QEDEM REPORTS 11

Editorial Board Y. Garfinkel, N. Goring-Morris, T. Ornan, N. Panitz-Cohen, Z. Weiss

2018 Ayelet Gilboa, Ilan Sharon, Jeffrey R. Zorn and Sveta Matskevich EXCAVATIONS AT DOR, FINAL REPORT

VOLUME IIB

AREA G, THE LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGES: POTTERY, ARTIFACTS, ECOFACTS AND OTHER STUDIES

DIRECTED BY EPHRAIM STERN 1986–2000 ILAN SHARON AND AYELET GILBOA 2002–2004

with contributions by: Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, László Bartosiewicz, Hagar Ben Basat, John E. Berg, Elisabetta Boaretto, Adi Eliyahu-Behar, Marina Faerman, Christian Herrmann, Tzipi Kahana, Othmar Keel, Elicia Lisk, Stefan Münger, Yossi Salmon, Irina Segal, Sariel Shalev, Sana Shilstein, Patricia Smith, Ragna Stidsing, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Yana Vitalkov, Naama Yahalom-Mack and Irit Zohar CONTENTS

List of Illustrations...... IX

List of Abbreviations...... XIII

VOLUME IIA (QEDEM 10)

Part One: Introduction and Synthesis

Chapter 1. History of the Excavations in Area G (1986–2004), Post-Excavation Analysis (1993–2010) and Remarks on Documentation and Methods — Jeffrey R. Zorn, Ilan Sharon and Ayelet Gilboa ...... 3

Chapter 2. The Late Bronze and Iron Ages in Area G: An Architectural, Contextual, Functional and Chronological Synthesis — Ayelet Gilboa, Ilan Sharon and Jeffrey R. Zorn ...... 27

Part Two: Stratigraphy

Chapter 3. Introduction to the Stratigraphy of Area G — Phases 5–12 — Ilan Sharon ...... 81

Chapter 4. East of “Cheryl’s Room”: AG/33–34—Phases 5–6/7? — Allen Estes and Jeffrey R. Zorn...... 99

Chapter 5. The “Pithoi Room”: AH–AI/33—Phases 5–10 — Allen Estes and Jeffrey R. Zorn...... 109

Chapter 6. Below “Ana’s Room”: AH/34—Phases 6–8 — Allen Estes...... 121

Chapter 7. “Cheryl’s Room”: AH–AG/33—Phases 5–8 — Allen Estes and Jeffrey R. Zorn ...... 125

Chapter 8. The “Egyptian-Jars Room”: AI/31—Phases 5–12 — Jeffrey R. Zorn...... 137

Chapter 9. The Courtyard (The “Bakery” and the Bronze Smithy): AI/32–33, AJ/32—Phases 5–12 — Jeffrey R. Zorn . . 155

Chapter 10. “Doreen’s Room”: AI/33—Phases 5–10 — Jeffrey R. Zorn ...... 191

Chapter 11. Fragmentary Remains of Phases 5–7 in AI/34 — Jeffrey R. Zorn...... 205

Chapter 12. The “Cult Room”: AJ/34—Phases 6–10 — Jeffrey R. Zorn...... 209

Chapter 13. The “Fish Room”: AJ/33 East–AI/33 West—Phases 6–12 — Ilan Sharon...... 219

Chapter 14. The “Antler Room”: AJ–AK/32—Phases 5–12 — Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, Jeffrey R. Zorn and Ilan Sharon. 229

Chapter 15. “Sloan’s Room”: AJ/33–AK/33 West—Phases 5–10 — Ilan Sharon...... 249

Chapter 16. Iron Age Traces: AK/34 —Phases 4?/5?–6 — Jeffrey R. Zorn ...... 259

Phase Plans and Section – John E. Berg and Sveta Matskevich...... 261 Volume IIB (QEDEM 11)

Part Three: Ceramics

Chapter 17. The Local and Imported Late Bronze Age II–III Pottery of Phases 12 and 11: Typology, Chronology and Cultural Setting — Ragna Stidsing and Yossi Salmon...... 3

