CIP in 1995

The International Potato Center

Annual Report

G. CHANG

We dedicate this report to the loved ones of Rosa Rodriguez and Martin and Collette Bicamumpaka. International Potato Center Apartado 1558 Lima 100, Peru

CIP. 1996. CIP in 7995. The International Potato Center Annual Report. Lima, Peru.

ISSN 0256-6311 Press run : 2,500 Printed in Lima, Peru April 1996

Writing/Editing: Bright Future for Potato Production, page 6. Jack Keyser, Edward Sulzberger, Bill Hardy, Janet Keyser, Lisa W ing

Production Coordinator: Ceci lia Lafosse

Editorial Assistance: Emma Martinez

Design and Layout: Ruben D. Gutierrez

Cover Design: Irma Fernandez-Concha

Photomechanics: Cecosami

Printing: Asociac i6n Editorial Stella

Inside matter printed on recycled paper @ IPM in the Sacred Valley, page 23. Table of Contents

CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development 4

Bright Future for Potato Production 6

Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight Strains 10

True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight Puzzle? 14

New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato Production 18

IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots 21

IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas 23

Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa 25

CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes 27

Board of Trustees 31

Finance and Administration 32

Donor Contributions in 1995 34

Staff in 1995 35

Selected Scientific Publications 1995 40

Core Research in 1995 43

Training in 1995 48

Research Partners 51

CIP's Global Contact Points 54

CGIAR and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership 56

., "·, CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development

A comprehensive study published by FAO and CIP economists in 1995 underscores the notion that production figures for root and tuber crops have been historically underestimated. In its report-Potatoes in the 7990s-the FAO-CIP team notes that potato production in the developing world increased at a faster rate over the past 30 yea rs than any other food crop except wheat. The authors go on to say that developing countries will produce more than a third of the world's potatoes by the end of the century. Interestingly, growth in potato production was made possible by the availability of new crop technologies such as high-yielding cereal crops that provide farmers with a small production niche in which to grow potatoes. Throughout Asia, large amounts of potatoes are being grown between the harvest and planting of early maturing rice and wheat varieties developed at IRRI and CIMMYT. Even so, the potatoes grown in developing countries still yield far below their genetic potential. Experts estimate that the upper limit for potato production now approaches 120 tons per hectare. This means that there is considerable room to expand production without resorting to high-cost research aimed at increasing yields. With a comparatively small investment in research, science should be able to raise average potato yields from their current level of 15 tons per hectare to at least 30 tons across the developing world. Similar increases are also possible for sweetpotato. Thus, research aimed at scaling back losses from pests and diseases-rather than increasing yields per se-should produce significant across-the-board production increases at a relatively modest cost. To achieve that goal, CIP has assigned its highest priority to late blight, the disease responsible for the Irish potato famine. In the 1980s and 1990s, more aggressive forms of the late blight fungus spread to virtually all important potato-producing countries, causing great concern among farmers, scientists, and politicians. As CIP enters its 25th year, the Center will respond to this dilemma in much the same manner as it has always addressed the problems of resource-poor farmers. CIP is currently organizing a consortium of researchers to develop potato cultivars with durable resistance to all forms of the late blight fungus. At the urging of national programs and the research community at large, we have agreed to act as the convenor of a global late blight initiative. We hope that our participation will help to link scientists working in advanced laboratories and their colleagues in national systems. Within five years, the initiative should help farmers to begin controlling late blight within integrated pest management systems in which resistant varieties-rather than chemical fungicides-play the pivotal role. We further expect that the knowledge and technologies developed as part of this initiative will be made available via research partnerships being --·4 -

Iii---

developed through the ecoregional and systemwide initiatives organized by CGIAR centers. CIP founding Director General, Richard L. Among these are the CIP-convened Andean Highland lnitiative-CONDESAN-as well as Sawyer (second from left), and Center staff in ICRAF's East African Highlands Initiative and the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Initiative led by the first photograph ICIMOD. We also hope to play a useful role in the CGIAR's Rice-Wheat Initiative by virtue published in a CIP annual report, 1972. of the important role of potato in this unique food production system. As we have seen over the past 25 years, potatoes are not only a major food crop, but an efficient income generator and an effective too'1 for crop diversification and sustainability. The growth of potato production over the past quarter century is a tribute to the hundreds of CIP scientists who have labored to make potatoes available in developing countries and to our founders who had the foresight to know that the world's food requirements could not be met by cereals alone.

Hubert Zandstra Director General

The study notes that in the nearly 100 from 1962 to 1992. The region shou ld account for deve loping cou ntries where potatoes are grown, two-thirds of all projected incre ases in developing production rose from 30 million to ns in the early countries by 2000. 1960s to 85 million to ns in the early 1990s, an China, the world's second-largest potato almost threefold increase that is second only to producer after the Ru ssian Federation, and India, growth in w hea t output. Production in the the sixth-ranked global producer, are expected to developing world is projected to rise another 2.8 continue to account for about half of this increase percent ann ually by the year 2000, compared in the years just ahead . Pakistan, Indonesia, and w ith 0.3 percent in industrialized countries. Th e Vietnam are also projected to show strong ga ins as report represents th e first comprehensive study by potatoes continue to expand as a second or third FAO's Commodity and Trade Division to detail crop in that region's rice- and w heat-based the situation and prospects of the world potato cropping systems and as consumers d iversify diets. economy. Accord ing to the report, increases in potato Europe and the area of the form er Soviet production in developing countries were second Union, the report sai d, still account for the bulk of only to those of wheat over the 30-year span potato production worldw ide, but slow growth studied. The area planted to potatoes outstripped w ill res ult in a continuing decline in the cassava, wheat, rice, pulses, and coarse grains, the industrialized world 's share of production. In report said. In addition, a decline in potato prices contrast, a rapid expansion of 30 mi 11 ion tons by compared w ith prices of other staple foods has the end of the 1990s is projected for developing quickened demand and sp urred increased supplies. cou ntries, res ulting in a harvest of 105 million Africa also experienced extensive growth in tons, a 40 percent inc rease since 1988 alone. potato output. Production in sub-Saharan Africa has increased nearl y 150 percent si nce 1962, Large Increases Projected for Asia although begi nning from a low base. Production is currently growing faster for potato than for any Gregory Scott, a CIP economist who other major food crop in the reg ion, except for rice col laborated with FAO o n the study, says that if and yams. this transition continues, " most of the world's In Latin America, expansio n was due to an potatoes wi ll be harvested in Asia, Africa, and increase in productivity as well as growth in area Latin America in less than a ge neration." As ia, he planted. Andean cou ntries, the report said, are says, accounts for almost 80 percent of potato expected to recover from sharp cutbacks of the production in developing countries, with harvests previous decade, w hereas product ion in the growing at an average rate of 4 percent a year re gion 's Southern Co ne is forecast to benefit from

World Potato Production in Selected Regions

Region 1961 -63 average 199 1-93 average Ave rage annu al growth in Production Area Production Area production (000 t) (000 ha) (000 t) (000 ha) (%)

Deve lopi ng wo rld 29,066 3,562 84,957 6,677 3.6 Asia 20,280 2,327 66,037 4,9 95 4.0 Africa 1,826 238 6,693 700 4.1 LAC* 6,959 998 12,226 981 1.9 Industrial ized world 236,048 18,592 190,398 11 ,456 -0.7 Total 265, 114 22 , 154 275,355 18, 133 0.1

*Latin Ameri ca and the Caribbean. Sou rce: FAO/C IP . 1995. Potatoes in the 1990s: Situation and prospects for the world potato economy. Rome. 39 p. --·8 P. MALAGAMBA greater commercial izatio·n. Potato production in underestimated . CIP Director General Hubert Egypt produces more Latin America increased roughly three-quarters Zandstra notes that.the report ca lls attention to than 1.7 million tons of potatoes annually; since over the past three decades. some of the inconsistencies in previous global 1961-63, production has potato data for supply and demand. This has led grown at an average Processing and Trade to some underestimations in future med ium-term annual rate of 4.8 projections and created an air of doubt in the percent. The study noted that worldwide use of potatoes minds of scientists and donors about the health is shifting away from the fresh market and and direction of the global root and tuber livestock feed toward processed products such as economy, he says. frenc h fries, c hips, and frozen and dehydrated For example, one important forecast in 1994 potatoes. Processing, the report says, is the fastest esti mated that potato production in developing growing sector within the world potato economy, countries would gmw from 75.7 million tons in a trend that can be seen in countries such as 1988 to only 89.8 million tons by 2000, an increase Argentina, China, Colombia, and Egypt. of just 18 percent. For many developing countries, Although potatoes are bulky and perishable, including China, those projections had already been world trade in table potatoes and seed rose from 3 exceeded, Scott noted. When FAQ and CIP million tons in 1962 to 7.5 million tons in 1992, reexamined the data, the developing-country most of it among the 12 member countries of the projections increased to 105.4 million tons. European Union. FAQ statist ics do not inc lude Scott believes that potential payoffs from future trade information on processed potatoes. If they investments in potato will be favorable as did, Scott says, world potato trade could be production growth rates are high and the outlook running at 10 million tons a year_, or about 4 for continuing demand is good. "The most percent of annual global production. dynamic factor in the sector," he says, "is the The study underscores CIP's contention that potato processing industry, which will affect both statistical data on potatoes have long been supply and demand." 9-- Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight

For a century and a half, late blight disease has Strains been the potato fa rmer' s chief nemesis. Since the Irish fam ine of the 1840s, in w hich a million people died and another million and a half em igrated, farmers have spent bi II ions of dollars attempting to contro l the fungus responsible for what became known in Ireland as the Great Hunger. Even so, late blight remains the world 's most devastating food crop disease. Late blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans, began as a local disease of wild relatives of potato and tomato in Mexico's To luca Valley. In the ea rl y 1950s, John N iederhauser, a World Food Prize laureate, pinpointed the va lley as the place now widely accepted as late blight's center of genetic diversity. Th ere he d iscovered two mating types, ca lled A 1 and A2, that reproduce both asexually and sexua lly. Until then, sexua l reproduction of the fungus was unknown. The A 1 strain, a si ngle genetic individual, broke out of its Mexican enclave in the 1840s and spread quickly, res ul ting in crop fai lures not onl"y in Ireland but also on the European mainland. Until that time, late blight was foreign to Europe, Canada, and the United States. Eventually, the potato rebounded, following the development of simple fungicides and the integration of a wild Mexican potato species, So/anum demissum, into potato's genetic center of origin. breeding programs early in the 20th centu ry. Scientists say that the new migrant A 1 and A2 mating types are far more aggress ive than the A Second Wave ori ginal A 1 and cause more severe outbreaks of the disease ea rlier in the growing seaso n. Worst of Today, the fungus is staging a resurgence. CIP all, some strains are res ista nt to one of the most scientists are monitoring its sp read and now effective late blight fungicides, metalaxyl . consider the li kel ihood of major crop losses in Furtherm ore, the new migrants are more developing countries to be large ly a matter of genetica lly diverse and are aggressively displacing time. In the mid-1970s, a new migration of late o lder late blight popu latio ns in many areas. Th e blight, including both the Al and A2 mating spores resu lting from sexua l, as opposed to those types, is be! ieved to· have traveled out of Mexico from asexual, recombination can su rvive for to Europe on a commercial shipment of potatoes. extended periods. The poss ibi lity of catastrophic From Europe, the disease spread rapidly to other crop fa ilures, not unlike those in the 19th century, parts of the world. By the late 1980s, potato grows w ith each report that th e new late blight resea rchers in Europe confirmed their worst fears: stra ins have expanded their range. evidence of sex ual reproduction of the fungus outside of Mexico. In 1992, a significa nt increase Research Priorities in th e A2 and new genes of the A 1 were found in Ca nada and the United States . In Canada's Late blight is now poised to strike hardest at western province of Br itish Columbia, the fungus the millions of poor people in developing appeared to be reproducing sexua lly, and by 1994 countries who rely on the nutritious potato, but A2 strains were discovered in the Andes, the ca n least afford to purchase expensive

- 10 Late blight can destroy a potato field in just three days. Here, late-blight­ susceptible plants (foreground) compared with a resistant cultivar.

G. CHAN G agrochemica ls to keep th e fungus in check. M o re Populations A and B insecticides and fungicides are applied to potato than to any other food crop: Some sc ientists Three years after its founding in 1971 , CIP believe that the success of fungicides such as began distributing se lected clones developed by metalaxyl in controlling late blight may have national potato programs as a first Ii ne of defense lulled the research establishment into a fa lse aga in st late blight. By 1990, the Ce nter had se nse of sec urity and caused a loss of urgency in developed breed ing material, known as the development of blight-res istant potato population A, combining major, or " R," ge nes and varieties . horizontal resista nce. But R genes can be a "That might be true in some countries in problem to breeders in national programs who Eu rope and North America where market forces want to use the materials to develop late blight and a dependence on agrochemicals have res istance in crosses with local varieties. R ge nes virtually locked o lder vari eties with narrow are major immunity genes, each of which ca n genetic bases into place," says Peter Gregory, CIP react stro ngly to a particular ra ce of P. infestans Deputy Director General for Research. " But it's and mask durab le or ho ri zontal resistance. not true for CIP, where even before the spread of Horizontal resistance is the res um It of any genes the new strains we accorded the highest priority acting in concert so that the plant ca n withstand to late blight research." However, Gregory says, attack from all races of the fungus. Despite these ca lls for add itio nal researc h are becoming l oude ~ limitations, population A clones have had from developing-country potato growers, who are substantial value and continue to show promise in alarmed about the spread of the more diverse several locations. fungal strains and the apparent growing immunity In the 1980s, CIP built upon the success of of P. infestans to fungicides . population A and developed a second generation from wi ld species and pri m itive cultivars to cul t ivated potatoes. This work w ill both broaden and stre ngth en res ista nce to late blight, G regory says . Rap id progress is expected because CIP scie ntists and colleagues have already overcome most of the incompatibi I ity roadblocks .between w ild spec ies and cult ivated potatoes. Fo r the immed iate future, CIP wil l also attempt to combine broader-based durable res ista nce w ith locally adapted potato varieti es and advanced breed ing lines. Sc ientists hope fo develop res ista nt populations th ro ugh a blend of mo lecular marker­ ass isted se lection and li mited ch romosome transfer. Additionally, genetic maps w ill be used to locate res istance genes w ithi n the potato genome. Th e cloned genes w ill then be in serted into existing potato cult iva rs. Gregory says that emphasis w il l eve ntual ly be directed to promoting widespread use of new, late-blight-resistant va rieties. Th ese materi als, he says , shou Id provide the cata lyst needed to al low fa rm ers to co ntrol late blight thro ugh integrated J. NIEDERH AUSER pest ma nage ment systems in w hi ch resistant late blight lesions. of clones, population B, w hich have horizontal va ri eties- rather than chemical fu ngicides- play resistance without the prese nce of R genes. the key ro le. A nalyses have also shown that population B has a high level of heritabi lity of durable res ista nce, Will Farmers Accept Resistant Varieties? thu s indicating the poss ibi lity of breed in g for hori zontal res ista nce .in the abse nce of R genes. Th ere is every reason to be lieve that CI P scient ists have raised the poss ibility, however, developing-country fa rmers wi ll accept potato that R genes may in fact be present in population varieties with broad res istance if they are B but coul d be in active because of the presence of accessible. Experience has shown that fa rmers are so-ca lled suppresso r ge nes. eager to grow potatoes that are less dependent on Over the next several years, the Center wi ll chem ica l sp rays for insect pests and diseases . CIP seek to expand the ge netic base for long- lasti ng econom ists have documented that the potato res istance thro ugh the transfe r of res ista nce ge nes va ri eties released in the developing worl d in th e

Canchan Wards off Late Potato cultivar Ca nchan-INIAA provides an example of the va lue of popul ation A j n Blight with Good combating late p light, as well as an example of good returns on resea rch investment. Investment Returns Released in Peru in 1990, Ca nchan has high levels of late bl ight res istance and is gai ning acceptance among both traditional Andea n potato GfNiA . growers and commercial produce.rs in coastal areas. Devel oped at CIP in the late 1970s, Ca nchan's genetic base includes ge nes from a w ild potato

- 12 1970s and ea rl y 1980s came almost exclusively disease pressure and because farm ers often lac k from clones bred in North Ameri ca and Europe the money to buy fungic ides . As suming that a and, to a lesse r extent, from natio nal breed ing third of the global output, or 13.75 million ton s programs. By the mid-l 980s, however, c lones priced at $200 per ton, occurs in developing bred by national ag ri cultural resea rch systems and countries, the annua l economic va lue of crop identified and d istributed by CIP accounted for losses from late bli ght would be $2.75 billion. almos t half of all developing-country varieta l Ce nte r sc ientists also note th at late blight losses re leases. are growing desp ite in creases in the use of Currently, materi als se lected from CIP-bred fungic ides. Current fungicide costs are estimated populations account for about 40 percent of all at approximately $ 1 00 mi 11 ion, or $1 5 a hectare, suc h releases, a fi gure th at Ce nter economists in developing countries. Thus, the va lue of th e be lieve will ri se significant ly as the superi or crop los t, plus in c reased costs for late blight qualities of CIP-bred parents- pa rticularl y those contro l, approaches $3 billion a year. " Lo sses are w ith disease and pest res istance-become mo re likely to rise," Gregory says, "as late bl ight w idely known. establishes itse lf in new locations and as its Gregory says th at the new late blight threat d iversity in creases because of sex ual brin gs into question the ab ility of the potato crop recombination of the d ifferent mating _types." to continue its unprecedented growth, espec ially in developing cou ntries, where production has soa red by nea rl y 200 perce nt in the past 30 yea rs and is expected to ri se another 2.8 percent a year until the turn of the ce ntury. The spread of new migrant strain s of A 1 and A2, combined w ith more rea listic estimates for the crop 's expans ion in the deve loping world, supports CIP' s decision to increa se funding to its late blight program next yea r by 25 -pe rcent to $1.5 million.

