604 Czr Yes EMM wnc683 7438655 729932 Czr EMM wnc685 7438748 729941 Czr EMM wnc687 7438848 729938 Czr CMM wnc719 7439053 705007 Czr Yes CMM wnc722 7438905 704793 Czr Yes CMM wnc723 7438948 704801 Czr Yes CMM wnc738 7439152 705201 Czr Yes CMM wnc744 7439052 705405 Czr Yes CMM wnc745 7439105 705402 Czr Yes CMM wnc749 7439147 705603 Czr Yes CMM wnc750 7439097 705602 Czr Yes CMM wnc751 7439001 705597 Czr Yes CMM wnc752 7439002 705601 Czr Yes CMM wnc755 7439070 705805 Czr Yes CMM wnc760 7439153 706008 Qw Yes SMM wndd0010 7436947 702604 Czr Yes NMM wnnd0006 7441185 711713 Czr Yes CMM crc001 7439106 706302 Czr CMM crc003 7439197 706301 Qw CMM crc023 7439218 705746 Qw CMM crc041 7439198 705650 Czr CMM crc042 7439203 705553 Czr CMM crc054 7439207 705500 Czr

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Area name Site code UTM Easting UTM Northing Surface Geology (see Impact area [Zone 50] [Zone 50] section 3.1) (mine pit) CMM crc078 7439243 705453 Czr CMM crc086 7439207 705356 Czr Yes CMM crc087 7439245 705356 Czr CMM crc088 7439255 705297 Czr CMM crc091 7439203 705302 Czr Yes CMM crc094 7439196 705252 Czr Yes CMM crc095 7439254 705197 Czr CMM crc103 7439254 705098 Czr CMM crc111 7439207 705049 Czr Yes CMM crc113 7439164 704900 Czr Yes CMM crc124 7439155 704845 Czr CMM crc132 7439257 704231 Czr CMM crc133 7439144 704231 Czr CMM crc134 7439050 704230 Czr CMM crc137 7439246 703712 Czr CMM crc140 7439843 702455 Czr NMM nrc606 7441132 711144 Czr EMM erc002 7441332 718807 Czr EMM erc004 7441253 718796 Czr EMM erc008 7441212 718998 Czr EMM erc009 7441129 719202 Czr EMM erc011 7441092 718999 Czr EMM erc013 7441027 719181 Czr EMM erc016 7441064 719420 Czr EMM erc017 7441154 719599 Czr EMM erc019 7441055 719603 Czr EMM erc021 7440964 719603 Czr EMM erc041 7441056 719093 Czr EMM erc042 7441049 719322 Czr NMM nrc034 7441157 712455 Czr NMM nrc042 7441295 712396 Czr NMM nrc056 7440699 712299 Czr NMM nrc088 7440761 712002 Czr NMM nrc115 7441747 709999 Czr NMM nrc116 7441797 710008 Czr NMM nrc136 7441754 709801 Czr NMM nrc137 7441801 709807 Czr NMM nrc189 7441602 710200 Czr NMM nrc191 7441694 710196 Czr NMM nrc195 7441764 710344 Czr NMM nrc198 7441612 710356 Czr NMM nrc347 7441054 711411 Czr NMM nrc351 7440906 711352 Czr SMM wnc653 7436852 703001 Czr EMM erc006 7441281 718999 Czr

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Area name Site code UTM Easting UTM Northing Surface Geology (see Impact area [Zone 50] [Zone 50] section 3.1) (mine pit) NMM nrc632 7441456 711797 Czr EMM erc022 7440952 719809 Czr EMM erc025 7440966 720795 Czr EMM erc026 7441019 720612 Czr EMM erc027 7440988 720620 Czr EMM erc028 7441059 720411 Czr EMM erc031 7441106 718712 Fj EMM erc033 7441108 718634 Fj EMM erc035 7441113 718823 Czr EMM erc037 7441111 718925 Czr NMM nrc405 7441301 710199 Czr NMM nrc409 7441550 710598 Czr NMM nrc410 7441603 710609 Czr NMM nrc411 7441667 710598 Czr NMM nrc412 7441698 710603 Czr NMM nrc413 7441753 710604 Czr NMM nrc600 7441052 711204 Czr NMM nrc601 7441110 711196 Czr NMM nrc602 7441148 711209 Czr NMM nrc603 7441204 711208 Czr NMM nrc604 7441252 711202 Czr NMM nrc607 7441004 711353 Czr NMM nrc608 7441047 711345 Czr NMM nrc610 7441166 711403 Czr NMM nrc612 7441248 711397 Czr NMM nrc614 7441347 711396 Czr NMM nrc615 7441365 711454 Czr NMM nrc617 7441255 711444 Czr NMM nrc618 7441203 711442 Czr NMM nrc620 7441105 711451 Czr NMM nrc622 7441200 711552 Czr NMM nrc625 7441303 711595 Czr NMM nrc633 7441412 711858 Czr SMM wnc647 7437396 703002 Czr SMM wnc651 7436955 703008 Czr SMM wnc658 7437200 702797 Czr SMM wnc660 7437250 702597 Czr SMM wnc670 7437300 702401 Czr SMM wnc677 7437050 701994 Czr SMM wnc679 7437039 701801 Czr SMM wnc682 7436996 701601 Czr CMM wnc727 7439149 704801 Czr CMM wnc728 7439200 704802 Czr CMM wnc734 7438963 704398 Czr CMM wnc735 7439049 704400 Czr