Chapter 18. The Aegean-Type Pottery of Phases 12 and 11 — Philipp W. Stockhammer ...... 71

Chapter 19. Neutron Activation Analysis of Aegean-Type Pottery of Phase 11 — Yossi Salmon ...... 89

Chapter 20. The Iron Age Pottery of Phases 10–5: Sequence, Contexts, Typology, Cultural Affinities and Chronology — Ayelet Gilboa...... 97

Chapter 21. Quantitative Aspects of the Iron Age Pottery Assemblage — Sveta Matskevich and Ayelet Gilboa...... 173

Part Four: Artifacts, Ecofacts and Other Studies

Chapter 22. Metalworking in Area G — Naama Yahalom-Mack, Jeffery R. Zorn, Adi Eliyahu-Behar, Sana Shilstein and Sariel Shalev 195

Chapter 23. Lead Isotope Analysis of Copper-Based Artifacts from Area G — Naama Yahalom-Mack and Irina Segal...... 205

Chapter 24. The Flaked-Stone Tool Assemblage — John E. Berg ...... 211

Chapter 25. The Glyptics of Area G — Othmar Keel and Stefan Münger ...... 233

Chapter 26. Ornamental and Utilitarian Objects of the Late Bronze IIB and Iron Ages — Hagar Ben Basat With an Addendum by Christian Herrmann ...... 247

Chapter 27. Mammalian Remains — László Bartosiewicz and Elicia Lisk ...... 277

Chapter 28. Non-Mammalian Vertebrate Remains — László Bartosiewicz, Elicia Lisk and Irit Zohar...... 313

Chapter 29. The Human Skeletal Remains from Area G— Tzipi Kahana, Marina Faerman and Patricia Smith...... 323

Chapter 30. Radiocarbon Dating of the Human Skeletal Remains from Area G — Elisabetta Boaretto ...... 331

Chapter 31. Mollusk Shells from the Late Bronze Age IIB in Area G — Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer and Yana Vitalkov...... 333

VOLUME IIC (QEDEM 12)

Part Five: Pottery Plates, Phase Plans and Index of Loci

Pottery Plates – Chapter 17...... 3

Pottery Plates – Chapter 20...... 63

Phase Plans and Section – John E. Berg and Sveta Matskevich...... 241

Index of Loci – Jeffrey R. Zorn, Ilan Sharon, Elizabeth Bloch-Smith and Allen Estes...... 257 CHAPTER 31

Mollusk Shells from the Late Bronze Age IIB in Area G Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer and Yana Vitalkov