The Cost of Late Blight

CIP has conserva tively estimated that global crop losses from late blight are eq uiva lent to 10 percent of the annual potato production in temperate zones and 15 percent in the tropics. Losses in th e tropics are greater because of higher tem peratures and humidity and yea r- round I. NIEDE RHAUSE R Microscopic oospores produced by sexual species and a traditional Andea n fa rmers' variety. fa rm ers w ho grow Ca nchan have cut back recombination of Survey re sults indicate that its late blight spraying by 40 percent. Internal rates of return different late blight res istance has res ulted in sign ificant reductio ns in were ca lc.ulated at 28 percent on the mating types are fungicide use in Peru. During th e 1993-94 assumption that coverage w ill eventually reach genetically more diverse than older strains of the growing season, Peru's highland potato farm ers 15 percent of Peru' s potato productio n. disease. Their ability to suffered 40 percent losses, valued at more th an Recent f igures from the country 's national survive in the soil over $ 100 million, because heavy rains created potato program, however, indicate that longer periods of time favorable conditions for late blight. Only Ca nchan Canchan currently constitutes a f ifth of the poses new threats to developing-country w ithstood the fun ga l outbreak without significant potatoes grown in Peru's highly productive potato farmers. economic losses. river bas in areas along the Pacific coast. A survey by CIP economists showed that

13--111 True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight

True potato seed , the small botanical seeds tubers produced from TPS seedlings are then used Puzzle? produced by the fl ower of the potato plant, may as seed for planting the next potato crop. Fifty one day prove to be an important weapon in the grams of TP S cost about $100, as opposed to battle aga inst late blight. $1 ,200 to $1 ,500 for two tons of seed tubers. Using conventional seed tubers, it could take Producing sma ll tubers from TPS ca n be labor years to move late-blight-resistant cultivars from intensive-a decided plus in ru ral areas that are the resea rch station to reso urce-poor fa rm ers in sho rt of jobs. developing countries. Experi ence has shown that at least 1 0 years are needed to produce enough True-Seed Research tuber seed to have even a modest impact in farmers' fields . With TPS, large quantities of The TPS technologies now coming on line are disease-resistant planting materials ca n be ready the product of more than 20 yea rs of research. in one season. "We had many false starts," Upad hya recall s, "and To meet the late blight challenge, national many setbacks. With every step forward , we programs will need to move hu ge quantities of encountered new roadblocks and new scientific resistant varieties into farmers' hands w ithin the challenges." The basic problem was to produce space of just a few years, says Mahesh Upadhya, true-seed hybrids that wou Id meet market CIP's program leader for propagation and crop stand ards . management. "Any fa rmer accustomed to working Work began by se lecting parental lines with with small seeds shou Id be ab le to use TPS to desired characteristi cs, such as tuber shape and produce large amounts of top-quality pl anting color, and adaptability to daylengths found in two material in a short period of time," Upadhya says. tropical growing seasons. Th e acceptance of TPS technology in What was needed, says Upadhya, were deve loping countries is growing rapidly, cu ltiva rs that produce a crop in the au tumn es pecially in southern and Southeast Asia, w here seaso n w hen potatoes are planted under long days potato production has increased dramatically in and tuberize under short days, as well as cultiva rs recent yea rs. Many Asian farmers are using TPS su itable for the spri ng season when potatoes are planting materials, Upadhya says, because they planted under short days and tuberize during long are cheaper than trad itional tuber seed and days. Today, CIP TPS populations are sufficiently because they produce better yields. " Over the homogeneous to meet the demands of the long term," he explained, " it wi ll be difficult for marketplace, but contain a mixture of genes that Asian countries to produce the huge quantities of protect them from a variety of viruses and plant certified tuber seeds needed to meet the growin g diseases. An additional advantage of TPS , demand for planting materi al. It will also be Upadhya explained, is that it provides farmers hugely expensive. Conventional tuber seed and with a potato crop made up of numerous ge ne propagation via tissue culture require large combinations, rather than a monoculture of investments in land, stora ge and transportation genetically identical potato clones, as is the case infrastructure, and management." for crops grown from traditional tuber seed. This Once researchers resolved the production mixture of genes could eventually provide farmers problems that had plagued the new seed w ith an important tool for fighting diseases such technology, TPS began to change the mechanics as late blight. and econo mics of potato production in the early Even with the development of the new hybrids 1990s. Farmers w ho normally planted a hectare that exhibited good uniformity, however, scientists of potatoes using 2 tons of seed tubers cou ld st ill faced the probl em of seed dormancy. True achieve the same res ult-at less cost-by planting potato seeds ge rminate at different times, a as little as 50 grams of true potato seed from new, defense mechan ism that plants use to protect stable-yielding hybrids. TPS is not usually sown th emselves in the w i Id. The so l.ution to the d irectl y in the field like maize or wheat seed, but problem was worked out by CIP's Noel Pallais, a is pl anted into a seedbed, like tomatoes, or plant physiologist, w ho lea rned how to fool the transplanted into the field as seed lings . The small plant into believing it had gone through a full

N. PALLAIS -- 14 POTATO PRODUCTION FROM HYBRID ns ON FARM TRIAL \S95 -t996 LOCATION ,TrP11g Quan.T!ta1 &n!t .Ytet Nam season of dormancy so it would germinate leader in TPS production, hopes to produce 200 uniformly during the following production season. kilograms in 1996. Th e objective of th e " In retrospect, the so lution was fai rl y simple," gove rnment' s investment is to alleviate th e Pall ais says. "What we did was reduce seed country's chronic sho rtage of quality seed. moisture levels to 4 percent and stored the seed for four mo nths at 40 degrees Celsius. After that, Vietnam: In Vietnam, the rapid increa se in the all TPS germinates uniformly." use of TPS technology in the rice-base d cropping T PS also gives farmers planting fl ex ibility, system near Hanoi ha s surprised many Pallais says . In tropical regions, where little or no re sea rchers. Th e increase is largely the res ult of cold storage is available to fa rmers, tuber seed TPS's ability to fit a highly profitabl e potato crop deteriorates rapidl y. One advantage of TPS is th at between two crops of ri ce. In 1996, V ietnam pl ans it allows farmers to plant a crop according to their to import about 30 ki lograms of hybrid TPS from sc hed ule. Growers w ho rely on clo nal seed ha ve India-all of it destined as a third crop in the little choice but to plant when the tubers arri ve country's ri ce bowl, th e Red Ri ve r Delta. from abroad or from a local seed program . With Vietnamese ag ri cu ltural offic ials expect that by TPS , farmers have more control over t iming. For the year 2000, 7,000 hectares of potatoes wi 11 be exa mple, in hi ghland zones arou nd Lake Titicaca grow n in the Red Ri ver Delta. Of this tota l, 2,000 bordering Bol ivia and Peru , farmers are planting hectares w ill probably be grow n from TPS seedbeds of TPS to coinc ide with the onset of the transplants and 5,000 hectares from f irst- o r rain y season. Minitubers grown from TPS in the second-generation TPS-derived tubers. Th e seedbeds are equal in quality and vigor to what is government expects th at farmers will grow more referred to as bas ic seed , the highest quality see d than 100,000 tons of high-quality potatoes eac h national programs produce and distribute to yea r thereafter from TPS-deri ved mate ri als. By the

certified seed growers. Thus, even the poorest R. FAL CON farmers who use TPS can produce the highes t quality seed according to their own schedule.

1995 Field Reports

India: In India, the world's sixth-largest potato producer, fa rm ers are growing more than 10,000 hectares of potatoes derived from TPS pl anting material, a fivefold increase ove r 1993. CIP economists project that the area pl anted w ith th e new hybrids should reac h 250,000 hectares by th e year 2015. Ind ia produced nea rl y 500 kilograms of true seed in 1995, enough to plant 20,000 hectares. With TPS presently wholesaling for $800 a kilogram, Indian producers are se lling a portion of their seed to potato programs in Vietnam, Egypt, the Philippines, and neighboring Sri Lanka and Banglades h. A ll six TPS hybrids now be ing produced in India were bred by a CIP team of sc ienti sts and were extensive ly evaluated by India's Central Potato Research Inst itute and resea rch ce nters of the A ll In dia Coordinated Potato Improvement Project. In recent yea rs, India's Ministry of Agriculture has provided money to state governments to build ad ditiona l TPS production faci lities. Th e state of Tripura, a

- 16 turn of the century, Vietnam will require 300 producing a late-maturing potato to take kilograms of TPS valued in excess of a quarter of a advantage of hi gher prices when potatoes are in million dollars at 1995 prices. By then, Vietnam short supply. plans to be self-sufficient in true-s eed production. Currently, all of th e TPS used in Vietnam are CIP Cuba: After 30 years of spe nding an estimated hybrids purchased from India. Vi etn amese $15 mil I ion a year on imported seed tubers, many scientists, however, are ex perimenting with their of which carried diseases, Cuba is investing in the own hybrid seed varieties and continuing to construction of three fac ilities to produce hybrid screen hybrids introduced by CIP. TPS seedling tubers. Like Nicaragua, Cuba currently imports TPS seed from Chile, including Nicaragua: Despite heavy outbreaks of late blight three (IP-Indian va ri eties that resist late blight. in 1995, potatoes grown from TPS hybrids continue to meet grower expectations. TPS Egypt: Seed farms in Egypt have turned to varieties currently represent about 40 percent of producing seedling tubers following "direct the 21 ,000 tons of potatoes eaten in the country seeding" of TPS using mechanized planters. This each year. Nicaragua's TPS varieties, which were is beli eved to be the first instance in which TPS is derived from (IP-Indian hybrids, were first sown directly into the soil. In 1995, four hectare s introduced into the country in 1987. Nicaragua of TPS were planted on newly reclaimed desert now purchases TPS from the Chilean national land. CIP-developed hybrids performed extremely potato program, but continues to diversify its true well under these conditions. Res ulting minitubers potato seed selections to fit production and will go directly to farmers to plant next year's market ni ches by growing the white-skinned crop. Egyptian farmers expect to plant 300 variety Nica ra guan consumers prefer, or by hectares of TPS-derived potatoes in 1996 usin g domestically produced minitubers and commercial quantities of TPS imported from In Peru, farmers who normally plant 2 tons of India. seed tubers are achieving comparable and China: In 1994-1995, about 9,000 hectares were frequently better results planted from hybrid TPS supplied by CIP and the by sowing as little as 50 grams of true seed. Wumeng Agricultural Institute in Inner Mongolia. Researchers in China are currently testing CIP hybrids and report good res ults in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. TPS-d erived potato production fell dramatically in th e 1980s because of viroid and seed germination problems arising from the use of locally produced, open-pol I inated va ri eties. China, th e largest producer of potatoes in th e deve loping world, started producing hybrid TPS in 1988 with tec hnica l backstopping from CIP.

Bangladesh: Res ea rchers consider Banglades h to be an outstanding candidate for TPS technology. In 1995, the government imported 16 kilograms of TPS from India and sold it to growers in the country 's six principal potato-growing districts. Bangladeshi farmers expect to harves t about a thousand hectares from TPS-derived planting material in 1996, a 10-fold increase over th e previous year.

17 New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato

Unwittingly, it was the development and success Production of early maturing, high-yielding rice and wheat varieties that accelerated the growth of potato production in South Asia. Because of their short cropping cycle, potatoes fit well into the wheat and rice farming systems that make up much of Asia's agriculture. "The beauty of the new rice and wheat varieties," says CIP economist Gregory Scott, "is that they've opened up a niche in the cropping calendar that allows farmers not only to plant more rice and wheat but also sandwich in a planting of potatoes." Today, virtually all potatoes grown on the Indian subcontinent are produced in this manner. In Bangladesh, farmers grow upwards of 1 7 million tons of potatoes on 1.2 million hectares during a three-month production window opened by technologies that lessen the time required to plant and harvest rice. Potatoes are Cropping patterns: planted in October and November and harvested Shown below (page 18) is the traditional during a four- to six-week interval from late cropping pattern that January to early March, well before the arrival of existed in South Asia the southwest monsoons in June and in time to prior to the accommodate a wheat crop. This extra supply of introduction of high yielding rice and potatoes provides food at a time when cereal wheat varieties in the bins begin to run low and farm families must 1960s. The current stretch remaining supplies until the next harvest. "Rice-Potato-Rice" The development of the new rice and wheat pattern and the "Rice-Potato-Wheat varieties made it economically attractive to Summer Pulses" invest in tube wells and fertilizer to extract pattern are shown on maximum yields from cereals. As a result, pages 19 and 20, farmers can usually coax a potato crop th rough respectively. the dry season with residual soil moisture or a N. PALLA IS TRADITIONAL ASIAN CROPPING PATTERN-1965

M111¢M Ml!IM WJlllM KjiM Mel4M M¢1elW MtllM Mt;l¢M Mjj:M Mt)f41;M W+llM Ef;1'4M Rainy season begins .

r-Fallow or summer crop--1

· ... ·. ·_· .. ·.. · ... . small amount of irrigation water. Recent farm Harvesting potatoes in surveys have found that even farmers who crop Vietnam's Red River Delta: since 1961-63, less than a hectare can obtain both irrigation and potato production in fertilizer. Vietnam has grown at an "What happens as a result of growing potatoes average annual rate of 6 after cereals is that th e net income of small percent. farmers goes up," Scott explained. "Farmers are then in a better position to se lf-finance rice and wheat crops by turning that money arou nd for fertilizer and other inputs. Potatoes upgrade and diversify the entire food system . They not only increase cas h income but also provide farmers with a natural mea ns to break up pest cyc les caused by the sequential cropping of cerea ls."