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 73 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Area name Site code UTM Easting UTM Northing Surface Geology (see Impact area [Zone 50] [Zone 50] section 3.1) (mine pit) CMM wnc763 7439151 706202 Qw CMM wnc765 7438895 704201 Czr CMM wnc766 7438848 704196 Czr EMM erc039 7441128 719126 Czr SMM wnc347 7436806 703201 Czr SMM wnc363 7437045 704802 Czr SMM wnc368 7436801 704817 Czr NMM wnc533 7441350 710710 Czr SMM wnc571 7436891 705399 Czr SMM wnc573 7436995 705000 Czr SMM wnc645 7436701 703201 Czr SMM wnc575 7436897 704997 Czr SMM wnc576 7436742 704999 Czr SMM wnc579 7437148 704601 Czr SMM wnc585 7436843 704599 Czr SMM wnc589 7437343 704401 Czr SMM wnc591 7437394 704200 Czr SMM wnc604 7437389 703804 Czr SMM wnc618 7437384 703600 Czr SMM wnc639 7437401 703199 Czr

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 74 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Appendix 2 Sampling regime undertaken S – bore scrape samples, T – troglofauna trap, N – stygofauna netting, K – Karaman-Chappuis

Site code T1 T2 T3 T4 ac1 S, N S, T S, T, N ac10 S S, T S, T ac11 S S, T S, T ac12 S S, T S, T ac2 S, N S, T S, T, N ac3 S S, T S, T ac4 S, N S, T S, T, N ac5 S, N S, T S, T, N ac6 S, N S, T S, T, N ac7 S, N S, T S, T ac8 S S, T S, T ac9 S S, T S, T ak18 S ak19 S ap13 S S, T ap15 S, T S, T, N ap16 S S, T ap17 S S, T crc001 S crc003 S crc023 S crc041 S crc042 S crc054 S crc078 S crc086 S crc087 S crc088 S crc091 S crc094 S crc095 S crc103 S crc111 S crc113 S crc124 S crc132 S crc133 S crc134 S crc137 S crc140 S erc002 S erc004 S erc006 S

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Site code T1 T2 T3 T4 erc008 S erc009 S erc011 S erc013 S erc016 S erc017 S erc019 S erc021 S erc022 S erc025 S erc026 S erc027 S erc028 S erc031 S erc033 S erc035 S erc037 S erc039 S erc041 S erc042 S KC-1.1 K K K KC-1.2 K K nrc034 S nrc042 S nrc056 S nrc088 S nrc115 S nrc116 S nrc136 S nrc137 S nrc189 S nrc191 S nrc195 S nrc198 S nrc347 S nrc351 S nrc405 S nrc409 S nrc410 S nrc411 S nrc412 S nrc413 S nrc600 S nrc601 S nrc602 S nrc603 S

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 76 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Site code T1 T2 T3 T4 nrc604 S nrc606 S nrc607 S nrc608 S nrc610 S nrc612 S nrc614 S nrc615 S nrc617 S nrc618 S nrc620 S nrc622 S nrc625 S nrc632 S nrc633 S KC-2 K K KC-3 K KC- 4 K KC-5 K wnc042 N T T wnc045 S, T T wnc108 T wnc175 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc181 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc195 S S, T S, T wnc226 S S, T S, T wnc244 S S, T ST wnc262 S,N S, T T wnc265 S T T wnc266 T T wnc267 S T T wnc268 T T wnc278 S S, T S, T S wnc299 S, N S T S, T, N wnc307 N wnc315 S S, T S, T wnc347 S wnc348 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc361 S, N S, T S, T, N S wnc362 S S, T S, T wnc363 S wnc367 S, N S, T S, T wnc368 S wnc370 S S, T S, T S wnc373 S, N S, T S, T, N S wnc374 S S, T S, T S

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 77 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Site code T1 T2 T3 T4 wnc379 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc380 S, N S, T S, T, N S wnc381 S, N S, T S, T, N S wnc385 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc387 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc388 S S, T S, T wnc390 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc392 S, N S, T S, T wnc401 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc407 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc437 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc533 S wnc571 S wnc573 S wnc575 S wnc576 S wnc577 S wnc579 S wnc585 S wnc586 S wnc589 S wnc591 S wnc604 S wnc607 S, N S, T wnc618 S wnc639 S wnc645 S wnc647 S wnc651 S wnc653 S wnc658 S wnc660 S wnc662 S, N S T S, T, N wnc665 S, N S T S, T, N wnc666 S S, T S, T wnc670 S wnc677 S wnc679 S wnc682 S wnc683 S S, T S, T wnc685 S S wnc687 S, N S T S, T, N wnc719 S S,T S, T, N wnc722 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc723 S, N S, T S, T, N wnc727 S

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 78 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Site code T1 T2 T3 T4 wnc728 S wnc734 S wnc735 S wnc738 S S, T wnc744 S S, T S, T wnc745 S S, T S, T wnc749 S S, T wnc750 S S, T wnc751 S wnc752 S S, T S, T wnc755 S,N S, T S, T wnc760 S S, T S, T wnc763 S wnc765 S wnc766 S wndd0010 S S, T S, T wnnd0006 S S S

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 79 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Appendix 3 Desktop survey results

