Journal of Coastal Life Medcine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 645

Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

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Document heading doi:10.12980/JCLM.2.201414D74 2014 by the Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of fruit extracts of tenuis Roxb

1 1 1 2 3 Zaki Uddin Ahmed , Seheli Sejuti Bithi , Md. Minhazur Rahman Khan , Md. Mofazzol Hossain , Suriya Sharmin , Satyajit 3 Roy Rony * 1Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, 2University of Information Technology and Sciences (Uits), Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh 3Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, BCSIR, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer Objective: Calamus tenuis To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the fruits of D M H S B C S I R r. d. ossain ohrab, RMethods:oxb. Laboratories, Dhaka. Dr. Qudrat-I-Khuda The preliminary phytochemical group tests were done, which revealed the presence of Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and steroid. The dried fruit was extracted in soxhlet apparatus using Tel: +8801720121525 petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antioxidant potential of each extract was evaluated E-mail: [email protected] using total phenol content, total flavonoid content, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, Comments 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity dResults:etermin ations. This is a good study in which authors The extracts were found to possess moderate to high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid evaluated the phytochemical screening, contents. In cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay the extracts showed moderate reducing Calamusantioxida ntenuist and cytotoxic activity of power which increases with concentration. Scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical Roxb. Fruit extracts was found to rise with concentration with lowest IC50 value for methanol extract, which was using three different solvents. The paper (95 ) confirmed by total antioxidant activiBrinety tes t shrimpthat shows highest mg/g of extract in ascorbic acid revealed that the fruit of the has I equivalent for methanol extract. n Brine shrimp lethality bioassay the methanoµl and petroleum some bioactive metabolites which can be LC50 25 53 L 28 07 eµther extracts were found to be toxic to nauplii, with of . g/µm and . useful to prepare herbal medicine as well L LC50 1 32 L E g/m respectively while the of the reference vincristine sulphateµ was . g/m . thyl as modern medicine after more screening LC50 47 79 L aConclusions:cetate extract was found to be moderately cytotoxic showing of . gCalamus/m . tenuis using advance tools. The results of the present study suggest that the fruits of Roxb Details on Page 649 possess antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Moreover, phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and steroid, which may be responsible for the observed bioactivities. KEYWORDS Calamus tenuis Roxb, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity

1. Introduction forest ecosystems. They are non timber forest products [2] 20% Calamus tenuis C. tenuis with considerable economic value . About of the ( ) [3] Roxb locally known as jati known rattan species Calamusare of commercial value . The bet in Bangladesh occurs from northeast and northern largest rattan genus is , with 370 species which [3] central India east through Bangladesh and to contains moCalamusst of the viminalis,best comm C.er ctenuis,ial sp eCalamuscies of r ainermis,ttans . PDR [1] , and Lao , as well as in Indonesia . CCalamusanes fro mguruba Daemonorops jenkinsiana This species fall in the group of rattans or climbing palms , and are tough (Areaceae) which are important component of tropical and durable and hence widely used for making baskets,