Storage, Trade, and Foreign Exchange

The introduction of potatoes in Asia's cereal­ based cropping systems is also having an impact on trade and foreign exchange. By substantially increas ing food production with potatoes, countries such as Bangladesh are conserving foreign exchange by not having to import cereals at the volumes and va lues previously requ ired. Increased potato. production on the subcontin ent has also led to dramatic changes in the w ay the crop is handled after harvest, when in the space of a month nearly 18 million tons of potatoes come out of the ground. " Farmers need some alternative mechanism to manage the supply of potatoes released onto the market," says Scott, noting that this highly skewed seasonal supply pattern puts tremendous pressure on the marketing cha in .

RICE-POTA TO-RICE

Mld¢M MlllM *+lllM •i*M Mtl4M M¢i1JYW MtllM MM¢M Mll:M i31.¢1M WilltM MiMW Rainy season begins

Potatoes ------1

1------Rice------1 1------Rice------1

Fallow ... ' .. Indian and Bangladeshi farmers, Scott says, wou ld benefit from inexpensive technology to extend crop storage to take ad va ntage of rising prices from February through May, the period before cold-storage potatoes come o nto the market. O ver th e past 10 to 15 yea rs, CIP has experimented w ith traditional ru st ic fa rm storage methods that are cheap, simple, an d effective in maintai ning potato stocks for sa le in a ri sing market. In 1994-i 995, researchers from the Indian Counc il of Agri cultural Resea rch and CIP conducted on-farm tes ts w ith potato stores that use evaporati ve cooling systems d uring the warm, dry months. Temperatures inside the stores were 12 to 19 degrees Celsius cooler th an outside temperatures. Farmers w ho used the stores experi enced tuber weight losses of on ly 13-14 percent in storage pe ri ods of up to 84 days. In 1994, prices at the time th e stored G. SCOTT potatoes were so ld were 30-60 percent higher India has the capacity to In India and Bangladesh, a portion of the crop than when th e crop went into sto rage; in 1995, conserve about half of its goes to market immediately, usually at low 15.7-million-ton annual prices rose 90 percent. potato harvest in cold prices . A large part of th e harvest is then pi led in Farm stores are not a risk-free tec hnology, stores; the remainder the field for 60 days until th e initial glut of Scott says. In some yea rs , potato prices fa i I to must be eaten at harvest, potatoes passes and prices recover. Th e practice rise as the marketing seas on progresses. " It's sort processed, or stored in is risky because unexpected wet weather ca n ruin the countryside. of like the high-yielding ri ce and w hea t varieties a yea r' s prod uction. About half of the harvest in the se nse that fa rm ers have a considerable goes into commerc ial co ld-storage fac iliti es to be investment in inputs," he contends. " If there's held unti l supp lies dwindle and prices rise. bad weath er o r a severe pest attack, the return India, th e world 's sixth-largest potato on the investment will be small, o r none at all . producer, now has a cold-storage capac ity for But, in four out of five years , farmers are going more than 8 mi llion tons. But cold stores are o nly to see more rupees and takas in their pockets a partial so lution to potato marketing problem s. than if they sold th eir c rop ri ght after harvest."

RICE-POTATO-WHEAT-SUMMER PULSES

••••¢MM ····- ...... , ... ••••• •¢••1W ...... ••+w¢MM Mll:W Mtjgw:w .,,:• • ., .... Rainy season begins

Potatoes----- I- Summer pu lses -:-i

1------Rice ------1 ....______Wheat ------1 IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots

Component Technologies populatio ns, proved to be effective in red ucing pest numbers by luring adult males into trapping Undergo Testing in Africa or killing devices. In 1995, approximately 40,000 such traps were tested successfully in fa rmers' and the Caribbean fi elds.

Sweetpotato for the Hungry Months In v irtuall y all of th e 82 developing countri es that grow sweetpotato, weevil pests are a major source Encourag ing results w ere also reported in 1995 of economic loss . A lthough the crop can be from East Africa, w here sweetpotato is an prod uced under difficult growing condit ions w ith impo rtant secondary crop and plays a critical role minimum inputs, weevil s continue to plague in rural diets during th e " hungry months." Uganda production despite the use- and m isuse-of alone produces 1.7 million ton s, making it the insectic ides. fourth-largest sweetpotato produce r in the world. In 1995, CIP rese arc hers in Africa and the Sweetpotato production in the re gion is Caribbea n repo rted significa nt progress in th e predominantly rainfed and the c rop is pl anted and testing of component techno logies that fa rmers harvested piecemea l througho ut th e year. East can use in integrated pest m anagement (IPM) Afr ica n sweetpotato growers are usually smal 1- programs. In the Ca ribbea n, where the sca le, res ource-poor femal e farm ers. Production predo minant weevil sp ecies is Cy/as formica rius, practices contra st w ith those used in the CIP-recommended IPM practi ces include the use Ca ribbea n as the predominant weevil species are of natural en emies such as pre dato ry ants, the d ifferent. In addition, Ea st Africa n farming fungus Beauveria bassiana-which ca n be applied traditions and the socioeconomics of production as a bio logica lly sa fe insectic ide- and mass differ from those of oth er regions. In one district in trapping of adult male weevils using sex ce ntral Uga nd a, for example, sw eetpotato has phero mones . repl aced cassa va as the predo minant food staple After two yea rs of large-scale test ing sp o nsored because of seve re losses from cassa va mosa ic The Caribbean by the O PEC Fund, storage-root damage dropped virus . A lthough sw eetpotato is fa r more nutr itious sweetpotato weevil, from 25 percent to 5 percent in th e Do minica n th an cass ava, cass ava ca n be left in the ground Cy/as formicarius. Repu blic and from 44 percent to 8 R. HADDAD percent in Cuba. In Cuba's case, this is about the sa me level of damage that farmers experienced w hen they applied Soviet­ supplied insecticides 8 to 12 times per seas on. When Soviet insectic id es beca me un avai lable, Cuba was forced to seek altern ative s and turned to IPM. Large-scal e trials in the Cienfuegos area show that sw eetpotato grown w ith integrated weevil management practices produced average yields of 18.2 t/ha-ro ughly twice th at of crops produced w ithout IPM­ with damage limited to just 8 percent of the c rop. Se x pheromones, w h'ic h w ere initially used to attract and monito r pest B. bassiana pathogenic fungus as an IPM component technology. In addition, work is under way with Uganda's National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) and the Natural Resources Institute (NR I) of the United Kingdom to identify female sex pheromones for two African weevil species (C. brunneus and C. puncticollis). Sample lures developed at NRI were field tested su_ccessfully in Uganda using various trap designs to determine the most attractive pheromone blends for the two species and the most effective slow-release pheromone dispensers. "Sex pheromones may be the key to introduci ng IPM to J. ALCAZ AR East African sweetpotato producers," says A weevil-infested and harvested as needed. Sweetpotato roots are Cisneros. "The technology has a noticeab le sweetpotato root: weevil extremely vulnerable to weevils if left impact on farmers and makes the entire package damage renders most crops unusable even for unharvested. of practices more acceptable. Our ex perience in animal feed. CIP's resea rch agenda for sweetpotato in East Cuba is that sweetpotato growers who know about Africa includes biological studies of the the technology won't even plant unless sex predominant weevil pests in the region, plus field pheromones are available. We expect that the experiments to test the effectiveness of the same will be true in East Africa as well."

Host-Plant Resistance

After many years of study, Cl P scientists have concluded that no known cultivated or wild relative of sweetpotato contains a useful form of weevil resistance. Accordingly, Center plant breeders are exploring the possibility of inserting genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, a natural insecticide, into the sweetpotato genome. This work, which is exceedingly complex, and needs a carefully pJa·nned deployment strategy, is still in its infancy. As an alternative, CIP researchers are also evaluating a molecular approach based on a relatively simple concept. Because weevils digest their food with the hel p of certain proteinases, it may be possible to interrupt their feeding process by incorporating proteinase inhibitor genes into the sweetpotato genome. Such inhibitors have been identified for other Coleoptera insects in Canada and could be incorporated into sweetpotato using the transformation and regeneration protocols developed in the 1980s by Peru's National Agrarian University in La Molina and CIP. G. CHA NG

- 22 IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas

In Urquillos, a sma ll farming village in Peru's Sacred Valley of the Incas, crop losses from potato tuber moth have dropped over the past two years from 72 percent to almost zero. Today, increasing numbers of farmers in Urquillos, and in surrounding villages, are using biologically friendly, integrated pest management (IPM) methods rather than chemical insecticides. The switch from hazardous pesticides is the resu It of technologies developed at CIP and the work of community leader Maritza Marcavillaca. "In past years," Marcavillaca said recently, "we tried to control the moth with insectic ides, including parathion, but the results were poor and we noticed th at many of our people became sick from the chemicals." Insecticides, she noted, were not only expensive, but some Urquillos residents thought they were responsible for a rash of miscarriages and illness in the village. Through the University of Cusco, Marcavillaca contacted CIP to inquire about alternative pest control practices. "CIP receives many such requests, but we refer most to local authorities," says CIP IPM leader Fausto Cisneros. " In Urquillos, we found a dynamic grass-roots organization willing to invest its own resources in a new technology, and willing to work hard to make the technology work." Marcavillaca is the leader of the Urquillos Women's Club, an organization of some 25 women, all of whom are directly involved in potato and maize production. Starting in 1994, club members, working with CIP IPM specialists and economists, began experimenting with a series of practices that can be used to control tuber moth in seed stores, including the use of native repellent plants, sex pheromones, and a baculovirus. The baculovirus, which ca n be manufactured within the community, kills tuber moth larvae but is harmless to humans and animals. It is produced by selecting and grinding virus-infected larvae from damaged potato tubers and then mixing them with A.SOUMANO ordinary talc. farmers using educational materials provided by Community IPM leader, Maritza Marcavillaca. The Urquillos program offered a unique ARARIWA (a local nongovernmental organizatiqn), opportunity for participatory rese arch in which the !NIA-Peru's National Institute for Agricultural members of a: grass-roots organization and Research, and Cl P. Her long-term goal is to get al I scientists could work together and learn from one farmers in the area to use IPM. Urquillos residents, another. Its success has led several neighboring she says, have formed an informal association to villages to follow suit. Today, Marcavillaca and teach the new techniques in neighboring villages. her colleagues give seminars to neighboring But the task has not been easy.

23 " It was rea lly hard to convince people to change their ways. I would talk and talk but no one would listen or bel ieve me, " M arcavilfaca notes. "What happens is that people are used to using pesticides because it' s a lot eas ier-but it's also more dangerous, and mos t people don't know that." According to CIP ag ricultural extension specialist Oscar O rti z, so me of th e most important things farmers have lea rn ed through the Urquillos program are a general knowledge of the pest's life cycle and the dangers of insectic ides, which together enable them to make use of IPM component technologies. Many farmers, he notes, have begun using IPM methods on maize as w ell . " Our philosophy is not to impose on or pressure fa rm ers to use IPM," explained Ortiz. " In this case, the farmers of Urquillos tried out and accepted the new methods, and chose to share their experience with others." " Pes ti c ide use was always a very big worry for me, " Marcavi llaca said recently. " So, as a woman and a mother of this village, I knew I had to do so mething-and I did."

Demonstrating the use of a pheromone trap at a community meeting. Tecia Threatens Native Potato Species

A pest of Guatemalan origin, Tecia sex pheromones from the Institute for Plant so/anivora, the Central American potato tuber Disease Research in the N etherlands. The moth, is headed for Ecuador. If it succeeds, it program will also assess the possibility of using will almost certainly also reach other Andean CIP-developed biocontrol agents su ch as the countries and become a threat to native potato granulosis virus currently used to control the species in the crop's center of ·origin. The life Phthorimaea tuber moths. cycle of the pest is similar to that of the better­ known and more widely spread potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculel/a, but its potential for damage is far greater. Tec ia's rapid geographic expansion through mountainous areas is believed to be caused by the transport of infected seed. In Colombia, its appearance is provoking wide-scale use of pesticides. At present, there are no government-approved chemicals for the pest, and farmers are turning to hazardous c hemical cocktails. In response to the problem, CIP and the Colombian national program have established a pilot program to introduce

- 24 Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa

Bea trice Lacoste*

In their vision of Africa in the twenty-first century, Chinua Ac hebe, th e Nigeri an author, and his scientific co-w riters in Beyond Hunger in A frica : Africa- 2057 see development as coming from w ithin-Africa n ex perts trained and working abroad wi ll return to thei r nati ve land, implement high-technology projects, an.d channel Africa's energy potential to her people. Today, w ith more than half of all profess ionally trained Africans working outs ide the continent, Fl orence Wambu gu appears as a pioneer in this v ision of the future. In 1994, W ambugu returned from the United States to be th e Di rector in Nai robi of the Intern ational Se rvice for the Acqu is ition of Agri-biotec h Applications (ISAAA) , w hich promotes the transfer of techno logy to developing countries and acts as a broker for transgen ic and nontransge nic plants. The program is housed at Cl P' s reg ional office fo r sub-Saharan Africa , located on the campus of th e Inte rn ational Livestock Resea rch In stitute in Nairobi . " From my ea rli est childhood, I w as interested in p lants/' W ambugu recalls. " I grew up in postcolonial times when most men w orked on large fa rm s or went to look for employment in the cities. M y fa ther and uncles were all away." Wambugu goes on to expl ain that her mother struggled to feed and ed ucate her six childre n, her life an endless rou nd of back-breaking chores. " My mother rea lly believed in education as a passport for life and she never complained about patho logy, bree ding, ca ll it w hat you w ill .. . we Researcher Florence my father being aw ay/' she sa id. En couraged by practiced all of th em growing crops. ... " Wambugu. her determined mother, she went to boarding Afte r leav ing the unive rsity, she w as offered a sc hoolK at abare G irls Secondary Sc hool, a 65 -km job in Muguga, 23 km from Nairobi, at the Kenya bu s ride from home. In itself, going to sc hool was Agricultural Resea rch In st itute, KA RI , where she a small revolution in a country like Kenya w here worked at the Pl ant Q uarantine Station. "Thi s was all too often girls are kept home to he lp with a turning point in my ca ree r/' she reflects. "We household chores. were re leas ing fruits and vegetables ... and this is how I f irst ca me in to contact w ith CIP. Th e CIP "Our small farm was the best program was one of our most important activities; research laboratory" at the t ime, th e Ce nte r was just beg inning to import potatoes from Peru and the new strai ns W ambugu deve loped a strong interest in arriving from CIP promised new vigor and ge neti c biology an d chemistry in secondary sc hool. When diversity. she jo ined the Uni ve rsity of Nai robi in 1975, she "Ti ss ue culture materi als ca me from Peru in chose to study botany and zoology: " I have to say small test tubes /' she adds. "M y respo nsibil ity was th at o ur small farm was the bes t resea rch to check the materia l fo r diseases , a process that laboratory/' enthuses Wambugu . "Agronomy, took up to six months. During my ti me, between 1978 an d 1982 , 250 potato access ions arrived at • Bea trice Lacoste is a sc ience writer currently on assi gnment w ith the World Food Programme in Kenya . KA RI. "