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) Clitellata (clitellate worms) Haplotaxida (oligochaete worms) n/a Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6967 119.0492 n/a Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6949 119.0510 n/a Enchytraeidae Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6857 119.0596 n/a Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6785 119.0606 n/a Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6776 119.0605 n/a Enchytraeus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6713 119.0556 Arachnida (spiders and allies) Araneae (spiders) T100088 Encoptarthria? sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.947 119.021 T91747 Gnaphosidae sp. indet. Area C, PSA0138R -22.9228 118.851 T127512 Gnaphosidae sp. indet. 32.1 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1216 118.864 T127530 Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae sp. indet. 21.7 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1674 118.617 T127531 Gnaphosidae sp. indet. 31.8 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1234 118.859 T130457 Gnaphosidae sp. indet. W.A.: Marillana Creek, ca. 86 km NNW. Newman -22.7035 119.344 T129665 nr Encoptarthria' 'sp. B01' Orebody 41, ca. 60 km NW. Newman -23.0008 119.244 T108275 Oonopidae sp. indet. c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore PSD0129R -22.8993 118.99 T96822 Opopaea sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35 km NW. of Newman, OESRC08HD6006-MHD101 -23.2055 119.481 Oonopidae T108273 Prethopalpus julianneae c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0569R -22.9924 118.833 T108269 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0140R -23.0098 118.983

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 80 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T108270 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0147R -23.0137 118.989 T108272 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0288R -22.9849 118.818 T108274 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0383R -22.9849 118.854 T108276 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore PSD0137R -22.8983 118.989 T108283 Prethopalpus maini c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0260R -22.9958 118.818 T108277 Prethopalpus pearsoni c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore PSD0115R -22.902 118.989 T131655 Prethopalpus 'sp. B27' -22.8152 118.854

T108271 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0803R -22.9992 118.895 T108278 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore PSD0140R -22.9023 118.996 T108279 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore SF0363R -22.9796 118.842 T108280 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore GDR0070 -22.9306 118.945 T108281 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore RP011 -22.966 119.073 T108282 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' c. 100 km NW. of Newman, mining Area C, bore GB0035R -22.9382 119.004 T125179 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' Southern Flank, 97 km WNW. of Newman, bore hole -22.9988 118.912 T125180 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' Southern Flank, 106 km WNW. of Newman, bore hole -22.9921 118.813 T125181 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' Southern Flank, 106 km WNW. of Newman, bore hole -22.9884 118.827 T127533 Prethopalpus 'sp. indet.' 34.2 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1241 118.886 n/a Prethopalpus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6785 119.0606 n/a Prethopalpus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.6785 119.0518 T102801 unknown Araneae sp. indet. West Angelas, 104.82 km W. of Newman -23.1986 118.72 Opiliones (harvestmen) T100087 Assamiidae Dampetrus B1 (=isolatus?) Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9267 118.973 n/a Unknown Opilionida sp. B3 Orebody 13and/or 41 (Bennelongia 2011) Unknown unknown

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 81 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) Palpigradi (micro-whipscorpions) T92118 Eukoeneniidae Eukoeneniidae sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06TE353 -23.1219 119.488 T129666 Genus indet.' 'sp. B01' Orebody 15, ca. 60 km NW. Newman -22.9782 119.3 Hamersley Range, c. 15 km W. of The Governor, bore EXR0943 [Newman, T93967 Palpigradi sp. indet. -23.0755 118.665 ca. 150 km ENE] T93968 Palpigradi sp. indet. Hamersley Range, c. 15 km N. of The Governor [Newman, ca. 100 km NE] -22.9408 118.838 T93969 Palpigradi sp. indet. Hamersley Range, c. 15 km N. of The Governor [Newman, ca. 100 km NE] -22.9407 118.849 Hamersley Range, c. 30 km NE. of The Governor [Newman, ca. 100 km T93970 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.9241 119.008 NE] Hamersley Range, c. 30 km NE. of The Governor [Newman, ca. 100 km T93971 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.9295 118.952 NE] Hamersley Range, c. 30 km NE. of The Governor [Newman, ca. 100 km T93972 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.9239 119.011 NE] unknown T95581 Palpigradi sp. indet. Weeli Wolli Creek area, `area C`, Boundary Ridge deposit, hole EXR0728 -23.037 118.727 T95582 Palpigradi sp. indet. Weeli Wolli Creek area, `area C`, Packsaddle Range deposit, hole PSE105R -22.9011 119.009

T96824 Palpigradi sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35 km NW. of Newman -23.1222 119.488

Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 5, bore hole T97276 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.9064 119.027 PSE0045R Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 6, bore hole T97277 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.8989 119.041 PSF0068R Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 6, bore hole T97278 Palpigradi sp. indet. -22.8964 119.065 PSF0105R

n/a Palpigradi sp. indet. Marillana North -22.678536 119.051891

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 82 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions) T119436 Lagynochthonius 'PSE039' Deposit F, ca. 100 km NW. Newman -22.9435 118.883 T119437 Lagynochthonius 'PSE039' Deposit B, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -22.9339 118.998 T119438 Lagynochthonius 'PSE039' Deposit B, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -22.9427 119.009 T119439 Lagynochthonius 'PSE039' Southern Flank, ca. 103 km NW. Newman -22.9753 118.83 T119441 Lagynochthonius 'PSE041' Alligator Jaws, ca. 118 km WNW. Newman -23.0627 118.635 T119429 Lagynochthonius 'PSE043' Iron Valley, ca. 83 km NNW. Newman -22.7283 119.314 T119431 Lagynochthonius 'PSE045' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9042 118.986 T119432 Lagynochthonius 'PSE045' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9011 118.983 T119433 Lagynochthonius 'PSE046' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9011 118.986 T119434 Lagynochthonius 'PSE046' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9028 118.987 T119435 Chthoniidae Lagynochthonius 'PSE046' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.905 118.977 T129664 Lagynochthonius 'sp. B02' Orebody 16, ca. 50 km NW. Newman -23.0221 119.224 Lagynochthonius 'sp. T91728 Area C, PSA0048R -22.9041 118.901 Packsaddle' Lagynochthonius 'sp. T91729 Area C, PSA0015R -22.9208 118.883 Packsaddle' Lagynochthonius 'sp. T91730 Area C, PSA0091R -22.9238 118.828 Packsaddle' T99763 Lagynochthonius 'yandi' `Yandi`, 85 km NW. of Newman -22.7692 119.201 T119456 Tyrannochthonius 'PSE050' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9006 118.983 T119457 Tyrannochthonius 'PSE050' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9003 118.983 T119458 Tyrannochthonius 'PSE050' Packsaddle P4, ca. 96 km NW. Newman -22.9018 118.996