*Corresponding author: Satyajit Roy Rony, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Article history: Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. BCSIR, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Received 17 Apr 2014 Tel: +8801717257981 Received in revised form 26 Apr, 2nd revised from 3 May, 3nd revised from 12 May 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 30 May 2014 Foundation project: Supported by the Department of PharmacyJahangirnagar Available online 18 Jun 2014 University, Bangladesh. Zaki Uddin Ahmed et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 646 etc furniture, sticks, posts, hats [4]. Different rattan species and precipitate of white and cream, yellow crystalline, have edible parts such as fruitsCalamus, palm h ecastaneus,art. Some Calamusare used brownish-black and orange or orange-red color respectively alongispathus,s traditional m Calamusedicine s uexilis,ch as Calamus javensis, Calamus will indicate the presence of alkaloids. ornatus, Daemonorops didymophylla, Daemonorops grandis, 2.4.2. Molisch’s test for carbohydrates Korthalsia rigida, Laccosperma secundiflorum, Eremospatha ’ 5 macrocarpa C. tenuis Two drops of molisch s reagent were added to about mg [3]. Young shoots of Roxb are used as of the extract in 5 mL aqueous solution in a test tube. About [5] 1 H2SO4 vegetables. Traditionally it is used to treat intestinaC.l w otenuisrm . mL of conc. was allowed to flow down the side of Hence the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the inclined test tube so that the acid formed a layer over Roxb has been done for the first time in this experiment till the extract solution. At first a red ring will be formed at the date. common surface of the two liquids. On standing or shaking a dark purple solution will be formed. Finally if shaking and 2. Materials and methods diluting the solution with 5 mL of water produce a dull violet precipitate will indicate the presence of carbohydrate. 2.1. Plant materials 2.4.3. Frothing test for saponins 0 5 C. tenuis About . mL of extract was shaken vigorously with water The fruits of Roxb was collected from a village in a test tube. If a frothing was produced and it was stable of Kushtia district of Bangladesh at June, 2010. During June for 1-2 min and persisted on warming, it may be taken as a to August, fruits were available in . The plants were preliminary evidence for the presence of saponins. identified by the taxonomist of the national herbarium of 2.4.4. HCl acid test for flavonoids Bangladesh (Accession number: 35341) where the voucher specimen has been deposited for future investigation. A few drops of conc. HCl were added to a small amount of 2.2. Chemicals extract. Immediate development of a red color will indicate the presence of flavonoids. 2.4.5. Salkowski’s test for steroids Gallic acid (Sigma Chemicals, USA), quercetin (Sigma Chemicals, USA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) A small amount of extract was added with 2 mL of (Sigma Chemicals, USA), ascorbic acid (SD Fine chem. Ltd, chloroform and then 1 mL of conc. H2SO4 was carefully added Biosar, India), Vincristine sulphate (Sigma Chemicals, USA). from the side of the test tube. In presence of steroids, a red 2.3. Extraction procedure color will be produced in the chloroform layer. 2.4.6. Ferric chloride test for tannins 0 5 10 After washing, fruits we°re broken into sma°ll pieces and About . mL of extract was stirred with mL of distilled dried in hot air oven at 50 C for 3 d and at 40 C for the next water. Production of a blue, blue-black, green or blue- 4 d. The dried fruits parts were ground to coarse powder with green coloration or precipitation on the addition of FeCl3 (5%) a mechanical grinder. Dried powder of the plant was taken reagent will indicate the presence of tannins. in a bag and placed into the Soxhlet chamber. Hot extraction 2.4.7. General test for glycosides was carried out with petroleum ether for two times. Similarly other two solvents ethyl acetate and methanol were used. A small amount of extract was dissolved in 1 mL of water, The process was performed for the powders of the aerial and then few drops of aqueous NaOH solution were added. parts of the plants. So three extracts which were named as Development of a yellow color will indicate the presence of petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract and methanol