Introduction order and according to the detailed stratigraphic order assigned to their context (phase and sub-phase). Excavation of the Late Bronze Age IIB Phases 11–12 in Area G at Dor yielded a total of 5747 mollusk shells, most of Gastropods which were Mediterranean shells that were used for utilitarian purposes by the inhabitants of this coastal site. The aim of the Patella caerulea: Fifteen complete shells, 36 broken shells study was to identify the shell and to propose how and 22 fragments; 13 of the fragments were found together in these resources from the immediate environment of the site Locus 18445 (Phase 11). contributed to the everyday life of this community. Patella ulyssiponensis: Two complete shells and four broken specimens. Patella sp.: One unidentifiable fragment. Methods Phorcus turbinatus: Twenty-seven complete shells (one Mollusk remains were hand collected in the excavations of them burnt), 12 broken shells, 34 fragments (seven were mainly during two field seasons (1999 and 2000). Excavators burnt) and two shells with a hole in the body opposite were instructed to collect all the shells they could see, the which could be artificial. but it is doubtful that they really did so, as it is impossible to Neverita josephina: Three complete shells, six broken collect all the shells and their fragments at a coastal site like shells, two fragments and five shells with a natural hole in Dor, unless every context is sifted. The shells reported were the . In three cases these holes were opposite the complete, broken (shell or valve of which more than half is aperture and could be artificial (although they are irregular in preserved), and fragmented (less than half is present). shape), and two were small holes (1–2 mm) that seem to have Shells were identified to species levels whenever possible resulted from abrasion. using a comparative collection located at the University of neritea: One complete shell. Haifa, as well as shell descriptions available in the literature, Melanoides tuberculata: Freshwater snail, four complete; primarily that of Poppe and Gotto (1991–1993). A database three were found together in Locus 18351, Reg. No. 184549 was created that included archaeological information (season, (Phase 11a). square, locus, basket, archaeological context and level) and Vermetus sp.: Two shells. the shell information: species, quantity (based on Number of Erosaria spurca: Mediterranean , six complete Identifiable Specimens, NISP) and taphonomic observations. shells, one fragment of an outer and two fragments of The bivalves were considered to have been collected dead the inner lip; these three fragments could represent broken from the beach, therefore each valve was counted as one beads (in which the dorsum was removed). specimen. Luria lurida: One complete cowrie shell. pyrum: One complete naturally abraded cowrie shell. Results Phalium undulatum: Three complete shells, two of which Of the 5747 shells collected from the Late Bronze IIB strata, were juveniles and one with a natural hole in the apex), three 3470 were from Phase 11, 1793 from Phase 12 and 484 broken shells, eight fragments and fourteen “cassid lips”, were assigned to mixed or indeterminable contexts (Table which are the naturally abraded lips of this species; among the 31.1). The shells belong to at least 29 species which are not lips, six were broken. naturally deposited, but were brought to the site by humans. Charonia variegata: One fragment. The overwhelming majority of shells were local species from : Six complete shells, six broken shells the nearby Mediterranean coast and only a few specimens and five fragments. originated in a local freshwater source; one shell fragment : Twenty-nine complete shells, 34 belongs to a Nilotic species. Four landsnails discovered are broken shells (many heavily abraded) and 29 fragments. not listed in Table 31.1. The shell finds are listed in taxonomic Stramonita haemastoma: Twenty-nine complete shells

333 CHAPTER 31

Table 31.1. Shells in Phases 11–12 according to taxa and stratigraphic attribution

Phase 11 11a 11b 11/12 12 12a 12b Taxon Origin* NISP % Patella caerulea M 42 2 7 9 4 9 73 1.27 Patella ulyssiponensis M 3 2 1 6 0.10 Patella sp. M 1 1 0.02 Phorcus turbinatus M 49 5 7 6 1 5 2 75 1.31 Neverita josephina M 10 3 3 16 0.28 Tritia neritea M 1 1 0.02 Melanoides tuberculata F 3 1 4 0.07 Vermetus sp. M 1 1 2 0.03 Erosaria spurca M 4 1 1 1 1 1 9 0.16 Luria lurida M 1 1 0.02 Zonaria pyrum M 1 1 0.02 Phalium undulatum M 10 1 1 2 2 1 11 28 0.49 Charonia variegata M 1 1 0.02 Bolinus brandaris M 6 3 3 2 1 2 17 0.30 Hexaplex trunculus M 29 5 11 11 8 28 92 1.60 Stramonita haemastoma M 71 1 6 12 7 15 14 126 2.19 sp. M 4 3 2 3 12 0.21 cornea M 6 1 1 1 9 0.16 Columbella rustica M 4 1 2 1 2 10 0.17 Tritia sp. M 4 3 2 2 1 2 14 0.24 Tritia mutabilis M 2 2 0.03 Conus mediterraneus M 13 8 50 3 1 11 3 89 1.55 , unidentifiable U 37 5 3 2 4 2 53 0.92 Arcidae sp. M 1 1 0.02 Glycymeris nummaria M 1612 195 1183 430 326 481 797 5024 87.42 Glycymeris glycymeris M 3 3 0.05 Glycymeris bimaculata M 1 1 0.02 Glycymeris sp. M 2 3 5 0.09 Ostrea edulis M 1 1 0.02 Anomia ephippium M 5 2 4 1 2 14 0.24 Chambardia rubens N 1 1 0.02 Acanthocardia tuberculata M 6 4 1 1 2 14 0.24 Cerastoderma glaucum M 7 1 2 1 3 2 16 0.28 Cardiidae sp. M 4 5 2 11 0.19 Mactra stultorum M 1 1 0.02 Chamelea gallina M 2 2 0.03 Bivalvia, unidentifiable U 2 1 6 1 1 11 0.19 Total 1940 238 1292 484 369 553 871 5747 100 * M=Mediterranean, F=local freshwater, U=unknown, N=Nile river