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 83 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T119466 Tyrannochthonius 'PSE055' Deposit A, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -22.925 119.013 Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 4, bore hole T97279 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. -22.9069 118.997 PSD030R Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 6, bore hole T97280 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. -22.8975 119.059 PSF0004R Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 6, bore hole T97281 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. -22.8992 119.059 PSF0008R T119446 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Deposit A, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -22.9258 119.03 T119447 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Deposit R, ca. 83 km NW. Newman -22.9726 119.053 T119448 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Lower Weeli Wolli, ca. 76 km NW. Newman -22.8376 119.272 T119453 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Southern Flank East, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -23.0072 118.982 T119473 Tyrannochthonius sp. indet. Deposit F, ca. 100 km NW. Newman -22.9444 118.877 Hamersley Range, `Packsaddle Range`, Packsaddle deposit 6, bore hole T97275 Indohya 'PSE005' -22.8992 119.068 PSF0091R T111706 Indohya 'PSE005' Deposit C, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9248 118.975 T111707 Indohya 'PSE005' Deposit B, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9353 118.999 T111708 Hyidae Indohya 'PSE005' Deposit B, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9444 119.008 T111709 Indohya 'PSE005' Southern Flank, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9849 118.818 T111710 Indohya 'PSE005' Packsaddle P4, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9015 118.988 T111711 Indohya 'PSE005' Packsaddle P4, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9038 118.984 T111712 Indohya 'PSE005' Packsaddle P4, 100 km NW. of Newman -22.9028 118.987 T92117 Indolpium sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06TE366 -23.1261 119.489 Olpiidae T102541 Indolpium sp. indet. West Angelas, 104.8 km W. of Newman -23.1986 118.72

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 84 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T102543 Indolpium sp. indet. West Angelas, 114.4 km W. of Newman -23.1192 118.645 Schizomida (short-tailed whipscorpions) T116221 Draculoides 'SCH002' Ministers North, 100 km NW. of Newman, Pilbara -22.824 119.09 T93786 Draculoides 'SCH012' Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0317R -22.9278 118.877 T119486 Draculoides 'SCH012' Packsaddle P2, ca. 98 km WNW. Newman -22.9134 118.923 T119484 Draculoides 'SCH013' Packsaddle P4, ca. 93 km WNW. Newman -22.9006 118.99 T119485 Draculoides 'SCH013' Packsaddle P4, ca. 93 km WNW. Newman -22.9011 118.986 T119488 Draculoides 'SCH018' Deposit R, ca. 85 km WNW. Newman -22.9742 119.036 T119496 Draculoides 'SCH020' Iron Valley, ca. 84 km NNW. Newman -22.7238 119.315 T119497 Draculoides 'SCH020' Iron Valley, ca. 81 km NNW. Newman -22.751 119.308 T119499 Draculoides 'SCH021' Phil`s Creek, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman -22.7381 119.191 T119500 Draculoides 'SCH021' Phil`s Creek, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman -22.7345 119.187 Hubbardiidae T119501 Draculoides 'SCH022' Southern Flank East, ca. 87 km WNW. Newman -23.0125 118.994 T119502 Draculoides 'SCH022' Southern Flank East, ca. 87 km WNW. Newman -23.0046 118.983 T119503 Draculoides 'SCH022' Southern Flank East, ca. 87 km WNW. Newman -23.0099 118.989 T119504 Draculoides 'SCH023' Southern Flank, ca. 100 km WNW. Newman -22.9849 118.854 T119505 Draculoides 'SCH023' Southern Flank, ca. 94 km WNW. Newman -23.0004 118.913 T119476 Draculoides 'SCH024' Upper Weeli Wolli, ca. 75 km NW. Newman -22.9136 119.203 T119477 Draculoides 'SCH024' Upper Weeli Wolli, ca. 75 km NW. Newman -22.9136 119.203 T119478 Draculoides 'SCH025' Packsaddle East, ca. 80 km NW. Newman -22.912 119.132 T119491 Draculoides 'SCH029' Marillana Creek, ca. 81 km NNW. Newman -22.7194 119.374 T119492 Draculoides 'SCH029' Marillana Creek, ca. 84 km NNW. Newman -22.709 119.336

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 85 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T119493 Draculoides 'SCH030' Yandi, ca. 91 km NW. Newman -22.7668 119.136 n/a Draculoides 'SCH030' Marillana North -22.6949 119.0520 T119489 Draculoides 'SCH034' Orebody 13, ca. 66 km NW. Newman -22.973 119.259 T93783 Draculoides 'sp. 01' Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0391R -22.9272 118.872 T93785 Draculoides 'sp. 03' Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0123R -22.9289 118.956 T93788 Draculoides 'sp. 03' Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0024R -22.9081 118.997 T93789 Draculoides 'sp. 03' Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0041R -22.9108 118.994 T131650 Draculoides 'sp. B50' -22.8067 118.879

