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Properties of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light Emission

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Properties of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light Emission Properties of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light Emission Ettore Segreto∗ Instituto de F´ısica \Gleb Wataghin" Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP Rua S´ergio Buarque de Holanda, No 777, CEP 13083-859 Campinas, S~aoPaulo, Brazil (Dated: December 14, 2020) Liquid argon is used as active medium in a variety of neutrino and Dark Matter experiments thanks to its excellent properties of charge yield and transport and as a scintillator. Liquid argon scintillation photons are emitted in a narrow band of 10 nm centered around 127 nm and with a characteristic time profile made by two components originated by the decay of the lowest lying 1 + 3 + ∗ singlet, Σu , and triplet states, Σu , of the excimer Ar2 to the dissociative ground state. A model is proposed which takes into account the quenching of the long lived triplet states through the + self-interaction with other triplet states or through the interaction with molecular Ar2 ions. The model predicts the time profile of the scintillation signals and its dependence on the intensity of an external electric field and on the density of deposited energy, if the relative abundance of the unquenched fast and slow components is know. The model successfully explains the experimentally observed dependence of the characteristic time of the slow component on the intensity of the applied electric field and the increase of photon yield of liquid argon when doped with small quantities of xenon (at the ppm level). The model also predicts the dependence of the pulse shape parameter, Fprompt, for electron and nuclear recoils on the recoil energy and the behavior of the relative light yield of nuclear recoils in liquid argon, Leff . I. INTRODUCTION of the pulse shape parameter, Fprompt, on the energy of the incoming particle. The cases of electron and nuclear Liquid Argon (LAr) is a powerful medium to detect recoils are explicitly treated and compared to data. ionizing particles and is widely used in neutrino and Dark The integral of the scintillation pulse allows to estimate Matter experiments since several years [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], the amount of quenching due to these processes and to [6]. LAr scintillation photons are emitted in the Vacuum predict the behavior of the relative light yield of nuclear Ultra Violet in a 10 nm band centered around 127 nm recoils in LAr, Leff , as a function of the recoil energy, with a time profile made by two components with very which is a quantity of central importance for Dark Matter different characteristic decay times, a fast one in the experiments. nanosecond range and a slower one in the microsecond range [7]. The relative abundance of the two compo- nents depends strongly on the ionizing particle type and II. LAR SCINTILLATION MODEL allows for a powerful particle discrimination [8] [9]. LAr scintillation has been deeply studied by several authors [7], [10], [11] and a solid understanding of the main mech- The passage of ionizing particles in LAr produces anisms regulating the production, emission and propaga- free excitons and electron-hole pairs. The proportion tion of scintillation photons has been achieved. However, between these two species is assumed to be independent there are experimental results which can not be easily of the ionizing particle type and energy: Nex/Ni = 0,21, explained and described by the currently accepted mod- where Nex is the abundance of excitons and Ni the abun- els, as the dependence of the characteristic time of the dance of electron-hole pairs. Free excitons and holes are self-trapped within about 1 ps from their production and slow component on the intensity of the electric field ap- ∗ + result into excited, Ar2, or ionized, Ar2 , argon dimers. plied to LAr and the increase of the LAr photon yield + ∗ when doped with small quantities of xenon, at the level Ar2 recombines with a thermalized electron to form Ar2 [10] which in turn decays non-radiatively to the first of few ppm (part per million). These phenomena point 1 + 3 + to quenching mechanisms involving the excited species singlet and triplet excited states Σu and Σu . These which are the precursors of the scintillation photons and two states, whose dis-excitation leads to the emission of arXiv:2012.06527v1 [physics.ins-det] 11 Dec 2020 which have not been investigated before. the scintillation photons, have approximately the same The model proposed in this work takes into account these energy with respect to the dissociative ground state, while the lifetimes are very different: in the nanosecond quenching processes and predicts the shape of the scintil- 1 + 3 + lation pulse as a function of the applied electric