glycosides. T extract were obtained. he extracts were then poured in a 2.4.8. Fehling’s test for glycosides Petri dish° and dried by using water bath at a temperature of 50-60 C until the extract become concentrated and A small amount of extract was dis’solved in water and almost all the solvents have evaporated. Then all the three alcohol, and then boiled with Fehling s solution. Brick-red extract containing Petri dishes were labeled with specific precipitation will be noted. Another portion of extract was information. dissolved in water and alcohol and boiled with a few drops H2SO4 T NaOH 2.4. Phytochemical screening of C. tenuis Roxb fruits of dilute . he acid’ was neutralized with solution and boiled with Fehling s solution. A brick-red precipitation will indicate the presence of glycosides in the extract. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed for 2.5. Total phenol content determination the determination of the presence of different class of constituents in the extract using the methods described by Ghani[6]. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined F C [7] A 1 L 2.4.1. Tests for alkaloids by olin- iocµalteu reagent . total of m solution of 200 ( ) extracts of g/mL concentration and gallic acµid standard A small volume of each extract was neutralized by adding of different concentrations was mixed with 500 L of Folin- 2 4 1 or 2 drops of dilute H SO . This neutralized so’lution was Ciocalteu reagent and 4 mL of 7.5% sodium carbonate M T treated’ with a very sma’ll amount each of ayer s’ reagent, solution in test tube. he mi°xture containing the extract was Hager s reagent, Wagner s reagent and Dragendroff s reagent then incubated for 1 h at 20 C while the mixtures containing Zaki Uddin Ahmed et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 647 ° 2.10. Determination of cytotoxic activity by brine shrimp 30 20 the gallic acid were incubated for min at C. The lethality bioassay absorbance of the solution was measured at 765 nm against blank. The total content of phenolic compounds is expressed as mg per gram of plant extract, in gallic acid equivalents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used for exploring the 2.6. Total flavonoid content determination potential cytotoxic action o etf talhe extracts according to the method described by Meyer [11]. A total of 38 g of sodium µ chloride was weighted and then dissolved in 1 L of distilled A total of 1 mL of extract solution (100 g/mL) and quercetin water. The solution was then filtered to get a clear solution. ( ) 3 L standard in differµent concentrations were mixed with m Two days were given to haµtch the shrimp and to be matured 200 (10%) of mµethanol, L aluminum chloride solution and as nauplii. A total of 30 L of different concentration of 200 L (1 mol/L) potassium acetate solution. Then 5.6 mL of extract solutions in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added to test 10 5 distilled water was added to the mixture and incubated for tubes containing µ nauplii eµach and adµjusted to µ mL with 30 T 1 5 10 20 50 min at room temperature. he absorbance of the solution µsalt water toµ get g/mµL, g/mL,µ g/mL, g/mL, was measured at 415 nm against blank[7]. The total flavonoid g/mL, 100 g/mL, 200 g/mL, 500 g/mL of test solutions. 5 content is expressed as mg per gram of plant extract, in Test were repeateµd two times. About negative controls quercetin equivalents. were tested for 30 L of DMSO. Vincristine sulphate was used 2.7. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity as the positive control with concentrations same as test solutions. The numbers of surviving nauplii in each test tube for different extract concentrations were counted after 24 h. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity of the plant extracetts The percent (%) mortality was calculated to determine the R LC50 alwas determined folµlowing the method described by esat of the extract. [8] A 500 L ( . total of of each fraction and standard ascorbic 2.11. Statistical analysis acid) in different concentrations were taken in test tubes. A total of 1.0 mL of 0.01 mol/L CuCl2.2H2O solution was added into the test tubes. Then 1.0 mL of ammonium acetate buffer The percent (%) mortality was calculated for each dilution. (pH 7.0) was added into the test tubes. Then 1.0 mL of 0.0075 The effectiveness or the concentration-mortality relationship mol/L of neocaproin