25 Wambugu recalls that Sylvester Nganga, CIP's research center in the United States . "This time, I regional representative in Nairobi at the time, and did not need financial help, but CIP's expertise plant breeder Haile Kidanemariam, were closely . and moral support were invaluable," sh e says . "I involved in the effort. "The CIP scientists were had an excellent working relationship with CIP's very dedicated and really motivated me," she Regional Representative, Peter Ewell, with whom I says. In 1981 , the Center sponsored her exchanged a lot of information. Cyrus Ndiritu, participation in a tissue culture training program Director of KARI , provided all the help he could at llTA in Nigeria. .and Peter Gregory, Cl P's Deputy Director General for Research, was also very support ~ v e. I really felt "Not only seed money but moral_ and we were a team . professional support." "When I was at Monsanto, I requested help, and Daniel Maingi, a well-trained and dedicated A year later, Wambugu went to North Dakota KARI scientist, arrived, later joined by Charity State University to do a master's degree in plant Macharia, another excellent KARI researcher. We pathology, specializing in potato viruses. Both worked together on finding a solution to feathery KARI and CIP agreed that her studies would have mottle virus, which causes sweetpotatoes to regional applications and were supportive. " I felt degenerate and dramatically cuts production. driven, and th is opportunity to study was a great Sweetpotato yields in Kenya are about 4-5 tons boost to my career. When I came back to KARI , I per hectare, a mere fraction of their potential." was given a job in plant pathology, doing research At Monsanto, Wambugu and her colleagues on root and tuber crops." managed to transform African sweetpotato From 1984 to 1988, KARI and CIP interacted varieties by introducing the viral coat protein (CP) on both potatoes and sweetpotatoes, and gene that triggers resistance to feathery mottle Wambugu worked closely with CIP germplasm virus. The CP gene had previously been specialist Carlo Carli and Kidanemariam. " CIP sequenced by Jorge Abad, a CIP scientist working provided not only seed money, but the with James Moyer at North Carolina State professional and moral support that played a University in the United States. crucial part in my career development," she says. This pioneering work sets an example for From 1988 to 1991, she conducted thesis future collaboration between developed and research on the epidemiology of sweetpotato virus developing countries, says Gregory. The scientists diseases in a joint Ph.D. program conducted at the involved developed a virus-resistant sweetpotato University of Bath in cooperation with KARI. "The that stands an excellent chance of becoming a research involved traveling throughout Kenya to commercial product. Furthermore, Kenya, the first visit farmers and would not have been possible count~y to obtain ownership of the new cultivar, without my previous experience in field res earch will not have to pay royalties. Once Kenya has with CIP," Wambugu says. developed its biosafety guidelines, Wambugu "CIP had money and an outstanding team of adds, importation of the transgenic sweetpotato very supportive scientists," she adds. " It was a can proceed. mutually beneficial association for me, for CIP, for In the meantime, Wambugu, in addition to her KARI, and, really, for Kenya as a whole." ISAAA responsibilities, is helping CIP researchers Wambugu is widely credited by her colleagues in Nairobi conduct training courses. "We have no with having stimulated Kenya's and Uganda's biotechnology expert or virologist in Nairobi," current research programs on sweetpotato says Ewe I I. "Florence provides us with a much­ virology. needed resource person on plant pathology and biotechnology, and she recently participated as The Promise of Biotechnology an instructor in one of our training courses for national scientists from Kenya and Uganda. To keep pace with new developments, I guess you could say there is a certain synergy at Wambugu left KARI in late 1991 to do work here." postdoctoral work at Monsanto's biotechnology

- 26 CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes

N. YAMAMOTO In dozens of isolated Andean communities, [CONOESAN provides a] novel ge netic conservation experts spent much of 1995 conducting field research and examining historica l approach to mountain development ... data on the region's lesser-known root and tuber by looking at ecoregional issues in a crops. This rese arch, which was conducted as part of CON DESAN-the Consortium for the comprehensive way, and by being Sustainable Development of the Andean open to a variety of partners. Ecoregion-is helping to link genetic resources programs in .Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. "The CONDESAN approach," notes the Consortium's biodiversity coordinator Miguel Boutros Boutros-Ghali Holle, " is helping to remove the barriers that U.N. Secretary-General

27 •-• previously prevented the exchange of resea rch A Unified Approach res ul ts across natio nal bord ers." It is also provid ing much-needed informatio n o n virology, Biodiversity resea rch is o ne element in a broad, storage, processing, and spec ies variation. " We three-year-old ecoreg ional in it iative to rescue one sta rt in w hat is ca lled a microcenter of diversity," of the worl d' s grea t mounta in systems. Unable to he says. " This is an area w here crop variatio n is so lve the big problems of th e A ndes piecemea l, a pa rticula rly concentrated. Th e obj ective is to group of sc ientists, pol icymakers, an d development eventually extend the stud ies up to the specialists from seven Andean countries met at CIP ecoregio nal level and draw broader concl usions in May 1992 to create CONDESAN. The researc h usefu l to both sc ientists and policymakers." alliance is now open to all pu blic and private Now in its third yea r, CONDESAN' s program institutions wi lling to coll aborate and share costs. for the conservatio n and use of biodivers ity CON DESAN brings together a vast array of supports th e ge netic resources programs of 22 resea rch expertise and reso urces that crosses organizations. Among them is an unusual d isciplines in environmental, agricu ltural, and group of pri vate-sector, university, and fa rm social sc iences. It actively promotes resea rch o rga nizations with a common interest in partners hips ai med at ach ieving susta inable developing an export marke t for maca (Lepidium development. Coll aboration w ith national meyeni1). Fo rmed in 1995, the group supports agricultura l researc h and development programs Bofedales: A traditional pharm aceutical interests in secu ri ng adeq uate continues to be I.inked to o ngoing research land use system in the supplies of a crop that is be lieved to act as a proj ects fu nded by major dono rs and local area surrounding Lake natural re laxa nt. govern ments. Titicaca in southern Peru and western Bolivia. CONDESAN Research in 1995

Bofedales: In southern Peru, alpaca producers graze thei r animals on natural pastures arranged in concentric ci rcles, a traditional land use system kn own as bofedales. Recent studies show that the animal ca rryi ng capac ity of bofedales ca n be do ubled by constructing _? mall irrigation c hannels th at d ivert small amo unts of water to nearby unirr.igated areas. CO N DE SA N systems analysts, working w ith experts from CIRNM A, a local NGO, report that the c hannels can also be used to establis h small trout ponds, a practice that improves family protein inta ke and increases income by more than 30%. The channels have the added benefi t of not interrupti ng the fl ow of wate r needed by farmers . ~I downstrea m.

Rustic greenhouses: In the high-platea u regio n around Lake Titicaca, o n the Bo livian-Peru vian border, CON D ESA N cooperato rs are cond ucti ng stud ies aimed at developing food production E. MUJICA

28 Although participation varies, more th an 100 CONOESAN's goal is to translate institutions from 20 countries are currently members of CON DESAN. Th ese are main ly research into policies that provide national agricultural research institutes, universities, international and nongovernmental alternatives for watersheds, commu- organizations, and private groups, but individual farmers and communities from the various Andean nities, and the ecoregion. subregions also participate. Research covers priority topics in four approved themes: type of agriculture that should be cond ucted and biodiversity, land and water management, policy, the policies needed to ac hieve susta inable and production systems. improvements in productivity, income, equity, The Consortium operates under the guidance of and environmental quality. One goa l, he says, is a seven-member board of directors, currently to translate isolated research res ults into coherent headed by Jaime Tola, director genera l of policies that provide alternative production Ecuador's national agricultural research institute­ options for watersheds, communities, and the INIAP. Day-to-day operations are coordinated by ecoregion as a whole. Jose Luis Ru eda and a multidisc iplinary team of "To chart a cou rs e for the future, CON DESAN sc ientists who also provide research support to must remain responsive and must bring into CONDESAN field projects. harmony different sets of knowledge, different Tola believes that th e partnership has been insti tutional interests, and different demands on instrumental in bringing about a co nsensus on the the region's resource base," Tola says. "We

CONDEsAN

alternatives for animal producers with small 600,000-hectare Desaguadero River tracts of land. One such technology is a low-cost watershed. The research sites selected for rustic greenhouse fitted with drip irrigation for evaluation trials were located using satellite year-round production of potato, vegetables, and maps developed by the Bolivian Remote small fruits. The greenhouses, which are filled Sensing Association for Environmental Studies with barley straw and animal manure, eliminate (ABTEMA), a member of CON DESAN. To the risk of crop failures caused by frost and date, governmental organizations and NGOs drought. Resea rch has shown that by using the have established more than 50 hectares of barley straw-manure mixture iri conjunction with experimental kauchi pasture for sheep grazing. the greenhouses, farmers can produce up to 350 Kauchi forage contains up to 16% protein, is kg per year of potatoes per SO-square-meter plot, 70% digestible, and produces annual dry a 500% increase over field-grown potatoes. matter yields exceeding 2 t/ha. Researchers Because of the program's success, researchers have determined that kauchi yields are from Peru and Bolivia's national research comparable to those obtained with alfalfa in systems are jointly studying the potential of nonsaline soils. Future expansion of this small-scale gre enhouse production of medicinal technology will depend on resolving kauchi's plants for the international market. low rate of seed ge rmination, a problem currently being addressed by scientists working Salt-tolerant pastures: Kauchi, a salt-tolerant at the Bolivian Institute of Agricultural plant native to the Altiplano, was evaluated as a Technology, another CONDESAN member. possible solution to salinity problems in Bolivia's

29 believe that these efforts will benefit not only Plant Genetic Resources Institute in Rome th.ose currently charged with mai ntaining natural partic ipates in the biodiversity effort; and the resources but also those whose job it wi 11 be to do Internatio nal Centre for Research in Agroforestry so for future generations." in Nairobi is involved in ag roforestry research . Fieldwork is c urrently being ca rried out at six CON D ESAN also antic ipates th at the CG IA R' s benchmark sites: La Miel in Colombia; Carchi, systemwide livestock in itiative will respond to Ecuador; Cajamarca and Puno, Peru ; and rese arch _needs in the Andes by supporting a Cochabamba and the Aroma Province in Bolivia. proposed program of livestock res earch. At these sites, resea rch is parti c ipatory and long­ CONDESAN is currently strengthening its term, and covers studies that range from th e capability in land and water management, and, community level up to the watershed. New through the application of sim ul ation models, is production technologies are being proposed to conducting research on land use systems. These inc rease agricu ltural productivity and promote activities include agroecological environmental protection. Res ults from characterization of a variety of bi ophys ica l benchmark sites w i 11 eventually be analyzed so . enviro nments-, po licy and socioeconomic that thei r impact can be meas ured over larger studies, as well as long-term monitoring of areas. biodivers ity and soi l and water resources. The To link the system's different projects and objective of this research is to analyze the work sites and provide an inexpensive way to constraints th at threaten productivity in Andean share information and research res ults, a ag ri cultural systems . When completed, this communications network, INFOANDINA, was research is expected to provide options for established. Accessible to everyone interested in altern ati ve land use systems that promote susta in able management of Andean natural sustai nable manage ment of natural reso urces, resources, it provides on-line access to global Ru eda notes. This work is closely linked to databases and electronic mail serv ices, and will CONDESAN' s smal l network of experienced eventually furn ish subscribers with information on policy analysts who are studyin g how potato research, commodity prices, water government pol icies influence sustainability. manage ment, indige nous knowledge systems, Their goa l is to provide re liable informatio n that gender studies, and Andean camelids . political leaders can use to formulate policies In addition to CIP, three other CGIAR centers that c reate jobs, increase incomes, and st imulate are involved. The International Center for econo mic development. Tropical Agriculture in Colombia is helping with agroecological characterization work, particularly on lower hillsides; the International

How can scientists resrond to the needs of hillside fa rm ers for more Opinions -. productive, environmentally friendly technologies? How can hillside and Beliefs: residents make their voices heard among the competing claims in the political processes that determine government policies? These questions Facts and motivated the development of a new CONDESAN project that will link Analysis Ecu ador's national elect.rical authority with international centers an d NGOs, foreign and local universities, and the country's national agr icu ltural research system. The proj ect will finance the development of a decision support system that can sc ree n policies and technologies and identify trade-offs between the environment and agriculture. A combination of expert systems and simulation models, the project should throw light on what is most frequently a debate distingu ished by opinions and beliefs rather then facts and analysis.

- 30 Board of Mrs. Martha ter Kuile (Chairperson) Dr. Alfonso Cerrate* Trustees Strategic Planning Division, Policy Branch Executive Director CIDA lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agraria Quebec, Ca nada Lima, Peru

Dr. Hubert Zandstra Dr. K. L. Chadha (Vice Chair) Director General Deputy Director General (Horticu lture) International Potato Center Indian Council of Agricultural Research Lima, Peru New Delhi, India

Dr. Klaus Raven Dr. Moise Mensah Facultad de Agronomfa Cotonou, Benin Universidad Nacional Agraria Lima, Peru Dr. Durward Bateman (Chair, Prog. Committee) Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja North Carolina State University Indonesian Institute of Sciences Raleigh, North Carolina, USA National Centre for Research in Biotech nology Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Lieselotte Schilde Professor, University of Tubingen Dr. Toshihiro Kajiwara Tubingen, Germany Director, Japan Plant Protection Association Tokyo, Japan Dr. Koenraad Verhoeff Wageningen, The Netherlands

*Unti l April 30, 1995

31 Finance and Administration Cl P's CG IAR-approved research budget for 1995 Operational expenses by activity for 1995 was $2 1.3 m ill ion. A lthough purchasing power and 1996 (%). decreased by an estimated $0.6 million because of persistent inflation in US dollar terms, the Actual Est imated Center increased its comm itments to research by 1995 1996 $0.4 million and supplemented its operating fund Resea rc h 54 58 by $0.5 mil lion. These investments were made Research Support 7 6 possible by pa ral lel reductio ns in administrative Trai ning 6 4 costs and by efforts to stream li ne severa l Information 4 4 admin istrative departments. Nevertheless, many of Admi nistration 12 14 the Center's international positions rema in vacant Operations* 10 9 and the downsizing of locally recruited staff Accruals & Provisions 1 0 continues. Extern al Rev iew 1 0 Donor commitments for 1995 were $21 .3 Subtotal 95 95 m ill ion, approximately 5% above origina l Depreciation 3 4 estimates. A total of $1.0 mi llion was recovered Operating Fund 2 1 from overhead charged to restricted and Subtotal 5 5 complementary proj ects; $0.3 m ill ion was ea rn ed Total 100 100 from interest o n t ime deposits and other assets. Ea rn ed income was 30% above original *Includes motor pool, ma intenance, security, and general estimates. Contributions for comp lementary services at La Molina.

