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Comparative Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of the Tobacco Endophytic Fungi

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Comparative Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of the Tobacco Endophytic Fungi Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of the tobacco endophytic fungi Leptosphaerulina chartarum and Curvularia trifolii and the phylogenetic implications Xiao-Long Yuana,#, Min Caob,#, Guo-Ming Shena, Huai-Bao Zhanga, Yong-Mei Dua, Zhong-Feng Zhanga, Qian Lic, Jia-Ming Gaod, Lin Xuee, Peng Zhanga,* a Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; [email protected] (X.-L.Y.); [email protected](G.- M. S.); [email protected] (H.-B.Z); [email protected] (Y.-M.D.); [email protected] (Z.-F.Z.)b Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; [email protected](M.C.) c Nanyang Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, Nanyang , Henan Province, China; [email protected] (Q.L.) d Hubei Provincial Tobacco Company of China National Tobacco Corporation, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; [email protected] (J.-M.G.) e WannanTobacco Group Co., Ltd, Xuancheng, Anhui Province, China [email protected] (L.X.) #These two authors contributed equally to this study. Correspondence: ; [email protected] (P.Z) © 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 Abstract: In tobacco plants, symbiont endophytic fungi are widely distributed in all tissues where they play important roles. It is therefore important to determine the species distribution and characteristics of endophytic fungi in tobacco. Here, two parasitic fungi Leptosphaerulina chartarum and Curvularia trifolii were isolated and identified from normal tobacco tissue. We sequenced the mitogenomes of these two species and analysed their features, gene content, and evolutionary histories. The L. chartarum and C. trifolii mitochondrial genomes were 68,926 bp and 59,100 bp long circular molecules with average GC contents of 28.60% and 29.31%, respectively. The L. chartarum mitogenome contained 36 protein coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), which were located on both strands. The C. trifolii mitogenome contained 26 protein coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes (rrnL and rrnS). The L. chartarum 26 tRNAs ranged from 70 bp to 84 bp in length, whereas the 29 tRNAs in C. trifolii ranged from 71 bp to 85 bp. L. chartarum and C. trifolii mtDNAs had an identical mitochondrial gene order and orientation and were phylogenetically identified as sisters. These data therefore provide an understanding of the gene content and evolutionary history of species within Pleosporales. Key words: Endophytic fungi, Leptosphaerulina chartarum; Curvularia trifolii; mitogenomes; gene content; phylogenetic implications. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 1. Introduction Studies examining fungal endophytes in tobacco have shown that they are widely distributed in almost all tissues and due to their various biological functions they play very important roles in tobacco biology [1-3]. It is therefore important to determine the distribution of endophytic fungi species and their characteristics in tobacco. Pleosporales, the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes, includes a large number of species, including saprobes, parasites, epiphytes, and endophytes [4]. Numerous reports have shown that many species in Pleosporales are pathogenic fungi that can cause severe disease that have an economically and culturally adverse effect on the global breeding industry and animal husbandry. Previous studies have shown that many endophytic fungi that belong to the Pleosporales order can be isolated from the healthy tissues of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [5]. The family Pleosporaceae includes a variety of species that are plant pathogens, animal parasites, and saprotrophs. Two particularly important parasitic species are Leptosphaerulina chartarum, the causative agent of leaf spot which has negative effects on yield throughout the world, and Curvularia trifolii, which causes leaf blight and leaf spot on different type of feed crops [6]. Using healthy tobacco tissues as the source, we isolated and identified these two important parasitic species. L. chartarum has a broad host range, usually confining its infections to Triticum aestivum, Miscanthus giganteus, Withania somnifera, Bromus inermis Leyss, and Panicum virgatum cv. Alamo, etc. [7-10]. It is noteworthy that the fruiting bodies of this fungus have been reported to cause facial eczema in some animals (i.e., sheep, Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 cattle, goats, and deer) due to the liver damage caused by a mycotoxin (sporidesmin) produced by the fungus [11-13]. Several studies have also described the presence of L. chartarum conidia in indoor air environments where asthma patients reside [14-15]. C. trifolii, as a high-temperature pathogen that is distributed worldwide, causes leaf spot on Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem Clover) and leaf blight on Creeping Bentgrass [16-18]. Moreover, C. trifolii can produce different secondary metabolites during its culture. Among these, some show excellent anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity [19-22]. Given that there are great similarities in life style between L. chartarum and C. trifolii, they seem to be closely related and likely share similar genetic content and organization. With the rapid development of new sequencing technologies, the mitogenomes of fungi have improved tremendously in recent years. The hundreds of available fungal mitogenomes in the public databases have provided an efficient resource for their classification, genetics, and analysis of their phylogenetic relationships. However, there are just several sequences published from the Pleosporales even in the class Dothideomycetes to which they belong [23-25]. Herein, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of L. chartarum and C. trifolii. Furthermore, we analysed and characterized the evolution and structural organization of L. chartarum and C. trifolii and compared these with other species in Pleosporales. The current results allow for an understanding of the gene content and evolutionary history of species in Pleosporales. 2. Materials and methods Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 2.1 Materials, isolation, and culture The endophytic fungus C. trifolii was first isolated from the healthy leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, which was collected from Enshi, Hubei, P. R. China, in July 2016. The fungal strain L. chartarum was isolated from the fresh stems of Nicotiana tabacum, which was also collected from Enshi, Hubei. The fungi were identified by analysis of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS), V1, and V4 regions of rDNA, as described in our previous report [26], as well as by their morphologies. Both strains are currently deposited at the Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis of C. trifolii and L. chartarum based on the ITS1 region was performed using MEGA 6.0 [27]. 2.2 DNA extraction After isolation and purification, the hyphae of C. trifolii and L. chartarum were scraped from the surface of the agar, after which they were ground to a fine powder in the presence of liquid nitrogen. Genomic DNA was then extracted using a fungal DNA extraction kit (Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. Electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels was used to assess the integrity of DNA samples. The purity and concentration of these two samples were determined using a Nanodrop microspectrophotometer (ND-2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and a Qubit 2.0. fluorometer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively. Genomic DNA was stored at -20°C prior to library construction. 2.3. Sequence assembly, annotation, and analysis Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 July 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0119.v1 About 2 μg of genomic DNA from each strain was first fragmented into 500 bp fragments, followed by construction of an Illumina genome sequencing libraries using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kits (NEB, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. These libraries were then sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 Platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Briefly, raw sequence reads were first quality trimmed and adapter sequences were removed using FastQC software (version 0.11.5) [28]. Subsequently, the SPAdes 3.9.0 software package and MITObim V1.9 were used for the de novo assembly of the mitogenomes and the filling of contig gaps [29,30]. The complete mitogenomes of C.trifolii and L.chartarum have been deposited to GenBank (accession number of KY792993 and KY986975, respectively). To annotate these two complete mitogenomes, their protein-coding genes (PCGs) were identified and annotated using NCBI Open Reading Frame Finder (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/gorf.html), and further confirmed with BLASTP searches against the mitogenomes of two closely related species (Bipolaris cookei: MF784482.1 and Pithomyces chartarum: KY792993.1). Following this, tRNAs were identified using tRNAscan-SE 1.21 Search
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