solution wµas added into the test tubes. of plant product is usually expressed as a median lethal Finally, after addition of 600 L of distilled water the final concentration (LD50) value. However, LD90 values were also volume of the mixture was adjusted to 4.1 mL. The total calculated in the similar way for all fractions and the mixture was incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Then reference cytotoxic drug vincristine sulphate. the absorbance of the solution was measured at 450 nm T using a spectrophotometer against blank. he blank solution 3. Results contained the reagent mixture without test samples or standard and received the same treatment. 2.8. DPPH radical scavenging assay The phytochemical occurrences in the crude extract are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 C. tenuis The DPPH free radical scavenging by the extract was Results of phytochemical screening of the different extracts of Roxb. determined. A total of 0.1 mL solution of plant extract Result (extracts) Compound Name of the test 3 L 0 004% Pet ether Ethyl acetate Methanol of different concentration was added to m of a . ’ DPPH A 30 Alkaloid Mayer s test + + + methanol solution of . fter min the absorbance was ’ 517 UV Hager s test + + + determined at nm using a spectrophotometer against ’ [9] Wagner stest + + + a blank . The percentage scavenging activity of the extract ’ Dragendroff s test + + + was calculated. ’ Carbohydrate Molisch s test - - - 2.9. Total antioxidant capacity Saponin Frothing test + - - Flavonoid HCl acid test + - + ’ Steroid Salkowski s test + - + The total antioxidant activity of the extracts was Tannin Ferric chloride test + + + [10] A deteµrmined by phosphomolybdenum method . total of Glycoside General test - - - 300 ( ) ’ L solution of each fraction and standard Ascorbic acid Fehling s test - - - A ‘ ’ ‘ ’ in different concentrations were taken in test tubes. bout + showed positive result and - showed negative result. Preliminary 3 (0 6 28 C. tenuis mL of reagent solution . mol/L sulfuric acid, mmol/ phytochemical screening of the extracts of Roxb revealed the presence 4 ) L sodium phosphate and mmol/L ammonium molybdate of alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. was ad°ded into the test tubes. The test tube was incubated at 95 C for 90 min to complete the reaction. Then the The total phenolic contents of the test extracts were absorbance of the solution was measured at 695 nm using a calculated using the standard curve of gallic acid. The total 3 spectrophotometer against blank containing µ mL of reagent phenolic contents of all the extracts are given in Table 2. solution and the appropriate volume (300 L) of the same Maximum phenolic content of 38 mg equivalent of gallic acid solvent after cooling to room temperature. Total antioxidant was found per gram of methanol extract. The total flavonoid capacity is expressed as mg per gram of plant extract, in content was calculated using the standard curve of quercetin ascorbic acid equivalent. and the highest of 146 mg equivalent of quercetin per gram Zaki Uddin Ahmed et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 648 of extract was found in the methanol extract (Table 2). Total antioxidant capacity of the test samples was Table 2 calculated using the standard curve of ascorbic acid. Total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity of Maximum antioxidant capacity of 95 mg equivalent of C. tenuis the different extracts of fruits of Roxb. ascorbic acid was found per gram of methanol extract (Table Total phenolic content Total flavonoid content Total antioxidant capacity 2). Figure 3 showed correlation of total phenol content, total 依 依 依 Sample SD (mg/g of extract, SD (mg/g of extract, SD (mg/g of extract, flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity with IC50. gallic acid equivalent) quercetin equivalent) ascorbic acid equivalent) 依 依 依 With lowest amount of total phenol, flavonoid content and Petroleum ether extract 28.060 0.769 94.080 28.860 45.510 8.220 依 依 依 IC50 Ethyl acetate extract 19.880 0.769 54.690 0.720 29.620 7.399 antioxidant capacity showed greatest value for ethyl 依 依 依 Methanol extract 38.110 1.025 146.630 1.020 95.580 6.577 acetate extract, and vice versa for methanol extract. 450 2+ All extracts produced a dose dependent reduction of Cu 400 in a way similar to the standard antioxidant2 +ascorbic acid. 350