(of which five were juveniles), nine broken shells (two were aperture and therefore could have served as beads or pendants, burned), 86 fragments and two shells with a hole in the body and one had a gastropod boring in the body whorl and an whorl (although one of them is a gastropod boring hole, that additional natural hole in the ; two broken shells, one of could result from purple-dye production). Two additional which with a hole in the body whorl. shells, one with a hole in the body whorl and another with a Columbella rustica: Seven complete shells, one shell with hole in the spire, were broken. a hole in the body whorl and two broken shells (abraded). Muricidae: Twelve fragments of this family that includes Tritia sp.: This was previously referred to as Bolinus, Hexaplex and Stramonita were not identifiable at a sp. It was not always possible to differentiate between T. more specific level. gibbosula and T. circumcintus, hence they are described here as : Nine shells, one of which was a juvenile one group. Five complete shells, one broken shell, one fragment and five with a hole in the body whorl mostly opposite the and seven shells with a hole in the body whorl.

334 Mollusk Shells from the Late Bronze Age IIB in Area G

Tritia mutabilis: Two shells with a hole in the body whorl; Cerastoderma glaucum: One complete valve, 10 broken the holes are large and in one case encompasses the suture valves, and five fragments. of the last whorl. It was impossible to determine whether Cardiidae: Eleven fragments of the family that includes they are artificial or natural, but both could have served for Cerastoderma and Acanthocardia were unidentifiable. decoration. Mactra stultorum: One fragment. Conus mediterraneus: Fifty-six complete shells, 20 broken Chamelea gallina: One complete valve and one broken shells, five fragments. One shell had an additional hole in the valve. body whorl but its location near the spire indicates that it is not Bivalvia: Eleven unidentifiable bivalve fragments. intentional. In addition, there were seven shells that had a hole in the apex: one is clearly a small hole resulting from abrasion, Discussion but two are relatively large and could also be artificial; four of the shells with a hole in the apex were broken, one of the latter The shell assemblage from the Late Bronze Age IIB strata of was also heavily porous and another was burned and had a Area G at Dor is one of the largest studied to date in Israel hole in the body whorl resulting from burn fractures. (cf., Lachish: Bar-Yosef-Mayer 2004). There were almost Gastropoda: Fifty-three unidentifiable fragments of marine twice as many shells in Phase 11 than in Phase 12, probably gastropods and two landsnail fragments; two additional broken due to the fact that a smaller volume of it was excavated. The landsnails are probably Helix sp. which are likely the result of shell finds are discussed below according to several categories natural deposition. that reflect the way in which they were exploited, including construction, food and ornamentation. It should be noted that Bivalves due to the constraints of hand picking, the actual percentage of Glycymeris is probably even higher than is represented in our Arcidae: One unidentifiable fragment of this family. results (Figs. 31.1–31.2). Glycymeris nummaria: This is the most common shell on the southeastern coast of the Mediterranean and the most Shells Used in Construction abundant shell in the Area G assemblage. Overall, there were 1214 complete valves, 1518 broken valves and 935 The largest and most conspicuous shells in the assemblage are with a naturally abraded hole in the umbo. In addition, 1357 the Glycymeris valves, which is also the most common shell fragments were found. Among the abraded specimens, 22 on the Mediterranean shore of Israel today (Sivan et al. 2006). were heavily abraded, with the umbo missing. Both types The marine shells are dominated by Glycymeris nummaria of abraded shells (with and without the umbo) formed about (previously known as G. insubrica or G. violacescens), with 19% of G. nummaria. At Dor, there are particularly large 5024 specimens forming about 87% of the assemblage (Table numbers of another type: valves with a broken hole at or near 31.1; Fig. 31.1). A few specimens of G. glycymeris and G. the umbo. This seems to be a taphonomic stage that precedes bimaculata were also present. Only a quarter of the Glycymeris the naturally abraded holes, since the edges of the holes were complete valves