field and range for Σu and in the microsecond range for Σu [7]. of the density of the energy transferred to the electrons of The scintillation photon yield of LAr depends on the LAr. In addition to the experimental observations men- ionizing particle type and on the Linear Energy Transfer tioned above, it also allows to explain the dependence (LET) [12]. The highest photon yield is reached by relativistic heavy nuclei, from Ne to La. Low LET light particles (e−, p) have a slightly reduced photon yield due to the fact that a fraction of the ionization electrons ∗ segreto@ifi.unicamp.br escapes from recombination. Nuclear recoils and α parti- 2 cles also have a reduced photon yield, but the quenching can be written as: mechanism is different and not fully clarified yet. A dN bi-excitonic interaction in the core of the track has been 3 = D r2N − λ N − σ+v+N +N − σ v N 2 (3) dt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 proposed as a possible explanation [10] and a reasonably dN + good agreement is found for 5,3 MeV α particles, while = D+ r2N + (4) the model is not accurate in explaining the dependence dt of the photon yield for nuclear recoils [11] at very low + where N3 and N depend on time and position in space, energies (∼ tens of keV). In this case, a better agreement + ∗ + D and D are the diffusion constants of Ar2 and Ar2 with the available data is obtained when using the respectively, λ3 is the radiative dis-excitation rate of the Birks law to account for the possible quenching pro- 3Σ+ state, σ+ is the cross section for the process 2, v+ ∗ u cesses involving excitons and excited dimers Ar2 [13] [14]. is the relative velocity between a triplet excimer and a ion, σ3 is the cross section for process 1 and v3 is the ∗ Two recent experimental observations can not be eas- relative velocity of two Ar2. ily explained with the current understanding of the LAr scintillation process. The DUNE (Deep Underground In the hypotheses that the diffusion terms can be ne- ∗ + Neutrino Experiment) Collaboration has reported a clear glected and that Ar2 and Ar2 are uniformly distributed 3 + dependence of the lifetime of the triplet state Σu of the inside a cylinder of radius r3 along the track, equations ∗ Ar2 dimer on the electric field in which the LAr is im- 3 and 4 reduce to one, which depends only on time: mersed [15]. The scintillation light was produced by a dN sample of cosmic muons crossing one of the prototypes 3 = −λ N − σ+v+N +N − σ v N 2 (5) of the dual phase DUNE detector, the 4-ton demonstra- dt 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 tor [16]. The light was detected with an array of five + + 8" photomultipliers (Hamamatsu R5912-02Mod) coated where N0 is the density of Ar2 , which is a constant. with a wavelength shifter, TetraPhenyl-Butadiene (TPB) The hypotheses of the model will be discussed in section [17], to convert the 127 nm photons to 430 nm and the VIII. Equation 5 can be solved analytically and gives: electric field was varied between 0 and 600 V/cm. e−λq t The second experimental evidence is related to the dop- N3(t) = N0 −λ t (6) ing of LAr with small concentrations of xenon. It has 1 + q/λq(1 − e q ) been reported that adding a few tens of ppm of xenon where N is the initial density of triplet states, λ = to LAr has the effect of shifting the wavelength of the 0 q λ + k+, k+ = σ+v+N +, q = N σ v . The probability triplet component from 127 nm to 174 nm, shortening 3 0 0 3 3 density of the LAr scintillation light can be written as: the signal from few µsec to hundreds of nsec and enhanc- ing the Light Yield (LY) [9]. The enhancement of LY can − t τq αs − t α3 e not be explained by an higher quantum efficiency of the τs l(t) = e + t (7) τ τ − τ wavelength shifter (TPB) for 174 nm than for 127 nm, s 3 1 + qτq(1 − e q ) since it has been measured to be almost the same [18] and should be attributed to an increase of the LAr pho- where αs is the initial abundance of the singlet states, τs ton yield. is the decay time of the singlet states, α3 is the initial These two effects point to quenching processes of the abundance of triplet states, τ3 is the unquenched decay + triplet states and to an hidden amount of light which time of the triplet states, and τq = 1=(λ3 + k )=1/λq. has not been described before. The proposed quenching The probability density of triplet states depends on the mechanisms for the triplet states are two: one relies on electric field and on the LET thorough τq and q. The in- ∗ tegral, L, of the probability density l(t), which is propor- the interaction of two excited dimers Ar2 and the other + tional to the total number of scintillation photons emit- on the interaction of one ionized dimer Ar2 with one ∗ ted, is given by: excited dimer Ar2: ∗ ∗ ∗ ln(1 + q τq) Ar2 + Ar2 ! Ar2 + 2Ar (1) L = Ls + L3 = αs + α3 (8) ∗ + + q τ3 Ar2 + Ar2 ! Ar2 + 2Ar (2) L is equal to one (αs+α3) only when q is zero and τq = τ3.
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