The extracts showed weak to moderate Cu ion reducin2g+ 300 capacity. However methanolic extract showed highest Cu 250 ( ) ion reducing capacity Figure 1 . 200 0 8 . 150 0 7 . 100 0 6 e . 50 c n

a 0 5 . 0 b r

o 0 4 P E M s . etroleum ehter extract thyl aceate extract ethanol extract b 50 A 0.3 Total phenol content Total flavonoid content Total antioxident capacity IC Figure 3. 0.2 Correlation of total phenol content, total flavonoid content, total 0.1 antioxidant capacity and IC50 value. 0 With lowest amount of total phenol, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant 0 50 100 150 200 250 IC50 µ capacity showed highest value for ethyl acetate extract, and vice versa for Concentration ( g/mL) methanol extract. Methanol Pet ether Et.Acetate Ascorbic acid Figure 1. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity of different extracts of the C. tenuis In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay study, methanol fruits of Roxb. 2+ All extracts showed a dose dependent Cu reducing capacity in a way similar and petroleum ether extracts were foµund to be toxic toµ brine 50 to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The extracts showed weak to shrimp nauplii, with LC of 25.53 g/mL and 28.07 g/mL 2+ 50 moderate Cu ion reducing capacity. However methanolic extract showed respectively while the LC oµf the reference anticancer drug 2+ 1 32 highest Cu ion reducing capacity. vincristine sulphate was . g/mL. Ethyl acetate fraction wµas also found to moderately cytotoxic showing LC50 of 47.79 g/ Percent scavenging of DPPH radical was found to rise mL (Table 4). All extracts produced concentration dependent with increasing concentration of the different extracts with increment in percent mortality of brine shrimp nauplii. Figure highest scavenging displayed by methanol extract of the 4 shows the comparison of percent mortality different extracts 50 C. tenuis plant (Figure 2). The IC values of different extracts were of Roxb fruits with standard vincristine sulphate. showed in Table 3 and compared with standard antioxidant Table 4 C. tenuis Brine Shrimp ascorbic acid. Results of different extracts of fruits of Roxb in lethality 100 bioassay.