T131651 Draculoides 'sp. B51' -22.8108 118.876

T131652 Draculoides 'sp. B52' -22.8154 119.017

T93782 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0317R -22.9278 118.877 T93784 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0461R -22.9286 118.864 T93787 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0286R -22.91 118.958 T93790 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0002R -22.9072 119.041 T93791 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSA0182R -22.8967 119.049 T98366 Draculoides sp. indet. Hope Downs, 31.1 km NW. of Newman -23.2055 119.481 T98367 Draculoides sp. indet. Hope Downs, 37.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1186 119.475 T98368 Draculoides sp. indet. Hope Downs, 37.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1203 119.475

T98369 Draculoides sp. indet. Hope Downs, 34.8 km NW. of Newman -23.1272 119.506

T100045 Draculoides sp. indet. Hope Downs, 76.4 km NW. of Newman -22.9392 119.141 T100083 Draculoides sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9411 119.005 T100084 Draculoides sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9669 119.072

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 86 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T100085 Draculoides sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9714 119.057 T100086 Draculoides sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9381 119.004 T107334 Draculoides sp. indet. 74.3 km NW. of Newman -22.955 119.154 T107336 Draculoides sp. indet. 74.3 km NW. of Newman -22.955 119.154 T107379 Hubbardiidae Draculoides sp. indet. 77.5 km NW. of Newman -22.9905 119.09 T119498 Draculoides sp. indet. Extensions, ca. 103 km NW. Newman -22.6785 119.061 T127461 Draculoides sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.7319 119.182 T127462 Draculoides sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.7355 119.188 T93781 Draculoides sp. indet. Packsaddle Range, 110 km NE. Newman, hole PSF0203R -22.8936 119.052 Myriapoda (millipedes and allies) Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes) T130456 Geophilidae sp. indet. W.A.: Marillana Creek, ca. 86 km NNW. Newman -22.7128 119.326 Geophilidae T131656 Ribautia 'sp. B02' -22.8153 118.877

T103460 Unknown Geophilomorpha sp. indet. West Angelas, 113.3 km W. of Newman -23.1903 118.642

Scolopendromorpha (tropical centipedes)

T92115 Cryptopidae sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06TE366 -23.1261 119.489 T98382 Cryptopidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, 37.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1203 119.475 Cryptopidae T100186 Cryptopidae sp. indet. 55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse -22.902 118.673 T100187 Cryptopidae sp. indet. 55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse -22.902 118.673 T120946 Cormocephalus 'CHI003' Packsaddle P4 mine lease, c. 96 km NW. of Newman -22.901 118.993 T120962 Scolopendridae Cormocephalus 'CHI003' 95 km WNW. of Newman -22.9226 118.872 T127529 Cormocephalus 'CHI003' 31.5 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1234 118.859

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 87 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94)

T131657 Scolopendridae 'sp. B02' -22.8144 119.019

Polydesmida (keeled millipedes) T116537 Dalodesmidae Dalodesmidae sp. indet. Marillana, c. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.7001 119.333 T127459 Unknown Polydesmida sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.7346 119.185 Polyxenida (pincushion millipedes) T96108 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, 32.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1867 119.476 T102935 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. Yandi, 74.9 km NW. of Newman -22.8222 119.289 T127513 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 18.5 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1456 118.627 T127514 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 31.8 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1255 118.856 T127515 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 20.7 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1479 118.681 T127516 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 20 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1492 118.663 T127517 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 20.4 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1476 118.678 T127518 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 34.1 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1915 118.832 T127519 Lophoproctidae Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 22.9 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1424 118.728 T127520 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 21.7 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1674 118.617 T127521 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 19.1 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1469 118.646 T127522 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 35.4 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1958 118.844 T127523 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 23 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1416 118.73 T127524 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 25.9 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1794 118.725 T127525 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 22.7 km SE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1415 118.728 T127526 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 25.6 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1727 118.729 T127527 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 22.6 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1736 118.664

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 88 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T127528 Lophoproctidae sp. indet. 20 km SSE. of Mt Meharry, RIOTIO Greater West Angelas -23.1493 118.666 T92113 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06EA049 -23.1328 119.506 T96106 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, 32.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1867 119.476 T98370 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Hope Downs, 31.2 km NW. of Newman -23.1942 119.488 T100089 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9267 118.999 Polyxenidae T100090 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9397 118.85 T127460 Polyxenidae sp. indet. Iron Valley, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman -22.7184 119.316 T115551 Unixenus 'mjobergi complex' Hope Downs, 73.9 km NW. of Newman -23.0028 119.121 T115425 Unixenus sp. indet. Yandi, 73.1 km NW. Newman -22.8419 119.283 T98371 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35.9 km NW. of Newman -23.1072 119.513 T98372 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 36.4 km NW. of Newman -23.1222 119.488 T98373 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 31.2 km NW. of Newman -23.1942 119.488 T98375 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35.9 km NW. of Newman -23.1072 119.513 T98376 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 36.4 km NW. of Newman -23.1222 119.488 T98377 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 32.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1867 119.476 T98378 Unknown Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 32.7 km NW. of Newman -23.1867 119.476 T98379 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35.9 km NW. of Newman -23.1072 119.513 T98380 Polyxenida sp. indet. Hope Downs, 31.2 km NW. of Newman -23.1942 119.488 T100179 Polyxenida sp. indet. 55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse -22.8897 118.676 T100183 Polyxenida sp. indet. 55 km S. of Auski Roadhouse -22.8733 118.675 T102802 Polyxenida sp. indet. West Angelas, 114.27 km West of Newman -23.1214 118.646 T102803 Polyxenida sp. indet. West Angelas, 114.40 km West of Newman -23.1192 118.645