and another 20% was composed of holed were not smooth. Seventy-nine specimens (or about 1.5% of valves. The rest were broken or fragmentary, sometimes burnt. Glycymeris) belonged to this type. We assume that the main reason for their collection was for It is worth noting several loci in which large concentrations the construction of floor foundations meant to assist in water (over 50 specimens) of Glycymeris were discovered: Phase drainage, as demonstrated at several other sites (Bar-Yosef 12b: 18401, 18414; Phase 12a: 18392; Phase 11: 18443; Phase Mayer 2005a; 2007; Sivan et al. 2006). Other Bronze and Iron 11b: 18445 (many burnt fragments); 18410, 18448, 18455, Age tells where Glycymeris were associated with floors include 18462, 18470; Locus 18486, for which the stratigraphic Tell el-‘Ajjul in the Middle Bronze Age, Lachish, Megiddo assignment to either Phase 11 or 12 is not certain, had the and Tel Batash in the Late Bronze Age, and Ashkelon and largest amount of shells. Tel Hamid in the Iron Age, to mention just a few (respective Glycymeris glycymeris: Three broken valves (two of them references: Petrie 1931: 6, Pl. XII; Bar-Yosef Mayer 2004; with a freshly broken hole near the umbo). 2006c; Bar-Yosef Mayer and Baruch 2006; Bar-Yosef Mayer Glycymeris bimaculata: One broken valve. 2006b; Stager, Schloen and Master 2008; Bar-Yosef Mayer Glycymeris sp.: Three broken valves and two fragments of 1999). Glycymeris could not be assigned any of the abovementioned Further support for this notion comes from Locus 18478, species due to their condition. an installation constructed of at least three stone walls (the Ostrea edulis: One complete valve. west is hidden in the balk), built on a surface of shells, in Anomia ephippium: Two complete valves, one broken turn resting on an accumulation of phytoliths (Chapter 14). valve and 11 fragments. Inside this installation was mudbrick debris (Locus 18470) on Chambardia rubens: (previously known as Aspatharia top of the shell-bed surface of the installation, which yielded rubens), a bivalve from the Nile. A single worked (cut) over 300 Glycymeris valves; more than half of the shells were fragment was discovered in Locus 18414, Reg. No. 185954 broken and all were very abraded. Two Glycymeris valves (Phase 12b). were discovered (Loci 18392 and 18414) with a light-colored Acanthocardia tuberculata: Mediterranean bivalve; six binding material (plaster?) and small ceramic fragments stuck complete valves (two are juveniles), one valve with a naturally in them that can be firmly connected with human activity (Fig. perforated umbo, six broken valves and one fragment. 31.3).

335 CHAPTER 31

Fig. 31.1. Frequency of main shell groups in Late Bronze IIB Phases 11–12. (p10Z3-0021)

Fig. 31.2. Frequency of shell groups excluding Glycymeris in Late Bronze IIB Phases 11–12. (p10Z3-0022)

336 Mollusk Shells from the Late Bronze Age IIB in Area G

Fig. 31.3. Glycymeris with ceramic fragments and plaster inside. Fig. 31.5. Shells of family Muricidae: From left: Hexaplex (p10Z3-0023) trunculus, broken shell of Bolinus brandaris, Stramonita haemastoma. (p10Z3-0025)

A group of Glycymeris valves in this assemblage exhibited Several other groups of shells could have been collected along fresh-looking holes near or above the umbo. Initially, it was with them, as described below. supposed that they were artificial, until shells with similar The Muricidae family (sometimes known as sp.) holes were found on the present-day seashore (Fig. 31.4). This forms the second most-common group of shells from Area can indicate that these are naturally broken holes in the valves G. The three most common Mediterranean muricids, Bolinus and could belong to a taphonomic stage preceding the common brandaris, Hexaplex trunculus and Stramonita haemastoma, “naturally abraded hole”. A sub-category of this group had a are represented by 247 specimens (Table 31.1; Fig. 31.5). V-shaped perforation. Those could have been the remains of a purple-dye industry We thus conclude that Glycymeris valves represent the and indeed, one specimen has a gastropod-bored hole that natural population on the coast that was collected for the characterizes this activity (Spanier 1986). The presence of such purpose of facilitating water drainage of floor foundations industry at Dor has been documented (Raban 1995). However, (Ronen 1980; Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005a; Sivan et al. 2006). the fact that many were naturally abraded suggests that some