H 90 µ µ P Sample LC50 ( g/mL) LC90 ( g/mL) P 80 D

28 0700 230 7600 f Petroleum ether extract . .

o 70

g Ethyl acetate extract 47.7960 469.0400 n 60 i g M 25 5340 195 2990 n 50 ethanol extract . . e

v 1 3225 8 2965 a 40 Vincristine sulphate . . c S 30

% 120 20

y 100 t

10 i l a t

0 r 80 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 o M

µ ( ) Concentration g/mL % 60 Methanol Pet ether Et.Acetate Ascorbic acid Figure 2. 40 DPPH radical scavenging activity of the different extracts of the C. tenuis 20 fruits of Roxb. Table 3 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 C. tenuis IC50 values of the different extracts of the fruits of Roxb. Log concentration µ pet ether ethyl acetate methanol vincristine Sample IC50 ( g/mL) Figure 4. C. tenuis Petroleum ether extract 185.62 Percent mortality of different extracts of the fruits of Roxb Ethyl acetate extract 384.08 All extracts produced concentration dependent increment in percent mortality Brine Shrimp Methanol extract 169.50 of nauplii. Ascorbic acid 88.18 Zaki Uddin Ahmed et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 649 4. Discussions concentration dependent increment in perC.ce ntenuist mortality of brine shrimp nauplii produced by the Roxb P reliminarC.y ptenuishytochemical screening of the different extracts indicates the presence of cytotoxetic al.principles R A M extracts of oxb revealed the presence of in these extractives. ccording to eyer seveµral alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. naturally extracted products which had LC50<1 000 g/ Phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, constitute mL using brine shrimp bioassay were known to contain a major group of compounds that act as primary physiologically active principles[11]. It has been established antioxidants[12]. Polyphenols have inhibitory effect on that the cytotoxic compounds generally exhibit significant mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in humans when ingested activity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and this in daily diet[13]. Phenolic compounds have been reported to assay can be recommended as a guide for the detection protect the human body from free radicals, whose formation of antitumour and pesticidal compounds because of its is associated with the normal natural metabolism of aerobic simplicity and low cost[18]. The plant is reported to contain cells[14]. Natural polyphenols are capable of removing free several phytochemical constituents most notably alkaloid, S radicals, chelating mαetal catalysts, activating antioxidant tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. o the observed cytotoxic enzymes, reducing -tocopherol radicals, and inhibiting action may be due to the presence of such compounds. oxidases[14]. Phenolic compounds of plants fall into several All phenolic compounds showed cytotoxicity in Hoechst categories; chief among these are the flavonoids which 33258 fluorescence assay by inhibiting cellular DNA in a [15] T [19] A have potent antioxidant activities . he total flavonoid conceProsopisntration -julifloradependent manner . gain, alkaloids content range from 54-146 mg/g of extract, calculated as from Sw. D.C. (Algaroba) pods showed quercetin equivalent. The biological functions of flavonoids cytotoxicity on GL-15 cell line[20]. Steroids and tannins also include protection against allergies, inflammation, reported to show cytotoxic activity[21,22]. B free radicals, platelet aggregation, microbes, ulcer, ased on the results of thC.e ptenuisresent study, it can be hepatoxins, viruses and tumors[14]. Natural antioxidants proposed that the fruits of Roxb in general, can be phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids methanol and petroleum ether fractions in particular, and tannins), nitrogen containing compounds (alkaloids, have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. These results chlorophyll, derivative amino acids, peptides and amino also support to the preliminary identified phytochemical acids, peptides and amines), carotenoids, tocopherols groups. Various phytochemical constituents like alkaloid, orascorbic acids and its derivatives[9]. The antioxidant flavonoid, tannin and steroid present in the plant. activities of plant phytochemicals occur by preventing However, further studies are suggested to be undertaken to the production of free radicals or by neutralizing or understand the mechanism of the observed activities and scavenging free radicals produced in the body or reducing to isolate, purify and characterize active phytochemical and chelating the transition metal composition of ingredients responsible for the bioactivities. foods[14]. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity determines antioxidant activity by hydroxyl radicals where the Conflict of interest statement polyphenol is oxidized to the corresponding quinone[8]. Free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron and is involved in bacterial and parasitic infections, lung damage, We declare that we have no conflict of interest. inflammation, reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disorders, Acknowledgements atherosclerosis, aging and neoplastic diseases. They are also involvetced in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, [16]. The prevention of the chain initiation The authors are grateful to Department of Pharmacy, step by scavenging various reactive species such as free Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh for their support. radicals is considered to be an important antioxidant mode [17] T DPPH of action . he radical scavenging ability of this Comments fruit extracts can be attributed to the high total phenol and T flavonoid content of the fruit. otal antioxidant capacity Background T gives the quantitative estimate of antioxidant activity. hC.e T tenuisantioxidant activity of the three extrinac vitrots of the fruits of his research work detailedC. th tenuise antioxidant and cytotoxic R R V oxb as measured by several tests was found activity of fruit extracts of oxbC.. tenuisery little is to correlate with total phenol and total flavonoid contents. known about the medicinal properties of Roxb. The total antioxidant capacity is a combination of different Present investigation will add the scientific information on antioxidant mechanisms, including free radical scavenging this plant