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 89 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T102804 Polyxenida sp. indet. West Angelas, 113.73 km West of Newman -23.1128 118.654 T102805 Polyxenida sp. indet. West Angelas, 111.45 km West of Newman -23.1278 118.671 T102806 Polyxenida sp. indet. West Angelas, 113.73 km West of Newman -23.1128 118.654 T107332 Polyxenida sp. indet. 74.3 km NW. of Newman -22.955 119.154 T107335 Polyxenida sp. indet. 74.3 km NW. of Newman -22.955 119.154 T107347 Polyxenida sp. indet. 80.2 km NW. of Newman -22.9506 119.086 Spirostreptida (spirostreptidan millipedes) T116535 Iulomorphidae sp. indet. Phils Creek, c. 100 km NW. of Newman -22.7355 119.188 T116538 Iulomorphidae sp. indet. Marillana, c. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.6818 119.342 Iulomorphidae T127463 Iulomorphidae sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.7373 119.188 T127464 Iulomorphidae sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.732 119.183 Pauropoda (pauropodans) T129605 Pauropodidae 'sp. B01' Deposit C, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9261 118.975 T129606 Pauropodidae 'sp. B01' Deposit R, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9706 119.021 T129607 Pauropodidae 'sp. B01' Southern Flank East, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9874 118.982 T129608 Pauropodidae 'sp. B04' Deposit R, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9726 119.049 T129610 Pauropodidae 'sp. B04' Packsaddle P4, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9067 118.987 Pauropodidae T129614 Pauropodidae 'sp. B04' Packsaddle P4, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9006 118.987 T129629 Pauropodidae 'sp. B04' -22.7345 119.187

T129628 Pauropodidae 'sp. B06' -22.7324 119.182

T129630 Pauropodidae 'sp. B06' -22.7324 119.182

T129627 Pauropodidae 'sp. B07' -22.7347 119.184

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 90 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) T129612 Pauropodidae 'sp. B14' Southern Flank, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -23.01 118.866 T129613 Pauropodidae 'sp. B14' Southern Flank, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.9973 118.924 T129611 Pauropodidae 'sp. B15' Packsaddle P4, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.8985 118.99 T129609 Allopauropus 'sp. B11' Southern Flank, ca. 90 km NW. Newman -22.9994 118.93 T129615 Allopauropus 'sp. B11' Mudlark, ca. 100 km NW. Newman -22.9494 118.803 T127458 Pauropodidae sp. indet. Phil’s Creek, ca. 100 km NNW. Newman -22.7347 119.184 T129616 Polypauropus 'sp. B01' Mudlark, ca. 100 km NW. Newman -22.9496 118.792 T131654 Genus indet. 'sp. B15' -22.8122 118.872

T100091 Pauropodina sp. indet. Area C, ca. 80 km NW. of Newman -22.9261 118.975 Unknown T102936 Pauropodina sp. indet. Yandi, 74.9 km NW. of Newman -22.8467 119.27 T103458 Pauropodina sp. indet. West Turner, 32.9 km W. of Tom Price -22.7214 119.465 Cephalostigmata (glasshouse millipedes) T131653 Hanseniella 'sp. B21' -22.8154 119.027 Scutigerellidae T127457 Symphyella sp. indet. Iron Valley, ca. 90 km NNW. Newman -22.7439 119.305 T92112 Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06EA049 -23.1328 119.506 T92107 Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06EA163 -23.1286 119.51 T92114 unknown Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs [Station], bore RC06EA163 -23.1286 119.51 T96815 Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35 km NW. of Newman -23.1233 119.46 T96819 Cephalostigmata sp. indet. Hope Downs, 35 km NW. of Newman -23.1619 119.499 Collembola (springtails) Entomobryomorpha n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.696778 119.049286

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 91 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.694948 119.051091 n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.685749 119.059645 n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.678526 119.060607 n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.677621 119.060548 n/a Cyphoderidae Cyphoderus ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.671324 119.055653 n/a Isotomidae Isotomidae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.678536 119.051891 Insecta (insects) Coleoptera (beetles) n/a Carabidae Carabidae B1 Orebody 13and/or 41 (Bennelongia 2011) Unknown Unknown n/a Pselaphidae Pselaphinae sp. B1 Orebody 13and/or 41 (Bennelongia 2011) Unknown Unknown Blattodea (cockroaches) n/a Nocticolidae Nocticola ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.69666 119.050135 n/a Nocticolidae Nocticola ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.685749 119.059645 n/a Nocticolidae Nocticola ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.671301 119.057589 n/a Nocticolidae Nocticola ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.696755 119.052817 Thysanura (silverfish) n/a Atelurinae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.696705 119.052087 Nicoletiidae n/a Trinemura ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.674785 119.057594 Crustacea (crabs and allies) Isopoda (slaters) C45679 Armadillidae Armadillidae sp. B4 Iron Valley -22.7238 119.315 C51630 Armadillidae ISO001 Marillana Creek, ca. 85km NNW Newman -22.6818 119.343 C45691 Armadillidae sp. B03 Mindy -22.7458 119.394