Fig. 31.4. Glycymeris with “fresh” holes from excavation. (p10Z3-0024)

337 CHAPTER 31 muricids were collected as empty shells on the beach for some other purpose. None of them were worked into beads. There is also a possibility that some of the muricid fragments are debris of the dye industry that were in secondary use in floor construction, but this possibility requires further study. Several other shells that were discovered in the assemblage were probably collected inadvertently along with the Glycymeris for construction and were simply not separated from the natural accumulation on the beach. Those include the Cardiidae (Acanthocardia and Cerastoderma), Anomia, Arcidae, Ostrea edulis, Mactra, and Chamelea. This phenomenon has also been encountered at the other sites mentioned above where shell was used in floor construction.

Shells as a Food Source

Phorcus, a snail, and Patella, a limpet, are edible species. They were found in relatively large numbers at the site (Figs. 31.6–31.7) and together they form 25% of the shells that Fig. 31.6. Edible shells of Phorcus turbinatus and Patella were not Glycymeris in Phase 11. Both are intertidal species caerulea (bottom left). (p10Z3-0026) that can be easily collected as a food source, and whenever necessary, as a food supplement (e.g., Claassen 1998; Bar- Yosef Mayer 2003). The use of Patella and Phorucs as food is well-documented around the Mediterranean (Colonese et al. 2011; Bar-Yosef Mayer 2013).

Beads, Decoration and Other Uses

Several species present at Dor have the potential of having served as shell beads (Fig. 31.7), joining beads made of other raw materials present at the site (Chapter 26). Shell beads are usually made of small gastropods, often naturally perforated. Tritia gibbosula, a fairly common species commonly used as a shell bead, was found at Late Bronze and Iron Age sites, for example, Megiddo (Loud 1948: Pl. 227:4); Bar-Yosef Mayer 2000; Bar-Yosef Mayer and Baruch 2006) and Lachish (Bar-Yosef Mayer 2004). Many of the Dor specimens were naturally perforated and could have served in this capacity, along with Columbella rustica and Euthria cornea. Fig. 31.7. Gastropod shells that may have served as ornaments. The third largest group in Area G, and one that also Top row from left: Columbella rustica, two specimens of possibly served as an ornament, is Conus mediterraneus, Tritia gibbosula, two specimens of Cypraea spurca, Conus represented by 89 specimens. While beads made of the apex Mediterraneus. Bottom row from left: Neverita josephina, Tritia of Conus shells are common in Late Bronze Age and Iron mutabilis, Euthria cornea sp. ( ) I sites, (e.g., Baden-Powell 1953: 401; Bar-Yosef Mayer p10Z3-0027 2004: 2491, Fig. 33.34:11; Brandl 2004; Tamar and Mienis 2008), the specimens found at Dor are of a different species and not similar typologically, as the former are square and further hinders our ability to interpret the ways in which here, very few were perforated. A large number of the cones they were used. Therefore, apart from three that seem to be were complete and many of them were from Phase 11. fragments of beads, it is possible that these shells should join Among the decorative shells one should mention the inadvertently collected shells above. (Erosaria, Luria and Zonaria), most of which were retrieved “Cassid lips” (Reese 1989) form almost half of the Phalium from Phase 11. Cowries have been used as decoration and as undulatum present at the site (Fig. 31.8). The outer lips of this amulets at least since the Neolithic period (Bar-Yosef Mayer gastropod, which is collected as a naturally abraded specimen 2005b). However, those from Area G are mostly complete from the Mediterranean beach, could have served as amulets, and not worked or fragmentary and thus we cannot be sure of but like in the case of cowries, no contextual evidence can their use as ornament or for other symbolic purposes. Their support this proposition. discovery in the context of mostly fills in secondary deposition Charonia sp. is a large shell used in many ancient and