BALANCE SHEET (US$000) 1995 1994

Year ended 31 December

Current Asset s Cash and short-term deposits 4,347 3, 150 Securities 89 52 Accounts receivabl e: Donors 3,873 3,834 Emp loyees 404 434 Other 219 267 Inventories 845 740 Prepa id expenses 1,350 L.122 Total cu rrent assets 11 , 127 9,632 Investments 572 670 Loans to employees 335 508 Fi xed Assets Property, plant, and eq uipment 20,674 19,944 Less accumulated depreciation (10,976) (1 0,485) Total fixed assets (net) 9,698 9,459 Total Assets 21,732 20,269

- 32 • •

The table below summarizes CIP's finances in 1995. A complete, audited activities totaled $ 3 .5 mi 11 ion, 91 % of the amount operational in most reg ional offices. In addition, a financial statement is earmarked for the year. Investment in new capital network and telecommunications se rver was published separately, items was $ 1 01 ,000; replacements totaled installed in the CIP-PROINPA office in $862,000. Cochabamba, Bolivia. The server is a prototype and can be requested that extends headquarters-based sc ientific and from the Controller's Information Technology adm inistrative systems to regional locations. Office, CIP Similar servers will be insta lled in Huancayo, headquarters, Lima, Cl P sta rted 1995 with a new computer systems Quito, Bogor, and Nairobi in 1996. architecture implemented in accordance with Taking advantage of the CG integrated voice Peru. both sound commercial business principles and and data network (IVON), the Center's germplasm the special requirements of a research and and assoc iated seed databases were also upgraded development organization. The objective of the to meet the goals of the CG IAR' s Sys temwide new architecture is to elim inate the Ce nter's In form ation Network for Genetic Resources, also dependence on an older, inflexible, and more known as the SINGER project. When the CIP costly centralized system. The shift to more cost­ component of SINGER is completed, CIP wil l effective modular systems is designed to meet the become one of the first international centers to requirements of sc ientists working at headquarters offer access via Internet and the World Wide Web and at regional locatio ns. to a systemwide integrated germplasm database. During the year, the Center's"financial The database will inc lude both images and information system-connected through the geographic information systems fu nctions. CGNET II electron ic mail system-became

BALANCE SHEET (US$000) 1995 1994

Year end ed 31 December

Current Liabilities Short-term loa ns 393 225 Advances from donors 5,049 5,351 Accounts payable: Research contracts and organizations 1,317 905 Suppliers and taxes 972 865 Provisions for severance indemnities __M -1__1

r Total current liabilities 7,795 7,390 Long-term Loan 686 511 Accruals and Provisions 443 180 Net Assets Capital invested in fixed assets 9,698 9,459 Capital fund 2,332 2,448 Unexpended fund balance 778 281 Total net assets 12,808 12, 188 Total Liabilities and Net Assets 21,732 20,269 .• . • • • Donor : CIP has had broad, • strong support from Contributions • • its 40 donors . • Eleven funders in 1995 • • provided DONOR (ranked by levels of core contribution in US$000) CORE COMPLEMENTARY • contributions worth • • one million dollars Swiss Development Cooperation • and Humanitarian Aid 2,496 1,986 • or more each. World Bank 1,580 • • Another three gave Japan 1,491 • Commission of the European Community 1,470 • more than half a Netherlands 1,329 99 • United Nations Development Programme 1,329 .• . million dollars each . Danish International Development Agency 1,279 United Kingdom Overseas Development Administration 1,258 8 United States Agency for International Development 1, 100 504 Inter-American Development Bank 1,013 53 Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation 961 Germany 930 86 Canadian International Development Agency 817 Australia 583 Austria 425 International Development Research Centre 284 166 Belgium 229 France 223 Luxembourg 200 Italy 166 24 Norway 154 Finland 115 China 90 Asian D evelopment Bank 73 Korea 60 Spain 50 Mexico 45 OPEC Fund for International Development 41 India 37 Weizmann Institute of Sc ience 2 Ministerio de Economfa y Finanzas (Peru) 187 Natural Resource Institute 50 International Centre for Research in Agroforestry 39 CARE Peru 22 Rockefeller Foundation 14 Scottish Crop Research Institute 11 British Embassy (in Peru) 10 Sociedad Qufmica y Minera de Chile 8 FAO/IPGRI 8 Calbee Potato Inc. 2

Total Contribution 19,830 3,728

- 34 Staff 1n 1995 DIRECTORS Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Hubert Zandstra, PhD, Director General Fern ando Ezeta, PhD, Regional Representative Jose Valle- Ri estra, PhD, Deputy Director General (Peru) for Fin ance and Administration liaison Office - Ecuador Peter Gregory, PhD, Deputy Director General for Charl es Crissman, PhD Research Roger Cortbaoui, PhD, Director for International Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Cooperati on Peter Ewell, PhD, Reg ional Representative (Kenya) George M ackay, MS, Director of Genetic liaison Office - Nigeria Res ources 1 Humberto Mendoza , Ph04

PROGRAM LEADERS Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Production Systems Carlos M artin, PhD, Reg ional Representative Thomas S. W alker, PhD (Tunisia) (unti I June) Aziz Lag naoui, PhD, Reg ional Representative Germplasm Management and Enhancement (Tunisia) (from Jun e) Ali Golmirzaie, PhD liaison Office - Egypt Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD Disease Management Edward R. French, PhD South and West Asia (SWA) Sarathchandra llanga ntileke, PhD, Reg ional Integrated Pest Management Representative (India) Fausto Cisneros, PhD East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP) Propagation, Crop Management Peter Schmiediche, PhD, Regional Representative M ahesh Upadhya, PhD (Indonesia) liaison Office - People's Republic of China Postharvest Management, Marketing Son g Bo Fu , PhD Gregory J. Scott, PhD liaison Office - Philippines Tissue culture expert· Gordon Prain, PhD (and current CIP board INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION member) Lieselotte (country) = post location, but activity regional in INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF Schilde with Vietnamese collaborator Nguyen Van scope Departments Uyen circa 1980. country = post location Breeding and Genetics Juan Landeo, PhD, Acting Head of Department (from Sept.), Breeder Humberto Mendoza, PhD, Geneticist (Nigeria) 4 Primo Accatino, PhD, Breeder, Chile2 Edward Carey, PhD, Breeder (Kenya)4 Enrique Chujoy, PhD, Geneticist (Philippines) II Gin Mok, PhD, Breeder (Indonesia) Haile M. Kidanemariam, PhD, Breeder (Kenya)

1 Staff w ho jo ined during th e year 2 Staff w ho left during the yea r 3 Staff funded by special projects ' Project leader ' D eceased

35 Genetic Resources Ju kka Korva, MS, Fell owship Agronomi st, 2 3 Ali Golmirzaie, PhD, Geneticist, Head of Ecuador • Department4 Noel Pallais, PhD, Physiologist Carlos Arbizu, PhD, ARTC Consultant3 Christopher Wheatley, PhD, Posth arvest Fermin de la Puente, PhD, Germplasm Collector2 Specialist (lndonesia)4 Marc Ghislain, PhD, Molecular Biologist Michael Hermann, PhD, Andean Crop Specialist Social Science (Ecuador)4 Th omas S. Walker, PhD, Economist, Head of Z6simo Huaman , PhD, Germplasm Curator4 Department4 Koshun lshiki, PhD , Associate Expert, Ecuador3 Alwyn Chilve r, MS , Associate Expert, lndonesia3 Carlos Ochoa, MS, Taxonomist, Co nsu ltant Charles Criss man, PhD, Eco nomist (Ecuador)4 Peter Schmiediche, PhD, Breeder Peter Ewell, PhD, Economist (Kenya) 4 Bodo Trognitz, PhD, Geneticist Rob ert Jan Hijmans, MS, Assoc iate Expe rt3 Kaz uo Watanabe, PhD, Cytogeneticist (USA)4 Jan Low, PhD, Econom ist (Ken ya )3 Dapeng Zhang, PhD, Breeder Gordon Prain, PhD, Anthropologist (Philippines)4 2 3 JUrg Schneider, PhD , Assoc iate Expert, lndones ia • Nematology and Entomology Gregory J. Scott, PhD, Economist Fausto Cisneros, PhD, Entomologist, Head of Jul ia Wright, MS, Associate Expert1 Depa rtment4 Ann Braun, PhD, Entomologist (lndonesia) 4 Research Support Unit 3 4 Manuel Canto, PhD, Nematologist · Victor Otazt'.i , PhD, Superintendent Aziz Lag naoui, PhD, Entomologist (Tunisia) Nico le Smit, MS, Associate Expert, Uganda3 Training Patri c io Malagamba, PhD , Head of Department Pathology Lui s Salazar, PhD, Virologist, Head of Information Department4 Michael L. Smith, Journalist, Head of Department John Elphinstone, PhD, Adjunct Scientist, UK (until Sept.) Gregory A. Forb es, PhD, Pl ant Pathologist Bill Hardy, PhD, En glish and Spanish Writer/ (Ec uador)4 Editor, Acting Head of Communications Unit Edward R. French, PhD, Bacter iologist4 (from Sept. ) Teresa lcochea, PhD, Pathologist, Consu ltant4 Upali Ja yas inghe, PhD , Virologist (Philippines) Directors' Offices Pedro Oyarzt'.in , PhD, Mycologist (Ecuador) 3 Office of the Director General Sylvie Priou, PhD, Bacteriologist Ed ward Sul zberge r, MS , Se nior Advise r (Tunisia )3 Maddalena Querci, PhD, Molecular Office of the Deputy Director General for Virologist4 Finance and Administration Lod J. Turkensteen, PhD, Adjunct Scientist, William A. Hamann , BS , Assistant to the Netherlands DDGF&A2

Physiology Office of the Deputy Director General for Mahesh Upadhya , PhD , Ph ys iologist, Head of Research Department4 Jose Lui s Rueda, PhD, Coordin ator, Andean Yos hihiro Eguchi, MS, Associate Expert Natural Resources (lndonesia)3 Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD, Breeder, Egypt Special Country Projects Vital Hagenimana, PhD, Ph ysiolog ist (Ken ya) 3 FORTIPAPA, Ecuador Oscar Hidalgo, PhD, Senior Seed Specialist4 Alberic Hibon, PhD, Economist, Te am Leader3 Sarathchandra 1l anganti Ieke , PhD , Postharvest Specialist (lndia)4

- 36 PROINPA, Bolivia Lui s Diaz, Agronom ist Andre Devaux, PhD, Seed Spec ialist, Tea m Jorge Espin oza, MS, Ag ronomist Leader3 H ugo Gonza lez, Ing. Agr., Agronom ist, Chile Enrique Fe rn andez-Northcote, PhD, Virologist3 Pa mela Jea n Lopez, MS, Breeder, Philippines Javier Fra nco, PhD, Nemato logist3 Eli sa Mihovil ovich, Biolog ist Graham P. Thiele, PhD, Technology Transfer Daniel Reynoso, MS, Agronomist Spec ial ist 3 K.C Thakur, PhD, Breeder, Ind ia

Uganda Genetic Resources Nico le Sm it, MS, Associate Expert3 Cesar A. Aguil ar, Ag ronomis t, Huancayo Victor H . Asm at, Biolog ist Consortium Milciades A . Ba ltazar, Agronomi st, San Ramon 2 CON DESAN Jorge Benav ides, Biolog ist Rube n Dario Estrada, MS, Natural Res ources Faus to Buitron, Agronom ist2 Econom ics ( Colombia) 3 Patricia G. Cipri ani, Biolog ist3 Robert Jan Hijma ns, Ir, Assoc iate Expert3 Walberto M. Eslava, Agronomis t 3 4 M iguel Holle, PhD, Biodiversity of Andean Crops • Re ne A. Gomez, Agronom ist Carlos Leon-Velarde, PhD , A nimal Production Marfa del Rosa rio Herre ra, Bi ologist 3 Systems3 Ana M . Hurtado, Biologist Elias Mujica, MS , Anthropologist, Adju nct Lu is H . Nopo, Biolog ist3 Sc ientist3 Marfa G ise lla Orjeda, PhD, Biologist Osvaldo Pa ladines, PhD, A ndea n Pastures M atilde O rrillo, Biolog ist Cl P plant explorer Carlos Ochoa circa 1976 . (Ec uador)3 Ana Luz Panta, Biolog ist Robe rto Q ui roz, PhD, Systems Sp ec iali st (Bolivia) 3 M ar io Tapia, PhD, Agroecologist3

Networks SAPP RAD Eufemia T. Rasco Jr ., PhD, Coordinator (Philippines) 3

UPWARD Gordon Prain, PhD , Coordinator (Philippines)

Controller's Office Carlos Nino-Neira, CPA, Controller

Office of the Executive Officer Cesar Vittorelli, In g. Ag r., Acting Exec utive Office r

NATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF Departments

Breeding and Genetics W alter Amoros, MS, Ag ro nomist Rau l Anguiz, MS, Agronom ist M iguel Ato, Food Industries Spec ialist2 Lui s Ca lua, MS , Agronomist T.R. Dayal, PhD, Assoc iate Expert (India) Flor de Marfa Rodriguez, Biologist3 V.S . Khatana, PhD, Socioeconomist, India Alberto Salas, Agronomist M arfa Lo za no, Computer Assistant Roxana Salinas, Agronomist2 Lui s Maldonado, Economist Jorge Tenorio, Biologist Margaret Ngunjiri, MS , Soc iologist, Kenya Fann y Vargas, Agronomist Oscar Orti z, MS, Agronomist3 Maricel Piniero, Ecologist, Philippines Nematology and Entomology Victor Suarez, BS , Statistician Jesus Alcazar, MS, Assoc. Agronomist4 In ge Verdonk, Ir., Nutritionist, Philippines Veronica Canedo, Biologist Javier Carhuamaca, In g. Agr. 3 Research Support W ilfredo Catalan, In g. Agr.3 Lombardo Cetraro, Biologist, Field & Greenhouse Victor Cerna, In g. Agr.3 Supervisor, San Ramon Roberto Delgado de la Flor, Agronomist2 Roberto Duarte , In g. Agr., Greenhouse Supervisor, Oder Fabian, In g. Agr. La Molina Erwin Guevara, In g. Agr., Agron omist4 Lauro Gomez, Supervisor, Huancayo2 Rossio Haddad, B iolog ist2 Hugo Goyas, In g. Agr., Field Supervisor, Angela Matos, In g. Agr. 4 Huancayo Norm a Mujica, Agronomist U li ses Moreno, PhD, Physiologist Marfa Palacios, Assoc. Biologist4 Vfctor Otazu, PhD, Superintendent, Support Wilberto Vi llano, Agronomist3 Department M ario Pozo, In g. Agr., Supervisor, La Molina Pathology Experiment Station Ped ro A ley, MS , Pl ant Pathologist4 Miguel Quevedo, In g. Agr., Off-Station Fi eld Ciro Barrera, MS, Pl ant Path olog ist Supervisor, Cajamarca2 Ida Bartolini, MS, Bi ochemist Carlos Chuquil lanqui, MS, Pl ant Pathologist Statistics Unit Christian Delgado, MS, Biochemi st 4 Alfredo Garcia, MS, Experimental Statistics Violeta Flores, Biologist Felipe de Mendiburu, Statist ics Eng . Segundo Fuentes, MS, Plant Pathologist4 Liliam Gutarra, MS, Plant Pathologist Consortium Charlotte Lizarraga, MS, Pl ant Pathologist CON DESAN Hans Pin edo, Agronomist2 Blanca Arce, MS, Animal Husbandry, Quito, Hebert Torres, MS, Plant Path ologist4 Ecuador Jose Luis Zapata, MS, Pl ant Pathologist, Colombia Ana Marfa Ponce, PhD, INFOANDINA Administrator Physiology Jorge Reinoso, MS, Agricu ltural Economics, Puna, Rolando Cabello, MS, Assoc. Agronomist Peru 3 Nelly Espinola de Fon g, MS, Nutritionist Rob erto Valdivia, MS , Agronomist, Puna, Peru Rosario Falcon, Biologist M .S. Kad ian, PhD, Agronomist, India Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office John Kimani, MS , Agronomist, Kenya Sven Vi ll aga rcfa, PhD 4 Joseph Koi, MS, Agronomist, Ca meroon Jose Luis Marca, In g. Agr. Training Jorge Roca, Biologist Nelson Esp inoza, Biologist, Training Specialist Martha Huanes, Trai ning Logistics Social Science Ameri co Valdez, MS, Training Materi al Specialist Cherry Bangalanon, MS, Philippines Rosa rio Basay, Economist Information Patricio Espinoza, Econom ist, Ecuador3 Communications Unit Hugo Fano, MS, Economist Gigi Chang, MS, Audiovisual Section Cristina Fonseca, MS, Ag ronomist4 Coordin ator