species. F (II) ability, reducing power and e chelating ability. Research frontiers The degree of lethality shown by the extracts was found to be directly proportional to the concentration Studies are being performed to determine the of µthe extractives ranging from the lowest cµoncentration phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity and (1 g/mL) to the highest concentration (320 g/mL). This cytotoxic activity of different solvent extracts of fruit Zaki Uddin Ahmed et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 645-650 650 C. tenuis Biol Res 1 2011; (3): 296-309. of Roxb. Antioxidant potential of each extract Practical Phytochemistry was evaluated using total phenol content, total flavonoid [6] G hani A. . Dhaka, Bangladesh: Parash DPPH Publishers; 2005. content, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, Acorus [7] S ingh S. Determination of phenol & flavonoid contents in radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity calamus Asian J Biochem Pharm Res 2 - determinations. . 2012; (2): 388 392. [8] R esat A, Kubilay G, Mustafa O, Saliha EC. Mechanism of Related reports antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing C. tenuis Microchim Acta 160 Traditionally Roxb is used to treat intestinal antioxidant capacity) assay. 2008; : 413-419. (S P K ML 2011) S [9] G owri SS, Vasantha K. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant worm aikia and han Calamus, . castaneusome are Calamusused as Sesbania grandiflora Am activity of leaves from Agathi ( ) (L.) Pers. tlongispathusraditional medCalamusicine su cexilish as Calamus javensis, Calamus Eur J Sci Res 5 2010; (2): 114-119. ornatu , et al. , , s (Dransfield , 2002). [10] R aghu KL, Ramesh CK, Srinivasa TR, Jamuna KS. Total antioxidant capacity in aqueous extracts of some common Innovations & breakthroughs Asian J Exp Biol Sci 2 - vegetables. 2011; (1): 58 62. It has been demonstrated successfully that the methanolic [11] M eyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for extract of this plant showed good antioxidant activity Planta Medica 45 - as compared to standard, which has been confirmed by active plant constituents. 1982; (5): 31 34. the highest phenolic and flavanoid content and to the [12] T alari S, Rudroju S, Penchala S, Nanna Rama S. Quantification of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in extracts of antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts. Oroxylum indicum Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5 L. Kurz. 2012; (4): Applications 177-179. T [13] A huja J, Suresh J, Deep A, Madhuri, Pratyusha, Ravi. C. tenuishe results of the present study suggest that the fruits of Artemisia parviflora R Phytochemical screening of aerial parts of oxb possess antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Der Pharmacia Lettre 3 So, considering the potential bioactivity, the plant can be Roxb.: a medicinal plant. 2011; (6): 116- further studied extensively to find out their unexplored 124. [14] O seni OA, Okoye VI. Studies of phytochemical and antioxidant efficacy and to rationalize their uses as traditional Citrullus lanatus J properties of the fruit of watermelon ( ) (Thunb.). medicines. Pharm Biomed Sci 27 2013; : 508-514. Peer review [15] N unes XP, Silva FS, Guedes JR, Almeida S, Tolentino de Lima ú This is a good study in which authors evaluated the J, Augusto de Ara jo Ribeiro L, et al. Biological oxidations andantioxidant activity of natural products. In: Venketeshwer phyC.to ctenuishemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity Phytochemicals as nutraceuticals-global approaches Rao, editor. of Roxb. fruit extracts using three different to their role in nutrition and health. solvents. The paper revealed that the fruit of the plant has Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2012, some bioactive metabolites which can be useful to prepare p. 7. herbal medicine as well as modern medicine after more [16] B abu D, Gurumurthy P, Borra SK, Cherian KM. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of triphala determined by using screening using advance tools. in vitro J Med Plant Res 7 different models. 2013; (39): 2898-2905. [17] D astmalchi K, Dorman HJ, Kosar M, Hiltunen R. Chemical in vitro composition and antioxidant evaluation of a water soluble References Dracocephalum moldavica LWT- Moldavian balm ( L.) extract. Food Sci Technol 40 2007; (2): 239-248. Calamus tenuis [1] L ansdown RV. . Cambridge, UK: IUCN Global [18] M azid MA, Datta BK, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Assessment of anti- Polygonum Species Programme Red List Unit; 2011 [Oline] Available from: bacterial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of two Ars Pharm 49 - http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/199688/0 [Accessed on 27th species. 2008; (2): 127 134. March, 2014] [19] C hang YC, Tai KW, Huang FM, Huang MF. Cytotoxic and [2] M anohara TN. Nutritional evaluation of shoots of two rattans nongenotoxic effects of phenolic compounds in human pulp cell -Calamus flagellum C. J Endod 26 of Northeast India Griff. ex Mart. and cultures. 2000; (8): 440-443. floribundus Econ Bot 67 Griff. (Areaceae). 2013; (3): 263-268. [20] H ughes JB, Sousa JS, Barreto RA, Silva AR, Souza CS, Silva VD, Non-wood forest products [3] D ransfield J, Tesoro FO, Manokaran N. et al. Cytotoxic effects of an extract containing alkaloids obtained 14. Rattan current research issues and prospects for conservation Prosopis juliflora from Sw. D.C. (Algaroba) pods on glioblastoma and sustainable development Rev Bra Saúde Prod An 6 . Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture cells. 2005; (1): 31-41. Organization of the United Nations; 2002. [21] W u SB, Ji YP, Zhu JJ, Zhao Y, Xia G, Hu YH, et al. Steroids from Melia azedarach [4] B huinya T, Mukherjee SK. The palms of West Bengal. In: Trivedi the leaves of Chinese and their cytotoxic effects Biodiversity: impact and assessment. Steroids 74 PC, editor. Jaipur, India: on human cancer cell lines. 2009; (9): 761-765. Pointer Publishers; 2009. [22] N onita PP, Mylene MU. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and J [5] S aikia P, Khan ML. Diversity of medicinal plants and their uses phytochemical screening of four philippine medicinal plants. Asian J Pharm Med Plant Res 4 in homegardens of Upper Assam, Northeast India. 2010; (5): 407-414.