338 Mollusk Shells from the Late Bronze Age IIB in Area G

Conclusions

The Late Bronze Age IIB contexts excavated in Area G, having served mostly for metallurgical activities, likely reflect only a small part of the ways in which mollusks were exploited at Dor during this period. Many of the burnt shells could have been associated with the metallurgical activities. Holed shells may have been used as ornaments (as body decoration, sewn on to clothes, attached to basketry, etc.), while others were collected along with complete and broken shells for use in constructing floor foundations. The possible exploitation of some shell species as a food source should be explored further.

Bibliography Astrom, P. and Reese, D.S. 1990. Triton Shells in East Mediterranean Cults. Journal of Prehistoric Religion 3-4: 5–14. Baden-Powell, D. 1953. Shells. Pp. 400-401 in Tufnell, O. (ed.). Fig. 31.8. Phalium granulatum with a “cassid lip”. (p10Z3- Lachish III: The Iron Age. Oxford University Press. 0028) London. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 1999. Shells in the Archaeological Record in the Land of Israel. Qadmoniot 32(117): 45–51. (Hebrew). modern societies as a shell trumpet. A few of those were Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2000. Mollusc Shells. Pp. 478-486 in discovered at several Late Bronze Age sites where they Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds.). presumably served as trumpets, probably due to Aegean Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons. Institute of influences during this period (e.g., Tel Nami, M. Artzy, Archaeology Monograph Series 18, Tel Aviv University. personal communication; Astrom and Reese 1990; Bar-Yosef Tel Aviv. Mayer 2007: 200 and references therein). However, since Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2003. Shell Beads, Freshwater Clams and only a single fragment was discovered in Area G, we cannot Landsnails at Tel Qashish. Pp. 415–423 in Ben-Tor, A., assign it such a ritual role and it was probably unintentionally Bonfil, R. and Zuckerman, S. (eds.).Tel Qashish: A Village collected with other shell debris. in the Valley of Jezreel. Report of the Archaeological One artificially squared fragment of Chambardia rubens Excavations (1978–1987) (Qedem Reports 5). Institute is present in Phase 12b. Chambardia is present at most Late of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bronze Age sites where shells have been studied, including Jerusalem. Lachish, Megiddo, Tel Batash, Beth-Shean and the burial cave Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2004. Section C: The Mollusc Shells. at Tel Jedur (Mienis 1981), to mention a few. It is also known Pp. 2492–2505 in Ussishkin, D. (ed.). The Renewed from earlier Middle Bronze Age sites, for example, Beth- Archaeological Excavations at Lachish, 1973–1994. Shean (Bar-Yosef Mayer 2006a) and Tel Mevorakh (Mienis (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 22). 1984), as well as at later Iron Age sites, for example, at Iron Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. Tel-Aviv. Age I Beth-Shean (Bar-Yosef Mayer 2006a) and Iron Age II Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2005a. Pelecypod Beds Revisited: Lachish (Bar-Yosef Mayer 2004). It has been suggested that, Glycymeris in Bronze Age Sites. Journal of the Israel due to its worked form, this species could have been used Prehistoric Society 35: 45–52. as an inlay in woodworking. Here again, its origin in a fill Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2005b. The Exploitation of Shells as context does not allow further elaboration on its use. Yet, the Beads in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Levant. mere presence of this Nilotic shell reinforces the well-known Paléorient 31(1): 176–185. contacts that existed during the Late Bronze between Canaan Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2006a. Construction and Trade: and Egypt. The Shells from Tel Beth-Shean. Pp. 711–722 in Mazar, A. (ed.). Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989- Non-utilitarian Shells 1996, Volume I. From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew Land and freshwater snails formed only a minor deposit in the University of Jerusalem and the Israel Exploration assemblage. Landsnails could have entered the site on their Society. Jerusalem. own, but the freshwater snails of Melanoides were imported, Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2006b. Mollusc Shells from Tel Batash. most likely by humans. Two possible scenarios are that they Pp.315–318 in Panitz-Cohen, N. and Mazar, A. (eds.). were introduced along with the mud that was formed into Timnah (Tel Batash) III: The Finds from the Second bricks and that they were inadvertently brought to the site Millennium BCE. (Qedem 45). Institute of Archaeology, along with drinking water (Bar-Yosef and Heller 1987). The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