38 Cecilia Lafosse, Chief Designer Transportation Godofredo Lagos, Production Chief Hugo Dav is Paredes, Vehicle Maintenance Emm a Martinez, MS, Supervisor Media Officer Production Jacques Vandernotte, Pi lot Percy Zuzunaga, Co-Pilot Information Technology Unit Anthony Collins, Coordinator3 Human Resources Edith Aguilar, Telecommunications Officer Ju an Pablo Delgado, Human Reso urces Jorge Arbulu, Telecommunications Systems Manager Supervisor2 Compensation M onica Arias, Systems Analyst1 Estan islao Perez Aguilar, Supervisor Pablo Bermudez, Systems Analyst1 Social Work Oscar Bravo, Microvax Systems Supervisor2 Martha Pierola, Supervisor Roberto Castro, Systems Development Labor Relations Edu ardo M anchego, Systems Analyst Luis Caycho, Acting Supervisor Pfa M arfa Oliden, Systems Analyst Medical Office Eri c Romero, Systems Analyst1 David Halfin, MD Ed gardo Torres, Systems Developmen t Lucero Schmidt, Nurse Alberto Velez, Systems Analyst Auxiliary Services Monica Ferreyros, Supervisor Information Unit Cecilia Ferreyra, Head Librarian Logistics Lu cas Reano, CPC, Logistics M anager Controller's Office Purchasing Supervisors ' Miguel Saavedra, CPA, General Accountant Arturo Alvarez Edgard o de los Rios, CPA, Senior Accountant Roxana Morales Bermudez Vilma Escud ero, Accountant Jose Pizarro Accounting Unit Warehouse Ros ario Pastor, CPA, Senior-Accountant Jorge Luque, MBA, Supervisor Jorge Bautista, Accountant Bl anca Joo, CPA, Accountant Visitors and Travel Eduardo Peral ta, Accountant Rosa Rodriguez, M anage r5 Budget Unit Travel Denise Giacoma, CPA, Accountant Ana M arfa Secada, Supervisor Alberto Monteblanco, CPA, Senior Accountant Visitors' Office Treasury Unit Mariella Co rvetto, Supervisor Staff photo 1978. Luz Correa, CPA, Accountant (Supervisor)2 Sonnia Solari, Chief Cashier

Office of the Executive Officer Foreign Affairs Liaison Marce la Checa, Li aison Officer

General Services Aldo Tang, Comdr. (ret.), General Services M anage r Equipment and Maintenance Antonio Morillo, Head Security Jorge Locatelli, Capt. (ret.), Supervisor Selected Scientific Pub I ications Abad, Z.G. , J.A . Abad, and C. Ochoa. 1995. H istorical Castillo, R. and M. Hermann .1995 . Col lecting Andean 1995 and sc ientific evidence th at supports the modern root and tuber crops (exc luding potatoes) in Ecuador. theory of the Peruvian Andes as the centre of origin In: Guarino, L. , V. Ramanath a Rao, and R. Re id of Ph ytophthora infestans. In: Dow ley, L.J. , E. (e ds. ). Coll ecting plant genetic diversity: Tec hn ical Bannon, L.R . Cooke, T. Keane, and E. O ' Sulliva n guidelines. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/UNEP. CAB (eds. ). Phytophthora infestans 150: Proceedings EAPR International, Wa llingford , UK. p. 639-646. Patho logy Section, September 1995, Dublin, Ireland. European Associatio n of Potato Research/ Boole Chujoy, E. 1995. Root crops germplasm research in Press , Dublin, Ireland. p. 239-245 . V ietnam. CIP/ National Institute of Agricultural Sc iences (INSA)/lntern ational Development Research Anguiz, R.J . and H.A. Mendoza. 1995. Correlation Centre (IDR C), Man il a, Phi lippines. 62 p. between seedli ng and adu lt potato plants for res istance to early blight (A lternaria so lan i). CIP (International Potato Center). 1995. Vines to roots, Fitopatologfa 30(2):100-1 06. sweetpotato breeding fo r impact: Recommendations and abstracts. Inte rn atio nal workshop held 1-3 June Arbizu, C. 1995. Agroecologfa de la achira en el Peru. 1994, Lima, Pe ru. CIP, Lima, Peru. 46 p. Agroenfoque 70:4-5. CIP/COTESU (Centro Internacional de la Papa/ ASPADERUC/CONDESAN-CIP/Fondo Peru-Canada. Cooperaci6n Tecnica Suiza). 1995. Programa 1995. La Encafiada: Caminos hac ia la sostenibilidad . Colaborativo Biodiversidad de Rafces y Tuberculos Proyecto PIDAE/Asociaci6n para el Desa rrollo Rural Andi nos. M emorias 1993-1994. Cl P/COTE SU, Lima, de Cajamarca/ Consorcio para el Desa rrollo Peru. 322 p . Sostenible de la Ecorregi6n A nd ina-Centro Internacio na l de la Papa/ Fondo Contravalor Peru­ CON DESAN (Consortium fo r th e Susta inable Can ada, Lima, Peru. 112 p. Development of th e A ndean Ecoregio n). 1995. A post-UNCED progress report on Andean natural Bamberg, J.B. , Z. Huaman, and R. Hoekstra. 1995. resource resea rch. CIP, Lima, Peru . 16 p. Intern ational cooperation in potato germplas m. In: R.R. Dunca n, D.M. Kra l, and M.K. Viney (eds.). Cottrell, J.E., C.M. Duffus, L. Patterson, and G.R . International germplasm transfer: Past and present. Mackay. 1995. Properti es of potato sta rch : Effects of Crop. Sc i. Soc. of A meri ca Special Publication No. ge notype and growing conditions. Phytochemist ry 23. p. 177-182. 40(4):1057-1064.

Bradshaw, J.E., R.L. Wastie, H.E. Stewart, and G.R. Engels, C., J. Schwenke!, R. El Bedewy, and B. Mackay. 1995. Breedi ng for res ista nce to late bl ight Sattelmacher. 1995. Effect of the d evelopment stage in Scotland. In: L.J . Dawley, E. Bannon, L.R. Cooke, of potato seed lings on recovery after transplanting to T. Kea ne, and E. O ' Su llivan (eds. ). Ph ytophthora the field and on tuber yield . J. Agri c. Sci. infestans 150. Boole Press , Dublin, Ireland . 124(2):2 13-218. p. 246-254. FAO/CIP (Food and Agri culture Orga niza ti on/ Bouma, J., A. Ku yvenhoven, B.A .M. Bouman, J.C. International Potato Center). 1995 . Potatoes in the Luyten, and H.G . Zandstra (eds.). 1995. Eco­ 1990s: Situati o n and prospects of the world potato reg ional approaches for sustainable land use and economy./ La papa en la decada de 1990: Situac i6n food production. Proceedings of a symposium held y perspectivas de la econo mfa de la pa pa a nivel 12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNAR, Th e Hague, Netherl ands. mund ia l./La pomm e de terre dans les annees 90 : Klu wer Academic Pub li shers in cooperation w ith the Situation actu elle et perspectives de l'economie In tern ational Potato Cen ter, Dordrecht, Netherlands . mondiale de la pomme de terre. Rome, Ita ly. 39 p. , 596 p. 50 p. , 44 p. Potatoes in the 1990s SituationandprospectsoftheWOfldpol1toeconomy Canizares, C.A. and G.A. Forbes. 1995 . Fo liage FAO (Oficina Regional para America Latina y el resi stance to Ph ytophthora infesta ns (Mont.) de Bary Caribe). 1995. Manual tecnico de producci6n de in the Ec uadorian nati o nal collection of So lanum papa a partir de se milla sex ual : Curso audiovisual. phureja ssp . phureja Ju z. & Buk. Potato Res. FAQ/ Centro Internacio nal de la Papa/ lnst ituto de 38( 1):3-10. lnvest igaciones Agropecuarias (IN IA), Sa ntiago, - Chi le. 72 p.

- 40 This list includes selected journal articles, book Gutarra, L. , T. l cochea, and E.R. French. 1995. Landeo, J.A., M. Gastelo, H. Pinedo, and F. Flores. chapters, and CIP Et iologfa de pudricio nes bac teri a11as de tuberculos 1995. Breeding for horizontal res ista nce to late bli ght de ulluco (U /l ucus tuberosus Ca ldas). Fitopatologfa in potato free of R genes. In: Dowley, L.J ., E. Bannon, • publications. CIP 30(2):9 2-95 . L.R . Cooke, T. Kea ne, an d E. O 'S ul liva n (eds. ). Phytophthora infestans 150: Proceedings EA PR staff made many Hardy, B. and E.R. French (e ds.). 1995. Integ rated Pathology Section, September 1995, Dubli n, Ireland. management of bac te ri al wi lt: Proceed ings of an Europea n Asso ciation of Potato Re sea rch/ Boo le other contributions intern ational workshop hNeld in ew Delhi, India, Press/Teagasc, Dubli n, Ire land . p. 268-274. 11-16 Oct. 1993 . International Potato Center (C IP)/ such as invited Indian Co unc il of Agricu ltural Resea rch , Lima, Pe ru. Martin, C., P. Demo, T. Gass, V. Fondong, and J. Koi. papers presented at 196 p. 1995. Development of a seed production system from in vitro in Cameroon: Exp eri ences from th e first meetings and Hardy, B., P. Malagamba, and C. Martin (eds. ). 1995. two yea rs . Am. Potato J. 72(5) :299-3 02. Tru e potato seed in the midd le east and Africa: published in Proceedings of an international workshop held in Martin, C., P. Demo, D. Njualem, T. Gass, and C. Ca iro, Egypt, 9-15 Apr. 1994. International Potato Ntonifor. 1995. Late blight res istant va rieties fo r proceedings. CIP's Center (C IP), Li ma, Peru. 97 p. Cameroon. Am. Potato J. 72(9):5 13-522. Library can provide Hoekstra, R. and Z. Huaman. 1995 . CIP promotes w ider M artinez, C.A., C. Guerrero, and U. Moreno. 1995. use of root and tuber crops. PROPHYTA Annual D iurnal fl uctuations of ca rbon exchange rate, praline a complete list of 1995. p. 102-103. content, and osmotic potential in two water-stressed publications potato hybrids. Rev. Bras . Fi sio l. Veg. 7( 1 ):27-33 . Huaman, Z. 1995. Tecnicas citol6gicas pa ra determinar generated by CIP in el numero cromos6 mico y la ferti li dad de las papas . Pallais, N. 1995. High temperature and low moistu re Gu fa de lnvestigac i6n CIP no. 10. CIP, Lima, Peru. redu ce the storage requirement of fres hly ha rvested 1995. 18 p. true potato seed. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sc ience 120(4):699-702. Huaman, Z., F. de la Puente, and C. Arbizu. 1995 . Collecting vegetatively propaga ted crops (es pec ially Pallais, N . 1995. Storage factors control germ ination roots and tubers). In : Guarino, L., V. Raman ath a Rao, and seed ling establi shment of fres hly harvested true and R. Reid (eds.). Collecting plant genetic diversity: potato seed. Am. Potato J. 72(7):427-436. Technica l guidelines. IPGR l/ FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP. CAB Intern ational, W all ingford, UK. p. 4 57-466. Prain, G. D ., l.G. Mok, T. Sawor, P. Chadikun, E. Atmodjo, and E. Relwaty Sitmorang. 1995. lnstituto Boliviano de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria (IBTA). Interdi sc iplinary collec ting of lpomoea batatas 1995. Primera reun ion nacio nal de recursos germp las m and assoc iated indige nous knowled ge in geneticos de papa,. ra fces y tuberculos and inos: lrian Jaya. In : Guarino, L., V. Ram anatha Rao , and R. Memorias. Cochabamba, Bo liv ia, 7-10 Feb. 1994. Reid (eds.). Collecting plant genetic diversity: IPGRl/C IP/ ll CA/PROCISUR/COTESU/ PNUD, Technica l guideli nes. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP, CAB Cochabamba, Bolivia. 341 p. International, W allingford , UK. p. 695-71 1.

Korva, J.T. and G.A. Forbes. 1995. A simple non­ Querci, M ., D .C. Baulcombe, R.W. Goldbach, and L. F. destructive technique for hea lthy and d iseased leaf Salazar. 1995. Analys is of the res istance-breaking area assessment of potato plants. Potato Res . determinants of potato virus X (PVX ) strain H B on 38(1):3 1-37. different potato genotypes expressing ex treme res istance to PVX . Phytopathology 85(9) :1003-10 10. Kreul, W. and B. Trognitz. 1995. Forschungssc hwerpunkte des lntern ationalen Quiroga, )., G. W atson, H. Cardozo, 0 . Navia, R. Kartoffel-Forschungszentrums - CIP - in Peru. Casso, and R. Andrew. 1995. Diag n6stico Entw icklung + Land i icher Raum (Germany) interdisciplinari o del culti vo de la papa en la zona 29(5):30-32. de lscayach i, Tarija (ca mpafia 1991 -1992). Documento de Trabajo no. 1/95. ln st ituto Bo liv iano de Tecnologfa Agropecuari a (IBTA)/ Progra ma de lnves tigaci6n de la Papa (PRO INPA), Cochabamba, Bol ivia. 35 p. Quiroz, R.A ., R.D. Estrada, C. Leon Velarde, and H.G. Torres, H., M.A. Pacheco, and E.R. French. 1995. Zandstra. 1995. Fac ing the chall enge of the Andea n Res istance of potato to powdery scab (5pongospora zone: The ro le of modeling in developi ng susta inable subterranea) und er Andea n field conditions. Am. management of natu ral resources. In : Bouma, J., A. Potato J. 72 (6) :355-363. Kuyvenh oven, B.A.M. Bouman, J.C. Lu yten, and H .G. Zandstra. Eco-reg ional approaches for susta inable Trognitz, B.R. 1995. Analysis of pollen tube growth in land use and food production: Proceedings of a situ to investigate se lf-i ncompatibil ity in the wild sy mposium held 12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNAR, Th e potato 5olanum commersonii. Euphytica Hague, Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Pu bl is hers in 86(2):149-156. cooperation with the Intern ational Potato Center, Dordrec ht, Netherl ands. p. 13-3 1. Trognitz, B.R . 1995. Fema le fe rtility of potato (5o lanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) d i haplo id s. Eup hytica Rousselle-Bourgeois, F. and S. Priou. 1995. Sc ree ning 81 (1 ):27-33 . tuber-bea rin g 5olanum spp. for res ista nce to soft rot ca used by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atrosep tica (van Valkonen, J.P .T. , M. Orrillo, S.A. Slack, R.L. Plaisted, Hall) Dye. Potato Res . 38(2): 11 1-118. and K.N. Watanabe. 1995. Res istance to viruses in F, hybrids produced by d irec t cross ing between diplo id Salazar, L.F. 1995. Los virus de la papa y su control. 5olanum ser ies Tuberosa and diploid 5. brevidens CIP, Lima, Pe ru . 226 p. (series Etuberosa) using 5. phurej a fo r rescue pollination. Plant Breed. 114:421-426. Salazar, L.F., M. Querci, I. Bartolini, and V. Lazarte. 1995. Aphi d transm iss ion of potato sp ind le tuber Watanabe, K., M. Orrillo, and A.M. Go lmirzaie. 1995. vi roid assisted by potato leafroll viru s. Fi topatologfa Potato germ plas m enhancement for resistance to 30(1 ):56-58. biotic stresses at CIP : Conve ntional and biotec hn ology-ass isted approaches using a wide Sanchez, I., M. Milian, A. Morales, and F. de la range of 5olanum spec ies . Eup hytica 85:457-464. Puente. 1995. Pros pecci6n de rec ursos g~ n eticos de rafces y tuberculos trop icales en Cuba en 1991. Watanabe, K.N., M. Orrillo, S. Vega, M. lwanaga, R. Cultivos Tropicales 16(1 ): 84-87. Ortiz, R. Freyre, G. Yerk, S.J. Peloquin, and K. lshiki. 1995. Se lection of diplo id potato c lo nes from

Sanchez, I., M. Milian, A. Morales, and F. de la diploid (haploid X w il d species) F1 hybrid fa milies for Puente. 1995. Prospecci6n de rec ursos geneticos de short day conditions. Breed. Sci. 45 :341-347. ra fces y tuberculos tropicales en Cuba en 1992 . Cul tivos Tropicales 16(1 ):88-95. Watanabe, K.N., M. Orrillo, S. Vega, J.P.T. Valkonen, E. Pehu, A. Hurtado, and S.D. Tanksley. 1995. Scott, G.J. (ed.). 1995. Pri ces, prod ucts, and people: Overcoming crossing ba rri ers be tween nontuber­ Analyz ing agricultural markets in developin g bea ring ahd tuber-beari ng 5olanum spec ies: Towards countri es. Lynne Rienn er Pu blis hers in cooperation potato germplas m enhancement w ith a broad with the Intern ational Potato Ce nter (CIP), Bou lder, spectrum of so lanaceous gen et ic resources. Genome Co lo rado, USA. 493 p. 38:27-35 .