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 92 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) C45692 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit D -22.9291 118.942 C45707 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit A -22.9269 118.999 C45708 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit A -22.9269 118.999 C45709 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit F -22.9375 118.861 C45710 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit F -22.9397 118.85 C45711 Armadillidae sp. B03 Deposit F -22.9408 118.838 C45695 Armadillidae sp. B06 Phil`s Creek -22.7355 119.189 C45696 Armadillidae sp. B06 Phil`s Creek -22.738 119.191 C45697 Armadillidae sp. B06 Phil`s Creek -22.7347 119.185 C45702 Armadillidae sp. B13 Southern Flank -22.9738 118.836 C45703 Armadillidae sp. B13 Southern Flank -23.0133 118.883 C45712 Armadillidae sp. B14 Southern Flank -23.0094 118.897 C45713 Armadillidae sp. B14 Southern Flank -23.0094 118.897 C45714 Armadillidae sp. B14 Southern Flank -23.0094 118.897 C45680 Armadillidae sp. B6 Southern Flank -22.9961 118.819 C47578 Armadillidae sp. indet. Hope Downs LOM Phase 1, fld no: RC07HIS1132P1T2-3 -22.9825 119.079 C47579 Armadillidae sp. indet. Hope Downs LOM Phase 1, fld no: RC07HIS276P1T1-2 -23.0044 119.117 C47580 Armadillidae sp. indet. Hope Downs Phase 2, fld no : RC05RH0047P2T1-3 -23.1035 119.495 C47611 Armadillidae sp. indet. Yandi, 84.7km NW of Newman -22.7783 119.189 C45678 Armadillidae sp. indet. Mindy -22.7513 119.417 C40866 Buddelundia sp. indet. Pilbara, Area C -22.8986 119.03 C49942 Troglarmadillo A Rhodes Ridge, Newman -23.2105 119.204 C51240 Philosciidae ?Andricophiloscia sp. indet. Iron Valley -22.7655 119.3 C45600 Philosciidae sp. B03 Southern Flank -23.0044 118.934

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 93 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

WAM reg. Latitude Longitude family Genus and species Location number (GDA94) (GDA94) C45601 Philosciidae sp. B03 Southern Flank -23.0044 118.934 C45604 Philosciidae sp. B04 Southern Flank -23.0044 118.934 C45619 Philosciidae sp. B10 Phil`s Creek -22.7336 119.187 C45628 Philosciidae sp. B15 Southern Flank -22.9966 118.819 C45629 Philosciidae sp. B16 Southern Flank -23.0052 118.964 n/a Stenoniscidae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.678536 119.051891 Stenoniscidae n/a Stenoniscidae ‘marillana’ Marillana North (Phoenix 2014a) -22.675115 119.048813 C49788 Isopoda sp. indet. Yandicoogina mine, site 2 pit 5 -22.7282 119.312 C50321 Isopoda sp. indet. West Angelas, Biota: WA6RC0079P1T3-1 -23.1991 118.724 C48080 unknown Isopoda sp. indet. West Angelas; 104.9km west of Newman -23.1991 118.724 C42961 Isopoda sp. indet. Marillana Station -22.7373 119.431 C42716 Isopoda sp. indet. Hope Downs, 37.7km NW Newman -23.1247 119.468

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 94 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Appendix 4 Field survey results

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced Clitellata (segmented worms) Haplotaxida (worms) PE11:4238 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc195 yes 1 No PE11:3089 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc195 yes 1 No PE11:4748 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' CMM wnc278 2 No

PE11:4704 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc387 yes 1 No Enchytraeidae PE11:4351 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc401 yes 5 No PE11:5090 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc401 yes 1 No PE11:4703 Enchytraeidae 'pilbara 1' CMM wnc723 yes 12 No PE11:4164 Enchytraeidae sp. indet. CMM wnc723 yes 1 No Arachnida (spiders and allies) Araneae (spiders) 16426 Gnaphosidae 'w1' SMM wnc579 1 Yes

16929 Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae 'w1' SMM wnc645 1 Yes

16930 Gnaphosidae 'w1' SMM wnc645 1 Yes

16928 Prethopalpus 'w1' NMM nrc625 1 unsuccessful

16248 Prethopalpus 'w2' CMM crc111 yes 1 Yes Oonopidae 16255 Prethopalpus 'w2' CMM wnc728 1 Yes

16956 Prethopalpus sp. indet. EMM erc041 1 unsuccessful

Palpigradi (micro-whipscorpions) 5494 Unknown Palpigradi 'w1' SMM ac2 1 Yes

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 95 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced 5410 Palpigradi 'w2' NMM wnc299 yes 1 Yes PE11:4737 Palpigradi 'w3' SMM wnc348 yes 1 Yes 17013 Palpigradi 'w4' NMM nrc198 1 Yes

16971 Palpigradi sp. indet. SMM wnc651 1 No

PE11:3083 Palpigradi sp. indet. SMM ac6 1 No

PE11:4285 Palpigradi sp. indet. CMM wnc750 yes 1 No PE11:4352 Palpigradi sp. indet. NMM ac11 1 No

PE11:4701 Palpigradi sp. indet. NMM wnc385 yes 1 No

Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)

17015 Chthoniidae Tyrannochthonius 'w1' NMM nrc195 2 Yes

PE11:4736 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc348 yes 2 No PE11:5403 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc348 yes 1 No PE11:1895 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc362 8 Yes

PE11:4766 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc607 yes 4 No PE11:2002 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc607 yes 2 No Lechytiidae PE11:4751 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc607 yes 3 No 5432 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc665 yes 1 No PE11:4754 Lechytia 'w1' SMM wnc665 yes 4 No Lechytia 'w1' 5491 SMM wnc666 yes 2 Yes

PE11:1896 Beierolpium 'w1' SMM wnc362 2 Yes Olpiidae 16979 Linnaeolpium 'w1' SMM wnc347 1 No

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 96 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced Myriapoda (millipedes and allies) Scolopendromorpha (tropical millipedes) PE11:5087 Cryptopidae Cryptops 'w1' CMM wnc719 yes 1 Yes Polyxenida (pincushion millipedes) 16249 Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' CMM crc111 yes 1 Yes 16381 Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' EMM erc028 1 Yes Polyxenidae 5428 Polyxenidae 'pilbara 1' SMM ap17 1 Yes