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Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2007. Archaeomalacological Research in Petrie, W.M.F. 1931. Ancient Gaza. British School of Archaeology Israel: The Current State of Research. Israel Journal of in Egypt. London. Earth Sciences 56(2): 191–206. Poppe, G.T. and Gotto, Y. 1991–1993. European Seashells. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2013. Marine Resources in the Early Conch Books. Wiesbaden. Neolithic of the Levant: Their Relevance to Early Raban, A. 1995. Dor-Yam: Maritime and Coastal Installations Seafaring. Eurasian Prehistory 10: 83-97. in their Geomorphological and Stratigraphic Context. Pp. Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. and Baruch, I. 2006. Mollusc Shells. Pp. 285–354 in Stern, E., Berg, J., Gilboa, A., Guz-Zilberstein, 497–504 in I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin and B. Halpern B., Raban, A., Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R. and Sharon, I. (eds.). Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons. (Institute of (eds.). Excavations at Tel Dor, Final Report, Volume IB: Archaeology Monograph Series 24). Tel Aviv University. Areas A and C: The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Institute Tel Aviv. of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bar-Yosef, D.E. and Heller, J. 1987. Molluscs from Yiftahel, Jerusalem. Lower Galilee, Israel. Paléorient 13(1): 131–135. Reese, D.S. 1989. On Cassid Lips and Helmet Shells. BASOR Brandl, B. 2004. A Scarab, a Scaraboid and Shell Beads from 275: 33–39. the Persian Period Tumuli at Yafit. Pp. 300–308 in Hizmi, Ronen, A. 1980. The Origin of the Raised Pelecypod Beds along H. and De-Groot, A. (eds.). Burial Caves and Sites in the Mediterranean Coast of Israel (1). Paléorient 6: 165–172. Judea and Samaria from the Bronze and Iron Ages. Israel Sivan, D., Potasman, M., Almogi-Labin, A., Bar-Yosef Antiquities Authority. Jerusalem. Mayer, D.E., Spanier, E. and Boaretto, E. 2006. The Claassen, C. 1998. Shells. Cambridge. Glycymeris Query along the Coasts and Shallow Shelf Colonese, A., Mannino, M.A., Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., Fa, D.A., of Israel, Southeast Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Finlayson, C.J., Lubell, D. and Stiner, M.C. 2011. Marine Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 233: 134–148. Mollusc Exploitaion in Mediterranean Prehistory: An Spanier, E. 1986. Cannibalism in Muricid Snails as a Possible Overview. International 239: 86–103. Explanation for Archaeological Findings. JAS 13: 463– Loud, G. 1948. Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935–1939. (Oriental 468. Institute Publications 62). University of Chicago. Chicago. Stager, L.E., Schloen, J.D. and Master, D.M. (eds.). 2008. Mienis, H.K. 1981. African Freshwater Mussels from a Late Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006). Bronze Tomb at Jdur: Har Hebron. Eretz Israel 15: 128. Eisenbrauns. Winona Lake. Mienis, H.K. 1984. Notes on Shells from the Bronze Age Strata Tamar, K. and Mienis, H.K. 2008. Conus arenatus aequipunctatus from Tel Mevorakh. Pp. 106–107 in Stern, E. (ed.). at Tel Bet Shemesh, Israel: From Cone ‘Crowns’ to Holed Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973–1976) (Qedem 18). Cone Rectangles. The Archaeo+Malacology Group Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Newseltter 14. http://www.archaeomalacology.com/ Jerusalem. Jerusalem. MalacGp14.pdf (accessed January 2015).

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