Seminario Cunya, J. and A. Seminario Cunya. 1995. Wheatley, C. , G.J . Scott, R. Best, and S. Wiersema. Co lecci6n reg ional de germ oplasma de rafces 1995. Add ing va lue to root and tuber crops: A and inas. Un iversidad Nacional de Ca jamarca (UNC)/ manu al on product development. Ce ntro Programa Bi od iversidad de Rafces y Tubercu los Intern acional de Agri cultura Tropica l (CIAT), Ca li, And in os Co nvenio CIP-COTE SU, Ca jamarca, Peru. Colombia. 166 p. 32 p. Zhang, 0., W.W. Collins, and M. Andrade. 1995. Smit, N.E.J.M. and L.O. Matengo. 1995. Far mers' Est imation of genetic variance of starch d igestibi l ity cul tural practices and their effects on pest contro l in in sweetpotato. HortScience 30(2) :348-349. sweetpotato in Sou th Nyanza, Ke nya. Int. J. Pest Manage . 41(1):2-7. Core Research 1n 1995

Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks

PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Characterization of constraints and opportunities for potato production Yield-gap ana lysis • Ecuador Farmer participation in clonal evaluation •Bolivia Characterization of potato production systems • PRAPACE

Characterization of sweetpotato constraints and opportunities Sweetpotato characterization •Africa • India • Southeast Asia Users' Perspective with Agricu ltural •Asia • China• Netherl ands Research and Development (UPWARD)

Adaptation and integration of potato production technologies Varietal adaptation to diverse agroecologies •Bo livia • Chile. Cameroon • China• Peru •Philippines Adaptation of cult ivated diploid potato species •USA I ntercroppi ng •Tunisia Expanding production to new regions •Burundi• Dominican Republic• USA

Adaptation and integration of sweetpotato production technologies Varietal adaptation to diverse regions •Africa • As ia • Cameroon • China• Egypt • India •Peru

Evaluation of the impact and sustainability of potato production technologies Impact assessment •Argentina• Bangladesh• Bolivia• Ch ile • China •Co lombia• Dominican Republic• Ecuador • Egypt• Ethiopia • India • Indones ia • Kenya •Madagascar • Nepal • Peru • PRAPACE •Sri Lanka •Taiwan •Vietnam Pesticides and sustainabi lity • Canada • Ecuador• USA

Principal scientist Luis Salazar and research assistant Ernesto Velit circa 1980. Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks

PROGRAM;2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT

Potato collection and characterization Collectio n, characterizatio n, conse rvation, • Chile • Pe ru• USA and d istribut io n In vitro conse rvatio n • Ecuador • Pe ru

Potato germplasm enhancement, application of molecular technology Germ plasm enh ancement •Chile • Italy • Peru• USA Application of mo lecul ar marker techno logy • A rge nt ina • Chile • Germany • Netherlands •Philippines • UK • USA Potato genetic enginee ring for pest and d isease • A ustri a • Be lgi um • Per u• UK • USA res ista nce

Sweetpotato collection and characterization Collectio n, characterization, conservation, • Argentina • Bangladesh • Braz il • Ch in a documentation, distribution, and eva luation •Indo nesia • Ph ilippines - U PWARD, In vitro conservatio n and virus eradication • A ustria • Peru • USA • Ve nezuela Coll ection and evalu ation of ind igenous •Indo nes ia - UPWARD knowledge

Sweetpotato germplasm enhancement and molecular techniques Combining tra its usi ng conve ntional techniques • China • East Africa (Ke nya, Tanzan ia, Uganda) in diverse agroecologies • Indo nesia • Peru • USA Uti lization of w ild relatives of sweetpotato •Germany • Peru • U K Molecular techniq ues for sweetpotato improvement •Japan • Peru

Andean root and tuber crop collection and characterization Germ plasm ma nagement in farmers' f ields •Boliv ia • Pe ru Development of a network for ex situ conservation •Boliv ia • Brazi l• Ec uador• Peru In vitro conse rvati o n and d istri bution • Bo/ iv ia • Ec uador • Pe ru Pathogen erad ication and seed production •Bolivia • Ecuador• Pe ru Commodity systems analysis •Bolivia • Ecuador • Pe ru

PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT ·

Control of potato late blight (Ph ytophthora infestans) Breed ing and sc reening for res ista nce • A rgentina • Bolivia • China • Colombi a • Ec uador • Kenya • Mexico • Peru Integrated control •Boliv ia Fun damenta l host-pathogen resea rch • Ecuador• Kenya • Neth erl and s • Peru •Philippines . Scotland• USA

Integrated control of potato bacterial wilt Fu ndamental researc h for contro l strategies • China • Colombia • Eng land • Peru Development of res istance • Braz il• Ch in a • Indones ia • Maurit ius • N igeri a •Peru• Philipp ines

- 44 CIP's extensive research collaboration

Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks • brings together many partners Integrated control • Burundi • Kenya • Pe ru worldwide. This Combining resistances to potato viruses and fungi table summarizes Development of v irus- and vi ro id-res ista nt •Peru• Po land• Tu nisia materi als CIP's core research Interacti on of potato viruses and fungi • Pe ru• Ph il ippines Se lecti on of combined res ista nce to viruses • Arge nt ina • Braz il • Ca meroon activities in 1995, and fungi • Ce ntral Ameri ca and the Caribbean • Colombia and the principal • East Africa • Ecuador • Egypt • Nige ri a • Parag uay •Peru • Philippi nes • PR OCIPA •Urug uay • US A places and • Venezuela networks involved. Control of field and storage diseases of Andean root and tuber crops, including potato Development of res istance to soft rot and blackleg • Peru Integrated contro l of Erwinia d iseases •Tunisi a D iseases of AR TC • Pe ru

Detection and control of potato viruses Res ista nce to PL RV • Peru • Scotl and Detection of viruses and viro ids • Bolivia • Colombia • India • Peru Epidem iology of PVY •Tunisia Transmiss ion of potato viruses and viro ids •Peru• Philippines

Identification and control of sweetpotato viruses Detecti on, identif ication, and eradicati on •Peru• China of viruses In tegrated control • Ke nya • Madagasca r• Rwanda • Tanzania • Uganda

Control of bacterial and fungal diseases of sweetpotato Res ista nce to diseases • Southeast As ia• UK

Molecular approaches for detection and control of pathogens Geneti c res istance and probe development • Peru • England

Virology of Andean roots and tubers Detection and characterization of viruses • Bo livia • Ecuador • Peru Elimination of pathogens •Peru Production loss by viruses • Bo livia • Ecuador • Pe ru

PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Potatoes with resistance to major insect and mite pests Development of res istant genotypes for potato • Peru• USA tuber moth and leafminer flies Potatoes w ith gl.andular tri chomes •Peru• USA Transge nic potatoes w ith insect res istance • Belgium • Peru Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks

Field eva luation of resistant plants •Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato tuber moth and leafminer fly Generation of technologies •Bo livia• Colombia• Dominican Republic• Peru Use of sex pheromones and granu los is v irus •Bolivia • Colombia & Peru - PRACIPA •Dominican Republic• Tunisia Appl ied field management •Bangladesh• Bolivia• Colombia •Dominican Republic• Egypt• Kenya• Morocco •Tunisia• Venezuela• Yemen

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato weevil Development of resistance •Asia • Kenya• Peru • USA Use of sex pheromones • Cuba • D.ominica n Republic Biological co ntrol • Cuba • Peru • Bangladesh Applied field management • Cuba • Domin ican Republic• Indones ia • Kenya •Philippines• Uganda

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato nematodes Development of resistance • Peru Applied field management •Peru

Integrated methods for control of Andean potato weevil Development of res istance • Peru Cu ltural and biological control methods •Bolivia • Peru Applied field management •Boliv ia• Colombia• Ecuador. Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato cyst nematode and false root-knot nematode Crop rotation schemes • Peru Applied field management •Bolivia • Ecuador • Peru

PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT

Propagation of healthy clonal potato planting materials in diverse agricultural systems Research support to in-country basic seed programs •Bangladesh • Bolivia• Burundi• Cameroon • Co lombia • Ecuador • Paraguay • Peru •Philippines• Uganda • Venezuela• West Africa

Sexual potato propagation Breeding for improved TPS fami lies •Arge ntina• Chi le• China• India • Italy• Kenya TPS ag ronomic adaptation to diverse •Bangladesh• China• Egypt• India agroecologies •Indonesia• Italy • Morocco• Nepal• Nicaragua •Paraguay• Peru• Philippines • Sri La nka • Tunisia •Vietnam Studies on TPS production •Bangladesh • Chile • India • Indonesia• Nepal • Peru •Turkey

Sweetpotato production through improved management techniques Crop management practices •Burundi• Cameroon• China• Peru• Philippines

46 Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks

Studies on tolerance of abiotic stresses •China• Egypt• Peru• Philippines Management of forage-type sweetpotatoes •Peru

Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced potato germplasm Ongoing activities (seed units) •Kenya • Peru• Philippines

Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced sweetpotato germplasm Ongoing activities (seed units) •Kenya• Peru• Philippines

Abiotic stresses and potato crop management Breeding for improved tolerance of abiotic stresses •Bolivia• Chile• Peru• Philippines • Southeast Asia Agronomic resea rch for potatoes grown under stress •Egypt• Peru• Philippines• Uganda• USA

Propagation of Andean root and tuber crops and management of Andean natural resources Seed production, Andean root and tuber crops • Ecuador • Peru Management of Andean natural resources • Peru

PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING

Expanding utilization of potato in developing countries Low-cost storage of table and seed potatoes •China• Egypt• India• Kenya• Pakistan •Philippines • Thailand - SAPPRAD Potato breeding for processing •India• Peru• Philippines• Tunisia Marketing and demand ·for potatoes •Bolivia • Colombia• England• India• Indonesia • Kenya• Morocco• Neth erlands • Tunisia• USA Potato processing •Bolivia • China• Indonesia • Peru

Product development for sweetpotato in developing countries Evaluation and distribution of elite sweetpotato •China• Indones ia• Kenya • Peru• Philippines materials for processing • Uganda • USA• Vietnam Marketing and demand for sweetpotatoes •Argentina • Bangladesh• China• Indones ia •Kenya• Netherlands• Peru• Philippines • SAPPRAD • USA Processing of sweetpotato •China - UPWARD• India • Indones ia• Kenya •Netherlands• Philippines• SAPPRAD •Tanzan ia • Uganda• UK• Vietnam

Postharvest management of Andean food commodities •Bolivia • Brazil• Colombia• Ecuador• Peru Training . 1n 1995 Program and Title Countries Represented Partner Institution ------·------

PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

In-country course on standardization of Tanzania CIP/SARRNET/ NRI research methodologies for root and tuber crops

Workshop on impact assessment for agricultural Burundi, Kenya, Uganda, Zaire USAID/ PRAPACE economists in NARS of East and Central Africa

PROGRAM 2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT

Indigenous knowledge in conservation of crop Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore genetic resources

International workshop o n biotechnology­ Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay assisted breeding to reduce pestic ide use in potatoes

II international course on biotechnology for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, CIP/ CIAT/ OAS biodiversity conservation Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay

PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT

National workshop on population B breeding Philippines SAPPRAD/ U N DP and late blight control

Course on diagnosis, detection, and survey of Indo nes ia CIP/WE potato viru ses in North Sumatra

Regional workshop on bacterial w ilt control in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, IDB Special potatoes for extension agents of Central H onduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Project America and the Caribbean St. Kitts & Nevis, Venezuela

Germplasm conservation course in Colombia circa 1985. An important role of Cl P's staff members posted at our regional

Program and Title Countries Represented Partner Institution • offices is to develop technical capabilities W orkshop on late blight and potato tuber moth Burundi, Egypt, Ethi opia, Kenya, UNDP/S APPRAD/ manage ment in Africa and Middle Eas t Morocco, Syri a, Tunisia, Turkey, CIP to support national U ga nda, Yemen, Za ire program needs. Some

Potato see d production techno logy and viro logy Burundi, Cameroon, Egypt, Eri tre a, of this is carried out Ethi opia, Kenya, M adagasca r, Malawi, M orocco, Rwanda, through the courses Tan zani a, Uga nda, Za ire and workshops in this

Reg ional workshop on evaluation of potato Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, PR APACE list. In addition, in ge rmpl as m fo r field resi stance to late blight Ken ya, Uga nd a, Rwanda, Za ire 1995, 41 national • PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT scientists received individual training in W orkshop on integ rated pest management fo r Banglades h, Philippi nes potato blight specialized subjects.

Nati onal w orksh op on institutional impact of Peru An increasing integ rated pest man ag ement programs proportion of this

II intern ati onal course on potato integ rated pest Bolivia, Co lombia, Peru , I BT A/Cl P/ U N DP/ training (40 % in management Venez uela COTESU 1995) is taking place Adva nced course on potato pest management Peru SE NASA in CIP 's regions. and ge neral entomology

Intern ati onal w orkshop on integ rated pest Costa Ri ca, Dominica n Republic, CIP/ PRE CODEPA management in potato Guatemala, Peru , USA

I nati onal course on integrated pest Dominica n Republic JAD/CIP/MIP/ manage ment in potato PRE CODEPA

In-country course on biologica l contro l of Egypt potato tuber moth

PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT

Intern ati onal course on potato seed production Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, IDB Sp ec ial Cuba, Guatemala, M ex ico, Projec t Pan ama, Parag uay, Peru , Venez uela

General potato production course w ith Peru UNA/CIP emphas is on soil management practi ces Program and Title Countries Represented Partner Institution

Information systems for seed potato production Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela

Regional workshop on true potato seed (TPS) Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, IDB Special Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Project/ Nicaragua, Panama, Peru PRECODEPA

Diagnosis and recommendations on soil Bolivia PROINPA/ FAO/ management and crop fe rti I ization with CIP emphasis on potato

National course on potato seed production Peru, Ecuador IDB Special Project

Course on potato basic seed production Peru Chacasina Project

Course on potato production from true Peru Chacasina Project potato seed

In-country course on true potato seed Egypt

Workshop on production and distribution Kenya, Uganda CIP/ NARO/ of certified potato seed PRAPACE

In-country potato seed production Rwanda Seeds of Hope Project

Interregional workshop on TPS production Bangladesh, China, India, CIP/CPRI and utilization: Transfer of technology Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam

PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING

Workshop on sweetpotato processing Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam CIP/ UPWARD

Workshop and study tour on sweetpotato China, H ong Kong, Indonesia, CIP/ PRAPACE processing Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Th ai land, Uganda