PE11:2011 Polyxenidae 'w1' NMM wnc388 yes 1 Yes Pauropodina (pauropods) 16384 Pauropoda 'w1' NMM nrc603 1 Yes

5423 Unknown Pauropoda sp. indet. CMM Karaman 9 No

5560 Pauropoda sp. indet. NMM Karaman 3 No

Symphyla (glasshouse millipedes) PE11:4278 Symphyla 'w1' SMM wnc244 yes 1 Yes 5411 Symphyla 'w2' NMM wnc299 yes 1 Yes 16975 Symphyla 'w2' SMM wnc670 2 Yes

16980 Symphyla 'w2' SMM wnc660 1 Yes

PE11:4700 Unknown Symphyla 'w3' NMM wnc385 yes 2 Yes PE11:4375 Symphyla sp. indet. NMM wnc175 yes 1 No PE11:2015 Symphyla sp. indet. NMM wnc175 yes 1 No PE11:4768 Symphyla sp. indet. SMM wnc607 yes 1 No PE11:4371 Symphyla sp. indet. CMM wnc719 yes 1 No

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 97 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced PE11:4771 Symphyla sp. indet. CMM wnc722 yes 1 No PE11:4734 Symphyla sp. indet. CMM wnc738 yes 1 No PE11:4775 Symphyla sp. indet. CMM wnc760 yes 1 No Hexapoda (insects and allies) Collembola (springtails) 16061 Cyphoderus 'marillana' CMM crc042 1 Yes

16932 Cyphoderus 'marillana' CMM wnc727 1 Yes

16383 Cyphoderus 'marillana' NMM nrc603 1 No

16935 Cyphoderus 'marillana' NMM nrc615 1 No

16386 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc368 2 No Cyphoderidae 16389 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc361 3 No

16931 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc645 15 Yes

16938 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc363 1 No

16969 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc651 13 Yes

17010 Cyphoderus 'marillana' SMM wnc670 1 No

16965 Entomobryidae 'w1' NMM nrc412 2 Yes Entomobryidae 17016 Entomobryidae 'w2' NMM nrc195 1 Yes

17017 Unknown Collembola sp. indet. SMM wnc573 2 No

Diplura (two-pronged bristletails) PE11:4283 Japygidae 'w1' NMM wnc390 yes 1 Yes PE11:4705 Japygidae Japygidae 'w1' NMM wnc387 yes 1 Yes 16978 Japygidae 'w2' SMM wnc347 1 Yes

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 98 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced 5439 Projapygidae 'w1' NMM wnc407 yes 1 Yes Projapygidae PE11:4269 Projapygidae 'w2' SMM wnc367 1 Yes

Insecta (insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) 16964 Nocticola 'w1' CMM crc133 1 Yes

16936 Nocticola 'w1' CMM wnc278 1 No

16933 Nocticola 'w1' CMM wnc734 5 No

PE11:2012 Nocticola 'w1' NMM ac12 1 No

PE11:4277 Nocticola 'w1' NMM ac12 3 No

PE11:4708 Nocticola 'w1' NMM ac12 2 No

PE11:5097 Nocticola 'w1' NMM ac12 1 No

16972 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc137 9 Yes

17014 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc195 2 No Nocticolidae 16977 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc601 1 No

16243 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc602 1 No

16431 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc602 1 No

16926 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc625 5 Yes

16951 Nocticola 'w1' NMM nrc633 1 No

PE11:2006 Nocticola 'w1' NMM wnc175 yes 4 Yes 5498 Nocticola 'w1' NMM wnc437 yes 1 No 5535 Nocticola 'w1' NMM wnc437 yes 2 Yes PE11:4361 Nocticola 'w1' NMM wnc437 yes 1 No

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 99 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix record Number of Specimen Family Genus and species Deposit Borehole Impact area code specimens sequenced 16429 Nocticola 'w1' SMM wnc639 1 Yes

17008 Nocticola 'w1' SMM wnc670 26 Yes

Hemiptera (bugs) 5416 Cixiidae 'pilbara 1' NMM wnc401 yes 2 Yes Cixiidae PE11:3079 Cixiidae 'w1' SMM wnc362 1 Yes

16388 Meenoplidae sp. indet. SMM wnc361 2 No

PE11:4618 Meenoplidae sp. indet. SMM ac2 2 No

PE11:3082 Meenoplidae Meenoplidae sp. indet. SMM wnc361 2 Unsuccessful

17009 Meenoplidae 'w1' SMM wnc670 10 Yes

PE11:2013 Meenoplidae 'widespread' NMM ac12 1 Yes

Thysanura (silverfish) PE11:4627 Atelurinae 'w1' SMM wnc370 1 Yes

16976 Atelurinae 'w2' CMM crc042 1 Yes Nicoletiidae PE11:5086 Atelurinae 'w2' CMM wnc719 yes 1 Yes 16927 Atelurinae 'w2' NMM nrc625 2 Yes

Crustacea (crabs and allies) Isopoda (slaters) 5420 Troglarmadillo 'w1' CMM Karaman 3 Yes

16974 Armadillidae Troglarmadillo 'w1' SMM wnc670 1 Yes

PE11:4718 Troglarmadillo sp. indet. CMM wnc760 yes 1 Unsuccessful 5509 Unknown Isopoda 'w1' SMM wnc666 yes 1 Yes

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 100 Troglofauna survey for the Wonmunna Iron Ore Project Prepared for Wonmunna Iron Ore Ltd

Phoenix Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 1