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Development of a Very Flexible Testbed Aircraft for the Validation of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Codes

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Development of a Very Flexible Testbed Aircraft for the Validation of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Codes Development of a Very Flexible Testbed Aircraft for the Validation of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Codes by Jessica Renee Jones A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Aerospace Engineering) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Carlos E.S. Cesnik, Chair Professor Peretz P. Friedmann Professor Daniel J. Inman Professor Yin Lu Young Jessica R. Jones [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1964-029X © Jessica R. Jones, 2017 Dedication To God To my mother ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Prof. Carlos Cesnik for his invaluable guidance over the years. I would also like to thank my committee for their advice and suggestions during the review of this dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge the support of the many sponsors for this work. The flight test and development of X-HALE has been supported in part by the Air Force Research Laboratory under the Michigan/AFRL Collaborative Center in Aeronautical Sciences (MACCAS). The technical monitor was Edward Alyanak (AFRL/RZ). Additional funds were also provided by the University of Michigan’s Active Aeroelasticity and Structures Research Laboratory. The X-56A modeling effort was supported by the NASA Fixed Wing Program with Peter Suh as the technical monitor. Additional acknowledgements are offered to Lockheed Martin for providing details of the X-56A aircraft. Additional technical assistance from Ben Smith of Aurora Flight Sciences is highly appreciated. I am also grateful for the three years of support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Student Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE 0718128. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. A thousand million thank yous to all of the high school students, undergrads (U-M and non-UM), and grad students who have contributed to the X-HALE project, many of whom are referenced in this dissertation. A special thanks goes to Keith Shaw for being a phenomenal pilot and endless fount of knowledge and stories. A shout-out as well to my X-HALE collaborator and labmate Zi Yang Pang—one day we’ll fly away. The support and friendship of my fellow A2SRL-ians, both past and present has been greatly appreciated, including my dissertation buddy Ryan Klock, Christopher Lupp, Eric Huang, Ryan Kitson, Renato Medeiros, Patricia Teixeira, Maj. Steve Chetcuti, Maj. Matt Obenchain, Kalyan Nadella, Devesh Kumar, Prof. Yangfeng Shen, and Prof. Weihua Su. iii I also want to thank my IMPACT family, especially my wonderful friends Joy Jeyaratnam, Anita Luong, Yining Lu for being my life outside the lab. You were constant sources of humor, dramas, and nourishment, both physical and spiritual. Words fail to express how much you all mean to me, so the next time we meet, I will use chocolate. Finally, I owe my deepest gratitude to my staunchest cheerleader, my sister, Jasmine Jones, for her lifelong support. Completing this journey together isn’t the end of an era, it’s the beginning of one. iv Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Appendices ...................................................................................................................... xvii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xviii List of Symbols ............................................................................................................................. xx Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... xxiii Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Overview of Very Flexible Aircraft ................................................................................. 1 Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis of HALE Aircraft ...................................................... 2 U-M Nonlinear Aeroelastic Simulation Toolbox ............................................................. 4 Model Creation for Very Flexible Aircraft ...................................................................... 6 Model Validation for HALE Aircraft ............................................................................... 7 Flight Testing ................................................................................................................... 9 Goals of this Dissertation ............................................................................................... 10 A Simplified Aeroelastic Model for the X-56A Aircraft ................................ 12 Overview of the X-56A Aircraft .................................................................................... 12 Development of the Model ............................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Conversion of Built-up Model to Beam Model ...................................................... 13 2.2.2 Definition of the Reference Axis ............................................................................ 15 Elastic Properties ............................................................................................................ 16 2.3.1 Calculation of Cross-sectional Stiffnesses .............................................................. 17 2.3.2 Tuning the Stiffnesses ............................................................................................. 18 2.3.3 Static Response Predictions .................................................................................... 19 Inertia Properties ............................................................................................................ 26 2.4.1 Calculation of Cross-sectional Inertias ................................................................... 26 v 2.4.2 Dynamic Response Prediction ................................................................................ 28 Aerodynamic Properties ................................................................................................. 29 2.5.1 XFOIL Derived Coefficients .................................................................................. 32 2.5.2 VLM Derived Coefficients ..................................................................................... 39 Aeroelastic Studies ......................................................................................................... 44 2.6.1 Aeroelastic Trim Analysis ...................................................................................... 44 2.6.2 Dynamic Aeroelastic Analysis ................................................................................ 47 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................... 59 Improvements to UM/NAST Numerical Framework ...................................... 60 Expanding the UM/NAST Constraint Formulation ....................................................... 60 3.1.1 Absolute Displacement Constraint Formulation ..................................................... 61 3.1.2 Relative Displacement Constraint Formulation ...................................................... 66 Improvements to UM/NAST Aerodynamic Formulation .............................................. 69 3.2.1 Theoretical Background .......................................................................................... 69 3.2.2 Propeller Downwash Formulation .......................................................................... 71 3.2.3 Static Aeroelastic Simulations ................................................................................ 74 3.2.4 Dynamic Aeroelastic Simulation ............................................................................ 77 Conclusion and Future Work ......................................................................................... 80 Development and Characterization of the X-HALE Aeroelastic Testbed ...... 81 Overview of the X-HALE Unmanned Aeroelastic Testbed ........................................... 81 X-HALE Airframe Design ............................................................................................. 82 4.2.1 Wings ...................................................................................................................... 83 4.2.2 Tails......................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.3 Motor Pods .............................................................................................................. 86 4.2.4 Component Connections ......................................................................................... 86 Flight Control System .................................................................................................... 88 X-HALE Structural
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