Regional workshop on baseline studies, Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, SARRNET monitoring, and impact assessment Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Research Partners AAR I Aegean Agricu ltu ral Research In sti tute, Turkey ACIAR Australian Ce ntre for International Agricultural Resea rch ADB Asian Devel opment Bank AGCD Administ rat ion Generale de la Cooperation au Developpement, Be lgium AIT Asian In stitute of Techno logy ARC Agriculture Resea rch Center, Egypt ARCS Austrian Research Centre at Seidersdorf AREA Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Yemen BAR I Banglades h Agricultural Resea rch In st itute Benguet State University, Philippines BMZ German Ministry for Economic Development an d Cooperation Bogor Agri cu ltural Univers ity, Indonesia BRC Biotechnology Resea rch Ce nter, Vietnam CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricu ltural Sc iences CARDI Ca ribbea n Agri cu ltu ral Resea rch and Development In stitute, Tr in idad CECOACAM Ce ntral de Cooperativas Ag rarias de Canete y Mala, Peru CE MOR Cemor Editores & Promotores S.R.L ., Pe ru CGIAR Consu ltat ive Group on International Agricu ltural Resea rch, USA Chiang M ai University, Th ailand CIAAB Centro de lnvestigac iones Agrfcolas A . Boerger, Uruguay CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropica l, Colombia CICA Centro de lnvestigaci6n en Cultivos And i nos, Peru CIDA Ca nadian International Development Agency CIED Centro de lnvestigaci6n, Educaci6n y Desarrollo, Peru CIRAD Centre de Cooperation In ternationa le en Rec herche Agronomique pour le Developpement, France CIRNMA Centro de lnvestigaci6n de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Peru CLAD ES Conso rcio Latinoamericano de Agroecologfa y Desarrol lo CNCQS Chinese National Centre for Q uality Supervis ion and Test of Feed CNPH Ce ntro Nacional de Pesquisa de Hortali <;:as, Braz il CON DESAN Consortium for the Su sta inable Development of the Andea n Ecoreg ion Cornell University, USA CO RPO I CA Corporaci6n del lnst ituto Co lombiano Agropecuario COTESU Cooperac i6 n Tec nica Suiza, Sw itzerland CPRA Centre de Perfectionnement et de Recyclage Agricole de Sa"ida,Tunisia CPRI Central Potato Resea rch Institute, India CPRO-DLO Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproducti on Research-Agri culture Research Departm ent, Netherlands CRIFC Central Research Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia CTCRI Central Tu ber Crops Resea rch In st itute, India EMATER Empresa de Ass istenc ia Tec nica e Exte ns ao Rura l do Estado de Minas Gerais, Braz il EMBRAPA Empresa Brasi leira de Pesquisa Agropecuari a, Braz il ENEA Comitato Naz ionale per la Ricerca e pe r lo Sviluppo de ll ' Ene rg ia· Nucleare e del le Ene rgie A ltern ative, Italy EPAM IG Emp resa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais, Braz il ESH Ecole Superieure .d' Horticu lture, Tunisia FAQ Food and Agricu ltu re Organization of the United Nations, Italy FONAIAP Fondo Nac ional de ln vestigac iones Agropecuari as, Venezuela FORTI PAPA Forta lecimiento de la lnvestigaci6n y Producci6n de Semi Ila de Papa, Ec uador FUN DAG RO Fundac i6n para el Desarrollo Agropecuario, Ecuador GAAS Guandong Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, China GTZ German Agency for Tec hnica l Cooperation IAN lnst ituto Agron6mico Nacional, Paraguay IAO lstituto Agronomico per l'Oltremare, Italy IAR Inst itute of Agri cultural Resea rch, Ethiopia IAV lnstitut Agronomique et Veteri naire, Morocco IBTA lnstituto Bo liviano de Tecnologfa Agropecuari a ICAR Indian Counci l of Agri cu ltural Research ICIPE International Centre for In sect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya IDB Inter-America n Development Bank IDEA I nstituto In ternacional de Estud ios Avanzad os IDRC International Development Resea rch Centre, Ca nada IESR/INTA lnstituto de Economfa y Sociologfa Rural del INTA, Argentina IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, USA llN lnstituto de lnvestigaci6n Nutricional, Peru INIA lnstituto Nacional de ln vestigac i6n Agraria, Peru INIA lnstituto Nacional de ln vestigac iones Agropecuarias, Chile INIA lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigac iones Agropecuarias, U ruguay INIAP ln st ituto N ac ional de ln vestigac iones Agropecuarias, Ecuador INIFAP ln st ituto N ac ional de ln vestigac iones Foresta les y Agropecuarias, Mexico INIVIT ln st ituto Nacional de Viandas Tropicales, Cuba INRA lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France INRAT lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie INSA National Root and Tuber Crop Improvement Inst itute, Vietnam INTA lnstituto Nacional de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria, Argentina IPGR I Internatio nal Pl ant Genetic Resources Institute, Italy IPO-DLO In sti tute for Pl ant Protection-Agriculture Research Department, Netherlands IPR In stitute for Potato Researc h, Poland IRA lnstitut de Re cherche Agronomique, Ca meroon ISABU lnstitut des Sc iences Agronomiques du Burundi IZ lnstytut Ziemniaka, Poland JAAS Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, China KARI Ken ya n Agri cu ltural Research In stitute LAC Latin America and the Caribbean, CIP region LEHRI Lembang H orti cultural Resea rc h Institute, Indonesia LSU Louisiana State University, US A Makerere University, Uganda MARS Mwara ag ri cultural Research Institute, Indonesia McMaster University, Canada M IP Programa de Manejo lntegrado de Pl agas, Dominican Republic M iss issippi State Un ive rsity, USA MMSU Mariano M arcos State Univers ity, Philippines Montana State University, USA MPI Max Plan ck In st itute, Germ any MSIR I Mauritius Sugar Industry Resea rch In stitute NAARI Namulonge Ag ri cultural and Animal Research In stitute, Uganda Nagoya University, Japan NARO National Agri cultural Res ea rch O rganization, Uga nda NCSU North Ca rolina State University, USA N ijmegen University, Netherl ands NOMIARC Northern M indanao Agricultural Resea rch Center, Philippines NPRCRTC Northern Philippine Root Crops Res earch and Training Center NPRP National Potato Researc h Program, Nepal NRI Natural Resou rces Institute, UK OAS O rga nization of American States ODA Overseas Development Admin istration, UK OPEC O rga nization of Petroleum Exporting Countri es PCARRD Ph ilippi ne Council for Agriculture & Resources, Research & Deve lopment, Philippines PDP Potato Development Program, Nepal PGS Plant Genetic Systems, Bel gium PICA Programa de lnvestigaci6n de Cu ltivos Andi nos, Peru PRACIPA Programa Andino Cooperativo de lnvestigaci6n en Papa, CIP network ·-· 52 PRAPACE Programme Reg ional de I' Amelio ration de la Cu lture de la Pomme de Terre et de la Patate Douce en Afrique Ce ntrale et de l' Est, Cl P network PRECODEPA Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, CIP network in Ce ntral America and the Caribbean PROCIPA Programa Cooperativo de lnvestigaciones en Papa, CIP network in Southern Cone PRO INPA Pro yecto de lnvestigac ion de la Papa, Boliv ia PS PDP Pakistan-Swi ss Potato Development Program Rothamsted Experiment Station, UK SAAS Sichu an Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, China SAPPRAD Southeast Asian Program fo r Potato Resea rch and Deve lopment, CIP network SAR IF Sukamandi Resea rch In st itute for Food Crops, Indones ia SARRNET So uthern Africa Root Crop Resea rch Network SCR I Scottish Crop Research In stitute SDC Sw iss Development Cooperation SEAG Serv icio de Extension Agricola y Ganadera, Parag uay SEA RCA So utheast Asian Regional Ce nter for Graduate Studies and Resea rch in Agri culture, Philippines SEMTA Serv ic ios Multiples de Tecnologfas Apropiadas, Bolivia SE NASA Serv ic io Nac iona l de San idad Agraria, Peru SPG Sociedad Peru ana de Genetica SP I Smart Pl ant Internationa l, USA SPPC Seed Potato Production Ce nter, Yemen Stanford University, USA TALPUY Grupo de lnvestigacion y Desarrollo de Ciencias y Tecnologfa Andina TARI Taiwan Agric ultural Research In st itute TCRC Tropical Crops Research Ce nter, Banglades h TFNC Tanzania Food an d Nutrition Centre Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador Universidad Austral, Chi le Universidad Jorge Basad re Grohmann de Tacna, Peru Universidad M ayor de Sa n Simon, Bo livia Universid ad Nacional Agraria, Peru Universidad Nacional de Ca jamarca, Peru Universidad Nacional del Ce ntro del Peru Universidad Nacional Dan iel Alc ides Carrion, Pe ru Universidad Nac ional Mayor de Sa n Marcos, Peru Universidad Nacional Sa n Antonio Abad de Cusco, Pe ru Unive rsidad Nac ional San Cri stoba l de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru Unive rsid ad Ricardo Palma, Peru Unive rsid ad San Luis Gonzaga de lea, Peru Universidad Tecnica de Ca jamarca, Peru U ni ve rsity of Birmingham, Engl and Unive rsity of Georgia, USA Unive rsity of Na irobi , Kenya University of Naples, Ita ly Un iversity of Oxford , UK University of th e Philippines, Los Banos Un iversity of TU binge n, Germany UCRI Upland Crops Research In stitute, China UNDP United Nations Development Programme, USA UPWARD Users' Perspective w ith Agricultural Research and Deve lopment, CIP network USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agri culture USVL United States Vegetable Laboratory Vi SCA Visayas College of Agriculture, Ph ilippines W ageningen University, Netherlands WE World Edu cation XS PR C Xuz hou Sweet Potato Resea rch Center, China YG PPP Yemeni/Germ an Plant Protection Project CIP's Global Contact LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Liaison Office Points REGIONAL OFFICE/HEADQUARTERS •Cameroon c/o Delegation of Agriculture (as of April 1996) •Peru North West Province International Potato Center P. 0 . Box 279 Apartado 1558 Bamenda, Cameroon Lima 100, Peru Phone: (237-36) 2289 (public booth) Phone: (5 1-1) 436-6920/435-4354 Fa x: (237-36) 3893 or 3921 (public booth) Fax : (51-1) 435-1570 (237-36) 3284 (Skyline Hotel) Telex: 25672 PE Tel ex: 58442 (NWDA) Cable: CIPAPA, Lima E-mail : cip@ cgnet.com or [email protected] •Nigeria c/o llTA Research Stations PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria •Ecuador Phon e: (234-22) 400300-318 Estacion Experimental INIAP Santa Catalina Fa x: 874-1772276 via INMARSAT Satellite or Km 14 Panamericana Sur (234-2) 241221 Apartado 17-21-1977 Telex: TROPIB NG (905) 31417, 31159 Quito, Ecuador Cable: TROPFOUND, IKEJA Phone: (593-2) 690-362/63 E-mai I: i ita@cg net.com (593-2) 690-990 Fax: (593 -2) 692-604 •Uganda E-mail: [email protected] or for group P.O. Box 6247 messages to all staff: irs@c ip.org.ec Kampal a, Uganda Phon e: (256-41) 567670 Special Projects Fa x: (256-41) 241242 •Ecuador E-mai I: [email protected] FORTIPAPA (at Santa Catalina Station, i [email protected] same as above) Phone: (593-2) 690-695/364 Network Fax : (593-2) 692-604 • PRAPACE E-mail: [email protected] or fpapa@c ip.org .ec PRAPACE/Uganda P.O. Box 22274 •Bolivia Kampala, Uganda PROINPA (IBTA-CIP) Phone: (256-41) 235306 Man Cespedes 0293 (Zona de Cala Cala) Fax: (256-41) 241242 Casilla Postal 4285 E-mail: nbluta@imul .com Cochabamba, Bolivia Phone : (591 -42) 49506/49013 MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA Fax: (591-42) 45708 REGIONAL OFFICE E-mai I: [email protected] •Tunisia 8 Rue lbn Khaldoun SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1004 El Menzah I REGIONAL OFFICE Tunis, Tunisia •Kenya Phone: (216-1) 767-829 P. 0. Box 25 171 Fa x: (216-1) 718-431 Nairobi, Kenya Messages could also be directed via !CARDA-' Phone: (254-2) 632-054/632-151 lines: Fax: (254-2) 630-005/631-499 Phone: (216-1) 232-207 Telex: 22040 ILRAD Fax: (216-1) 751-666 E-mail: c ip-nbo@cg net.com E-mail: [email protected] • • • • • •. This list indicates

CIP's principal

contact points

Liaison Office Liaison Offices worldwide, by • Egypt •Philippines P. 0. Box 17 Los Banos Office region. A more Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt c/o IRRI Phone: (20-40) 58-6720 P.O. Box 933 • detailed list, Fax: (20-40) 58-0800 Manila, Philippines including current Telex : 23605 PBTNA UN Phone: (63-94) 50235, 50015-19; ext. 248/274 (messages may be directed v ia Tunis Reg. Office) Fax : (63-2) 891-1292 or 818-2087 staff contacts, can E-mai I: ci p-man i I [email protected] be obtained from SOUTH AND WEST ASIA [email protected] REGIONAL OFFICE the office of the •India • Baguio Office IARI Campus c/o NPRCRTC Director for New Delhi 110012, India P.O. Box 1054 International Phone: (91- 11 ) 574-8055/574-1481 2600 Baguio City, Philippines Telex: 3173140 Fl IN Phone : (63 -91 7) 506-0042 Cooperation. 3173168 EiC IN Fax : (63 -74) 443 -88 11 Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] • China EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences REGIONAL OFFICE Bai Shi Qiao Rd . No. 30 •Indones ia West Suburbs of Beijing c/o CR IF C Beijing, People's Republic of China P.O. Box 929 Phone: (86-10) 21 7-9 141 Bogor 16309, West Java , Indones ia Fax : (86-10) 217-9135 Phone : (62-251) 317951/313687 Telex: 22233 or 222720 CAAS CN Fax : (62-251) 316264 Cable: AGRIACA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: c ip-china@cg net.com Lembang Annex P.O. Box 1586 Networks Bandung 40391, Indonesia • SAPPRAD For courier mail/packages to CIP: (same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office) c/o Balai Panelitian Tanaman Sayuran, JI. E-mail : [email protected] Tangkuban Perahu 517 Cikole, Lembang, Bandung 40391 , In donesia •UPWARD Phone : (62-22) 278-8155 (same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office) Fax: (62-22) 278-6025 E-mai I: [email protected]

•CIP Country Liaison Office • CIP Regional Office CGIAR -and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership

For the past quarter century, the CGIAR-the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research-has been one of the most effective means for advancing sustainable agriculture and food security in developing countries. A voluntary consortium of some 45 public- and private-sector donors, the CGIAR provides funding for 16 international agricultural research centers, including the International Potato Center. The CGIAR began its work in 1971 by supporting a nucleus of ·four centers working on the basic food crops and production systems . found in tropical areas. Today's CGIAR, under the leadership of Chairman Ismail Serageldin, is a diverse network of independent centers that work collectively, and with national systems, on priority research topics for the developing world. Following a recent process of renewal, the CGIAR has improved its governance, broadened the participation of developing countries, and restructured its finances. Its research agenda now includes work on priority topics involving livestock, forestry, fisheries, irrigation, policy, and institution building.

CIP's Role in the CGIAR

CIP's entry into the CGIAR was based on the belief that potatoes and other root and tuber crops would provide new food alternatives to a world dependent on cereal crops. Because they are naturally high-yielding and genetically diverse, root and tuber crops can be grown successfully in vastly different ecologies and cropping systems. According to the task required, they can be produced for food, for fiber, as animal feed, or for a variety of industrial purposes. Increasingly, this potential is being recognized as one of the last remaining options for meeting food requirements over the quarter century ahead . Many countries, with centuries-old farming traditions based on cereals, are looking to root and tuber crops to increase food production and maintain economic growth. Many are achieving this goal by tapping into the research and technological options made available from the CGIAR's quarter century of investment in the International Potato Center.